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Accounting Research Proposals Samples For Students

25 samples of this type

Over the course of studying in college, you will certainly need to pen a lot of Research Proposals on Accounting. Lucky you if linking words together and transforming them into relevant content comes easy to you; if it's not the case, you can save the day by finding an already written Accounting Research Proposal example and using it as a template to follow.

This is when you will certainly find WowEssays' free samples collection extremely useful as it contains numerous professionally written works on most various Accounting Research Proposals topics. Ideally, you should be able to find a piece that meets your criteria and use it as a template to develop your own Research Proposal. Alternatively, our qualified essay writers can deliver you an original Accounting Research Proposal model written from scratch according to your custom instructions.

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Introduction This proposal will discuss the research topic, questions, and objectives. It will also include the methodology of the research, and the work plan which is designed to guide and track the organization of the research.

Research Question and Objectives

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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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Research Proposal Example/Sample

Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template

If you’re getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals , you’ve come to the right place.

In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals , one for a Master’s-level project, and one for a PhD-level dissertation. We also start off by unpacking our free research proposal template and discussing the four core sections of a research proposal, so that you have a clear understanding of the basics before diving into the actual proposals.

• Research proposal example/sample – Master’s-level (PDF/Word)
• Research proposal example/sample – PhD-level (PDF/Word)
• Proposal template (Fully editable) 

If you’re working on a research proposal for a dissertation or thesis, you may also find the following useful:

• Research Proposal Bootcamp : Learn how to write a research proposal as efficiently and effectively as possible
• 1:1 Proposal Coaching : Get hands-on help with your research proposal

FAQ: Research Proposal Example

Research proposal example: frequently asked questions, are the sample proposals real.

Yes. The proposals are real and were approved by the respective universities.

Can I copy one of these proposals for my own research?

As we discuss in the video, every research proposal will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your research proposal to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a research proposal here .

How do I get the research proposal template?

You can access our free proposal template here .

Is the proposal template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the proposal template and you are free to use it as a foundation for your research proposal.

Where can I learn more about proposal writing?

For self-directed learners, our Research Proposal Bootcamp is a great starting point.

For students that want hands-on guidance, our private coaching service is recommended.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling Udemy Course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

• Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

• Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
• Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

• Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

• Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
• Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

• Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
• If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

• Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
• Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

• Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

• Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

• Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

• Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

• Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
• State the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
• Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
• Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

• Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
• Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

• If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

• To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
• To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
• To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

• Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
• Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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School Of Accountancy Resource Centre: Research Proposal

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The Research Proposal Steps

Systematic Reviews

• Systematic Reviews - WHSL Systematic Reviews - LibGuides at University of the Witwatersrand

Preparing a Research Proposal

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• How to Write Good Research Proposal Examples | Thesis Writing Tips, Thesis Topics and Sample Theses.
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Accounting Research and Problem Solving

Accounting and management practice as well as accounting research would benefit by shifting more of the scholarly attention towards external matters – solving problems of practice – while retaining its emphasis on rigor and validity of research claims.

Table of Contents

Introduction.

Accounting as a Professional Practice

Research and Practice

Internal and External Issues

Rebalancing

The scope of natural sciences extends beyond the boundaries of time or space, but social sciences are contingent on both. Compared with the laws of mechanics, electricity or sound, any regularities we observe in social domains tend to have limited, and noisier predictive power and practical applicability. Moreover, regularities observed in social data are often unstable because of the reflexivity of such phenomena: once human beings recognize a pattern in past data, they tend to adjust their behavior so the pattern in the data changes. In other words, many social phenomena tend not to be robust to their own discovery.

1 Accounting as a Professional Practice

Accounting, a professional practice, rests on elements of various natural and social sciences and addresses the practical problems of business, government and not-for-profit organizations. These problems may have some common elements, but they are also characterized by time- and context-specific circumstances of societies, industries, businesses, and organizations. For this reason, attempts to build general theories of accounting can be admirable exercises in abstraction, but their explanatory and predictive powers are necessarily constrained.

A cursory glance at the sister professional practices of engineering and medicine can help us gain a better perspective on accounting. Various systems of medicine — western, Chinese, Indian Aryurveda and Yunani , and many others — were based mostly on experience, not science until a century ago. Surgery, rooted in anatomy, did better, but was hampered by infections until an improved understanding of microbes was gained in the late 19th century. While the traditional systems of medicine were supported by people’s belief in their efficacy combined with centuries of experience, modern medicine is hardly free of mistakes, belief and tradition. The popularity of the surgical removal of tonsils to prevent infection for example has seen its ups and downs over three millennia. [1] The placebo effect is a well-established fact in medicine – a patient’s trust in their physician helps to determine their healthcare outcome.

Similarly, while little of modern engineering can work without its scientific underpinnings, the early human makers of stone, bronze or iron tools, weapons, shelters, and bridges had little knowledge of the principles involved. The science of mechanics arose as generalized inference from observation, and it was combined with accumulated practical experience to develop the mechanics of machines and other engineering principles. Thus, observation, experience, inference and experimentation helped machines evolve through successive designs which make much of modern life possible.

2 Research and Practice

In both medicine and engineering research, a sense of purpose and progress toward solving practical problems is visible to experts as well as non-experts. Research — including university-based research — in these practical matters has remained in the vanguard of innovation with well-known contributions to human welfare. Governments, taxpayers and philanthropists in many countries generously support research as a method of generating knowledge in the form of public goods. Valuable knowledge has been gained through research into, for example, agriculture, dairy farming, human diseases, airplanes, computers, and cell phones.

Few would claim that accounting research compares well with the contributions of research to its sister professional practices. What could be the reasons? Lack of funding, ideas and imagination, direction and purpose, interest and ability, are some possibilities that come to mind.

3 Internal and External Issues

Research efforts in all disciplines are allocated between internal and external issues. The former set includes attention and development of research methods, intellectual history of the discipline, data sources, collection and structures, quality control, and dissemination of findings, etc. Academic research distinguishes itself from consulting by giving careful attention to developing research methods, and examining the validity of research claims. This is an essential part of creating a discipline.

The external aspect of a discipline is addressing and solving the problems of the world. The former component helps support accuracy, consistency and replicability of findings and in spite of its critical importance is not well-known to non-experts. The latter is what the larger world of non-experts sees and cares about. The former is evaluated by easier-to-validate internal criteria, while evaluating the latter can be messier, take a long time and remain contested, sometimes for generations.

For example, it is easier to determine whether Model A or Model B yields a higher explanatory power for variation in dependent variables in a dataset from a given sample. In contrast, assessing the consequences of implementing Policy A versus Policy B on the welfare of society is harder to do, especially when the potential implementation of the chosen policy lies in the future, as it almost always does. Randomized controlled trials are feasible in managerial and auditing but impractical in financial reporting. Inference from quasi-experiments using structural and reduced form estimation from field data gathered after a chosen policy has been implemented are beset by factors that may have led choice of the policy (endogeneity), cross-sectional heterogeneity, and by uncontrolled changes in environment during the period of data collection. Thought experiments and computer simulations can yield some insights into consequences of a decision, but they also depend on the assumptions built into the model. Unfortunately, there are no perfect methods of addressing the external issues because they call for inference — a leap of faith, so to speak — and are difficult to derive from internal logic of the model on which a research project is based.

Given this difficulty, perhaps it is not surprising that a large part of accounting research concerns itself with the internal issues—mostly methods and data. The external concerns receive less attention, and are even neglected, or abandoned. It is not unusual to see occasional caveats that the results of the research are not meant for private or public decisions. It is almost as if medical researchers focused on developing methods of keeping their laboratories cleaner, instead of using clean laboratories as an important prerequisite to find cures for Covid-19. Engineers need to develop sufficiently accurate instruments to measure dimensions of car components but are judged by the quality of the vehicles they make. Neither medical nor engineering nor accounting research can advance without developing satisfactory research methods and instrumentation, but the world judges them by the effectiveness of solutions to its problems. While individuals may focus their attention on internal or external issues, for the discipline as a whole, efforts devoted to the two concerns must be balanced. I am inclined to think that accounting research has tilted too far towards the former.

4 Rebalancing

Accounting and management practice as well as accounting research would benefit by shifting more of the scholarly attention towards external matters — solving problems of practice — while retaining its emphasis on rigor and validity. William W. Cooper, Yuji Ijiri, and Robert S. Kaplan, for example, addressed scores of important problems of practice, and as joint or byproducts, made landmark methodological contributions to accounting, management and many other disciplines. I recommend reading in full what Professor Cooper said in accepting his induction into the Accounting Hall of Fame ( Cooper 1996 , pp. 131–3), and quote a few lines from his remarks:

This “practice oriented” research, however, lacked the rigor that is needed to provide a foundation for scientific generalization and testing to determine how far and in what manner extensions might be affected beyond the realm of particular problems and practices. The contemporary research literature now supplies this kind of rigor, but in a way that often seems remote from practice. One way to summarize what is happening is to say that much of this contemporary research is pointed toward “pure science” whereas an “applied science” orientation is what is (or should be) wanted if our research is to interact with practice in a mutually beneficial way.

Indeed, an ability to formulate problems as well as solutions in general and rigorous terms is needed to obtain this type of inter-science cross-fertilization. This is what is intended by “applications driven theory”. The application is driven by problems of actual practice with a solution that is also extended and stated with sufficient rigor and generality to be understood by others (including persons in other disciplines). … . Evidently, it is possible to be basic as well as applied in such research (depending on how it is conducted) and the impact on other disciplines provides one test of whether its achievements are fundamental.

I once asked Professor Cooper, over a dinner conversation: What do you do about consulting? “It’s simple,” he said. “When someone comes to me with a problem, I ask myself: do I know how to solve this problem? If the answer is yes, I give them the phone number of one of my students, because I have taught everything I know in my classes. If the answer is no, I accept the project; it is consulting for them and research for me.”

Acknowledgment

I thank Yuri Biondi, Jonathan Glover and Karthik Ramanna for their comments on an earlier draft, and Elizabeth Viloudaki for editing.

Cooper, W. W. (1996). Research and practice in contemporary accounting. Accounting Historians Journal , 23:1 (June), 130–135. Search in Google Scholar

McNeill, R. A. (1960). A history of tonsillectomy: Two millenia of trauma, hæmorrhage and controversy. Ulster Medical Journal , 29 (1), 59–63. Search in Google Scholar

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PhD in Accounting

The PhD program in Accounting is offered by the Research School of Accounting (RSA). The program draws upon the supervision expertise of researchers within RSA, and offers various opportunities for higher degree by research (HDR) candidates to immerse themselves in the School’s vibrant research community.

While the program focuses on preparing candidates for an academic career, many of the skills it provides are readily transferable to senior industry positions in professional services, business analysis, accounting, finance, auditing, tax, commercial law, and quantitative analysis.

CRICOS #: 048345A

Duration: 2 to 4 years full time (4 to 8 years part time)

Before you submit an application for entry to the program, you should:

• ensure you meet the admission requirements outlined below
• identify potential supervisors – that is, one or two accounting academics at ANU who conduct research in your area of interest.

You can find information on researchers and their research areas in the  ANU researchers database ,  RSA staff directory  or at  RSA Research .

While other ANU schools may recommend contacting potential supervisors before submitting an application,  this is not required or encouraged  for entry into RSA’s PhD program. Instead, you only need to list the name(s) of potential supervisors in your online application form.

Potential supervisors cannot guarantee entry into the PhD program. Admission will depend on the strength of your application relative to others in the pool.

After you’ve completed the steps above, you can proceed with an  online application .

Application deadlines

The first semester of the ANU academic year starts in February, and the second semester starts in July. While all applications for first semester entry must be submitted  before 31 October,  international applicants wishing to be considered for an  ANU scholarship  should submit their applications  before   31 August .

To be considered for a scholarship, your application must be accompanied by all the supporting documents listed below, including the referee reports. Request for referee reports are triggered and sent to your nominated referees at the time of submission of program application. It is thus important that you submit your application in advance (2-3 weeks) to allow time for your referees to provide their reports prior to the scholarship deadline.

If you’re currently completing an academic degree and haven’t yet received your final results and transcript, you should still submit all available documents before the deadline, and forward remaining results once you receive them. We won’t make a final decision on your application until we’ve received all the required documents.

The admission requirements for the PhD program in Accounting reflect the advanced knowledge that candidates will need to undertake the coursework component of the degree, and the research experience and skills needed to successfully undertake and complete the research thesis.

The minimum qualification requirement for admission to the PhD program in Accounting is:

• a Bachelor degree with First Class Honours or Second Class Honours Division A in accounting (or a closely related discipline) from an Australian university, or
• another qualification (e.g. a Master degree or equivalent postgraduate qualification) that the Delegated Authority is satisfied is equivalent or superior to a degree mentioned in (a), or
• a combination of qualifications and professional experience that the Delegated Authority is satisfied is equivalent or superior to a degree mentioned in (a).

Admission to the PhD program in Accounting is competitive and we can only admit a limited number of applicants each year. Meeting the minimum entry requirements does not guarantee you a place in the program.

If you don’t have the minimum qualification for entry into the PhD program, you might consider applying to the MPhil program or the  Master of Commerce (Advanced) program . If you’d like to consider these pathways, contact the RSA HDR convenor or Master of Commerce program convenor for more information.

English language requirements

All applicants must satisfy the University’s  English language admission requirements . An international applicant who is not a native English speaker may satisfy these requirements by submitting evidence of an  IELTS  overall score of at least 6.5, and with no component less than 6.0, or a paper-based  TOEFL  score of at least 570, with at least 4.5 in the essay component.

Application and supporting documentation

You must submit your application online via the  ANU Application Manager .

In addition to the standard information required in the online application, you must submit the following supporting documents as part of your application:

• a research proposal – see guidelines on how to  prepare a persuasive research proposal
• example(s) of your written work, e.g. thesis abstract and chapter, research project, or published work
• transcripts from all university degrees (colour scans including grade explanations)
• completion or graduate certificates from all university degrees (colour scans)
• a one-page personal statement or statement of purpose
• official  TOEFL  or  IELTS  results (where applicable) to demonstrate that you satisfy the University’s  English language requirements
• a current resume listing research experience and all previously awarded scholarships
• nomination of three referees. A referee report form will be sent automatically to the referees you list in your online application. Your application will be complete and ready for assessment once we receive all documents, including referee reports.

Offers of admission

The HDR convenor will review all complete applications submitted by the relevant deadline.

If your application is short-listed, you may be required to attend an interview (face to face or online).

We may send you an offer of admission if you satisfy the eligibility criteria and your area of interest matches those of RSA academics with supervisory capacity. However, since admission is competitive and supervisory capacity is limited, we won’t send any offers of admission until  after the relevant application deadline , irrespective of the date when you submit your application.

The PhD program in Accounting consists of two components –  coursework  and  research .

Candidates undertake the research component concurrently with the required coursework.

PhD coursework component

PhD candidates are typically required to undertake up to eight semester-length courses over the first 12 months of the candidature when studying on a full-time basis. These eight courses include five core courses and up to three elective courses. The minimum coursework requirement for candidates who have completed equivalent courses includes four core courses and two elective courses.

The coursework provides training on research in accounting, research methodology and statistics. It also equips candidates with knowledge and skills specific to their PhD topic area, as well as broader research training to foster high-quality research. The required courses are listed below.

Core courses

Candidates must complete the following core courses:

• BUSN8007  Analysis of Financial Reporting
• BUSN8013  Seminar in Research Methods in Commerce
• BUSN8200  Judgement and Decision Making Research in Accounting
• STAT6038  Regression Modelling, or  EMET6007  Econometric Methods, or  EMET8005  Economic Models and Introductory Econometrics; or a higher-level statistics or econometrics course
• BUSN8100  Empirical Research in Financial Accounting

Candidates can select up to three more specialised elective courses – from advanced RSA units when offered – including:

• BUSN8145  Corporate Governance: Research Preparation
• BUSN8056  Advanced Auditing and Assurance Services
• BUSN8111  Seminal Research in Accounting (studying financial accounting, management accounting, public sector accounting, or taxation)
• advanced courses from other disciplines deemed to be at an appropriate level (e.g. finance, econometrics, management, psychology, statistics or sociology).

Electives are determined in consultation with the candidate’s supervisory panel.

Candidates must complete the coursework with at least a 70 per cent average in each semester before they can progress to the thesis stage.

PhD research component

PhD candidates proceed to the thesis component following completion of the coursework at the required standard and the successful defence of their proposals. Candidates are expected to consult widely with their supervisory panel in completing their research thesis.

Research supervisory panel

When a candidate is admitted to the program, a primary supervisor is appointed. The primary supervisor has the responsibility of overseeing the candidate’s progress until a supervisory panel is chosen. During the first year of the program, it is important that candidates start developing their research topic ideas by consulting with their primary supervisor and other academic staff within RSA.

Either in a candidate’s first year of study, or soon after completion of their coursework, a supervisory panel will be chosen. The role of the panel is to assist, advise, and provide support and encouragement to the candidate for a timely and successful completion of the research thesis. The HDR convenor will determine the composition of the supervisory panel in consultation with the candidate.

RSA research seminar program

The RSA research seminar program consists of weekly seminars presented by national and international researchers. PhD candidates are expected to attend and participate in the seminars throughout their candidature.

Research integrity training

Within three to six months of enrolment, all PhD candidates must complete the  Research Integrity Training  and pass the exam. Completion of this course and exam is a compulsory milestone for all PhD candidates.

Thesis proposal review

In addition to the coursework component, each PhD candidate must develop and defend a detailed thesis proposal in consultation with their supervisory panel. The purpose of the review is to assess the originality, significance, adequacy and achievability of the candidate’s thesis plan.

To proceed with the thesis, the candidate must successfully defend the proposal. The candidate defends their proposal 12 or 18 months after commencement (or 24 months if part-time), and a review panel formally assesses the proposal.

Annual progress review

It is University policy that each candidate’s progress be reviewed periodically. In each year of their program, PhD candidates are required to submit an  annual plan and report  as a basis for periodic progress review. This document provides details on work completed by the candidate since the previous review, current progress, and any problems that may impact their research. It also outlines the coursework and research the candidate intends to undertake in the following 12 months.

Oral presentation

In their final year, candidates are required to give a final  oral presentation  on their research, usually three months before submitting their thesis.

Read more about  research candidate milestones .

Thesis submission and examination

The culmination of the PhD in Accounting is a written thesis which, upon completion, is submitted for examination. The thesis is examined by experts in the relevant field.

For more information on the process, visit our page on  submitting a thesis .

For information about scholarships available to HDR candidates, visit our page on  scholarships and fees .

Read details of some of our alumni’s recent  job placements .

A list of current PhD candidates in Accounting is available on the  RSA staff directory .

110+ Research Topics In Accounting And Finance For Undergraduate

Accounting and finance are two intertwined fields that play a crucial role in the business world. Accounting involves the systematic recording, reporting, and analysis of financial transactions, while finance focuses on managing funds, investments, and financial risks. Research topics in these areas not only contribute to academic growth but also have real-world implications for businesses and individuals. In this blog, we’ll delve into the significance of research topics in accounting and finance, and provide you with a comprehensive list of research topics In accounting And finance for undergraduate students.

If you find yourself needing expert assistance with your accounting research or assignments, our Accounting Homework Help service is here to support you. Our team of experienced professionals can provide valuable insights, guidance, and solutions to ensure your academic success in the field of accounting and finance. 

What is Accounting?

Table of Contents

Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the process of measuring, processing, and communicating financial and non-financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. It is often referred to as the “language of business” because it measures the results of an organization’s economic activities and conveys this information to various stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.

What is Finance?

Finance is the study of money, currency, and capital assets. It is related to, but not synonymous with economics, which is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods, and services. Finance activities take place in financial systems at various scopes, thus, the field can be roughly divided into personal, corporate, and public finance.

Importance of Research Topics In Accounting And Finance For Undergraduate

Research topics in accounting and finance are crucial for undergraduate students, as they help them develop a deep understanding of the field and prepare them for their future careers. Here are some importance of research topics in accounting and finance for undergraduate students:

Enhance Knowledge

Research topics help students gain a deeper understanding of accounting and finance concepts, theories, and practices. Invest in an online A-level economics tutor to enrich your knowledge even further. This knowledge can help them excel in their coursework, internships, and future careers.

Develop Critical Thinking Skills 

Research topics require students to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information from various sources. This process helps them develop critical thinking skills, which are essential for success in the accounting and finance industries.

Prepare for Future Careers

Research topics help students develop skills that are highly valued by employers, such as problem-solving, communication, and research skills. These skills can help students stand out in the job market and prepare them for their future careers.

Contribute to the Field

Research topics allow students to contribute to the accounting and finance field by generating new knowledge, insights, and ideas. This can help advance the field and address real-world challenges faced by businesses and organizations.

Also Read: Accounting Research Topics

List Research Topics In Accounting And Finance For Undergraduate

Let’s get started with research topics in accounting and finance for undergraduate:

Research Topics In Accounting For Undergraduate Students

Here are research topics in accounting for undergraduate students:

Financial Reporting and Analysis

1. The impact of adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on financial reporting quality.

2. Analyzing the usefulness of financial ratios in assessing a company’s performance.

3. The relationship between corporate governance and financial reporting quality.

4. The role of financial information in predicting stock returns.

5. Investigating earnings management practices and their consequences.

Auditing and Assurance

1. The effectiveness of internal controls in preventing financial fraud.

2. The role of auditors in detecting and preventing earnings manipulation.

3. Analyzing audit committee characteristics and their influence on audit quality.

4. The implications of auditor-client relationships on audit quality.

5. Investigating the impact of audit rotation on financial reporting integrity.

1. Evaluating the economic consequences of corporate tax avoidance strategies.

2. Analyzing the effects of tax incentives on firm behavior and investment decisions.

3. The fairness and equity of the current taxation system.

4. Investigating the impact of tax policy changes on individual behavior and economic growth.

5. Tax compliance behavior and its determinants.

Management Accounting

1. The role of cost accounting in strategic decision-making.

2. Analyzing the effectiveness of budgeting and its impact on organizational performance.

3. The relationship between activity-based costing and cost management.

4. Performance measurement and incentives in management control systems.

5. Analyzing the adoption and impact of sustainable management accounting practices.

1. Investigating the impact of financial reporting transparency on investor confidence.

2. Analyzing the role of fair value accounting in reflecting market fluctuations.

3. The relationship between accounting conservatism and financial reporting quality.

4. The effects of off-balance-sheet financing on financial statement accuracy.

5. Analyzing the impact of earnings management on long-term firm performance.

1. Evaluating the role of forensic auditors in detecting financial fraud.

2. The effects of audit firm rotation on auditor independence and skepticism.

3. Analyzing the impact of audit quality on the cost of debt financing.

4. The role of data analytics in enhancing audit effectiveness and efficiency.

5. The implications of Big Data on audit procedures and outcomes.

1. The effects of cross-border tax avoidance on international tax systems.

2. Analyzing the impact of digital taxation on multinational corporations.

3. The role of transfer pricing in minimizing tax liabilities for global firms.

4. Investigating the economic consequences of tax evasion on government revenue.

5. The effects of tax policy changes on cross-border investment flows.

1. Analyzing the impact of lean accounting practices on operational efficiency.

2. The role of environmental accounting in promoting sustainable business practices.

3. Evaluating the effects of employee performance-based incentives on organizational outcomes.

4. Investigating the use of cost-volume-profit analysis in break-even analysis.

5. The impact of activity-based costing on pricing decisions and profitability.

Corporate Governance and Ethics

1. The role of corporate social responsibility reporting in enhancing stakeholder trust.

2. Analyzing the impact of board diversity on firm financial performance.

3. Investigating the effects of executive compensation structures on managerial behavior.

4. The relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and earnings quality.

5. Ethical considerations in financial reporting: case studies and best practices.

Emerging Trends in Accounting

1. Impact of artificial intelligence and automation on accounting processes and jobs.

2. Analyzing the challenges and opportunities of blockchain technology in financial reporting.

3. Investigating the implications of sustainability accounting for non-profit organizations.

4. The role of integrated reporting in communicating a company’s financial and non-financial performance.

5. Analyzing the adoption and effectiveness of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) in financial reporting.

Research Topics in Finance Undergraduate Students

Here are research topics in finance for undergraduate students:

Investments

1. Comparative analysis of investment strategies: active vs. passive management.

2. Evaluating the performance of mutual funds and their impact on investor returns.

3. The role of behavioral biases in investment decision-making.

4. Analyzing the risk-return trade-off in different asset classes.

5. The impact of macroeconomic factors on stock market returns.

Corporate Finance

1. The relationship between capital structure and firm profitability.

2. Analyzing dividend policy and its implications for shareholder wealth.

3. Mergers and acquisitions: value creation and challenges.

4. The role of corporate governance in influencing financial decisions.

5. Investigating the determinants of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing.

Risk Management

1. Evaluating the effectiveness of different risk management strategies in financial institutions.

2. Credit risk assessment and default prediction models.

3. The impact of financial derivatives on managing currency and interest rate risks.

4. Analyzing systemic risk in interconnected financial markets.

5. Risk management practices in the context of climate change and environmental factors.

Emerging Trends in Finance

1. The potential of decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms in revolutionize traditional banking services.

2. Analyzing the impact of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) on monetary policy and financial stability.

3. Investigating the role of artificial intelligence in algorithmic trading and investment strategies.

4. The effects of cryptocurrency adoption on traditional financial systems and intermediaries.

5. The role of microfinance institutions in promoting financial inclusion and poverty reduction.

Behavioral Finance

1. The impact of overconfidence and herding behavior on investment decision-making.

2. Analyzing the influence of social media sentiment on stock market movements.

3. Investigating the role of gender and cultural differences in risk perception and investment behavior.

4. The effects of framing and presentation on investor choices in financial products.

5. The role of cognitive biases in explaining market bubbles and crashes.

Financial Institutions and Regulation

1. Analyzing the impact of Basel III regulations on bank risk-taking behavior and capital adequacy.

2. The role of shadow banking in systemic risk and financial stability.

3. Investigating the challenges and opportunities of peer-to-peer lending platforms.

4. The implications of global financial regulations on cross-border banking operations.

5. Analyzing the effects of interest rate caps on consumer lending and access to credit.

Financial Markets and Instruments

1. The role of dark pools in modern financial markets and their impact on price discovery.

2. Analyzing the efficiency of options markets in predicting future stock price movements.

3. Investigating the liquidity and risk characteristics of alternative investment vehicles, such as hedge funds and private equity.

4. The effects of quantitative easing on long-term interest rates and bond market dynamics.

5. The role of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in shaping investor behavior and market volatility.

International Finance

1. Evaluating the determinants of exchange rate movements and their impact on international trade.

2. Analyzing the effects of currency hedging strategies on multinational corporations’ financial performance.

3. Investigating the role of currency swap agreements in mitigating foreign exchange risk.

4. The implications of capital controls on capital flows, financial stability, and economic growth.

5. The impact of global economic integration on cross-border mergers and acquisitions.

Behavioral Economics and Decision-Making

1. The role of loss aversion in explaining investor behavior during market downturns.

2. Analyzing the effects of framing and presentation on consumer choices in financial products.

3. Investigating the influence of social norms on individual saving and investment behavior.

4. The impact of financial education programs on improving retirement planning and investment decisions.

5. The role of regret and hindsight bias in explaining suboptimal investment choices.

Financial Technology (FinTech)

1. Analyzing the potential of blockchain technology for enhancing supply chain financing and transparency.

2. Investigating the challenges and opportunities of peer-to-peer lending platforms in emerging economies.

3. The role of robo-advisors and automated investment platforms in democratizing access to financial services.

4. Evaluating the effects of digital payment systems on financial inclusion and cashless economies.

5. The impact of algorithmic trading and high-frequency trading on market stability and regulatory concerns.

Other Research Topics in Accounting and Finance For Undergraduate Students

1. Evaluating the role of financial literacy in personal financial management.

2. The impact of technological advancements on financial reporting and analysis.

3. Analyzing the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting on investor perceptions.

4. Investigating the relationship between corporate sustainability and financial performance.

5. The role of big data analytics in detecting financial fraud.

6. Fintech innovations and their implications for traditional banking services.

7. Analyzing the impact of interest rate changes on consumer spending and borrowing behavior.

8. The role of central banks in monetary policy and economic stability.

9. Cryptocurrencies: adoption, risks, and regulatory challenges.

10. Analyzing the efficiency of financial markets in pricing assets.

11. Behavioral finance: understanding investor sentiment and market anomalies.

12. The impact of income inequality on economic growth and financial stability.

13. Evaluating the role of financial intermediaries in channeling funds to productive investments.

In the dynamic world of accounting and finance, research topics play a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of financial systems, decision-making processes, and economic trends. Whether you’re an aspiring researcher, a student, or a professional looking to explore these fields further, the wide array of research topics presented in this blog can serve as a launching pad for insightful investigations. By delving into these research topics in accounting and finance for undergraduate students, you’ll not only expand your knowledge but also contribute to the advancement of accounting and finance as vital components of the global economy.

I hope you enjoyed this blog about research topics in accounting and finance for undergraduate.

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An research proposal examples on finance and accounting is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

Some signs of finance and accounting research proposal:

• the presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems in biology, by definition, cannot be performed in the genre of finance and accounting research proposal topic.
• The research proposal expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue, in this case, on finance and accounting and does not knowingly pretend to a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
• As a rule, an essay suggests a new, subjectively colored word about something, such a work may have a philosophical, historical, biographical, journalistic, literary, critical, popular scientific or purely fiction character.
• in the content of an research proposal samples on finance and accounting , first of all, the author’s personality is assessed - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

The goal of an research proposal in finance and accounting is to develop such skills as independent creative thinking and writing out your own thoughts.

Writing an research proposal is extremely useful, because it allows the author to learn to clearly and correctly formulate thoughts, structure information, use basic concepts, highlight causal relationships, illustrate experience with relevant examples, and substantiate his conclusions.

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Sample PHD Finance and Accounting Dissertation Proposal

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An Analysis of the Impact of Financial Volatility Estimates and Option Pricing Methods on the Returns and Risk Assessment in the Saudi Stock Market

Introduction.

Volatility is defined as the statistical measurement of the dispersion in a market index considering the returns (Abdalla and Suliman, 2012). The central banks and regulatory authorities of stock exchanges have highly focused on volatility modelling and forecasting by using asset pricing models for measuring risks and using option pricing formulas for maximising returns.

The Black-Scholes model is an option pricing formula that delivers the scope of portfolio management of stocks along with delivering reliable estimates of volatility (Bhowmik & Wang, 2020). The Saudi stock exchange is also known as Tadawul and it was established in 2007. Tadawul has a market cap of SAR 8.23 trillion and its trade volume amounts to SAR 380.89 billion.

The research topic is to conduct an analysis of the impact of financial volatility estimates and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market.

Reason for Choice

The research topic has been selected as volatility has become an integral component of the present financial markets and most of the studies conducted by the past authors have focused on the relationship between volatility of the oil prices in Saudi Arabia and the stock prices. This research will evaluate how the estimation of financial volatility along with using option pricing models can be used for increasing the returns in the Saudi stock market along with conducting a financial risk assessment.

This research will provide more information regarding the dependencies among financial volatility and the Saudi Stock Market along with evaluating the significance of forecasting methods for maximizing gains and minimising risk. The research will provide the investors with better decision making parameters considering the alterations in returns due to financial volatility.

The Objectives and Expected Research Contribution

This study research aims to evaluate the influence of financial validity extremists and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market. The research objectives include analysis of the significance of financial volatility modelling and estimates in the Saudi stock market.

The research will also contribute in the domain of option pricing models that can be used for evaluating the risk associated with the stock prices for guiding the decision making of the investors. The present condition of the Saudi stock market along with its dependencies on oil and other commodities will also be evaluated as an objective of this research.

Lastly, the ways in which returns of investment can be maximized in the Saudi stock market by conducting a proper risk assessment by using financial volatility forecasting and option pricing models will also be discussed. This will facilitate the foreign investors to understand the fluctuations in the Saudi stock along with helping the risk manager is and investors to raise awareness about the risk in Tadawul.

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Research Background and Questions

In Saudi Arabia, the volatility of the stock market and the overall financial industry in the last decade was due to the changes in oil prices. However, the BASEL accords were updated to implement BASEL III for improving the banking and financial regulations. The stock prices in the nation have been declining since 2015 due to the fall in the price of crude oil (Kalyanaraman, 2014).

The government of the country has established a model for Vision 2030 by integrating financial forecasting mechanisms to reduce the dependence on oil for the economy (Simmons, 2006). Volatility is desired in the market as stagnant stock prices do not yield any profits. However, high volatility also implies high risk for the security, and it is measured by using variance and standard deviation among the returns from the market index.

The research questions are:

• What is the importance of financial volatility estimates in the stock markets?
• In what ways do option pricing models facilitate risk assessment and decision making in the stock market?
• What is the present condition of the Saudi Stock market considering the dependencies, returns and risk?
• What is the impact of financial volatility estimates and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market?

Literature Review

The financial assets have the characteristics of providing returns on the investment but are also susceptible to market risks due to the returns being variable (Black, 1976). The volatility of the assets remains variable, requiring the forecasting of stocks to analyse the market risk involved. Examination of the stock volatility is crucial for minimising the risk and losses while contributing to increasing financial gains.

Option pricing methods refer to the parameter of volatility for evaluating the price of the stocks (Birge and Zhang, 1999). This is beneficial for risk assessment applications and general portfolio management of the stocks. As per Bhowmik & Wang (2020), price volatility estimation enables the financial institutions to become aware of the current volatility value of the assets they are managing and estimating the future values for maximising investors’ returns. According to Lim and Sek (2013), the two methods of determining financial volatility forecasting include using the GARCH and ARMA models.

Methodology

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of estimating financial volatility and option pricing methods on the return on investments and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market. This research will be conducted using the positivism philosophy for using first and information for deriving the findings.

The research will be conducted using an inductive approach and considering an experimental design to establish the linkage among the variables in the research topic (Saunders et al., 2007). The research will be conducted by conducting a semi-structured interview with 10 Saudi stock exchange employees to understand the implications of financial volatility forecasting and option pricing models.

Limitations

The research limitations include time and budget restrictions that inhibit surveying with the investors in the Saudi Stock exchange.

The research will require 180 days or six months to complete.

If you need assistance with writing your dissertation proposal, our professional dissertation proposal writers are here to help!

The research will be conducted by analysing the data collected from the interview by forming a thematic analysis for evaluating the open-ended responses. Secondary data will also be considered in this research for comparing the findings from the immediate reactions.

This investigation will identify the measures that are best suited for guiding the investors and financial advisors regarding the maximisation of returns and risk minimisation in the Saudi stock market by using financial volatility estimates and option pricing.

Abdalla, S. Z. S. (2012). Modelling Stock Returns Volatility: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Stock Exchange International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 85, 166-179.

Bhowmik, R., & Wang, S. (2020). Stock Market Volatility and Return Analysis: A Systematic Literature Review. Entropy, 22(5), 522.

Birge, J.R. and Zhang, R.Q., 1999. Risk-neutral option pricing methods for adjusting constrained cash flows.  The Engineering Economist ,  44 (1), pp.36-49.

Black, F. (1976). Studies of stock market volatility changes.  1976 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Business and Economic Statistics Section .

Kalyanaraman, L. (2014). Stock market volatility in Saudi Arabia: An application of univariate G.A.R.C.H. model.  Asian Social Science, 10 (10), 142.

Lim, C.M. and Sek, S.K., 2013. Comparing the performances of GARCH-type models in capturing the stock market volatility in Malaysia.  Procedia Economics and Finance ,  5 , pp.478-487.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P.H.I.L.I.P. and Thornhill, A.D.R.I.A.N., 2007. Research methods.  Business Students 4th edition Pearson Education Limited, England .

Simmons, M.R., 2006. Twilight in the desert: The coming Saudi oil shock and the world economy. John Wiley & Sons.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to write a phd dissertation proposal.

To write a Ph.D. dissertation proposal:

• Choose a research topic.
• Develop a clear problem statement.
• Outline objectives and methodology.
• Review literature.
• Present a timeline.
• Seek feedback from advisors.
• Revise and finalize the proposal before submission.

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150 Original Accounting Research Paper Topics

Our academic experts understand how hard it can be to come up with original accounting research paper topics for assignments. Students are often dealing with multiple responsibilities and trying to balance numerous deadlines. Searching the web or class notes takes up a lot of time. Therefore, we have put together our list of 150 accounting research topics that students can choose from or gather inspiration from.

Managerial Accounting Topics for College Students

This area of study has tremendous upside as more businesses rely on managerial accountants to bring innovative changes to their organizations. Here is a list of topics for research paper in this area:

• Differences between financial accounting and managerial accounting.
• Managerial accounting in the 21 st century.
• The impact of managerial accounting in big businesses.
• The major components of activity-based costing.
• How managerial accounting affects international finance.
• The impact managerial accounting has on human resources.
• The major components of capital budgeting.
• How managerial accounting affects internal business decisions.
• Effective ways of adopting managerial accounting into small businesses.
• Differences between variable costing and absorption costing.

Accounting Blog Topics for Today’s Generation

The following collection can be considered accounting hot topics because they deal with the issues that are most important to today’s generation of accountants that utilize advanced software to keep businesses successful:

• Cost of manufacturing goods overseas.
• The cost of instituting anti-harassment programs.
• Inventory and cost of products sold in the U.S.
• Reinventing accounts payable processes.
• Using best practices to boost the bottom line.
• The cost of keeping human resources on staff.
• Simplifying procedures in accounts payable.
• The cost of updating internal systems with technology.
• The cost-effectiveness of employee training.
• Working capital increasing in large companies.

Advanced Accounting Topics

As students advance academically, they may want to consider these topics for research paper to earn higher scores in their classes. Here are some suggestions:

• How to run an efficient large accounting department.
• Red flags in outdated accounting processes.
• Identifying unconventional processes in payment processes.
• Utilizing paperless processes in small businesses.
• Applying EDP to accounts payable processes.
• The benefits of automating payables and receivables.
• Outsourcing procurement processes to save money.
• Automation to handle repetitive processes.
• The need for diversifying skills in accounting.
• The ways time affects seasonal cash flow.

Controversial Accounting Topics

Many accounting topics for research papers need to draw a reader’s attention right from the start. This list of topics is controversial and should accomplish just that:

• The impact the Jobs Act will have on large businesses.
• The positive effects tax cuts will have on small business.
• The risks of offshore accounting on U.S. businesses.
• The need to update software each year to avoid accounting problems.
• How small businesses are falling behind in accounting practices.
• The impact bonus depreciation allows businesses.
• Applying to government relief programs.
• Describe the role the internet has on accounting.
• The trustworthiness of online accounting programs.
• The negatives of auditing collusion.

Intermediate Accounting Topics

These accounting paper topics are meant for students that have acquired skills in writing but may not have developed the skills needed to write a top-notch paper quite yet. They should be easy to research given a proper planning period:

• Discuss why companies need to incorporate automated processes.
• The problems with ethics in accounting practices.
• Technology advancements that improve accounting accuracy.
• The problem with accuracy in decade-old software.
• Explain the best way to help accountants work manually.
• Describe the historical prospect of best accounting practices.
• The most effective way to become a certified accountant.
• Compare accounting systems that improve processes.
• The quick flow of data and the value on today’s accountants.
• The negatives that come from relying on accounting software.

Interesting Accounting Topics

Sometimes you need to consider accounting project topics that would be great for numerous situations. You may need to present before a class or write a paper for a discussion panel. These ideas may suit your needs:

• Explain the concept of accounting theory to practice.
• The theories behind normative accounting practices.
• The effect theories in accounting have on businesses.
• Challenges of taking theory to practice.
• The major changes in accounting practices over the last 25 years.
• The impact the internet has had on accounting ethics.
• Accounting practices in the 21 st century.
• The challenges of accounting technologies on fast-growing companies.
• The dangers the internet poses toward ethical accounting.
• Describe the difficulties that come from putting theories into practice.

Accounting Projects Topics for a Short Project

Some cost accounting topics are worthy of an audience but need to be completed within a tight deadline. These project ideas are easy to research and can be completed within one week:

• Use of efficient accounting software in tax season.
• Applicable Professional and Legal Standards.
• The difficulties in using offshore accounting.
• The most effective way of managing earnings.
• The development of cash flow in the United Kingdom.
• The development of cash flow in the United States.
• The best way to manage personal finances.
• The effect financial markets have on personal spending.
• Debt management in large corporations.
• Accounting challenges during the pandemic.

Forensic Accounting Research Topics

This is another area of accounting that has a promising future for small to large businesses. Here are forensic accounting research paper topics you can use if you are interested in this booming segment:

• Methods for identifying instances of money laundering.
• The government’s right to search private accounts.
• The use of tax records to report possible crimes.
• Class action litigation cases in the United States.
• Court use of forensic accounting in criminal cases.
• Forensic accounting to develop better anti-fraud programs.
• A company’s reliance on forensic accounting to prevent theft.
• Establishing controls in emerging international markets.
• Forensic accountants and their role in court proceedings.
• Natural disaster and loss quantification practices.

Accounting Theory Topics for College

Good accounting thesis topics should mirror personally important issues. Essay ideas should reflect the things you want to learn more about and explore in-depth. Here is a list that may pique your interest:

• Impact of accounting research on financial practices.
• Scientific research studies in modern economies.
• Modern accounting concepts and applications.
• The change in accounting practices over the last two decades.
• Describe the components of Positive Theory.
• Marketplace discipline across major industries.
• Major accounting theories and techniques in big businesses.
• The use of technology to reduce accounting costs.
• Technology theory in the use of modern accounting.
• Risk management and the most effective theories.

Accounting Dissertation Topics for Grad Students

The following topic ideas delve into some serious issues in accounting and are much more difficult to handle. These should be approached with the utmost academic determination to earn a master’s or a Ph.D.:

• Compare accounting software versus manual accounting.
• Tax management procedures in the 21 st century.
• The risks of updated technology in small companies.
• The costs associated with broader health care in the workplace.
• The history of accounting in the 20 th century.
• The best method of managing debts without difficulties.
• Accounting problems caused by online transactions.
• Cryptocurrency and its impact on modern accounting practices.
• Forecasting jobs in the field of accounting.
• The danger technology poses to the accounting industry.

Current Accounting Topics for College

If you don’t have enough time to research current topics in accounting, these ideas will help you save time. There are plenty of online resources discussing current issues and you can also find information in the library:

• Compare and contrast different cryptocurrencies.
• The definition of a successful and modern business account.
• Non-profit organizations and tax reductions.
• Sports accounting in today’s world of social media.
• The financial benefits of having a second stream of revenue.
• Financial stock management of overall earnings.
• The relationship between corporate donations and accounting.
• Minimizing risks in big and small-sized businesses.
• The impact that tax deductions have on big businesses.
• Financial strategies to ensure employee retention.

Hot Topics in Accounting for a Graduate Level Course

These are the topics you should be considered for a graduate-level course if you want to make a great impression on the professor. Just be sure to do your due diligence and research your selected topic thoroughly:

• The instances of “cooking books” in the 21 st century.
• The best approach to update accounting systems.
• Fraud cases currently in the United States.
• The importance of forensic accountants in fraud cases.
• The reasons account reports have government regulations.
• The benefits of incorporating computerized accounting.
• The need for companies to make changes to accounting departments.
• Evolving accounting practices that reduce the risk of theft.
• The effects offshore gambling has had on accounting.
• Privacy protocols to keep accounting practices secret.

Financial Accounting Topics Being Discussed Today

Topics in accounting are rooted in financial processes that date back centuries. Yet, there are still many innovative ideas that drive business success. Consider these topics for an essay on issues that are current for today’s world:

• The evolution of accounting practices over the last century.
• The biggest ethical concerns about accounting.
• Minimizing taxes when you are a small company.
• Accounting software that will cut company costs.
• The best way to lower taxes through accounting practices.
• Describe the way managerial accounting is affected by international markets.
• Explain the major factors of management earnings.
• The most accurate way to figure out the estimated tax on a company’s earnings.
• The quickest way to become a certified accountant.
• Describe how culture influences accounting practices.

Accounting Information Systems Research

The next set of topics are great for anyone wanting to combine accounting with technology. We put together this set to generate interest in this area:

• The ways small businesses can benefit from advanced technologies.
• Describe how IT affects financial analysis for reporting.
• Explain how companies use AIS to collect and store data.
• Explain the 10 elements used to understand AIS.
• Rank the best accounting information systems.
• The future of AIS in small business financial practices.
• Explain how AIS eliminates the use of balance sheets.
• AIS technologies save money in large businesses.
• The future of AIS in small to mid-size businesses.
• Describe the role of AIS in modern business.

Accounting Presentation Topics for College

These presentation topics cover a wide range of areas that are perfect for diverse interests. At the college level, students must conduct a lot of academic research to guarantee they have all the most relevant information needed to present on a great topic:

• Describe how forensic accounting can reduce risk to small businesses.
• Describe the challenges value and cost that managers deal with.
• The biggest changes to accounting practices in the 21 st century.
• The benefits of having separate controlling accounts.
• The rapid flow of data and the importance of modern accountants.
• Describe how forensic accountants conduct their investigations.
• The most likely causes of financial instability in small businesses.
• Explain the factors one must consider before investing.
• Describe the differences between financial and management accounting.
• Describe the impact of new taxation policies on managerial accounting.

What do you think of our accounting research topics? These are available for free and can be shared with other students. If you need a custom list of accounting topics, our academic experts can take your assignment details and provide you with original and simple accounting research topics to facilitate your project and help you earn a top grade. We can also provide you with writing, editing, and proofreading services to ensure your assignment is error-free and gets you the highest score possible.

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Accounting Proposal

An accounting proposal can help accountants, accounting firms and other entities in the field or industry of accounting to get their prospective clients. Just like other  proposal examples in pdf , Word or Excel; it is essential for accounting proposals to be complete, direct to the point and attention-grabbing so that clients can get the impression of what businesses can provide them with.

16+ Accounting Proposal Examples

Accounting training proposal template.

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Accounting Services Request for Proposal

Accounting Proposal Template

Size: A4, US

Support your firm’s accounting services in the most effective way possible by creating a strong proposal with the use of the above template. For quicker proposal preparation for your potential business clients , make sure to download this template and edit it in a way that suits your needs and requirements best. Professional proposal examples can be used to create the right proposal for your organization.

Accounting Services Proposal Template

If you are in search of a document that allows you to bid on a request for a proposal that persuades probable customers to support the proposal in a financial manner, then you are in the right place. The above template is the one you are looking for. Check nonprofit proposal examples and samples for more.  Gather all the information on your accounting service from service brochures , and make sure that the graphs incorporated are appropriate. It can be easily edited and customized in the way you like best. 

Sample Accounting Proposal Template

• Apple Pages

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Accounting Business Proposal Template

Size: 43 KB

Lease Accounting Proposal

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If you already know how to write a book proposal , then you may also want to learn a thing or two about the creation of an accounting proposal. Making an accounting proposal is as easy as developing  budget proposal examples  as long as you are already aware of the basics of proposal making. Having no idea how to write this kind of document should not be a concern as we have listed examples, guides, and tips that you can use as references.

Business Accounting Proposal

Size: 456 KB

Forensic Accounting-Request Proposal

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Simple Accounting Proposal

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Cost Accounting Proposal

Size: 190 KB

Accounting Services Proposal

Size: 118 KB

Accounting Program Revision Proposal

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Sample Accounting Proposal

Size: 322 KB

Independent Audit & Accounting Services Proposal

Size: 465 KB

Fee Accounting Services Proposal

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Accounting Proposal Format

Size: 95 KB

Where Can You Use an Accounting Proposal?

Just like when creating  grant proposal examples  and other kinds of corporate and professional proposals, one of the first things that you have to consider when making an accounting proposal is the reason why you need to create one. There are different purposes or objectives that should be achieved when making this document. Here are some of the instances where you can use an accounting proposal:

1. You can develop accounting proposals if you want the management of the business where you are currently working to support your proposal in a financial aspect. This is observed in internal transactions where there is a need for accounting services to be outsourced and the finance department needs to ask for funding by proposing the usages of the funds or budget of the business for the specified accounting services. With this, keep in mind that  business proposal examples & samples  are not just done in B2C or B2B transactions.

2. You can present an accounting proposal if you would like to bid for your accounting services to possibly be selected by your prospective clients. Accounting proposals are commonly created as a response to the client’s request for proposals. If this is the reason why you need to make an accounting proposal, then you should be aware of  how to write a business proposal for customers .

3. You can make an accounting proposal if you want your clients to be convinced that you are the best fit for their accounting needs. If your expertise and professional qualifications are aligned with what the clients are looking for, then it is best for you to develop an accounting proposal that can showcase that.

Guidelines Before Making an Accounting Proposal:

Compared to  project proposal examples , accounting proposals are also technical, precise, and time-bound. If you believe that you already need to start the development of an accounting proposal, it will be best if you will first make yourself aware of a few pre-writing tips. Here are some of the guidelines that you may find useful if you already plan to start making your accounting proposal:

1. When making  research proposal examples & samples , the problem at hand is important to be looked into so that the research proposal can address areas of concern. The same goes for accounting proposals. Always list down the concerns that you have with the transaction especially those that are related and relevant to the needs, demands, and requirements of the clients. This will help you narrow down the information that you will include in the accounting proposal.

2. Just like the initials steps on preparing a  nonprofit grant proposal budget , create a draft that can specifically plot your plan for your accounting proposal. Your discussion should be transparent enough for clients to see that you are truly aware of what you are talking about.

3. Base your presentation on the needs and expectations of your clients. Your accounting proposal should always give focus on your deliverables and how these can help answer the problems of your clients. Though a brief background about your services and expertise may help, this should not be the highlight of the proposal. In case you plan on investing in any business or a particular industry, then investment proposal templates will help you create just the right kind of a proposal of that kins for you, so you do not have to make one from scratch.

How to make an Accounting Proposal:

• Goals and Objectives – It is very important that you make up your mind on the goals and objectives you need to reach whilst making your accounting proposal. You can check out commercial proposals to get a bettet idea on how to create the right kind of a proposal.
• Firm Qualifications – The next step would be to mention the qualifications of your firm with basic data and background about them. This would make it easier for the parties involved to understand a little about what you do and how would the proposal be a benefit for them.
• Budget – A budget gives a basic idea of what would the cost estimate be. It explains the price you are proposing and what would the possible expenses and income be for the parties involved. This has to include all detailed fee schedule.
• Deadlines – Mention the deadline by when the project is supposed to be completed and mention the address and the location of where the party is going to be done. Check cleaning proposal examples for more information on how to make the perfect proposal.
• Proofread – It is very important that you omit any possible mistakes that might affect your proposal later. This can only be done by you proofreading it and making the necessary changes wherever required. Do not make the proposal too vague, but keep it precise and easily understandable. Security proposal examples can be used in case you need to make any proposals for hiring security personnel.

Tips When Making an Accounting Proposal

If you do not know how to create the layout of an accounting proposal, you can use  proposal templates and examples  as your guides and references. Aside from that, listed below are some tips that will allow you to end up with an effective and comprehensive accounting proposal.

1. Though your accounting proposal should focus on your answers to the needs of your clients, it will not hurt if you list down a few of your qualifications and professional experiences. This will make you look more credible.

2. Always have an executive summary at hand. Your proposal should provide an idea that your services are what the clients are looking for. A short specification of the project and how you can handle it can already give an idea of what you can bring to the table. Group proposal templates will help you create the perfect group proposal when you need to submit them as a group.

3. Present a timeline or a time frame that you will follow when it comes to providing your accounting services. The time duration that you will specify should be realistic for goals to be attainable. This also goes with the development of  fundraising proposal examples & samples  and other kinds of corporate proposals.

4. Have an estimate of the cost that you will charge your clients based on their accounting needs. Specify that these amounts can still change depending on the items that your clients would like to add or remove should they decide to hire you.

Proofread Your Accounting Proposal

Proofreading any article is as important as writing it. When you proofread, you know where you went wrong and can make the necessary corrections wherever required. We believe that the samples and discussion above can already help you create an accounting proposal that has a high potential of being converted into an actual contract. Once you are already done making your accounting proposal, do not forget to review everything that you placed in it.

Your content should always be updated, real, and properly formatted so you can present your business and offer in a professional and effective manner. Check service proposal examples for more detailed help on how to make the right service proposal you are planning to make.

Proofreading is not only for accounting proposals. Make your accounting proposal and ensure that you will review it once again so you can spot errors and items that you need to remove or improve. Do not hesitate to browse through our downloadable samples again if you want to refresh your mind on what you can include in an accounting proposal and how you can put them in a single document. The  management proposal template can also be of great help to you while you create the best proposal for your organization.

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A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AT CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY UGANDA

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Microfinance in Uganda grew rapidly between 1998 and 2003 due to a combination of significant donor funding; a shared stakeholder vision for the sector, including active government support for the vision; skilled human resources; and intensive collaboration among the major stakeholders (practitioner organizations, donor agencies, and government bodies). At the end of 2003, approximately 1,500 microfinance institutions (MFIs) were serving more than 935,000 small savers and close to 400,000 borrowers in the country. The Ugandan parliament passed the Micro Deposit-Taking Institution Act in 2003, which created the conditions for MFIs to become regulated, deposit taking institutions. Shared stakeholder vision, skilled human resources, and intensive stakeholder collaboration have been the three major drivers of effective microfinance in Uganda. The report finds that if microfinance in Uganda is to continue to flourish, a number of challenges must also be resolved. Resolution of these chal...

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The study was designed to examine the relationship microfinance services and the rural community welfare in Uganda. It focused on Masaka Microfinance which is one of the oldest microfinance institutions in Uganda. The specific objectives included; (1) to establish the relationship between Masaka Microfinance services and rural community income earnings; (2) to determine the relationship between Masaka microfinance services and the resulting job creation in the community; (3) to document the relationship between Masaka microfinance services and community saving practices. A sample of 78 respondents of who were beneficiaries of Masaka Microfinance Limited was purposively contacted out of whom 52 filled and returned complete questionnaires. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between Masaka Microfinance services and; (1) rural community income earnings (r = .690 p&lt;0.0001); (2) the resulting jobs in the community (r = .540 p&lt;0001); and (3) comm...

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mikidad ratib

Microfinance is the provision of savings accounts, loans, insurance, money transfers and other banking services to customers that lack access to traditional financial services, usually because of poverty. Microfinance can also be defined as a type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who otherwise would have no other access to financial services. It is in some instances also called microcredit. Microfinance plays an important role in creating financial access needs in the undesirable sections of the economy and society. It helps lift masses out of poverty by providing small loans to those lacking access to traditional financial services or funding opportunities, develop small businesses that can then provide regular income, and they provide financial resources to underserved markets. As such, microfinance is an important tool not just to minimize the impacts of poverty, but also to promote house hold income and livelihoods. However micro financing has generally not been well developed and established on the global, regional and national level. Relating to Islamic micro financing, it too suffers the same issues in its development and establishment on all levels.

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MUDIOPE CHARLES

under Tier IVfinancial system (Finance Act 2002) as an NGO primarily to enhance access to financialservices by the majority of poor Ugandans, especially women who have generally beenleft out by the mainstream financial system in the country. The program design focuseson poverty alleviation through provision of credit at an affordable cost, convenience, nocollateral or pre-saving requirement, plus provision of capacity building to clients toenhance planned for income generation activities.In the span of only two years, the microfinance program has a network outreach of 46 branch offices in 24 districts across the four (East, central, West, North) geographicalregions of Uganda. The program offers two micro credit products:Micro group lending:-1,932 member groups formed with 55472 clients. Total loandisbursed is US $ 11,727.153 to 39,888 clients at 20% annual interest rate. No collateralor pre-saving required, and services delivery at client doorstep. Success and sustainability of projects undertaken depends so much on monitoring and evaluation. Microfinance institutions have enabled increased access to credit for many individuals thus improving their livelihood. It is therefore important to understand the role of monitoring and evaluation which are essential tools that enhance the growth of microfinance institutions. The aim of the Central Bank of uganda is to see that the microfinance industry spreads out to the heart of rural homes in order to meet the needs of the unbanked through expanding access to financial services for poor individuals and families along with small businesses, especially the small, medium Scale and informal sector businesses. Such a goal also fulfills the ugadan Vision 2040 where the government aims to improve access to the financial sector and in doing so fulfill the millennium development goals. This research was conducted in Entebbe munisparity by analyzing responses got from employees and clients working in some of the leading microfinance institutions in the region. Data analysis was done to present the findings by employing statistical methods. It was found that monitoring and evaluation practices influences performance of MFIs schemes as was supported by 86.6% of the respondents. The research established that preventive monitoring and evaluation practices are not fully utilized by microfinance organizations and in addition that Information technology practices need to be incorporated when conducting monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations were made which included insuring flexibility in M&E practices that should be customer based and the use of sustainable screening techniques that enhance effective delivery of services. Moreover, training of employers and employees on customer's preferences and seeking professional assistance are essential tools for monitoring and evaluation.

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How to write a research proposal?

Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Devika Rani Duggappa

Writing the proposal of a research work in the present era is a challenging task due to the constantly evolving trends in the qualitative research design and the need to incorporate medical advances into the methodology. The proposal is a detailed plan or ‘blueprint’ for the intended study, and once it is completed, the research project should flow smoothly. Even today, many of the proposals at post-graduate evaluation committees and application proposals for funding are substandard. A search was conducted with keywords such as research proposal, writing proposal and qualitative using search engines, namely, PubMed and Google Scholar, and an attempt has been made to provide broad guidelines for writing a scientifically appropriate research proposal.

INTRODUCTION

A clean, well-thought-out proposal forms the backbone for the research itself and hence becomes the most important step in the process of conduct of research.[ 1 ] The objective of preparing a research proposal would be to obtain approvals from various committees including ethics committee [details under ‘Research methodology II’ section [ Table 1 ] in this issue of IJA) and to request for grants. However, there are very few universally accepted guidelines for preparation of a good quality research proposal. A search was performed with keywords such as research proposal, funding, qualitative and writing proposals using search engines, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus.

Five ‘C’s while writing a literature review

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer.[ 2 ] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about the credibility, achievability, practicality and reproducibility (repeatability) of the research design.[ 3 ] Four categories of audience with different expectations may be present in the evaluation committees, namely academic colleagues, policy-makers, practitioners and lay audiences who evaluate the research proposal. Tips for preparation of a good research proposal include; ‘be practical, be persuasive, make broader links, aim for crystal clarity and plan before you write’. A researcher must be balanced, with a realistic understanding of what can be achieved. Being persuasive implies that researcher must be able to convince other researchers, research funding agencies, educational institutions and supervisors that the research is worth getting approval. The aim of the researcher should be clearly stated in simple language that describes the research in a way that non-specialists can comprehend, without use of jargons. The proposal must not only demonstrate that it is based on an intelligent understanding of the existing literature but also show that the writer has thought about the time needed to conduct each stage of the research.[ 4 , 5 ]

CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The contents or formats of a research proposal vary depending on the requirements of evaluation committee and are generally provided by the evaluation committee or the institution.

In general, a cover page should contain the (i) title of the proposal, (ii) name and affiliation of the researcher (principal investigator) and co-investigators, (iii) institutional affiliation (degree of the investigator and the name of institution where the study will be performed), details of contact such as phone numbers, E-mail id's and lines for signatures of investigators.

The main contents of the proposal may be presented under the following headings: (i) introduction, (ii) review of literature, (iii) aims and objectives, (iv) research design and methods, (v) ethical considerations, (vi) budget, (vii) appendices and (viii) citations.[ 4 ]

Introduction

It is also sometimes termed as ‘need for study’ or ‘abstract’. Introduction is an initial pitch of an idea; it sets the scene and puts the research in context.[ 6 ] The introduction should be designed to create interest in the reader about the topic and proposal. It should convey to the reader, what you want to do, what necessitates the study and your passion for the topic.[ 7 ] Some questions that can be used to assess the significance of the study are: (i) Who has an interest in the domain of inquiry? (ii) What do we already know about the topic? (iii) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (iv) How will this research add to knowledge, practice and policy in this area? Some of the evaluation committees, expect the last two questions, elaborated under a separate heading of ‘background and significance’.[ 8 ] Introduction should also contain the hypothesis behind the research design. If hypothesis cannot be constructed, the line of inquiry to be used in the research must be indicated.

Review of literature

It refers to all sources of scientific evidence pertaining to the topic in interest. In the present era of digitalisation and easy accessibility, there is an enormous amount of relevant data available, making it a challenge for the researcher to include all of it in his/her review.[ 9 ] It is crucial to structure this section intelligently so that the reader can grasp the argument related to your study in relation to that of other researchers, while still demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. It is preferable to summarise each article in a paragraph, highlighting the details pertinent to the topic of interest. The progression of review can move from the more general to the more focused studies, or a historical progression can be used to develop the story, without making it exhaustive.[ 1 ] Literature should include supporting data, disagreements and controversies. Five ‘C's may be kept in mind while writing a literature review[ 10 ] [ Table 1 ].

Aims and objectives

The research purpose (or goal or aim) gives a broad indication of what the researcher wishes to achieve in the research. The hypothesis to be tested can be the aim of the study. The objectives related to parameters or tools used to achieve the aim are generally categorised as primary and secondary objectives.

Research design and method

The objective here is to convince the reader that the overall research design and methods of analysis will correctly address the research problem and to impress upon the reader that the methodology/sources chosen are appropriate for the specific topic. It should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

In this section, the methods and sources used to conduct the research must be discussed, including specific references to sites, databases, key texts or authors that will be indispensable to the project. There should be specific mention about the methodological approaches to be undertaken to gather information, about the techniques to be used to analyse it and about the tests of external validity to which researcher is committed.[ 10 , 11 ]

The components of this section include the following:[ 4 ]

Population and sample

Population refers to all the elements (individuals, objects or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe,[ 12 ] and sample refers to subset of population which meets the inclusion criteria for enrolment into the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria should be clearly defined. The details pertaining to sample size are discussed in the article “Sample size calculation: Basic priniciples” published in this issue of IJA.

Data collection

The researcher is expected to give a detailed account of the methodology adopted for collection of data, which include the time frame required for the research. The methodology should be tested for its validity and ensure that, in pursuit of achieving the results, the participant's life is not jeopardised. The author should anticipate and acknowledge any potential barrier and pitfall in carrying out the research design and explain plans to address them, thereby avoiding lacunae due to incomplete data collection. If the researcher is planning to acquire data through interviews or questionnaires, copy of the questions used for the same should be attached as an annexure with the proposal.

Rigor (soundness of the research)

This addresses the strength of the research with respect to its neutrality, consistency and applicability. Rigor must be reflected throughout the proposal.

It refers to the robustness of a research method against bias. The author should convey the measures taken to avoid bias, viz. blinding and randomisation, in an elaborate way, thus ensuring that the result obtained from the adopted method is purely as chance and not influenced by other confounding variables.

Consistency

Consistency considers whether the findings will be consistent if the inquiry was replicated with the same participants and in a similar context. This can be achieved by adopting standard and universally accepted methods and scales.

Applicability

Applicability refers to the degree to which the findings can be applied to different contexts and groups.[ 13 ]

Data analysis

This section deals with the reduction and reconstruction of data and its analysis including sample size calculation. The researcher is expected to explain the steps adopted for coding and sorting the data obtained. Various tests to be used to analyse the data for its robustness, significance should be clearly stated. Author should also mention the names of statistician and suitable software which will be used in due course of data analysis and their contribution to data analysis and sample calculation.[ 9 ]

Ethical considerations

Medical research introduces special moral and ethical problems that are not usually encountered by other researchers during data collection, and hence, the researcher should take special care in ensuring that ethical standards are met. Ethical considerations refer to the protection of the participants' rights (right to self-determination, right to privacy, right to autonomy and confidentiality, right to fair treatment and right to protection from discomfort and harm), obtaining informed consent and the institutional review process (ethical approval). The researcher needs to provide adequate information on each of these aspects.

Informed consent needs to be obtained from the participants (details discussed in further chapters), as well as the research site and the relevant authorities.

When the researcher prepares a research budget, he/she should predict and cost all aspects of the research and then add an additional allowance for unpredictable disasters, delays and rising costs. All items in the budget should be justified.

Appendices are documents that support the proposal and application. The appendices will be specific for each proposal but documents that are usually required include informed consent form, supporting documents, questionnaires, measurement tools and patient information of the study in layman's language.

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your proposal. Although the words ‘references and bibliography’ are different, they are used interchangeably. It refers to all references cited in the research proposal.

Successful, qualitative research proposals should communicate the researcher's knowledge of the field and method and convey the emergent nature of the qualitative design. The proposal should follow a discernible logic from the introduction to presentation of the appendices.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.