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Fazida karim.
1 Psychology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
2 Business & Management, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, MYS
3 Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
4 Family Medicine, Lagos State Health Service Commission/Alimosho General Hospital, Lagos, NGA
5 Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
Safeera khan.
Social media are responsible for aggravating mental health problems. This systematic study summarizes the effects of social network usage on mental health. Fifty papers were shortlisted from google scholar databases, and after the application of various inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 papers were chosen and all papers were evaluated for quality. Eight papers were cross-sectional studies, three were longitudinal studies, two were qualitative studies, and others were systematic reviews. Findings were classified into two outcomes of mental health: anxiety and depression. Social media activity such as time spent to have a positive effect on the mental health domain. However, due to the cross-sectional design and methodological limitations of sampling, there are considerable differences. The structure of social media influences on mental health needs to be further analyzed through qualitative research and vertical cohort studies.
Human beings are social creatures that require the companionship of others to make progress in life. Thus, being socially connected with other people can relieve stress, anxiety, and sadness, but lack of social connection can pose serious risks to mental health [ 1 ].
Social media
Social media has recently become part of people's daily activities; many of them spend hours each day on Messenger, Instagram, Facebook, and other popular social media. Thus, many researchers and scholars study the impact of social media and applications on various aspects of people’s lives [ 2 ]. Moreover, the number of social media users worldwide in 2019 is 3.484 billion, up 9% year-on-year [ 3 - 5 ]. A statistic in Figure 1 shows the gender distribution of social media audiences worldwide as of January 2020, sorted by platform. It was found that only 38% of Twitter users were male but 61% were using Snapchat. In contrast, females were more likely to use LinkedIn and Facebook. There is no denying that social media has now become an important part of many people's lives. Social media has many positive and enjoyable benefits, but it can also lead to mental health problems. Previous research found that age did not have an effect but gender did; females were much more likely to experience mental health than males [ 6 , 7 ].
Impact on mental health
Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which people understand their abilities, solve everyday life problems, work well, and make a significant contribution to the lives of their communities [ 8 ]. There is debated presently going on regarding the benefits and negative impacts of social media on mental health [ 9 , 10 ]. Social networking is a crucial element in protecting our mental health. Both the quantity and quality of social relationships affect mental health, health behavior, physical health, and mortality risk [ 9 ]. The Displaced Behavior Theory may help explain why social media shows a connection with mental health. According to the theory, people who spend more time in sedentary behaviors such as social media use have less time for face-to-face social interaction, both of which have been proven to be protective against mental disorders [ 11 , 12 ]. On the other hand, social theories found how social media use affects mental health by influencing how people view, maintain, and interact with their social network [ 13 ]. A number of studies have been conducted on the impacts of social media, and it has been indicated that the prolonged use of social media platforms such as Facebook may be related to negative signs and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress [ 10 - 15 ]. Furthermore, social media can create a lot of pressure to create the stereotype that others want to see and also being as popular as others.
The need for a systematic review
Systematic studies can quantitatively and qualitatively identify, aggregate, and evaluate all accessible data to generate a warm and accurate response to the research questions involved [ 4 ]. In addition, many existing systematic studies related to mental health studies have been conducted worldwide. However, only a limited number of studies are integrated with social media and conducted in the context of social science because the available literature heavily focused on medical science [ 6 ]. Because social media is a relatively new phenomenon, the potential links between their use and mental health have not been widely investigated.
This paper attempt to systematically review all the relevant literature with the aim of filling the gap by examining social media impact on mental health, which is sedentary behavior, which, if in excess, raises the risk of health problems [ 7 , 9 , 12 ]. This study is important because it provides information on the extent of the focus of peer review literature, which can assist the researchers in delivering a prospect with the aim of understanding the future attention related to climate change strategies that require scholarly attention. This study is very useful because it provides information on the extent to which peer review literature can assist researchers in presenting prospects with a view to understanding future concerns related to mental health strategies that require scientific attention. The development of the current systematic review is based on the main research question: how does social media affect mental health?
Research strategy
The research was conducted to identify studies analyzing the role of social media on mental health. Google Scholar was used as our main database to find the relevant articles. Keywords that were used for the search were: (1) “social media”, (2) “mental health”, (3) “social media” AND “mental health”, (4) “social networking” AND “mental health”, and (5) “social networking” OR “social media” AND “mental health” (Table 1 ).
Keyword/Combination of Keyword | Database | Number of Results |
“social media” | Google Scholar | 877,000 |
“mental health” | Google Scholar | 633,000 |
“social media” AND “mental health” | Google Scholar | 78,000 |
“social networking” AND “mental health” | Google Scholar | 18,600 |
"social networking "OR "social media" AND "mental health" | Google Scholar | 17,000 |
Out of the results in Table 1 , a total of 50 articles relevant to the research question were selected. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, duplicate papers were removed, and, finally, a total of 28 articles were selected for review (Figure 2 ).
PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Peer-reviewed, full-text research papers from the past five years were included in the review. All selected articles were in English language and any non-peer-reviewed and duplicate papers were excluded from finally selected articles.
Of the 16 selected research papers, there were a research focus on adults, gender, and preadolescents [ 10 - 19 ]. In the design, there were qualitative and quantitative studies [ 15 , 16 ]. There were three systematic reviews and one thematic analysis that explored the better or worse of using social media among adolescents [ 20 - 23 ]. In addition, eight were cross-sectional studies and only three were longitudinal studies [ 24 - 29 ].The meta-analyses included studies published beyond the last five years in this population. Table 2 presents a selection of studies from the review.
IGU, internet gaming disorder; PSMU, problematic social media use
Author | Title of Study | Method | Findings |
Berryman et al. [ ] | Social Media Use and Mental Health among Young Adults | Cross-sectional | Social media use was not predictive of impaired mental health functioning. |
Coyne et al. [ ] | Does Time Spent using Social Media Impact Mental Health?: An Eight Year Longitudinal Study | 8-year longitudinal study | Increased time spent on social media was not associated with increased mental health issues across development when examined at the individual level. |
Escobar-Viera et al. [ ] | For Better or for Worse? A Systematic Review of the Evidence on Social Media Use and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Minorities | Systematic Literature Review | Social media provides a space to disclose minority experiences and share ways to cope and get support; constant surveillance of one's social media profile can become a stressor, potentially leading to depression. |
O’Reilly et al. [ ] | Potential of Social Media in Promoting Mental Health in Adolescents | qualitative study | Adolescents frequently utilize social media and the internet to seek information about mental health. |
O’Reilly [ ] | Social Media and Adolescent Mental Health: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly | focus groups | Much of the negative rhetoric of social media was repeated by mental health practitioners, although there was some acknowledgement of potential benefit. |
Feder et al. [ ] | Is There an Association Between Social Media Use and Mental Health? The Timing of Confounding Measurement Matters | longitudinal | Frequent social media use report greater symptoms of psychopathology. |
Rasmussen et al. [ ] | The Serially Mediated Relationship between Emerging Adults’ Social Media Use and Mental Well-Being | Exploratory study | Social media use may be a risk factor for mental health struggles among emerging adults and that social media use may be an activity which emerging adults resort to when dealing with difficult emotions. |
Keles et al. [ ] | A Systematic Review: The Influence of Social Media on Depression, Anxiety and Psychological Distress in Adolescents | systematic review | Four domains of social media: time spent, activity, investment, and addiction. All domains correlated with depression, anxiety and psychological distress. |
Nereim et al. [ ] | Social Media and Adolescent Mental Health: Who You Are and What You do Matter | Exploratory | Passive social media use (reading posts) is more strongly associated with depression than active use (making posts). |
Mehmet et al. [ ] | Using Digital and Social Media for Health Promotion: A Social Marketing Approach for Addressing Co‐morbid Physical and Mental Health | Intervention | Social marketing digital media strategy as a health promotion methodology. The paper has provided a framework for implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of digital social media campaigns that can help consumers, carers, clinicians, and service planners address the challenges of rural health service delivery and the tyranny of distance, |
Odgers and Jensen [ ] | Adolescent Mental Health in the Digital Age: Facts, Fears, and Future Directions | Review | The review highlights that most research to date has been correlational, has focused on adults versus adolescents, and has generated a mix of often conflicting small positive, negative, and null associations. |
Twenge and Martin [ ] | Gender Differences in Associations between Digital Media Use and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from Three Large Datasets | Cross-sectional | Females were found to be addicted to social media as compared with males. |
Fardouly et al. [ ] | The Use of Social Media by Australian Preadolescents and its Links with Mental Health | Cross-sectional | Users of YouTube, Instagram, and Snapchat reported more body image concerns and eating pathology than non-users, but did not differ on depressive symptoms or social anxiety |
Wartberg et al. [ ] | Internet Gaming Disorder and Problematic Social Media Use in a Representative Sample of German Adolescents: Prevalence Estimates, Comorbid Depressive Symptoms, and Related Psychosocial Aspects | Cross-sectional | Bivariate logistic regression analyses showed that more depressive symptoms, lower interpersonal trust, and family functioning were statistically significantly associated with both IGD and PSMU. |
Neira and Barber [ ] | Social Networking Site Use: Linked to Adolescents’ Social Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Depressed Mood | Cross-sectional | Higher investment in social media (e.g. active social media use) predicted adolescents’ depressive symptoms. No relationship was found between the frequency of social media use and depressed mood. |
This study has attempted to systematically analyze the existing literature on the effect of social media use on mental health. Although the results of the study were not completely consistent, this review found a general association between social media use and mental health issues. Although there is positive evidence for a link between social media and mental health, the opposite has been reported.
For example, a previous study found no relationship between the amount of time spent on social media and depression or between social media-related activities, such as the number of online friends and the number of “selfies”, and depression [ 29 ]. Similarly, Neira and Barber found that while higher investment in social media (e.g. active social media use) predicted adolescents’ depressive symptoms, no relationship was found between the frequency of social media use and depressed mood [ 28 ].
In the 16 studies, anxiety and depression were the most commonly measured outcome. The prominent risk factors for anxiety and depression emerging from this study comprised time spent, activity, and addiction to social media. In today's world, anxiety is one of the basic mental health problems. People liked and commented on their uploaded photos and videos. In today's age, everyone is immune to the social media context. Some teens experience anxiety from social media related to fear of loss, which causes teens to try to respond and check all their friends' messages and messages on a regular basis.
On the contrary, depression is one of the unintended significances of unnecessary use of social media. In detail, depression is limited not only to Facebooks but also to other social networking sites, which causes psychological problems. A new study found that individuals who are involved in social media, games, texts, mobile phones, etc. are more likely to experience depression.
The previous study found a 70% increase in self-reported depressive symptoms among the group using social media. The other social media influence that causes depression is sexual fun [ 12 ]. The intimacy fun happens when social media promotes putting on a facade that highlights the fun and excitement but does not tell us much about where we are struggling in our daily lives at a deeper level [ 28 ]. Another study revealed that depression and time spent on Facebook by adolescents are positively correlated [ 22 ]. More importantly, symptoms of major depression have been found among the individuals who spent most of their time in online activities and performing image management on social networking sites [ 14 ].
Another study assessed gender differences in associations between social media use and mental health. Females were found to be more addicted to social media as compared with males [ 26 ]. Passive activity in social media use such as reading posts is more strongly associated with depression than doing active use like making posts [ 23 ]. Other important findings of this review suggest that other factors such as interpersonal trust and family functioning may have a greater influence on the symptoms of depression than the frequency of social media use [ 28 , 29 ].
Limitation and suggestion
The limitations and suggestions were identified by the evidence involved in the study and review process. Previously, 7 of the 16 studies were cross-sectional and slightly failed to determine the causal relationship between the variables of interest. Given the evidence from cross-sectional studies, it is not possible to conclude that the use of social networks causes mental health problems. Only three longitudinal studies examined the causal relationship between social media and mental health, which is hard to examine if the mental health problem appeared more pronounced in those who use social media more compared with those who use it less or do not use at all [ 19 , 20 , 24 ]. Next, despite the fact that the proposed relationship between social media and mental health is complex, a few studies investigated mediating factors that may contribute or exacerbate this relationship. Further investigations are required to clarify the underlying factors that help examine why social media has a negative impact on some peoples’ mental health, whereas it has no or positive effect on others’ mental health.
Social media is a new study that is rapidly growing and gaining popularity. Thus, there are many unexplored and unexpected constructive answers associated with it. Lately, studies have found that using social media platforms can have a detrimental effect on the psychological health of its users. However, the extent to which the use of social media impacts the public is yet to be determined. This systematic review has found that social media envy can affect the level of anxiety and depression in individuals. In addition, other potential causes of anxiety and depression have been identified, which require further exploration.
The importance of such findings is to facilitate further research on social media and mental health. In addition, the information obtained from this study can be helpful not only to medical professionals but also to social science research. The findings of this study suggest that potential causal factors from social media can be considered when cooperating with patients who have been diagnosed with anxiety or depression. Also, if the results from this study were used to explore more relationships with another construct, this could potentially enhance the findings to reduce anxiety and depression rates and prevent suicide rates from occurring.
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
What Is a Peer-Reviewed Journal?
Peer Review is a process that journals use to ensure the articles they publish represent the best scholarship currently available. When an article is submitted to a peer reviewed journal, the editors send it out to other scholars in the same field (the author's peers) to get their opinion on the quality of the scholarship, its relevance to the field, its appropriateness for the journal, etc.
Publications that don't use peer review (Time, Cosmo, Salon) just rely on the judgement of the editors whether an article is up to snuff or not. That's why you can't count on them for solid, scientific scholarship. --University of Texas at Austin
Each database containing peer-reviewed journals has different content coverage and materials. The databases listed in this Research Guide are available only to Truckee Meadows Community College students, faculty and staff. You will need your TMCC credentials (Username and Password) to access them off-campus.
When searching a database, a search term frequently will retrieve many articles. Browse the article abstracts to find one or more relevant to your search.
Some of the databases provide citations for the articles.
Consult a librarian for assistance.
Tips for Reading a Research Article
Read the Abstract. It consists of a brief summary of the research questions and methods. It may also state the findings. Because it is short and often written in dense psychological language, you may need to read it a couple of times. Try to restate the abstract in your own nontechnical language.
Modified from Net Lab
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“Protecting the quality of research is paramount, as it can both directly and indirectly influence patient care through guidelines [that are built upon the existing literature].”
Sarah N. Bowe, MD, EdM , a pediatric otolaryngologist with the U.S. Air Force and Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology with the Defense Health Agency in San Antonio, Texas, has served as Associate Editor of Pediatric Otolaryngology for the AAO-HNSF's flagship journal, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and its sister journal, OTO Open, since 2019. Dr. Bowe caught up with the Bulletin to discuss her journey to peer reviewing, her guiding principles as an Associate Editor, the importance of protecting research quality for patient care, and her advice for peers interested in becoming reviewers.
Share a little about yourself, your career, and your journey to working with the OTO journals as an Associate Editor. When I arrived at Brooke Army Medical Center in 2013, Mark E. Boston, MD , was one of the pediatric otolaryngologists and an Associate Editor for Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OTO-HNS) . While sitting in the clinic one day, he asked if I was interested in reviewing for the “white journal.” As a new attending, I jumped at the chance to be involved in the peer review process. Erik K. Weitzel, MD , was sitting nearby and offered his advice. “If you want to be an Associate Editor someday, never say ‘no’ to a review.” So, I was provided with both opportunity and expectations early in my career.
Of course, when I said yes, I had never done a peer review before. So, I went to the literature and found an outstanding resource, “ How to Review Journal Manuscripts ,” by Richard Rosenfeld, MD, MPH , former Editor in Chief of OTO-HNS. 1 I made myself a template with the pertinent information that should be relayed to the Editor in Chief and authors and started reviewing. I had always intended to apply for a pediatric fellowship and to stay in academic medicine, so I expressed my interest in reviewing pediatrics papers. And, when I was asked to review an article, I never said ‘no.’ In addition, I submitted all my reviews on time. Owing to my thoroughness and consistency in submitting reviews, I was invited to sit on the Editorial Boards for OTO-HNS and OTO Open .
From 2016 to 2018, I was able to complete a pediatric otolaryngology fellowship at Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary. During that time, I continued to review articles and support the journals. Shortly after returning to Brooke Army Medical Center as a pediatric otolaryngologist, John H. Krouse, MD, PhD, MBA , then Editor in Chief, offered me a position as an Associate Editor for Pediatrics.
Why did you choose to become involved with the journals and participate in peer review as part of volunteering your time to the specialty and patient care? There are a few reasons that stand out. First, as a newer faculty member, I was looking for opportunities to get engaged with the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). As OTO-HNS and OTO Open are the official peer-reviewed publications of the AAO-HNS, it seemed like a great way to volunteer with a relatively minimal and flexible time commitment. (Of course, this would have been true if I had said ‘no’ on occasion.) Second, I thought it would be a great way to see what other otolaryngologists were studying, including a sneak peek into topics that might not be quite ready for press. I quickly learned of a third reason, which is that it made me a far better researcher and writer. As I reviewed each paper, there was much that I had not known about various research methodologies and statistical approaches. This forced me to learn more to adequately critique each paper and offer constructive criticism to assist the authors with bringing their work to publication. This knowledge has continued to help immensely as I design studies and author publications.
What are your guiding principles for peer review or acting as an Associate Editor? When it comes to guiding principles, I think that the following stand the test of time and position. The first consideration when reviewing a manuscript or deciding whether to send it out for review is whether it aligns with the journal’s mission, which is “to publish contemporary, ethical, clinically relevant information in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery … that can be used by otolaryngologists, clinicians, scientists, and specialists to improve patient care and public health.” If the article content does not align with the journal’s mission and will not be relevant to the readership, then it is not worth the time for it to undergo further review.
The second principle is also embedded in the mission statement and refers to ethical principles. Manuscripts should contain original content that has not been published previously. Any real or potential conflicts of interest related to the content must be explored and declared. Additionally, if applicable, approval should be obtained by an institutional review board. If a submission aligns with the mission and passes the ethical thresholds, then the remaining components of the review process, which includes an evaluation of the methodologic quality and generalizability, can proceed.
For you, what is the value of protecting the quality of research published in the OTO journals to patient care and the specialty? The journals are the official peer-reviewed publications of the AAO-HNS and thus provide a forward-facing representation of the society. The mission of OTO-HNS and OTO Open states that the ultimate goal is to “improve patient care and public health.” One great example of how the journals achieve this is by publishing Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). These guidelines include recommendations on many of the most common conditions treated by otolaryngologists and the broader medical community. The guidelines are informed by a systematic review of evidence, which is built upon the available literature. Thus, the CPGs illustrate the need for quality of research for every manuscript , as our higher levels of evidence rely upon the accuracy of each underlying article. Protecting the quality of research is paramount, as it can both directly and indirectly influence patient care through guidelines.
What encouragement would you give to your peers to consider becoming a reviewer? As noted previously, there are many reasons to consider becoming a peer reviewer. Of course, one of the greatest barriers when you consider participating in the peer review process is time. The time needed to do a review will depend on the type of article, its complexity, your familiarity with the topic, and your level of experience doing peer reviews. Most people spend between one and three hours per review.
When starting out, I strongly recommend reading Dr. Rosenfeld’s article 1 mentioned above. He and Dr. Krouse also presented an instruction course that provides an overview of the article, “How to Review Journal Manuscripts,” at the 2015 AAO-HNSF Annual Meeting & OTO EXPO. You can watch this course as a free recording . I have continued to use and share both of these resources in all of my editorial roles.
If you have an interest in reviewing, don’t hesitate to reach out. It is possible to start reviewing with very little knowledge or experience, which I did! So, we would love to have you join the reviewer pool.
BMC Health Services Research volume 24 , Article number: 1029 ( 2024 ) Cite this article
Metrics details
To address the need for a pediatric surgical checklist for adult providers.
Pediatric surgery is unique due to the specific needs and many tasks that are employed in the care of adults require accommodations for children. There are some resources for adult surgeons to perform safe pediatric surgery and to assist such surgeons in pediatric emergencies, we created a straightforward checklist based on current literature. We propose a surgical checklist as the value of surgical checklists has been validated through research in a variety of applications.
Literature review on PubMed to gather information on current resources for pediatric surgery, all papers on surgical checklists describing their outcomes as of October 2023 were included to prevent a biased overview of the existing literature. Interviews with multiple pediatric surgeons were conducted for the creation of a checklist that is relevant to the field and has limited bias.
Forty-two papers with 8,529,061 total participants were included. The positive impact of checklists was highlighted throughout the literature in terms of outcomes, financial cost and team relationship. Certain care checkpoints emerged as vital checklist items: antibiotic administration, anesthetic considerations, intraoperative hemodynamics and postoperative resuscitation. The result was the creation of a checklist that is not substitutive for existing WHO surgery checklists but additive for adult surgeons who must operate on children in emergencies.
The outcomes measured throughout the literature are varied and thus provide both a nuanced view of a variety of factors that must be taken into account and are limited in the amount of evidence for each outcome. We hope to implement the checklist developed to create a standard of care for pediatric surgery performed in low resource settings by adult surgeons and further evaluate its impact on emergency pediatric surgery outcomes.
Fulbright Fogarty Fellowship, GHES NIH FIC D43 TW010540.
Peer Review reports
Surgery is a vital element of healthcare with the potential to cause serious harm when performed in an unsafe manner. A recent World Health Organization (WHO) survey estimates complications occur in about a quarter of surgical patients [ 1 ]. A large portion of cases in which those serious complications occur are preventable and are related to non-technical skills [ 2 ].
To reduce adverse events such as these, the WHO developed a Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) in 2008. The checklist comprises three phases and 19 items addressing a variety of perioperative safety measures. The mechanism for improving surgical safety is two-fold: through direct action it standardizes what the team does for every procedure and indirectly it promotes a culture of safety in the operating room [ 3 ]. This checklist and others inspired by it have been implemented worldwide with a variety of results.
There is heterogeneity in terms of outcomes studied, however, overall multiple papers suggest that checklists are beneficial: decreasing cost, complications and mortality while improving teamwork and communication. The current literature also highlights the importance of staff perception of SSC with staff attitudes towards SSC affecting how often it is utilized and how it is altered to better adapt to their context [ 4 ].
As the focus of research on surgical checklists has increasingly shifted to include more tailored checklists, their application in pediatric surgery remains largely unexplored. This gap in the literature is of particular importance as it could assist adult surgeons who often must operate on children in emergency circumstances. This is especially true in rural settings and in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) like Uganda where general surgeons perform the majority of general pediatric surgeries [ 5 , 6 ]. In the USA as many as 40% of all pediatric inpatient surgical procedures are performed in adult hospitals [ 7 ]. Furthermore, children are far more complex than just smaller adults yet the WHO SSC does not consider and fully address the intricacies of pediatric surgery. Given the potential worldwide impact of a pediatric surgery checklist for adult general surgeons, we reviewed existing literature on surgical checklists and created a fundamental checklist that surgeons in a variety of resource settings can utilize. Resuscitation, consent, pain control and postoperative care for pediatric patients all require special consideration when the adult surgeon is called to operate on a child. Low and high resource settings may contract or expand this checklist based on their resources and needs. This essential checklist of considerations serves as a guide for adult surgeons needing to operate on children.
The literature review was conducted using PubMed and the University of Illinois library. Papers with text words and subject headings including “surgical checklist” were identified and reviewed. Reference lists from papers identified in the PubMed search were also reviewed and included when appropriate.
We used “surgical checklist” as the keyword search due to the limited availability of pediatric specific checklists and our desire to evaluate all existing papers evaluating checklists’ outcomes to learn the process of creating an effective checklist from them. Two studies out of 42 explicitly mentioned pediatric surgery cases, multiple papers did include patients of all ages however did not provide exact breakdowns. D.R. and E.N. performed independent review of the existing literature for qualifying studies which were then discussed with G.K. to ensure they fit inclusion criteria. We included all papers Jan 2008-October 2023 on the topic. All authors reviewed the list of included papers.
Pediatric surgeons at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Paediatric Surgical Foundation of Uganda (PSFU) identified checklist items that they felt were both vital and specific to pediatric general surgery. Dr. Phyllis Kisa from Mulago National Referral Hospital and Dr. Martin Situma from Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda participated in the creation of this checklist and provided valuable insight into its potential real world application in LMICs from their own clinical experience. Dr. Lobe, Dr. Sims, and Dr. Rojnica from the UIC Division of Pediatric Surgery also helped create checklist items they deemed essential for adult surgeons performing pediatric surgery in their setting.
We then integrated checklist items from UIC and PSFU with key findings from our comprehensive literature review to create three age appropriate, contextually adaptable checklists for pediatric surgery.
The majority of papers reviewed employed the WHO SSC and its specific adaptations. (Table 1 ) [ 8 ]. No existing pediatric surgery checklists were identified in our review of the literature.
Checklists have been shown to reduce postoperative complications, including SSI and mortality. The WHO SSC specifically targets mortality [ 9 , 21 ], SSI [ 12 ], pneumonia [ 51 ], return to the operating room [ 14 ], urinary tract infection, intubation, and sepsis [ 29 ]. The WHO SSC has shown positive changes in regards to all of these targets [ 45 , 52 ]. Thromboembolism (DVT), however, was not a target. Investigations have shown that although the WHO SSC does affect measures like mortality and SSI it does not affect postoperative measures of safety and quality that are not targeted, like DVT [ 51 ]. Maternal sepsis rates were also found to be reduced with the use of the WHO SSC with adherence negatively correlating with sepsis rates [ 11 ]. Further, there is evidence that intraoperative blood loss and incidence of postoperative intestinal fistula formation was lower with the SSC [ 15 ]. Impact on mortality and SSI has been suggested to be more significant in emergency settings in low and middle income countries [ 18 , 19 ].
The impact of SSC implementation on teamwork and communication was almost unanimously positive across all the studies. After SSC intervention, Molina et al. [ 53 ] reported improvements in team discussions, physician receptiveness to quality improvements, and overall communication by 15%, 9%, and 11.9%, respectively [ 53 ]. Zingiryan et al. [ 54 ] reported improved communication in 76.4% of participants [ 54 ]. White et al. (2018) reported improved teamwork and communication in 91% and 89% of participants [ 55 ]. Tan et al. (2021) reported improved communication in 85% of participants [ 56 ]. One study, however, stood out as an exception; it demonstrated that while nurses and anesthesiologists experienced significantly fewer communication failures, surgeons found no difference in communication with SSC use [ 57 ]. Despite this outlier, other studies note that although nursing staff involvement is especially important for compliance, support from surgeons is also critical [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Notably, safety culture also improved and was likely correlated with fidelity to a checklist [ 63 ]. However, that fidelity appeared to be compromised when staff perceived the checklists as “add ons” [ 64 ].
Few studies investigated the financial impact of SSC; however, those that did noted SSC implementation was a cost effective health intervention. Checklist implementation costs, length/cost of hospital stay, blood transfusion, antibiotics used in the OR, the cost of OR time, and the economic gain from additional years of life expectancy were considered in studies that did evaluate the financial impact of SSC. In their single-center assessment, Healey et al. (2020) determined that for every 100 admissions the SSC cost $900 to implement but saved $55,899 overall [ 10 ]. Yu et al. (2020) discovered significantly lower hospitalization costs while Haugen et al. [ 20 ] witnessed a 40% reduction in blood transfusion costs with implementation of the SSC [ 15 , 20 ]. The SSC incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for one year of life loss averted was $31–118 and for every $1 spent on checklist implementation $9–62 was saved [ 65 ].
Research indicates that checklists perform best when they are targeted, simple, and contextually appropriate [ 38 , 66 ]. Almeida et al. (2021) analyzed all surgeries performed at their hospital or in their country to gain a more comprehensive view of SSC impact [ 12 ]. Their findings highlighted the need for a tailored checklist [ 12 , 66 ]. Others found that involving hospital staff in checklist creation helps create a contextually appropriate checklist [ 38 ].
Although contextually appropriate checklists are best, this of course has its limits. A checklist made for just one setting has more limited utility. With this in mind, using findings from our literature review, and receiving input from pediatric surgeons in HICs and LMICs we created three age specific, adaptable, general pediatric surgery checklists: Neonatal, Infant, and Toddler/Child.
These checklists have room for contextually-appropriate modifications depending on the operation and resources available. Below is the Neonatal checklist as an example. All three checklists are also located in the appendix.
We also determined that there are important points on neonatal, infant, and child physiology that the provider should be aware of prior to following the checklist, administering resuscitation, and delivering anesthesia (Appendix 2). This information complements the checklists and should serve as a reference for providers who care for the sick surgical child. Broselow Tape is an additional reference that can be used to estimate appropriate tube sizes, medication doses, and defibrillator shock doses but its accuracy has been shown to be limited in recent studies [ 67 ].
Resuscitation [ 68 ]
Access as large bore as able to place: 24 gauge for neonates, 22 gauge for infants,
Weigh neonate
Initial bolus resuscitation with crystalloid fluids: 10–20 cc/kg (0.9% NaCl or LR)
Maintenance fluid rate by weight using the 4–2-1 rule
Urine output:
< 1 year: 2–3 cc/kg/hr
1–3 years: 1.5–2 cc/kg/hr
> 3 years: 1–1.5 cc/kg/hr
Lab value targets
Potassium > 3.7
Bicarb > 28
HGB > 10
If bowel is resected it will lower HBG and more transfusion may be required
Achieve normothermia—use skin to skin contact, heating blankets, and warm saline to maintain the neonate’s temperature between 36.5 and 37.5 degrees celsius [ 69 ]
Abdominal concerns
Perform a digital rectal exam
Decompress the neonate with an NG tube
Concern for sepsis? If yes then IV antibiotics such as penicillin/ampicillin and gentamicin [ 70 , 71 , 72 ]
Weight-based dosing according to institution protocols
Pain Control [ 68 ]
Weight-based per institution protocols and available medications (paracetamol, morphine etc.)
Do NOT use NSAIDS for patients with age < 6 months, asthma, systemic steroids and bleeding disorders
Do NOT use Aspirin for patients with age < 12 years
Consent obtained from legal guardian
Preop and Anesthesia [ 73 ]
Parents educated on patient’s condition, procedure, and expectations in culturally appropriate and sensitive manner
Size appropriate pediatric monitoring equipment available and functioning
Size appropriate pediatric respiratory equipment available and functioning
Avoid Halothane if possible [ 68 ]
Breast Milk up to 4 h before scheduled procedure
Clear Liquids up to 2 h before scheduled procedure
Formula and Solids up to 6 h before scheduled procedure
Endotracheal tube size
Use little finger as a measure
Perioperative Anxiety (most prevalent ages 1–5 y/o) [ 74 ]
Mother present if possible, to soothe child—even during induction if necessary
Oral midazolam administered if necessary
Surgery [ 68 , 73 ]
Formulate plan for maintaining child’s temperature during the operation
Adjust electrocautery and laparoscopic insufflation settings for patient size, weight and age, place grounding away from site of surgery or potential spillage
Laparoscopic insufflation settings for patient size, weight and age
Weight based dosing of prophylactic antibiotics
Post-operative [ 68 , 73 ]
Antiemetics available
Parent/guardian present to help differentiate pain from anxiety.
Avoid overdistention of stomach if mask ventilation necessary
Post-operative fluid status assessed
Research focusing on a variety of surgical subspecialties including general surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, otolaryngology, orthopedics have shown the positive impact of checklists on clinical outcomes [ 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 ]. The evidence for checklist impact overall, however, is quite heterogeneous in terms of outcomes studied and the estimated magnitude of the impact of the checklist. Table 1 attached in the appendix displays the current literature on checklists and shows this variation in existing literature. Nevertheless, the consensus impact of SSC remains generally positive.
One challenge in evaluating checklist implementation is that different research groups have investigated different post-surgical outcomes. Studies have focused on surgical site infections, in-hospital mortality, overall mortality, blood loss, reoperation, embolism and other adverse outcomes. Although this complicates the overall picture when comparing studies and some types of post-surgical outcome have limited evidence, it also provides a more complete description of the many elements that might be improved through the use of the SSC.
Another critical element of SSC use explored throughout the literature is the variability in adherence and attitudes towards SSC and their impact on clinical outcomes. Overall, staff attitudes are critical for utilization compliance [ 58 ]. This perhaps suggests that regular training and education on the purpose of SSC are important for engagement of the team. Training should specifically target collaboration with the surgical team since their cooperation is the most commonly cited obstacle to successful implementation [ 60 ]. These trainings should also have implementation procedures which consider previous experiences and feedback in order to most effectively create a culture of safety. When implementing a SSC it is also important to consider the burden on a workforce in under-resourced settings that is often stretched too thin. Ultimately, SSC’s should not create more work but rather decrease workload through improved patient outcomes.
Although a majority of providers have positive opinions of surgical checklists, there remains a gap in knowledge about their use. In order to bridge this gap there is some evidence that digital SSC displayed on OR monitors increases engagement and accessibility. Many settings, however, do not have an OR computer monitor and efforts to bridge this gap must be made elsewhere [ 61 ]. As with the consideration of not creating more work it is vital to adapt these findings to the local resources as the goal of the SSC is to standardize surgical care and provide guidance.
Towards the goal of providing standardized guidance for pediatric patients, Ugandan pediatric surgeons also developed the Pediatric Emergency Surgery Course (PESC). It is a three day course targeted at rural general surgeons and healthcare providers [ 75 ]. Similar to this checklist the course aims to improve resuscitation and referral patterns for complex surgical conditions such as high anorectal malformations. It also aims to increase provider confidence treating less complex conditions such as pyloric stenosis. The course has been reviewed favorably, demonstrating statistically significant improvements in provider knowledge [ 75 ]. In the future, checklist implementation could coincide with educational interventions such as the PESC. Not only should future work coincide with contextually appropriate training but also investigations and feedback should be gathered from providers who use the checklist so improvements can be made.
As stakeholders improve surgical outcomes and safety locally and globally special consideration should be given to pediatric surgery checklists. Surgical disease represents roughly 28% of the world’s burden of disease [ 76 ]. This burden disproportionately affects children in LMICs; up to 85% of children in LMICs have a surgically-treatable condition by age 15 [ 77 , 78 ]. The lack of a pediatric surgery checklist for any setting further demonstrates the need and potential benefits of a pediatric surgery checklist that can be adapted for different resource levels. Further research on the topic is necessary especially regarding the differences between implementing such a checklist in HIC and LMIC hospitals. As the first checklist seeking to inform surgical care on children for providers without significant specialized training and in urgent, and often resource limited settings, it is important to evaluate its implementation and effectiveness for adult general surgeons.
Although this checklist had input from pediatric surgeons in HICs and LMICs, UIC, Mulago and Mbarara were the only institutions represented in its creation. Our pediatric checklist seeks to integrate as much knowledge from the pediatric surgeons involved in its creation, however it is limited to their experiences and the resources available in their institutions. We acknowledge that other checklists exist already and some may argue against the utility of this checklist and its specificity to pediatric general surgery. It has however been shown throughout this paper that specific checklists have a role to play in different surgical subspecialties, thus supporting our work in the creation of this framework for pediatric general surgery [ 74 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ].
We have sought to create a comprehensive checklist with input from multiple pediatric surgeons. from both high and low resource settings. We acknowledge that SCC implementation is a process in itself requiring multidisciplinary review and feedback. Effective implementation requires adaptation to specific context in order to achieve local buy-in. We have had extensive conversations with surgeons in high and low resource settings to determine the best way of making this checklist easily adaptable regardless of resource availability. Our cross cultural checklist based on a comprehensive literature review illustrates the importance of adapting checklists to local practices to enhance them instead of implementing a generic checklist. The aim of the pediatric SCC is ultimately to enhance current practice and fill in gaps which exist in pediatric surgery by creating a framework that is both standardized and flexible to the context.
This iteration was based on a panel of pediatric surgeons from different resource levels. A next step would be to obtain multidisciplinary feedback from other providers such as nurses, anesthesiologists during the implementation portion of this checklist.
Although there exist books with pediatric surgery considerations, a concise checklist indicating clear actions that are important for providers is necessary for settings with limited resources. Countries such as Uganda with few pediatric surgeons, general surgeons are required to fill the gaps and provide care to children without a clear standard of care. The next step for standardizing pediatric surgical care in resource limited settings would be evaluating the effectiveness of our pediatric surgery checklist in practice by adult general surgeons in a variety of settings in HICs and LMICs.
The benefits of surgical checklists are far reaching: improved teamwork, communication, clinical outcomes, and patient safety all while saving hospitals and patients money. Keeping in mind that checklists are most effective when they are tailored to the context and the patient, we created three general pediatric surgery checklists that can be adapted to different settings based on resource availability and specific needs. This is the first set of checklists developed specifically for pediatric surgery and providers should carefully weigh their benefits as they consider how to appropriately use them in their practice. This peer reviewed checklist steeped in robust literature review is a critical first step in further standardization of pediatric surgical care and highlights the most important considerations in pediatric surgery in a way that is accessible and concise for general surgeons to use in their practice.
Literature review performed with materials from the University of Illinois library.
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University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Surgery, Mulago National Referral Hospital.
Greg Klazura received funding from Fulbright Fogarty Fellowship (GHES NIH FIC D43 TW010540).
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Diana Ioana Rapolti, Elsa Nico, Thom Lobe, Thomas Sims & Greg Klazura
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D.R. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared the figures with guidance from G.K.. D.R. and E. N. performed literature review, all papers were discussed with G.K.. P.K., M.S, T.L., T.S. and D.O. contributed valuable insight into important considerations for pediatric surgery. P.K. and M.S. provided guidance on how to adapt checklist to low resource settings and the needs of surgeons in LMICs. E.N. contributed to the background of the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Rapolti, D.I., Kisa, P., Situma, M. et al. The creation of a pediatric surgical checklist for adult providers. BMC Health Serv Res 24 , 1029 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11405-1
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Kaczynski AT, Eberth JM, Stowe EW, Wende ME, Liese AD, McLain AC, Breneman CB, Josey MJ. Development of a national childhood obesogenic environment index in the United States: differences by region and rurality. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity . July 2020 View Journal Article .
Merrell MA, Probst JC, Crouch E, Abshire DA, McKinney SH, Haynes EE. A National Survey of RN-to-BSN Programs: Are They Reaching Rural Students? Journal of Nursing Education. October 2020 View Journal Article
Odahowski CL, Crouch EL, Zahnd WE, Probst JC, McKinney SH, Abshire DA. Rural-urban differences in educational attainment among registered nurses: Implications for achieving an 80% BSN workforce. Journal of Professional Nursing. May 2020 View Journal Article
Ranganathan R, Zahnd WE, Harrison SE, Brandt HM, Adams SA, Eberth JM. Spatial Access to Vaccines for Children Providers in South Carolina: Implications for HPV Vaccination. Preventing Chronic Disease December 2020;17:200300. View Journal Article
Wende ME, Stowe EW, Eberth JM, McLain AC, Liese AD, Breneman CB, Josey MJ, Hughey SM, Kaczynski AT. Spatial clustering patterns and regional variations for food and physical activity environments across the United States. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. January 2020 View Journal Article
Zahnd, WE, Gomez, SL; Steck, SE; Brown, MJ; Ganai, S; Zhang, J; Adams, SA; Berger, FG; Eberth JM. Rural Urban and Racial/Ethnic Trends and Disparities in Early-Onset and Average-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Cancer. October 2020 View Journal Article
Zahnd, WE, Josey, MJ, Schootman, M, Eberth, JM. Spatial accessibility to colonoscopy and its role in predicting late‐stage colorectal cancer. Health Serv Res. 2020; 00: 1– 11. View Journal Article
Zahnd WE, Harrison SE, Stephens HC, Messersmith AR, Brandt HM, Hastings TJ, Eberth JM. Expanding access to HPV vaccination in South Carolina through community pharmacies: A geospatial analysis. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. June 2020 View Journal Article
Zahnd WE, Crouch EL, Probst JC, Hunt McKinney S, Abshire DA, Eberth JM. Factors Associated With Perceived Job Preparedness Among RNs, JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration. May 2020 View Journal Article
Zahnd WE. Appropriate considerations of "rural" in National Cancer Data Base analyses, Cancer. April 2020 View Letter to the Editor
Breneman C*, Probst JC, Crouch E, Eberth JM. (2019) Assessing change in physician practice organization profile in South Carolina: a longitudinal study. Journal of Rural Health. Epub ahead of print on April 15, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12367
Crouch E, Nelson J, Radcliff E, Martin A (2019) Exploring associations between adverse childhood experiences and oral health among children and adolescents. The Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2019 Aug 28. doi: 10.1111/jphd.12341. [Epub ahead of print]
Crouch E, Probst JC, Radcliff E, Bennett KJ, McKinney SH (2019) Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among US children. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2019 Jun;92:209-218. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.010. Epub 2019 Apr 16.
Crouch E, Radcliff E, Hung P, Bennett KJ (2019) Challenges to School Success and the Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Academic Pediatrics. 2019 19(8):899-907
Hung P, Deng S*, Zahnd WE, Adams SA, Olatosi B, Crouch EL, Eberth JM. Geographic disparities in residential proximity to colorectal and cervical cancer care providers. Cancer. 2019 Nov 8. doi: 10.1002/cncr.32594. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 31702829 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hung P, Wang S, Hsu SH. Associations between end-of-life expenditures and hospice stay length vary by clinical condition and expenditure duration. Value in Health (2019). In Press
Hung P, Wang S, Killelea BK, Mougalian SS, Evans SB, Sedghi T, and Gross CP. Long term outcomes of sentinel lymph node biopsy for ductal carcinoma in situ. JNCI Cancer Spectrum. 3, no 4 (2019). View Journal Article
Eberth JM, Crouch E, Josey MJ*, Zahnd WE, Adams SA, Stiles B, Schootman M. (2019) Rural-urban differences in access to thoracic surgery in the United States, 2010-2014. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. June 22, 2019. pii: S0003-4975(19)30879-3. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.04.113. [Epub ahead of print]
Liese AD, Ma X, Reid L, Sutherland M, Bell BA, Eberth JM, Probst JC, Turley CB, Mayer-Davis EJ. (2019) Health Care Access and Glycemic Control in Youth and Young Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in South Carolina. Pediatr Diabetes. 2019 Jan 22. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12822. [Epub ahead of print]
Odahowski CL, Zahnd WE, Eberth JM. (2019) Challenges and Opportunities for Lung Cancer Screening in Rural America. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2019-04-01, Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 590-595
Odahowski CL, Zahnd WE, Zgodic A*, Edward JS, Hill LN, Davis MM, Perry CK, Shannon J, Wheeler SB, Vanderpool RC, Eberth JM. Financial hardship among rural cancer survivors: An analysis of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Preventive Medicine. 2019 Nov 11:105881. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105881. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 31727380 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Probst J, Zahnd W, Breneman C. Declines in pediatric mortality fall short for rural US children. Health Affairs, 2019 November. 10-1377.
Probst J, Eberth JM, Crouch E. Structural Urbanism Contributes To Poorer Health Outcomes For Rural America. Health Affairs, 2019 Dec 38(12), 1976-1984.
Radcliff E, Crouch E, Strompolis M, Srivastav A. (2019) Homelessness in Childhood and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2019 Jun;23(6):811-820. doi: 10.1007/s10995-018-02698-w
Spencer, J.C., Rotter, J.S., Eberth, J.M., Zahnd, W.E., Vanderpool, R.C., Ko, L.K., Davis, M.M., Troester, M.A., Olshan, A.F. and Wheeler, S.B., Employment changes following breast cancer diagnosis: the effects of race and place. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2019 Oct.
Srivastav A, Spencer M, Thrasher JF, Strompolis M, Crouch E, Davis RE. Addressing Health and Well-Being Through State Policy: Understanding Barriers and Opportunities for Policy-Making to Prevent Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in South Carolina. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2019 Oct 9:890117119878068. doi: 10.1177/0890117119878068. [Epub ahead of print]
Zahnd WE, Askelson N, Vanderpool RC, Stradtman L, Edward J, Farris PE,... & Eberth, J. M. (2019). Challenges of using nationally representative, population-based surveys to assess rural cancer disparities. Preventive medicine, 105812.
Zahnd WE*, David MM, Rotter JS, Vanderpool RC, Perry CK, Shannon J, Ko LK, Wheeler SB, Odahowski C*, Farris PE, Eberth JM+. (2019) Rural-urban differences in financial burden among cancer survivors: an analysis of a nationally representative survey. Supportive Care in Cancer. (2019) 27: 4779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-04742-z
Zahnd WE*, Eberth JM+. (2019) Lung cancer screening utilization with low-dose computed tomography: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2017. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Epub ahead of print on June 24, 2019
Zahnd WE, McLafferty SL, Eberth JM (2019). Multilevel analysis in rural cancer control: A conceptual framework and methodological implications. Preventive medicine, 105835.
COVID-19's Impact on Telehealth Usage in Rural Health Clinics Across the United States (April 2022)
Disparities in Chronic Disease Burden: Understanding Community Context (April 2022)
Examining the Influence of Positive Childhood Experiences on Childhood Overweight and Obesity (April 2022)
Rural-Urban Differences in Access to Mental Health Care Facilities in the United States (April 2022)
Rural-Urban and Racial Disparities in HIV and STIs in South Carolina from 2019 to 2021 (April 2022)
Application of Spatial Methods to Examine Spatial Access to Vaccine for Children Providers in South Carolina - Big Data Health Science Center Conference
Home Visiting Client Satisfaction and Engagement: Findings from a South Carolina MIECHV Evaluation
Job Satisfaction Among Nurses and Healthcare Quality (October 2021)
Post-Stratification in Contexts where Strata Population Counts are Unavailable - American Statistical Association Conference on Statistical Practice
Disparities in cancer screening among women in the United States [PDF] - ACE Annual Meeting
Impact of Patient Metropolitan Status and Facility Region on Disparities in Needle Biopsy Receipt for Breast Cancer Diagnosis [PDF] - NRHA Annual Conference
Rural and Racial Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in South Carolina, 1996-2016 [PDF] - ACE Annual Meeting
The Association of a Rural Hospital Closure with 30-Day Post Hospital Discharge Mortality from Selected Conditions [PDF] - NRHA Annual Conference
Development of a County-Level Childhood Obesogenic Environment Index across the United States [PDF] - International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity Annual Meeting
Educational Gaps a Barrier to Rural Nursing Practice [PDF] - NRHA Annual Conference
Financial Hardship among Rural Cancer Survivors in the United States [PDF] - Annual ASPO Conference
Financial Problems among Rural and Urban Cancer Survivors [PDF] - NRHA Annual Conference
Geographic Disparities in Lung Cancer Screening in the U.S. [PDF] - Annual APSO Conference
Home & Guns: Rural-Urban Differences in Firearm Storage [PDF] - NRHA Annual Conference
Mapping Cervical Cancer Access and Prevention in SC [PDF] - NRHA Health Equity Conference
Temporal Trends in Spatial Access to Colonoscopy in South Carolina [On-line Only] - Annual ASPO Conference
Urban-Rural Disparities in Residential Access to Colorectal and Cervical Cancer Care Specialists [PDF] - NRHA Annual Conference
Presentations 2022.
The COVID-19 Pandemic: Reversing 20 years of rural mortality improvement (April 2022)
Geographic and Ethnic Disparities Among U.S. - Mexico Border Residents (April 2022)
A Quality Improvement Initiative Addressing STI Services Provided in Rural South Carolina Primary Care Clinics (October 2022)
Roles of Race and Residence on the Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in South Carolina Improving STD Prevention and Care Through Partnerships (December 2022)
Rural Cancer Prevention and Control Activities in S.C. (April 2022)
Rural-Urban Differences in Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences (March 2022)
Rural Urban Disparities in Inpatient Psychiatric Care Quality (April and June 2022)
Access to Vaccine for Children Providers and HPV Vaccination in Rural Children and Adolescents (June 2021)
Everyday Discrimination: Residential Displacement and Mental Health (October 2021)
Examining Racial and Ethnic Group Composition and Availability of Grocery Store Outlets by Geography in South Carolina (April 2021)
Impact Data System FAQs and MIECHV Performance Measure Tips - Virtual Performance Measures Workshop for MIECHV
Midlands Healthy Start Program: Assisting At-Risk and Diverse Pregnant and Postpartum Women, Infants, and Fathers
Multilevel Influences of Cancer Inequities at the Intersection of Rurality and Race/Ethnicity
Nutrition Symposium Presentation (April 2021)
Practice Based Experience: Looking at How Grocery Store Locations Impact Food Insecurity (April 2021)
Responding To Addiction In Rural Communities (August 2021)
The Role of Rural Health Clinics in Cancer Care across the Continuum (December 2021)
Understanding the South Carolina Home Visiting Needs Assessment (April 2021)
Cancer Surveillance and Access to Care in Rural America [PDF]
Disproportionate Burden of Cervical Cancer Survival By Race and Rurality in South Carolina, 2001 - 2016 [PDF] - AACR Virtual Conference
Factors Associated With Lung Cancer Screening In Urban Vs. Rural Individuals At Risk For Lung Cancer [PDF] - NRHA Annual Conference
Rural urban and racial disparities in colorectal cancer survival among the residents of South Carolina, 2001 - 2016 [PDF] - AACR Virtual Conference
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Peer review is a mutual responsibility among fellow scientists, and scientists are expected, as part of the academic community, to take part in peer review. If one is to expect others to review their work, they should commit to reviewing the work of others as well, and put effort into it. 2) Be pleasant. If the paper is of low quality, suggest ...
Introduction. The peer review process is essential for evaluating the quality of scholarly works, suggesting corrections, and learning from other authors' mistakes. The principles of peer review are largely based on professionalism, eloquence, and collegiate attitude. As such, reviewing journal submissions is a privilege and responsibility ...
The most common types are: Single-blind review. Double-blind review. Triple-blind review. Collaborative review. Open review. Relatedly, peer assessment is a process where your peers provide you with feedback on something you've written, based on a set of criteria or benchmarks from an instructor.
This emphasizes a new level of awareness for editors and peer reviewers addressing objectivity and bias in reviews and, more broadly, how research is conducted. The goal of peer review is to provide the editor and author with comments that evaluate the soundness and validity of the research, the methodology, the results, and conclusions ...
Finding (and Identifying) Peer-Reviewed Articles - LibGuides
Worryingly, articles from such journals uploaded by their authors to PubMed Central (which is sometimes a requirement from funders, who wish to make the results of their funded research freely available) are then automatically cited in PubMed, thereby degrading its reliability as a source of peer reviewed science [2]. Such articles will not ...
Scholarly or primary research articles are peer-reviewed, which means that they have gone through the process of being read by reviewers or referees before being accepted for publication. When a scholar submits an article to a scholarly journal, the manuscript is sent to experts in that field to read and decide if the research is valid and the ...
The peer-review process is the longstanding method by which research quality is assured. On the one hand, it aims to assess the quality of a manuscript, with the desired outcome being (in theory ...
A meta-analysis of peer-review data from over 300,000 biological sciences manuscripts reveals worse review outcomes for authors from historically excluded groups, and limited data evaluating the ...
Peer review brings academic research to publication in the following ways: Evaluation - Peer reviewing research helps publications select the highest quality articles.; Integrity - Peer review ensures the integrity of the publishing process and the scholarly record.; Quality - The filtering process and revision advice offered by verified experts within the academic field improves the ...
The major advantage of a peer review process is that peer-reviewed articles provide a trusted form of scientific communication. Since scientific knowledge is cumulative and builds on itself, this trust is particularly important. Despite the positive impacts of peer review, critics argue that the peer review process stifles innovation in ...
Peer-reviewed journals are a part of the larger category of scholarly writing. Scholarly writing includes many resources that are not peer reviewed, such as books, textbooks, and dissertations. Scholarly writing does not come with a label that says scholarly. You will need to evaluate the resource to see if it is. aimed at a scholarly audience.
An Introduction: Where to Find Peer Reviewed Sources
3.3 million articles on ScienceDirect are open access. Articles published open access are peer-reviewed and made freely available for everyone to read, download and reuse in line with the user license displayed on the article. ScienceDirect is the world's leading source for scientific, technical, and medical research.
the process by which scholars critically appraise each other's work to ensure a high level of scholarship in a journal and to improve the quality and readability of a manuscript.; applied to both primary articles (i.e. articles which present findings from original research) and review articles that summarize primary research.; Note: 'Peer reviewed' and 'refereed' are synonyms.
Peer review has been a part of scientific publications since 1665, when the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society became the first publication to formalize a system of expert review. 1,2 It became an institutionalized part of science in the latter half of the 20 th century and is now the standard in scientific research publications. 3 In 2012, there were more than 28 000 scholarly ...
Understanding Peer Reviewed Articles; Understanding Peer Reviewed Articles- Arts & Humanities; ... Peer review is a process for evaluating research studies before they are published by an academic journal. These studies typically communicate original research or analysis for other researchers. The Peer Review Process at a Glance:
Many people use "academic" or "scholarly" sources to mean the same thing as peer-reviewed sources. Peer-reviewed articles are papers that are reviewed by a panel of experts prior to acceptance and publication. reviewers often evaluate the validity, significance, and originality of a work; As a result, the quality of peer-review articles is generally viewed as high.
Get the latest research updates, subscribe to our newsletter. Open access publisher of peer-reviewed scientific articles across the entire spectrum of academia. Research network for academics to stay up-to-date with the latest scientific publications, events, blogs and news.
Peer-reviewed, full-text research papers from the past five years were included in the review. All selected articles were in English language and any non-peer-reviewed and duplicate papers were excluded from finally selected articles. Result. Of the 16 selected research papers, there were a research focus on adults, gender, and preadolescents ...
Databases Containing Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles. Each database containing peer-reviewed journals has different content coverage and materials. The databases listed in this Research Guide are available only to Truckee Meadows Community College students, faculty and staff. You will need your TMCC credentials (Username and Password) to access ...
American Educational Research Journal
JSTOR Home ... JSTOR Home
The journals are the official peer-reviewed publications of the AAO-HNS and thus provide a forward-facing representation of the society. ... as our higher levels of evidence rely upon the accuracy of each underlying article. Protecting the quality of research is paramount, as it can both directly and indirectly influence patient care through ...
There are different types of peer-reviewed research journals; these specific publications are about food science.. An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of research.
Evidence of peer-peer feedback to support students' work: Support students to reflect and revise their work: ... A review of research on the impact of professional learning communities on teaching practice and student learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24 (1) (2008), pp. 80-91.
This peer reviewed checklist steeped in robust literature review is a critical first step in further standardization of pediatric surgical care and highlights the most important considerations in pediatric surgery in a way that is accessible and concise for general surgeons to use in their practice.
A growing research agenda: Timeline of the cumulative number of news articles (black, left axis), white paper reports (red, right axis), and peer-reviewed and academic publications (green, right axis) concerning fossil fuel industry ties to higher education.
Peer Reviewed Publications, Posters and Presentations. Reports and briefs are aimed at community and policy audiences. Listed here are research products we have placed within the scientific literature in the past five years. In addition, presentations and posters from recent conferences are highlighted.
Jerrica Joy Serra, LPT, MEd, LT, earned her Bachelor's degree in Secondary Education with a major in English, and a Master's degree in Education with a specialization in Language Teaching major in English from the University of Southeastern Philippines, Obrero Campus.She is a full-time faculty member in the Senior High School Department at Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao, where she teaches ...