class 10 human eye assignment

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Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet for Class 10 PDF with Answers

In Class 10 Science there is a chapter “Human Eye And Colourful World”, it is a crucial lesson for the students as they get to know all the basic topics of Human Eye And Colourful World. Since it is an important lesson, students should take Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10 to better develop an understanding of the concepts explained.

It is very important for Class 10 students to practise questions of the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World because it will help them create their own exam strategy to score well in the upcoming final examination. 

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Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet With Solutions

The questions in the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet for Class 10 are provided with solutions. Through these solutions, students can easily solve all their doubts. By clearing the doubts of Human Eye And Colourful World, students can build a strong foundation. Accordingly students can also score good marks in questions related to the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World. The subject matter experts at Selfstudys has prepared Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet With Solutions in a way that helps students answer all types of questions regardless of its difficulty.

Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10 PDF

Class 10 students can easily download the Portable Document Format (PDF) of Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet with the help of Selfstudys website. This can help Class 10 students to understand all the topics and concepts of the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World which will help students increase their self-confidence level. A perfect level of self- confidence can easily decrease students' level of stress to prepare for the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World.

How to Download Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10?

To look through the questions included in Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet Class 10, students can follow the given steps. These steps are the easiest one that one can follow to download Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10. 

• Open the Selfstudys website. 
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• A new page will appear, Class 10 from the list of classes.

• Click Science from the list of subjects.

• Again a new page will appear, now select Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet from the list of chapters. 

Features of Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10

Before solving questions from Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet Class 10, students should understand what makes Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10 PDF special. Features of the worksheet are discussed below: 

• All Concepts are Covered: In Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet Class 10, all concepts and topics are covered in an elaborate manner in the questions format. Through this elaboration, students can understand all the topics of the chapter Earth in a better way.  
• Explained in an Easy Language: Answers of Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10 is explained in an easy language which helps students easily understand the process of answering questions.  
• Varieties of Questions are Included: In the Class 10 Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet, varieties of questions are included. Through this students can solve all kinds of questions of the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World. 
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• Solutions are Provided: For all the questions in the worksheet of Class 10 Human Eye And Colourful World, solutions are provided. Through the solutions, Class 10 students will be able to solve challenging questions which will help them develop a critical thinking capability.
• According to the Class 10 Syllabus: The questions in Class 10 Science Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet are as per the Class 10 Syllabus and prescribed NCERT books. With the help of this, kids will be able to make their foundational understanding stronger.

How to Know If You're Ready for Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10? 

First of all Class 10 students need to complete the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World from the main Science book. After covering all the topics, definitions and concepts from the chapter, students are totally ready to solve the questions from Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10. Solving the questions from the Class 10 worksheet can help students to increase their conceptual understanding of Human Eye And Colourful World. 

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Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet Class 10 is mainly given to students to practise a variety of questions. After practising questions from Human Eye And Colourful World worksheet, students can also look through the answers. Answers for all questions can help students to improve their practising skills. These skills can help Class 10 students to increase their level of understanding. 

Parents are advised to tell their Class 10rd kids to begin solving Human Eye And Colourful World Worksheet Class 10 the moment they finish their study of the chapter. Doing this, will help students brush up their all learning as well as be completed for upcoming annual exams or tests.

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• Finish Off The Chapter: First and foremost tip is to finish off the chapter Human Eye And Colourful World. Students need to complete each and every topic included in the lesson. 
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• Note Down the Mistakes: While practising questions, it is very important that students note down their mistakes. Noting down the mistakes is very important as accordingly students can improve their preparation strategies. 
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Human Eye & Colourful World (Numerical with Answer)

• Last modified on: 1 week ago
• Reading Time: 14 Minutes

Here we are providing numerical assignment on class 10 science chapter human eye and colourful world. Answers are also provided for reference.

Numerical Problems Based on Human Eye and Colourful World

Q.1. If the concave lens of focal length (f = 1.5m) used to restore the proper vision, then what is the power of lens.

Q.2. A young boy can adjust the power of his eye-lens between 50 D & 60 D. His far point is infinity. (a) What is the distance of his retina from the eye-lens? (b) What is his near point?

Q.3. A person cannot see objects clearly beyond 50 cm. Find the power of the lens to correct the vision.

Q.4. A myopic person having far point 80 cm uses spectacles of power –1.0 D. How far can he see clearly?

Q.5. A person having a myopic eye used the concave lens of focal length 50 cm. What is the power of the lens.

Learn Human Eye and Colourful World through Animations

Q.6. A 52-year-old near-sighted person wears eye glass of power of –5.5D for distance viewing. His doctor prescribes a correction of +1.5D in the near-vision section of his bi-focals this measured relative to the main parts of the lens (i) What is the focal length of his distance viewing part of the lens. (ii) What is the focal length of the near vision section of the lens.

Q.7. A short-sighted person cannot see clearly beyond 2 m. Calculate the power of less required to correct his vision.

Q.8. A person is able to see objects clearly only when these are lying at distance between 50 cm and 300 cm from his eye. (i) What kind of defect of vision he is suffering from ? (ii) What kind of lenses will be required to increase his range of vision from 25 cm to infinity? Explain briefly.

Q.9. A 14-years old student is not able to see clearly to question written on a black board placed at a distance of 5 m from him. (a) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. (b) Name the type of lens used to correct this defect. (c) State two causes of this defect.

Q.10. A person suffering from far – sightedness wears a spectacle having a convex lens of focal length 50 cm. What is the distance of the near point of his eye?

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Numerical Assignment (with Answers)

Ans: Here, distance of far point, x = 1.2 m

For viewing distant objects, focal length of corrective lens, F = -x = -1.2 m,

P = 1 / f = 1 / -1.2 = -0.83D

Ans: For diagram, Here, x’ = 1 m = 100 cm, d = 25 cm, f =?

From f = x’d / x’- d, F = 100*25 / 100 – 25 = 33.3 cm, P = 100 / f = 100 / 33.3 = 3 D

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• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10
• NCERT Class 10 Science
• Chapter 11 Human Eye And Colorful World

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11: The Human Eye and Colourful World

Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 11 – cbse free pdf download.

* According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 10.

Download Exclusively Curated Chapter Notes for Class 10 Science Chapter – 11 The Human Eye and Colourful World

Download most important questions for class 10 science chapter – 11 the human eye and colourful world.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11 – Summary:

• The ability of the eye to focus on both near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye.
• The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is called the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision. For a young adult with normal vision, it is about 25 cm.
• The common refractive defects of vision include myopia, hypermetropia and presbyopia. Myopia (short-sightedness – the image of distant objects is focused before the retina) is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
• Hypermetropia (far-sightedness – the image of nearby objects is focused beyond the retina) is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power. The eye loses its power of accommodation at old age.
• The splitting of white light into its component colours is called dispersion.
• Scattering of light causes the blue colour of sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset.
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• Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce?
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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Chapter 11: The Human Eye and Colourful World

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Access Answers to NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter 11: The Human Eye and Colourful World

Page No: 190

1. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?

The ability of the lens of the eye to adjust its focal length to clearly focus rays coming from distant as well from a near objects on the retina, is known as the power of accommodation of the eye.

2. A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should be the type of corrective lens used to restore proper vision?

An individual with a myopic eye should use a concave lens of focal length 1.2 m so that he or she can restore proper vision.

3. What is the far point and near point of the human eye with normal vision?

The minimum distance of the object from the eye, which can be seen distinctly without strain is called the near point of the eye. For a normal person’s eye, this distance is 25 cm.

The far point of the eye is the maximum distance to which the eye can see objects clearly. The far point of a normal person’s eye is infinity.

4. A student has difficulty reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could be the defect the child is suffering from? How can it be corrected?

The student is suffering from short-sightedness or myopia. Myopia can be corrected by the use of concave or diverging lens of an appropriate power.

Page No: 197

1. The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens. This is due to

(a) presbyopia

(b) accommodation

(c) near-sightedness

(d) far-sightedness

Due to accommodation the human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens.

Page No: 198

2. The human eye forms an image of an object at its

The retina is the layer of nerve cells lining the back wall inside the eye. This layer senses light and sends signals to the brain so you can see.

3. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is about

25 cm is the least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision.

4. The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by the action of the

(c) ciliary muscles

The action of the ciliary muscles changes the focal length of an eye lens

5. A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?

The power ( P) of a lens of focal length f is given by the relation

Power (P) = 1/ f

(i) Power of the lens (used for correcting distant vision) = – 5.5 D

Focal length of the lens ( f) = 1/ P

f  = 1/-5.5

f  = -0.181 m

The focal length of the lens (for correcting distant vision) is – 0.181 m.

(ii) Power of the lens (used for correcting near vision) = +1.5 D

Focal length of the required lens ( f) = 1/ P

f = 1/1.5 = +0.667 m

The focal length of the lens (for correcting near vision) is 0.667 m.

6. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?

The individual is suffering from myopia. In this defect, the image is formed in front of the retina. Therefore, a concave lens is used to correct this defect of vision.

Object distance (u) = infinity = ∞

Image distance (v) = – 80 cm

Focal length = f

According to the lens formula,

A concave lens of power – 1.25 D is required by the individual to correct his defect.

7. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct this defect? Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.

An individual suffering from hypermetropia can see distinct objects clearly but he or she will face difficulty in clearly seeing objects nearby. This happens because the eye lens focuses the incoming divergent rays beyond the retina. This is corrected by using a convex lens. A convex lens of a suitable power converges the incoming light in such a way that the image is formed on the retina, as shown in the following figure.

The convex lens creates a virtual image of a nearby object (N’ in the above figure) at the near point of vision (N) of the individual suffering from hypermetropia.

The given individual will be able to clearly see the object kept at 25 cm (near point of the normal eye), if the image of the object is formed at his near point, which is given as 1 m.

Object distance, u = – 25 cm

Image distance, v = – 1 m = – 100 m

Focal length, f

Using the lens formula,

A convex lens of power +3.0 D is required to correct the defect.

8. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm?

A normal eye is not able to see the objects placed closer than 25 cm clearly because the ciliary muscles of the eyes are unable to contract beyond a certain limit.

9. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye?

The image is formed on the retina even on increasing the distance of an object from the eye. The eye lens becomes thinner and its focal length increases as the object is moved away from the eye.

10. Why do stars twinkle?

The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The starlight, on entering the earth’s atmosphere, undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches the earth. The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index.

11. Explain why the planets do not twinkle.

Unlike stars, planets don’t twinkle. Stars are so distant that they appear as pinpoints of light in the night sky, even when viewed through a telescope. Since all the light is coming from a single point, its path is highly susceptible to atmospheric interference (i.e. their light is easily diffracted).

12. Why does the Sun appear reddish early in the morning?

White light coming from the sun has to travel more distance in the atmosphere before reaching the observer. During this, the scattering of all coloured lights except the light corresponding to red colour takes place and so, only the red coloured light reaches the observer. Therefore, the sun appears reddish at sunrise and sunset.

13. Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?

The sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut, as scattering of light does not take place outside the earth’s atmosphere.

NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter 11 describes the fine structure of the human eye. It explains the reason behind the colour of the sun during the time of sunrise and sunset. It explains the accommodation of the eye concept. Various defects that occur to the eye like refractive defects of vision which include hypermetropia, myopia, and presbyopia are discussed in NCERT Solutions . It describes the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision. Topics included in this chapter are:

11.1 The Human eye (4 questions)

The topic discusses the importance of the Human Eye, its structure and how it functions. The human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive sense organs. Of all the sense organs, the human eye is the most significant one as it enables us to see the beautiful, colourful world around us. The topic also explains the power of accommodation where it talks about the eye lens.

11.2 Defects of Vision and their Correction

The topic talks about defects of vision and their correction. There are mainly three common refractive defects of the eye. These are myopia or near-sightedness, hypermetropia or far-sightedness and Presbyopia. These defects can be corrected by the use of suitable spherical lenses. 

11.3 Refraction of Light Through a Prism

You have learnt how the light gets refracted through a rectangular glass slab. For parallel refracting surfaces, as in a glass slab, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. However, it is slightly displaced laterally. In this topic, you will get to learn how lights get refracted through a triangular glass prism by performing an activity.

11.4 Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism

You must have seen and appreciated the spectacular colours in a rainbow. In this topic, you will get to know how a rainbow occurs by performing an activity related to the refraction of light through a prism. It will help you know the reason behind the dispersion of white light by a glass prism.

11.5 Atmospheric Refraction

The topic discusses Atmospheric Refraction and how it is related to the twinkling of stars and advanced sunrise, and delayed sunset. The twinkling of a star is due to the atmospheric refraction of starlight.

11.6 Scattering of Light

In the previous class, you have learnt about the scattering of light by colloidal particles. The path of a beam of light passing through a true solution is not visible. However, its path becomes visible through a colloidal solution where the size of the particles is relatively larger. The topic further discusses the Tyndall Effect – why the colour of the clear sky is blue, and the colour of the Sun at sunrise and sunset.

• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 explains the detailed structure of the human eye.
• Explains the various defects that happen to humans and also describes the ways to correct it.
• The dispersion of light concept is made understandable in a simple way.
• It also explains the reason for the sky being blue, along with the colour of the sun at sunset and sunrise events.

Key features of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11: The Human Eye and Colourful World

• The simple and easily understandable approach is followed in NCERT Solutions to make students aware of topics.
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 offers detailed answers to all the questions to help students in their preparations.
• It is useful for successfully clearing the CBSE exams with flying colours and is also the best guide for Science Olympiads and other competitive exams.
• Provides completely solved solutions to all the questions present in the respective NCERT textbooks.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

Human Eye and Colourful World Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 11

January 22, 2024 by Sastry CBSE

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CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given NCERT Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World.

According to new CBSE Exam Pattern,  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science pdf  Carries 20 Marks.

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World

Human Eye: working of human eye, Persistence of vision, Power of accommodation of human eye, Defects of vision.

The Human Eye: It is a natural optical instrument which is used to see the objects by human beings. It is like a camera which has a lens and screen system.

The various parts of eye and their functions :

• Retina: It is a light sensitive screen inside the eye on which image is formed. It contains rods and cones.
• Cornea: It is a thin membrane which covers the eye trail. It acts like a lens which refracts the light entering the eye.
• Aqueous humour: It is fluid which fills the space between cornea and eye lens.
• Eye lens: It is a convex lens made of transparent and flexible jelly like material. Its curvature can be adjusted with the help of ciliary muscles.
• Pupil: It is a hole in the middle of iris through which light enters the eye. It appears black because light falling on it goes into the eye and does not come back.
• Ciliary muscles: These are the muscles which are attached to eye lens and can modify the shape of eye lens which leads to the variation in focal lengths.
• Iris: It controls the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil.
• Optical nerve: These are the nerves which take the image to the brain in the form of electrical signals.

The human eye is roughly spherical in shape with a diameter of about 2.3 cm. It consists of a convex lens made up of living tissues. Hence, human lenses are living organs contrary to the simple optical lenses. The following table lists the main parts of the human eye and their respective functions.

How Pupil Works? For Example, You would have observed that when you come out of the cinema hall after watching the movie in the bright sunlight, your eyes get closed. And when you entered the hall from the bright light, you won’t be able to see and after some time you would be able to see. Here, the pupil of an eye provides a variable aperture, whose size is controlled by iris. (a) When the light is bright: Iris contracts the pupil, so that less light enters the eye. (b) When the light is dim: Iris expands the pupil, so that more light enters the eye. Pupil opens completely when iris is relaxed.

Persistence of Vision: It is the time for which the sensation of an object continue in the eye. It is about 1/16th of a second.

Colour Blindness: A person having defective cone cells is not able to distinguish between the different colours. This defect is known as Colour Blindness.

Power of the correcting convex lens: Lens formula, \(\frac { 1 }{ v } -\frac { 1 }{ u } =\frac { 1 }{ f }\) can be used to calculate focal length f and hence, power P of the correcting convex lens, where, Object distance, u = -25 cm, normal near point Image distance, v = defective near point Hence, the lens formula is reduced to \(\frac { 1 }{ v } +\frac { 1 }{ 25 } =\frac { 1 }{ f }\)

Presbyopia: It is a kind of defect in human eye which occurs due to ageing. It happens due to the following reasons (i) decrease in flexibility of eye lens. (ii) gradual weakening of ciliary muscles. In this, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia.

Correction: By using a bifocal lens with appropriate power. Bifocal lenses consist of both concave and convex lens, upper position consists of the concave lens and lower portion consists of a convex lens.

Astigmatism: It is a kind of defect in human eye due to which a person cannot see (focus) simultaneously horizontal and vertical lines both.

Correction: By using a cylindrical lens.

Cataract: Due to the membrane growth over eye lens, the eye lens becomes hazy or even opaque. This leads to a decrease or loss of vision. This problem is called a cataract. It can be corrected only by surgery.

Refraction of light through a prism, Dispersion of white light by a glass prism, Composition of white light, Recombination of spectrum colours, Rainbow.

Refraction of light through a prism: When a ray of light is incident on a rectangular glass slab, after refracting through the slab, it gets displaced laterally. As a result, the emergent ray comes out parallel to the incident ray. Unlike a rectangular slab, the side of a glass prism are inclined at an angle called the angle of prism.

Prism: A prism has two triangular bases and three

Angle of Prism: Angle between two lateral faces is

Angle of Deviation: The angle between the incident deviation.

Composition of white light: White light consists of seven colours i.e., violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.

Monochromatic light: Light consisting of single colour or wavelength is called monochromatic light, example; sodium light.

Polychromatic light: Light consisting of more than two colours or wavelengths is called polychromatic light, example; white light.

Recombination of white light: Newton found that when an inverted prism is placed in the path of dispersed light then after passing through the prism, they recombine to form white light.

Rainbow: It is the spectrum of sunlight in nature. It is formed due to the dispersion of sunlight by the tiny water droplet, present in the atmosphere.

Atmospheric Refraction: The refraction of light caused by the Earth’s atmosphere (having air layers of varying optical densities) is called Atmospheric Refraction.

Why planets do not twinkle ? Planets are closer to earth and are seen as extended source of light i.e. the collection of large number of point sized sources of light. Therefore the total amount of light entering our eyes from all individual point source will nullify the twinkling effect.

Why, the duration of day becomes approximately 4 minutes shorter if there is no atmosphere on earth: Actual sun rise happens when it is below the horizon in the morning. The rays of light from the sun below the horizon reach our eyes because of refraction of light. Similarly, the sun can be seen about few minutes after the actual sun set. Thus the duration of, day time will increase by 4 minutes. This is due to atmospheric refraction. Because of this sun is visible about 2 minutes earlier than actual sunrise and about 2 minutes after the actual sun set.

Colour of Sunrise and Sunset: While sunset and sunrise, the colour of the sun and its surroundihg appear red. During sunset and sunrise, the sun is near to horizon, and therefore, the sunlight has to travel larger distance in atmosphere. Due to this, most of the blue light (shorter wavelength) is scattered away by the particles. The light of longer wavelength (red colour) reaches our eye. This is why sun appear red in colour.

Why the danger signal or sign is made of red colour? Red colour scatteres the most when strikes the small particle of fog and smoke because it has the maximum wavelength (visible spectrum). Hence, from large distance also, we can see the red colour clearly.

Parts of Human Eye:

• Cornea: It is the protective and front layer of the eye. It is made by a transparent membrane. Light enters the eye through the cornea.
• Iris: Dark and a colourful muscular diaphragm is called iris. It is responsible for colour of the eye.
• Pupil: Small circular hole in the centre of iris. It regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the iris.
• Ciliary Muscles: It holds the eye lens at its proper position. It changes the size of eye lens.
• Eye lens: The eye lens is a convex lens made by the transparent jelly like material.
• Retina: It is the screen of the eye. A real and inverted image form on the retina.
• Rods and Cones: These are colour sensitive rods and cones shaped cells. Rods are responsible for the vision in dim light while cones are responsible for colour.
• Optic Nerve: It converts information of the image into a corresponding electric signal and passes it to the brain.
• Blind Spot: The junction of the optic nerve and retina, where no rods and cones cells are present is called the blind spot. It is insensitive to light.

Near Point: The nearest point from eye at which the eye can see clearly without strain is called near point. For normal eye it is 25 cm.

Far Point: The farthest point, upto which the eye can see the object clearly is called far point. For normal eye it is infinity.

The range of Vision: Distance between near point and far point of eye is called range of vision.

Power of Accommodation: The ability of the eye to see near as well as far objects clearly is called Power of Accommodation.

Myopia (Nearsightedness): In this defect, the eye is unable to see far off objects clearly but is able to see near objects clearly. Reason.

• Due to increase in size of eye ball
• Due to excessive curvature of cornea
• Due to increase in power (or decrease in focal length) of eye lens.

Correction: It is corrected by using concave lens of suitable focal length.

Hypermetropia (Far sightedness): In this defect eye is unable to see nearby objects clearly but is able to see far objects clearly. Reason.

• Due to decrease in size of eye ball
• Due to decrease in power (or increase in focal length) of eye lens.

Correction: It is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable focal length.

Dispersion of Light: Splitting of white light into seven colours is called dispersion. Example, the formation of Rainbow (VIBGYOR). Violet deviates the most but red deviates least.

1. The human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive sense organs. It enables us to see the wonderful world and the colours around us.

2. The eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with a diameter of about 2.3 cm.

3. Most of the refraction for the light rays entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the cornea. The crystalline lens merely provides the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus.

4. The human eye has the following parts :

• Cornea : The transparent spherical membrane covering the front of the eye.
• Iris: The coloured diaphragm between the cornea  and lens.
• Pupil: The small hole in the iris.
• Eye lens : It is a transparent lens made of jelly like material.
• Ciliary muscles: These muscles hold the lens in position.
• Retina: The back surface of the eye.
• Blind spot: The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. An image formed at this point is not sent to the brain.
• Aqueous humour: A clear liquid region between the cornea and the lens.
• Vitreous humour: The space between eye lens and retina is filled with another liquid called vitreous humour.

5. In the eye, the image is formed on the retina by successive refractions at the cornea, the aqueous humour, the lens and the vitreous humour. Electrical signals then travel along the optic nerve to the brain to be interpreted. In good light, the yellow spot is most sensitive to detail and the image is automatically formed there.

6. Accommodation: The ability of the eye to focus both near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye or the ability of the ciliary muscles to change the focal length of the eye lens is called accommodation.

7. Defects of the Eye : Although the eye is one of the most remarkable organs in the body, it may have several abnormalities, which can often be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgery. The various defects from which an eye can suffer are (i) Hypermetropia or long sightedness, (ii) Myopia or shortsightedness and (iii) Astigmatism, (iv) Presbyopia.

8. Hypermetropia, hyperopia, or long sightedness : A person suffering from this defect can see distant objects I clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly. In this defect, the near point lies farther away than 25 cm. Hypermetropia (far sightedness — the image of nearby objects is focussed beyond the retina) is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power. The eye loses its power of accommodation at old age.

9. Hypermetropia is due to the following reasons :

• Either the hyperopic eyeball is too short or
• The ciliary muscle is unable to change the shape of the lens enough to properly focus the image i.e. the focal length of the eye lens increases.

10. Myopia or short sightedness or near sightedness: A person suffering frommyopia or short sightedness can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see the far away objects clearly. Myopia (short sightedness — the image of distant objects is focussed before the retina) is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.

11. This defect is due to the following reasons :

• Either the eyeball is longer than normal or
• The maximum focal length (due to excessive curvature of the cornea) of the lens is insufficient to produce a clearly formed image on the retina.

12. A person may also have an eye defect known as astigmatism, in which light from a point-source produces a line image on the retina. A person suffering from this defect cannot see in all directions equally well i.e., he cannot see the vertical and horizontal lines simultaneously. This condition arises either when the cornea or the crystalline lens or both are not perfectly spherical. Astigmatism can be corrected with lenses having different curvatures in two mutually perpendicular directions i.e., cylindrical lens.

13. When a person suffers from both, the myopia as well as Hypermetropia, his spectacles for correction have bifocal lenses. The upper half is a concave lens for distant vision and lower half is a convex lens for reading.

14. Presbyopia is that defect of human eye, due to which an old person cannot read and write comfortably. That is why Presbyopia is also called old sight.

15. To correct Presbyopia, an old person has to use spectacles with a convex lens of suitable focal length, or power as explained already.

16. The cause of Hypermetropia is decrease in length of eyeball or increase In focal length of eye lens. But the cause of Presbyopia is only increase in focal length of eye lens. The eyeball, in Presbyopia, has normal length. the vision of the eye decreases, leading sometimes to total loss of vision. The problem is overcome by cataract surgery i.e., removal of the eye lens, and its replacement by a lens of suitable focal length.

18. We need two eyes because a human being has a horizontal field of view of about 150° with one eye and of about 180° with two eyes. Thus, two eyes provide us wider horizontal field of view. With one eye, the world looks flat, i.e., two dimensional only. With two eyes, the view is three dimensional, i.e., dimension of depth is added to our view.

19. As our two eyes are separated by a few centimetres, each eye observes a slightly different image. Our brain combines the two views into one and we get to know how close or far away the things seen are.

20. By donating our eyes after we die, one pair of our eyes can give vision to two corneal blind people. Eye donors may belong to any sex or any age group. People suffering from diabetes, hypertension, asthma or any other non- communicable diseases can donate eyes. People who have been using spectacles or those operated for cataract can also donate eyes.

21. The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is called the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision. For a young adult with normal vision, it is about 25 cm.

22. Persistence of vision of the eye: The image of an object persists on the retina for 1/16 second, even after the removal of the object. The sequence of still pictures taken by a movie camera is projected on a screen at a rate of about 24 images or more per second. The successive impressions of images on the screen appear to merge smoothly into one another to give us the feeling of moving images.

23. The large numbers of light sensitive cells contained in the retina of the eye are of two types: rod shaped cells which respond to brightness or intensity of light and cone shaped cells, which respond to colour of light. Thus/cone shaped cells enable us to distinguish between different colours.

24. When a person cannot distinguish between different colours, he is said to be colour blind though his vision may otherwise be normal. Colour blindness is a genetic disorder which occurs by inheritance. So far, there is no cure for colour blindness.

25. Farpoint: The farthest point upto which a short sighted eye can see clearly is called the far point of the eye. For a normal eye, the far point is infinity.

26. Near point : The nearest point upto which a long sighted eye can see clearly is called the near point of the eye. For a normal human eye, of an adult, the near point is about 25 cm from the eye.

27. Least cfistance of distinct vision: The minimum distance upto which an eye can see clearly is called the legist distance of distinct vision ; it is normally denoted by D. The least distance of distinct vision is equal to the distance between the eye and its near point. For a normal human eye, this distance is around 25 cm.

28. The distance between far point and near point of the eye is called range of vision of the eye.

29. When white light passes through a prism, the violet light bends most and the red light bends the least. Dispersion of light is the phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent seven colours on passing through a glass prism. The band of seven colours so obtained is called visible spectrum.

30. The seven colours of white light are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. It is remembered by the acronym VIBGYOR.

31. Isaac Newton was the first to use a prism to obtain a spectrum of sunlight.

32. Spectrum is the band of distinct colours we obtain when white light is split by a prism.

33. Cause of dispersion : Every colour has its own characteristic wavelength/frequency. Different colours move with same speed in air/vacuum. But their speeds in refracting media like glass are different. Therefore, refractive index of the medium for different colours is different. As a result, different colours undergo different deviations on passing through the prism. Hence, different colours emerge from the prism along different directions.

34. The speed of light in vacuum is same for all wavelengths, but the speed in a material substance is different for different wavelengths.

35. In any medium other than air/vacuum red light travels the fastest and violet light travels the slowest.

36. The most familiar form of electromagnetic radiation may be defined as that part of the spectrum that the human eye can detect. Light is produced by the rearrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules. The various wavelengths of visible light are classified with colours ranging from violet (λ = 4 x 10 -7 m) to red (λ = 7 x 10 -7 m). The eye’s sensitivity is a function of wavelength, the sensitivity being a maximum at a wavelength of about λ = 5.6 x 10 -7 m (yellow-green).

37. When we pass white light through two ideptical prisms held side by side with their refracting edges in opposite directions; the first prism disperses white light into seven colours and the second prism recombines the seven colours into white light. Thus, light emerging from 2nd prism is white.

38. A rainbow is formed due to dispersion of light by tiny droplets of water which act as prisms.

39. Atmospheric refraction is the cause of twinkling of stars, advance sunrise and delayed sunset.

40. Scattering of light causes the blue colour of sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset.

NCERT Notes for Class 10 Science

• Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 6 Life Processes Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 12 Electricity Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 15 Our Environment Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Class 10 Notes

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In this chapter, we will learn

Human Eye - Its Shape, Different Parts, How does it work

What is Power of accommodation ?

 What is Cataract ?

Why do we have two 2 eyes and not 1?

Defects of Vision - What is Myopia, Hypermetropia, Presbyopia

Difference between Myopia and Hypermetropia

What are bifocal lenses ?

Refraction of light through a prism - What are Incident, Refracted, Emergent Rays

What is Angle of Deviation in a prism?

Dispersion of light by prism

How is a Rainbow formed?

What is Atmospheric Refraction?

Applications of Atmospheric Refraction - Twinkling o f Stars, Stars appear higher than they actually are, Why does an object flicker over fire ?

Advanced sunrise a nd Delayed sunset

What is Scattering of Light?

What is Tyndall Effect ? - its Example

Why does the Sky appear blue ?

Why does Sun appear Reddish at Sunrise and Sunset?

Real life Examples of Dispersion of Light

Donation of Eyes

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