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CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology

CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities. So in order to help you with that, we at WorksheetsBuddy have come up with Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 10 Biology Worksheets for the students of Class 10. All our CBSE NCERT Class 10 Biology practice worksheets are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance. These chapter wise test papers for Class 10 Biology will be useful to test your conceptual understanding.

Board: Central Board of Secondary Education(www.cbse.nic.in) Subject: Class 10 Biology Number of Worksheets: 31

CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets PDF

All the CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology provided in this page are provided for free which can be downloaded by students, teachers as well as by parents. We have covered all the Class 10 Biology important questions and answers in the worksheets which are included in CBSE NCERT Syllabus. Just click on the following link and download the CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet. CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology can also use like assignments for Class 10 Biology students.

• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Control And Co-Ordination Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Control And Co-Ordination Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Control And Co-Ordination Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Heredity And Evolution Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Heredity And Evolution Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Heredity Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology How Do Organisms Reproduce Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology How Do Organisms Reproduce Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Life Process Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Life Process Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Life Procees Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Management Of Natural Resources Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Management Of Natural Resources Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Transportation In Human Beings Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Digestion and Absorbtion Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Project Assignment
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 1
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 2
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 3
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 4
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 5
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 6
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 7
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 8
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 9
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 10
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 11
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 12
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 13
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 14
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 15
• CBSE Worksheets for Class 10 Biology Assignment 16

Advantages of CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets

• By practising NCERT CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
• Helps to develop the subject knowledge in a simple, fun and interactive way.
• No need for tuition or attend extra classes if students practise on worksheets daily.
• Working on CBSE worksheets are time-saving.
• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
• One of the helpful resources used in classroom revision.
• CBSE Class 10 Biology Workbook Helps to improve subject-knowledge.
• CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets encourages classroom activities.

Worksheets of CBSE Class 10 Biology are devised by experts of WorksheetsBuddy experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 10 Biology Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of Class 10 Biology revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus.  Working on CBSE Class 10 Biology Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 10 Biology Worksheets to secure good score.

CBSE Worksheets For Class 10

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Class 10 Biology Notes Chapter 1 PDF – Solved Notes

Class 10 Biology notes for Chapter 1 are free to download in PDF format . These comprehensive notes are ideal for revision, exam preparation, or as a quick reference guide to reinforce your understanding of key biological concepts.

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• STUDY MATERIAL FOR CBSE CLASS 10 BIOLOGY
• Chapter 1 - Heredity and Evolution
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CBSE Class 10 Biology – Life Process -Study Notes

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Lakhmir Singh solutions for Class 10 Biology (Science) chapter 1 - Life Processes [Latest edition]

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Solutions for chapter 1: life processes.

Below listed, you can find solutions for Chapter 1 of CBSE Lakhmir Singh for Class 10 Biology (Science).

Lakhmir Singh solutions for Class 10 Biology (Science) Chapter 1 Life Processes Exercise 1 [Pages 23 - 30]

Which is the basic requirement of living organisms for obtaining energy?

Which of the following type of energy is used by living organisms to perform vital life processes? Kinetic energy, Chemical energy, Potential energy, Nuclear energy

Which of the following is an autotroph? Green plant or Man?

Name two inorganic substances which are used by autotrophs to make food.

What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

Name one organism each having saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic modes of nutrition.

Name the process by which plants make food.

In addition to carbon dioxide and water, state two other conditions necessary for the process of photosynthesis to take place.

Apart from sunlight and chlorophyll, what other things are required to make food by photosynthesis?

Name a gas produced in photosynthesis.

Name a gas used in photosynthesis.

The leaves of a plant first prepare food  A  by photosynthesis. Food  A  then gets converted into food B. What are  A  and  B ?

Which substance is used to remove chlorophyll from a green leaf during photosynthesis experiments?

Why do we boil the leaf in alcohol when we are testing it for starch?

(a) Name the pigment in leaves which absorbs sunlight energy. (b) What is the colour of this pigment?

Name the pigment which can absorb solar energy.

Name the organelle of plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs.

Apart from carbon dioxide and water, name four other raw materials which are needed by the plants.

Where is chlorophyll mainly present in a plant?

What is the name of those cells in the leaf of a plant which control the opening and closing of stomata?

Name an animal whose process of obtaining food is called phagocytosis.

All the animals can be divided into three groups on the basis of their eating habits. Name the three groups.

What is the scientific name of the animals which is only meat eaters?

What is the scientific name of the animals which is only plant eaters?

What is the scientific name of the animals which is both, plant and meat eaters?

Name the green pigment present in the leaves of a plant.

Arrange the following processes involved in the nutrition in animals in the correct order (in which they take place): Assimilation, Egestion, Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion

How does Amoeba engulf the food particle?

What substances enter into the food vacuole in Amoeba to break down the food?

From which part of the body, undigested food is egested in Amoeba?

Name a unicellular animal which uses cilia to move food particles into it mouth.

Name the enzyme present in human saliva. What type of food material is digested by this enzyme?

Which of the organs perform the functions in humans Absorption of food?

Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans Absorption of water?

What moves the food in the digestive organs?

What is the other same of food pipe?

What substance is mixed with food in the mouth during chewing by the teeth?

What is the name of tiny projections on the inner surface of small intestine which help in absorbing the digested food?

In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed?

What is the name of the opening in the human body though which undigested food is thrown out?

Where is digested food absorbed into blood in human body?

Name the biological catalysts which bring about chemical digestion of food.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word :

All green plants are ....................

All non-green plants and animals are ....................

Heterotrophs depend on .................... and other .................... for food.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :

Green plants use .................... and .................... to make food.

Iodine turns blue-black on reacting with ....................

what is chlorophyll? What part does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

Which simple food is prepared first in the process of photosynthesis?

Name the food which gets stored in plant leaves.

What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

 What is meant by life processes? Name the basic life processes common to all living organisms which are essential for maintaining life.

What are autotrophs? Give one example of autotrophs.

What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition?

What are heterotrophs? Give one example of heterotrophs.

What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?

Define a nutrient. Name four important nutrients present in our food.

What are the various types of heterotrophic nutrition?

Photosynthesis converts energy X into energy Y. What are X and Y?

State the various steps involved in the process of photosynthesis.

How do plants obtain food?

Why do plants need nitrogen? How do plants obtain nitrogen?

Define saprophytic nutrition. Give one example.

Define parasitic nutrition. Give one example

Define holozoic nutrition. Give one example

Define saprophyte. Name two saprophytes.

Define parasite. name two parasites.

How does carbon dioxide from the air enter the leaves of a plant to be used in photosynthesis?

How does water from the soil reach the leaves of a plant to be used in photosynthesis?

What substances are contained in gastric juice? What are their functions?

What substances are contained in pancreatic juice? What are their functions?

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in our stomach?

What is the function of enzymes in the human digestive system?

Which part of the body secretes bile? Where is bile stored? What is the function of bile?

What is trypsin? What is its function?

What are the functions of liver and pancreas in the human digestive system ?

Match the organisms given in column I with the processes given in column II:

The process in plants which converts light energy into chemical energy.

Organisms that cannot prepare their own food.

Organisms that can prepare their own food.

The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

The cells which surround a stomatal pore.

An enzyme secreted by gastric glands in stomach which acts on proteins.

Match the terms in column I with those in column II :

What is common for Cuscuta, ticks and leeches?

Name the substances on which the following enzymes act in the human digestive system:

(i) Trypsin

(ii) Amylase

(iii) Pepsin

(iv) Lipase

Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine?

Herbivores depend on plants for their nutrition. These plants contain complex carbohydrates like cellulose and hemicellulose that need to be broken down, whereas carnivores do not eat plants. Hence, small intestine is longer in herbivores than in carnivores.

What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?

What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?

How do guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatel pores?

 Two similar green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in dark and the other in continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons.

What would happen if all the green plants disappear from the earth?

If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.

 Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long? Give reason for your answer.

What will happen to the rate of photosynthesis on a plant under the following circumstances?

(i) cloudy day in morning but bright sunshine in the afternoon

(ii) no rainfall in the area for a considerable time.

(iii) gathering of dust on the leaves

Explain the mechanism of photosynthesis.

What is photosynthesis?

Write a chemical equation to show the process of photosynthesis in plants.

Name the raw materials required for photosynthesis. How do plants obtain these raw materials?

What are the various conditions necessary for photosynthesis?

Name the various factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

Define nutrition. 

Why is nutrition necessary for an organism?

What are the different modes of nutrition? Explain with one example of each mode of nutrition.

Name the mode of nutrition in  Plasmodium.

Name the mode of nutrition in roundworm.

What are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores? Give two examples of each.

Classify the following into herbivores, carnivores and omnivores:

Lion, Man, dog, Goat, Crow, Elephant, Snake, Hawk, Rabbit, Deer

Name the five steps which occur in the process of nutrition in animals.

Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba. Draw labelled diagrams to show the various steps in the nutrition in Amoeba.

What is the mode of nutrition in Amoeba known as?

What is the process of obtaining food by Amoeba called? What does it mean?

 Draw a labelled diagram of the human digestive system. With the help of this diagram, describe the process of digestion of food in man (humans).

Describe one way in which the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of digested food.

What is the special name of the contraction and expansion movement which pushes the food further in our digestive tract (or alimentary canal)?

Describe the parts  of our tooth with the help of a labelled diagram.

What is meant by dental caries? How are they caused?

What is dental plaque? What harm can it do? How can the formation of plaque be prevented?

Name the main organs of the human digestive system. Also name the associated glands.

 How do carbohydrates, fats and proteins get digested in human beings?

Which of the following has the longest small intestine?

(a) carnivore (b) omnivore (c) herbivore (d) autotroph

The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is known as: (a) dialysis (b) cytokinesis (c) phagocytosis (d) amoebiasis

The organism having parasitic mode of nutrition is: (a) Penicillium (b) Plasmodium (c) Paramecium (d) Parrot

One of the following organisms has a saprophytic mode of nutrition. This organism is: (a) mushroom (b) malarial parasite (c) leech (d) lice

The length of small intestine in a human adult is about: (a) 4.5 m (b) 1.5 m (c) 3.5 m (d) 6.5 m

The process of digestion of food in humans begins in: (a) stomach (b) food pipe (c) mouth (d) small intestine

The process of digestion in humans is completed in: (a) oesophagus (b) small intestine (c) stomach (d) large intestine

In human digestive system, bile is secreted by: (a) pancreas (b) liver (c) kidneys (d) stomach

Two of the following organisms have a holozoic mode of nutrition. These organisms are:

(a) Paramecium and Plasmodium (b) Plasmodium and Parakeet (c) Parakeet and Paramecium (d) Paramecium and Parasite

The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires

Carbon dioxide and water

Chlorophyll

All of the above

The correct order of steps occurring in nutrition in animals is:

(a) Ingestion → Absorption → Digestion → Assimilation → Egestion (b) Ingestion → Digestion → Assimilation → Absorption → Egestion (c) Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion (d) Ingestion → Assimilation → Digestion → Absorption → Egestion

In human digestive system, the enzymes pepsin and trypsin are secreted respectively by:

(a) pancreas and liver (b) stomach and salivary glands (c) pancreas and gall bladder (d) stomach and pancreas

When carrying out the starch test on a leaf, why is it important to boil the leaf in alcohol?

(a) to dissolve the waxy cuticle (b) to make the cells more permeable to iodine solution (c) to remove the chlorophyll (d) to stop chemical reactions in the cells.

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes which digest:

(a) proteins and carbohydrates only (b) proteins and fats only (c) fats and carbohydrates only (d) proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Which of the following is the correct statement regarding bile?

secreted by bile duct and stores in liver

secreted by gall bladder and stored in liver

secreted by liver and stored in bile duct

secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder

Where are proteins first digested in the alimentary canal?

(a) small intestine (b) oesophagus (c) mouth (d) stomach

The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of the following from the harmful effect of hydrochloric acid. This is:

(a) pepsin (b) mucus (c) saliva (d) bile

Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?

(a) oesophagus (b) small intestine (c) stomach (d) large intestine

Which of the following component of our food is digested by an enzyme which is present in saliva as well as in pancreatic juice?

(a) proteins (b) fat (c) minerals (d) carbohydrate

If the saliva is lacking in salivary amylase, then which of the following processes taking place in the buccal cavity will be affected?

(a) proteins breaking down into amino acids (b) starch breaking down into sugars (c) fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol (d) intestinal layer breaking down leading to ulcers

Which of the following are the correct functions of two components of pancreatic juice trypsin and lipase?

(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates (b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins (c) trypsin digests starch and lipase fats (d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats

The oxygen liberated during photosynthesis by green plants comes from:

(a) glucose (b) water (c) carbon dioxide (d) chlorophyll

Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

(a) energy is essential for life processes (b) organisms grow with time (c) movement of molecules does not take place among cells (d) organisms must repair and maintain their body

The internal energy (cellular energy) reserve in autotrophs is:

(a) proteins (b) fatty acids (c) glycogen (d) starch

Which of the following events does not occur in photosynthesis?

(a) conversion of light energy into chemical energy (b) reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates (c) oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide (d) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

The opening and closing of the stomatal pores depends upon:

(a) oxygen (b) water in guard cells (c) temperature (d) concentration of CO 2  in stomata

Most of the plants absorb nitrogen in one of the following forms. This is:

(a) proteins (b) nitrates and nitrites (c) urea (d) atmospheric nitrogen

The first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract is:

(a) pepsin (b) cellulose (c) amylase (d) trypsin

Which of the following is the correct statement?

(a) heterotrophs synthesise their own food (b) heterotrophs utilize solar energy for photosynthesis (c) heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food (d) heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates

In which of the following groups of organisms the food material is broken down outside the body and then absorbed?

Mushroom, Green plants, Amoeba

Yeast, Mushroom, Bread mould

Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta

Cuscuta, Lice, Tapeworm

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts as they occur in the human alimentary canal?

(a) Mouth → Stomach → Small intestine → Oesophagus → Large intestine (b) Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Large intestine → Small intestine (c) Mouth → Stomach → Oesophagus → Small intestine → Large intestine (d) Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine

When a person eats sugary food, then organisms A present in his mouth act on sugar to produce a substance B. The substance B first dissolves the calcium salts from the top part C of the tooth and then from its middle part D forming holes E. These holes ultimately reach the part F in the lower part of tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels. The substance B irritates the nerve endings inside the tooth causing toothache.

(a) What are (i) organisms A, and (ii) substance B?

(b) What are (i) part C, and (ii) part D, of tooth known as?

(c) By what name are the holes E in the tooth known?

(d) Name the part F of the tooth.

(e) What will happen if organisms A reach part F of the tooth known?

If the teeth are not cleaned regularly, they become covered with a sticky yellowish layer W of food particles and bacteria. Since layer W covers the teeth, the alkaline liquid X secreted by glands Y inside the mouth cannot reach the teeth surface to neutralise the acid formed by the action of organisms Z on sugary food, and hence tooth decay sets in.

(a) What is W known as?

(b) What is (i) X, and (ii) Y?

(c) What are organisms Z?

(d) State one way of removing layer W from the teeth.

When a person puts food in his mouth, then teeth cut it into small pieces, chew and grind it. The glands A in the mouth secrete a substance B which is mixed with the food by tongue. The substance B contains an enzyme C which starts the digestion of food in the mouth. The slightly digested food from the mouth goes down a tube D. The special type of movements E in the walls of tube D push the food into stomach for further digestion. The stomach wall secretes gastric juice containing three substance F, G and H. One of the functions of F is to kill bacteria which may enter the stomach with food. The substance G protects the inside layer of stomach from the damaging effect of substance F whereas substance H is and enzyme for digestion. The partially digested food then enters into small intestine for further digestion.

(a) What is (i) gland A (ii) substance B, and (iii) enzyme C?

(b) Name the tube D.

(c) What is the movement E known as?

(d) What are (i) F (ii) G, and (iii) H?

The partially digested food coming from the stomach of a person enters a long and narrow organ A in his body. The organ A receives the secretion of two glands : liver and pancreas. Liver secretes a greenish-yellow liquid B which is normally stored in the organ C. Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains three digestive enzymes D, E and F. The intestinal juice completes the process of digestion of food. The inner wall of organ A has millions of tiny finger-like projections G which help in the rapid absorption of digested food into blood stream. The undigested part of food then passes into wider tube H which absorbs most of the water from undigested food. The last part of tube H called I stores this undigested food (or waste) for some time. The undigested food is then passed out though opening J as faeces in the process known as K.

(a) Name the organ A.

(b) Name (i) liquid B, and (ii) organ C.

(c) What are the digestive enzymes D, E and F?

(d) Name the projections G present on the inner wall of organ A.

(e) Name (i) tube H (ii) part I (iii) opening J, and (iv) process K.

A unicellular animal P having no fixed shape ingests a food particle by forming temporary finger-like projections Q. The food particle is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a temporary stomach R inside it. The chemicals S from surrounding cytoplasm enter into R and break down food into small and soluble molecules by chemical reactions. The digested food is absorbed directly into cytoplasm by the process T. The undigested food is thrown out of the body by the rupture of a cell organelle U in a process called V.

(a) Name the unicellular animal P.

(b) What are (i) Q, and (ii) R?

(c) Name (i) chemical S, and (ii) process T.

(d) Name (i) organelle U, and (ii) process V.

There are four organisms A, B, C and D. The organism A eats only the flesh of other animals as food. The organism B can eat grains, fruits and vegetables as well as meat and fish. The organism C can make the food itself from simple inorganic substances present in the environment by utilising sunlight energy. On the other hand, organism D eats only plants and their products as food.

(a) Which organism is (i) omnivore (ii) herbivore, and (ii) carnivore?

(b) Which organism is an autotroph?

(c) Which organism is/are heterotroph(s)?

(d) Which organism can be a producer?

(e) Which organism is/are consumer (s)?

(f) Give one example each of organisms which could be like (i) A (ii) B (iii) C, and (iv) D

The organisms A, B and C can obtain their food in three different ways. Organism A derives its food from the body of another living organism which is called its D, without killing it. The organism B takes in the solid food by the process of ingestion, digests a part of this food and throws out undigested food in the process called E. The organism C obtains its food from dead and decaying plants.

(a) What is the mode of nutrition of (i) organism A (ii) organism B, and (iii) organism C?

(b) What is the organism like D called?

(c) Name the process E.

(d) Give one example each of organisms like (i) A (ii) B, and (iii) C.

(e) What is the general name of three modes of nutrition exhibited by organisms A, B and C?

An organism A which cannot move from one place to another, makes a simple food B from the substances C and D available in the environment. This food is made in the presence of a green coloured substance E present in organs F in the presence of light energy in a process called G. Some of the simple food B also gets converted into a complex food H for storage purposes. The food H gives a blue-black colour with dilute iodine solution.

(a) What is (i) organism A (ii) food B, and (iii) food H?

(b) What are C and D?

(c) Name (i) green coloured substance E, and (ii) organ F.

(d) What is the process G?

X is a wild animal which eats only the flesh of other animals whereas Y is a domestic animal which feeds mainly on green grass.

(a) What are animals like X known as?

(b) What are animals Y known as?

(c) Which animal, X or Y, has a longer small intestine? Why?

(d) Name one animal which is like X.

(e) Name one animal which is like Y.

Lakhmir Singh solutions for Class 10 Biology (Science) Chapter 1 Life Processes Exercise 2 [Pages 46 - 51]

Do all cells use oxygen to produce energy?

Name one substance which is produced in anaerobic respiration by an organism but not in aerobic respiration.

Name one organism which can live without oxygen.

In which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, more energy is released?

Name the substance whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical exercise may cause cramps.

Which part of roots is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases?

Name the process by which plant parts like roots, stems, and leaves get oxygen required for respiration.

Name the pores in a leaf through which respiratory exchange of gases takes place.

Name the areas in a woody stem through which respiratory exchange of gases takes place.

What is the name of the extensions of the epidermal cells of a root which help in respiration?

Out of photosynthesis and respiration in plants, which process occurs: (a) all the time? (b) only at daytime?

Name the organs of breathing in fish.

Name an animal which absorbs oxygen through its moist skin.

Name an animal which depends on simple diffusion of gases for breathing.

Name two animals which breathe through gills.

The trachea divides into tow tubes at its lower end. What is the name of these tubes?

Where does the blood absorb oxygen in the human body?

Name the red pigment which carries oxygen in blood.

Which gases are exchanged in your lungs?

Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

What is the name of tiny air-sacs at the end of smallest bronchioles in the lungs?

What is the other name of wind-pipe?

What organs are attached to the two bronchi?

In the lungs what substance is taken into the body?

In the lungs what substance is removed from the body?

State whether the following statement is true or false:

during respiration, the plants take CO 2  and release O 2 .

Energy can be produced in cells without oxygen.

Fish and earthworm exchange gases during respiration in the same way.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word:

 The organs of respiration in man are the _____________.

The actual exchange of gases takes place in the ___________ of the lungs.

Fill in the Following Blank with Suitable Word. _________ In the Lungs Provide a Very Large Surface Area for Gaseous Exchange.

Fill in the Following Blanks with Suitable Words:

Yeast Undergoes ___________ Respiration Whereas Amoeba Undergoes _________ Respiration.

Gills are the breathing organs in ___________.

Explain why, a land plant may die if its roots remain waterlogged for a long time.

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.

Name the final product/products obtained in the anaerobic? respiration, if it takes place:

(a) in a plant (like yeast).

(b) in animal tissue (like muscles)

What type of respiration takes place in human muscles during vigorous physical exercise? Give reason for your answer

Name the type of respiration in which the end product is:

C 2 H 5 OH and CO 2

Give one example  where such a respiration can occur.

Lactic acid

Give one example where such a respiration can occur.

Define breathing. State the differences between breathing and respiration.

What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?

Explain why, when air is taken in and let out during breathing, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air.

Explain why, it is dangerous to inhale air containing carbon monoxide.

Describe the process of respiration in Amoeba. State whether it is anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration.

State the three common features of all the respiratory organs like skin, gills and lungs.

Describe the process of respiration in fish.

What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

Describe the process of respiration in the following part of a plant:

 What is meant by aquatic animals and terrestrial animals?

From where do the aquatic animals and terrestrial animals obtain oxygen for breathing and respiration?

Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?

Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced?

Explain why, plants have low energy needs as compared to animals.

Explain how, it would benefit deep sea divers if humans also had gills.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

What are the major organs of respiratory system in man (or humans)?

Draw a labelled diagram of the human respiratory system.

Explain how, the air we breathe in gets cleaned while passing through the nasal passage.

Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in our body during respiration?

How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?

Give the main points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.

Describe the exchange of gases which takes place in the leaves of a plant

(a) during daytime, and (b) at night.

Which contains more carbon dixoide : exhaled air or inhaled air? Why?

"Respiration is a vital function of the body". Justify this statements.

What type of repiration takes place in humans?

What type of repiration takes place in yeast?

Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of large multicellular organisms like humans?

What type of arrangement exists in the bodies of large animals to meet their oxygen requirements adequately?

What advantage a terrestrial animal has over an aquatic animal with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Which of the following is not produced during anaerobic respiration in unicellular fungus?

One of the following organisms can live without oxygen of air. This organism is

(a) Amoeba (b) Yak (c) Yeast (d) Leech

During respiration, the exchange of gases takes place in:

Bronchioles

In one of the following organisms, the gaseous exchange during respiration does not take place through cell membrane/skin. This organism is:

(a) Electric eel (b) Leech (c) Earthworm (d) trachea

Which of the following is correct for the process of anaerobic respiration?

Which of the following increases in muscle cells when they are lacking in oxygen?

Carbon dioxide

Internal respiration may be defined as:

Breathing in and releasing of oxygen in the tissue

The oxidation of food substances to release energy

The building up (synthesis) of complex substances

Getting rid of carbon dixode that would accumulate in the tissues.

When air is blown from mouth into a test-tube containing lime water, the lime water turns milky due to the presence of:

Water vapour

Which of the following is the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?

(a) nostrils → larynx → pharynx → trachea → lungs (b) nasal passage → trachea → pharynx → larynx → alveoli (c) larynx → nostrils → pharynx → lungs (d) nostrils → pharynx → larynx → trachea → alevoli

Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps in the legs of sprinters. This is due to the conversion of pyruvate to:

Acetic acid

During the deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in:

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Which of the following statements are correct? (i) pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast (ii) fermentation takes place in the case of aerobic bacteria (iii) fermentation takes place in mitochondria (iv) fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration

(i) and (iii)

(ii) and (iv)

(i) and (iv)

(ii) and (iii)

Which of the following statements are true about respiration? (i) during inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised. (ii) the gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli. (iii) haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen. (iv) alveoli increase surface area of the exchange of gases

Which of the following is known as the energy currency of the cells in biology?

The two organisms which breath only through their moist skin are:

fish and frog

frog and earthworm

leech and earthworm

fish and earthworm

One of the following animals does not use tracheae as the respiratory organs. This animal is:

Grasshopper

The photosynthesis in a plant is not taking place during the day time if the plant is releasing:

water vapour

carbon dioxide

all the above

The breathing and respiration in woody stem of a plant takes place through:

Closed stomata

Open stomata

One of the following organisms does not depend on the simple diffusion of gases for breathing and respiration. This organism is:

Bryophyllum

During marathon, we sometimes get painful contractions of leg muscles due to the accumulation of one of the following in leg muscles. This is:

In cockroaches, air enters the body through:

Which of the following is most likely to have a much higher breathing rate?

During the respiration of an organism A, 1 molecule of glucose produces 2 ATP molecules whereas in the respiration of another organism B, 1 molecule of glucose produces 38 ATP molecules.

(a) Which organism is undergoing aerobic respiration? (b) Which organism is undergoing anaerobic respiration? (c) Which type of organism, A or B, can convert glucose into alcohol? (d) Name one organism which behaves like A. (e) Name two organisms which behave like B.

A, B and C are three living organisms. The organism A is a unicellullar fungus which can live without air. It is used in the commercial production of an organic compound P from molasses. The organism B is a unicellular animal which lives in water and feeds and moves by using pseudopodia. It breathes through an organelle Q. The organism C is a tiny animal which acts as a carrier of malarial parasite. It breathes and respires through a kind of tiny holes R and air-tubes S in its body.

(a) What are organisms (i) A (ii) B, and (iii) C? (b) Name (i) P (ii) Q (iii) R, and (iv) S. (c) Which organism/organisms undergo aerobic respiration? (d) Which organism/organisms undergo anaerobic respiration?

There are five animals P, Q, R, S and T. The animal P always lives in water and has gills for breathing. The animal Q can stay in water as well as on land and can breathe both, through moist skin and lungs. The animal R lives in soil and breathes only through its skin. The animal S lives on land and breathes through spiracles and tracheae. And animal T lives in water and breathes through its cell membrane.

(a) Which of the animals could be Amoeba? (b) Which of the animals could be frog? (c) Which animal could be fish? (d) Which animal could be grasshopper? (e) Which animal could be earthworm?

Some sugar solution is taken in a test-tube and a little of substance X in powder form is added to it. The mouth of test-tube is closed with a cork and allowed to stand for sometime. On opening the cork, a characteristic smell of substance Y is obtained and a gas Z is also observed to be formed. The gas Z extinguishes a burning matchstick.

(a) What could be (i) X, (ii) Y, and (iii) Z?

(b) What is the process of converting sugar into substance Y by the action of X known as?

(c) What type of respiration is exhibited by X in the above process?

Consider the following chemical reactions which take place in different organisms/tissues under various conditions:

(i) Glucose  →   Respiration    ">  `"Respiration"/"">`  Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (ii) Glucose →   Respiration    ">  `"Respiration"/"">`  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (iii) Glucose  →   Respiration    "> →   Respiration    "> `"Respiration"/"">`   Lactic acid + Energy

(a) Name one organism which respires according to equation (i) above. (b) Name one organism which respires according to equation (ii) above. (c) When and where does respiration represented by equation (iii) above take place? (d) Which equation/equations represent aerobic respiration? (e) Which equation/equations represent anaerobic respiration? (f) Which of the above reactions produces the maximum amount of energy?

When a person breathes in the air, the air enters into his body through an organ A having two holes B in it. The air then passes through the pharynx and larynx and enters into tube C. The tube C divides into two smaller tubes D at its lower end. The two smaller tubes are attached to two respiratory organs E. Each smaller tube divides inside the organs E to form a large number of still smaller tubes called F. The smallest tubes F have air-sacs G at their ends in which gaseous exchange takes place in the body of the person. What are A, B, C, D, E, F, and G?

An organism X having breathing organs A lives on land. When organism X goes underwater, it cannot survive for a long time unless carrying an oxygen cylinder. On the other hand, the organism Y having breathing organs B always lives in water and if taken out of the water, it dies after a short while. A third organism Z having breathing organs C and D which lives on the banks of ponds, lakes, and rivers can survive on land as well as in water equally well.

(a) What could organism X be? Name the breathing organs A.

(b) What could organism Y be? Name the breathing organs B.

(c) What could organism Z be? Name the breathing organs C and D.

(d) Out of X, Y, and Z, which organism is (i) amphibian, (ii) aquatic, and (iii)

terrestrial?

Lakhmir Singh solutions for Class 10 Biology (Science) Chapter 1 Life Processes Exercise 3 [Pages 72 - 76]

What is the name of tissues which transport food in a plant?

What is the name of tissues which transport:

water and minerals in a plant?

What substance/substances are transported in plants by:

xylem vessels and tracheids?

What substance/substances are transported in plants by sieve tubes (or phloem)?

Which organ acts as a pump in the circulatory system?

Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood back to the heart?

Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood away from the heart?

Where does blood absorb oxygen?

What stops blood from flowing backward through the heart?

Name the largest artery

Name largest vein, in our body.

What gaseous waste products are excreted by plants?

Where is the dirty blood in our body filtered?

Name the procedure used in the working of artificial kidney.

From the following terms, choose one term which includes the other four: Plasma, Platelets, Blood, RBC, WBC

What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?

Out of xylem and phloem, which one carries materials upwards as well as downwards?

Out of xylem and phloem, which one carries materials only upwards?

Name two liquids which help in the transport of substances in the human body.

What is the other name of main vein?

Name the conducting tissue of plants which is made of sieve tubes alongwith companion cells.

Name the conducting tissue in plants which is made of living cells

Name the conducting tissue in plants which is made of dead cells.

State the term used for the transport of food from leaves to other parts of plant.

Which process in a plant is accomplished by utilising energy from ATP : transport of water and minerals or transport of food?

Name the two types of transport systems in the human beings.

Name a waste gas released by the plants only during the daytime.

Name a waste gas released by the plants only during the night time.

Some organisms store wastes in body parts.

The value of systolic pressure is always lower than that of diastolic pressure.

Name the two parts of a plant through which its gaseous waste products are released into the air.

What happens to the glucose which enters the nephron tubule alongwith the filtrate?

Name the two waste products of the human body which are produced in the body cells.

What is the role of glomerulus in the kidney?

What is the the other name of 'high blood pressure'?

Gums and resins are the .......... products of plants.

Bowman's capsule and tubule taken together make a..........

The organs which extract the nitrogenous wastes from the blood are ..........

The extracellular fluid which always flows from body tissues to the heart is called ______________.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

The ___________ blood cells make antibodies whereas ___________ blood cells help in respiration.

What is xylem tissue? Name the two kinds of cells in xylem tissue. State whether these cells are living or dead.

What is phloem tissue? Phloem contains two types of cells joined side by side. Name these two types of cells. State whether these cells are living or dead.

Answer the following question.

What is transpiration?

What do you mean by 'translocation' with respect to transport in plants?

Which plant tissue is involved in translocation : xylem or phloem?

Draw a labelled diagram of (i) a xylem vessel, and  (ii) a sieve tube (or phloem).

What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?

Match the terms in column I with their uses in column II

Define excretion. Name the excretory unit of a kidney.

What job is done by the kidneys?

What do kidneys excrete?

What is the name of the tubes which connect the kidneys to bladder?

What does the bladder in our body do?

Why do some people need to use a dialysis machine? What does the machine do?

What is the liquid part of the blood called? What is the function of platelets in the blood?

How many types of blood vessels are there in the human body? Name them.

Why does the heart need valves?

A dialysis machine contains long tubes coiled in a tank containing dialysing solution Of what substance are the tubes made?

A dialysis machine contains long tubes coiled in a tank containing dialysing solution

What does the dialysing solution contain?

A dialysis machine contains long tubes coiled in a tank containing dialysing solution 

 Name the main waste which passes into the dialysing solution.

State the differences between artery, vein and capillary.

What are the upper parts of the heart called?

What are the lower parts of the heart called?

What is the name of blood vessels which connect arteries to veins?

Which side of the heart pumps blood into the lungs?

Which side of the heart pumps blood into the entire body (except the lungs)?

What are the methods used by plants to get rid of their waste products?

How are waste products excreted in Amoeba?

What is lymph? State two major functions of lymph.

What is meant by saying that the blood pressure of a person is 120/80?

What is hypertension? Why is it caused? What harm can it do?

What are the various components of blood? State their functions.

With which human organ system (or human systems) is vena cava associated?

With which human organ system (or human systems) is glomerulus associated?

With which human organ system (or human systems) is alveoli associated?

With which human organ system (or human systems) is villi associated?

What is meant by 'systolic pressure' and 'diastolic pressure'? What are their normal values?

What is meant by 'heart beat'? What is the usual heart beat rate at rest?

 What change occurs in heart beats if a person runs for a while? Why?

What is blood? Why is it red?

State the functions of blood in our body.

Name a circulatory fluid in the human body other than blood.

What is meant by human circulatory system? Name the organs of the circulatory system in humans.

Draw a diagram of the human heart and label its parts.

What is Meant by the Term 'Double Circulation'?

What is meant by the term 'single circulation'?

Describe the working of the human blood circulatory system with the help of a suitable diagram that shows all the steps involved.

Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?

How many chambers are there in the heart of a fish?

How many chambers are there in the heart of  an amphibian?

How many chambers are there in the heart of  a mammal?

Describe the circulatory system in a fish.

What is lymphatic system? What are its function?

What is blood pressure? What are the two factors used to express the blood pressure of a person?

Name the main nitrogenous waste in the human blood. How is it removed from the blood?

Name the various organs of the human excretory system.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of the human excretory system.

What is the function of excretory system in humans?

Describe the mechanism of urine formation in human excretory system. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer.

Where is urine carried through ureters?

What is urethra?

What is meant by dialysis? What type of patients are put on dialysis?

Explain the principle of dialysis with the help of a labelled diagram.

Why is the transport of materials necessary in an organism (plant or animal)?

What is the need of special tissues or organs for transport of substances in plants and animals?

 How water and minerals are transported in plants?

How is food transported in plants?

One of the following does not have a nucleus. This one is:

Red blood cell

White blood cell

Epidermal cell

The component of blood which makes chemicals known as antibodies is

Red blood cells

An animal in which the oxygenation of blood does not take place in the lungs is:

Which of the following carries substances upwards as well as downwards in a plant?

Companion cells

One of the following is not a constituent of blood. This one is:

White blood cells

Sieve plates

If a patient is out on dialysis, he is most likely suffering from a severe ailment of the: (a) circulatory system (b) respiratory system (c) excretory system (d) digestive system

Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the potted plants: (a) in the shade (b) in dim light (c) under the fan (d) covered with a polythene bag

A blood vessel which carries blood back to the heart is:

Blood is pumped from the heart to the entire body by the:

The blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in:

Haemoglobin

What prevents the backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?

Thick muscular walls of ventricles

Thin walls of atria

Which of the following is the correct path taken by urine in our body?

kidney → ureter → urethra → bladder

kidney → bladder → urethra → ureter

kidney   → ureter → bladder → urethra

bladder → kidney → ureter → urethra

In which of the following vertebrate group/groups, heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different parts of the body?

Pisces and amphibians

amphibians and reptiles

amphibians only

Pisces only

Which vein brings clean blood from the lungs into the heart?

Pulmonary vein

Hepatic vein

Which blood vessel does not carry any carbon dioxide?

Pulmonary artery

It has been found that people living in very high mountains have many more red corpuscles in their blood than people living in plains. Which one of the following best accounts for this phenomenon?

the cold climate stimulates the production of red corpuscles to keep the body warm

people of high mountains breathe more quickly

the low air pressure requires more red corpuscles to supply the body cells with oxygen.

the low air pressure in high mountains speeds up the blood circulation so that more red corpuscles are needed

The phloem tissue in plants is responsible for the transport of:

Water and minerals

Which of the following has a three-chambered heart?

In which of the following are the largest amounts of nitrogen excreted from a mammalian body? (a) breath (b) sweat (c) urine (d) faeces

Which one of the following has cytoplasm but no nucleus:

Xylem vessel

Sieve, which has a tube

Companion cell

The process of carrying food from the leaves to other parts of a plant is called:

Transpiration

Transportation

Translocation

Transformation

Which of the following is the only conducting tissue in non-flowering plants? (a) xylem vessels (b) sieve tubes (c) companion cells (d) tracheids

Which of the following helps in the upward movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves through the stem?

Tropic movement

Which one of the following does not have valves?

Capillaries

Which of the following is accomplished in a plant by utilizing the energy stored in ATP?

transport of food

transport of water and minerals

transport of oxygen

transport of water, minerals, and food

Coagulation of blood in a cut or wound is brought about by:

The blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart is:

Main artery

The instrument for measuring blood pressure is called:

Sphygmomanometer

Potentiometer

The excretory unit in the human excretory system is called:

The substance which is not reabsorbed into the blood capillaries surrounding the tuble of a nephron is mainly: (a) glucose (b) amino acid (c) urea (d) water

The procedure of cleaning the blood of a person by using a kidney machine is known as: (a) ketolysis (b) hydrolysis (c) dialysis (d) photolysis

The excretory organs in an earthworm are: (a) nephridia (b) nephrons (c) raphides (d) ureters

The cells in our blood which destroy disease-causing germs are:

The wave of expansion of an artery when blood is forced into it is called:

In autotrophs, water is transported through:

An animal having double circulation in a three-chambered heart is:

The transport system in plants consists of two kinds of tissues X and Y. The tissue X is made up of living cells and consists of two components A and B. The component A has tiny pores in its end walls and contains only cytoplasm but no nucleus. On the other hand, component B has cytoplasm as well as nucleus. The tissue Y is made up of dead cells and consists of two components C and D. The component C has open ends whereas component D does not have open ends. In flowering plants, either only C or both C and D transport water but D is the only water conducting tissue in non-flowering plants. (a) What is (i) tissue X (ii) component A, and (iii) component B? (b) What is (i) tissue Y (ii) component C, and (iii) component D?

Water and dissolved minerals get into the root hair of a plant by a process called A and enter the conducting tissue B. The process C helps the water and dissolved minerals to move up through tissue B in roots and stem, and reach the leaves of a plant. In the leaves, food is made by a process D. This food is then transported to all the parts of a plant through tissue E. The process of distributing food made in the leaves to all the parts of the plants is called F. (a) What are (i) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D (v) E, and (vi) F? (b) Which tissue is made up of living cells: B or E? (c) Which tissue, B or E, contains sieve tubes? (d) Which tissue, B or E, contains tracheids?

The liquid connective tissue A circulates in our body continuously without stopping. This tissue contains a pigment B which imparts it a colour C. The tissue A consists of four components D, E, F and G. The component D fights infection and protects us from diseases. The component E helps in the clotting of tissue A if a person gets a cut. The component F is a liquid which consists mainly of water with many substances dissolved in it and component G carries oxygen from the lungs to all the parts of the body. (a) What is (i) tissue A (ii) pigment B, and (iii) colour C? (b) Name (i) D (ii) E (iii) F, and (iv) G. (c) Name one substance (other than oxygen) which is transported by tissue A in the human body. (d) Which two components of tissue A are the cells without nucleus? (e) Name any two organisms ( animals) which do not have liquid like A in their body.

The human body has an organ A which acts as a double pump. The oxygenated blood coming from the lungs through blood vessel B enters the upper left chamber C of the double pump. When chamber C contracts, then blood goes into the lower left chamber D. The contraction of chamber D forces the blood to go into a blood vessel E which supplies oxygenated blood to all the organs of the body (except the lungs). The deoxygenated blood coming out of the body organs is taken by a blood vessel F to the right upper chamber G of the pumping organ. Contraction of chamber G forces the deoxygenated blood into the right lower chamber H. And finally, the contraction of chamber H sends the deoxygenated blood into the lungs through blood vessel I.

• What is organ A?
• Name the blood vessel (i) B (ii) E (iii) F, and (iv) I.
• What are chambers (i) C, and (ii) D?
• What are chambers (i) G and (ii) H?

A liquid X of colour Y circulates in the human body only in one direction: from body tissues to the heart. Among other things, liquid X contains germs from cells and dead cells. The liquid X is cleaned of germs and dead cells by a special type of white blood cells called Z. This cleaned liquid is then put into the blood circulatory system in subclavian veins.

• What is (i) liquid X, and (ii) colour Y?
• The liquid X is somewhat similar to a component of blood. Name this component.
• Why is liquid X not red?

There is a pair of bean-shaped organs P in the human body towards the back, just above the waist. A waste product Q formed by the decomposition of unused proteins in the liver is brought into organ P through blood by an artery R. The numerous tiny filters S present in organ P clean the dirty blood by removing the waste product Q. The clean blood goes into circulation through a vein T. The waste substance Q, other waste salts, and excess water form a yellowish liquid U which goes from organ P into a bag-like structure V through two tubes W. This liquid is then thrown out of the body through a tube X. (a) What is (i) organ P, and (ii) waste substance Q? (b) Name (i) artery R, and (ii) vein T. (c) What are tiny filters S known as? (d) Name (i) liquid U (ii) structure V (iii) tubes W, and (iv) tube X.

The organs A of a person have been damaged completely due to which too much of a poisonous waste material B has started accumulating in his blood, making it dirty. In order to save this person's life, the blood from an artery in the person's arm is made to flow into long tubes made of substance E which are kept in coiled form in a tank containing solution F. This solution contains three materials G, H and I in similar proportions to those in normal blood. As the person's blood passes through long tubes of substance E, most of the wastes present in it go into solution. The clean blood is then put back into a vein in the arm of the person for circulation. (a) What are organs A? (b) Name the waste substance B. (c) What are (i) E, and (ii) F? (d) Name G, H and I. (e) What is the process described above known as?

Lakhmir Singh solutions for Class 10 Biology (Science) chapter 1 - Life Processes

Shaalaa.com has the CBSE Mathematics Class 10 Biology (Science) CBSE solutions in a manner that help students grasp basic concepts better and faster. The detailed, step-by-step solutions will help you understand the concepts better and clarify any confusion. Lakhmir Singh solutions for Mathematics Class 10 Biology (Science) CBSE 1 (Life Processes) include all questions with answers and detailed explanations. This will clear students' doubts about questions and improve their application skills while preparing for board exams.

Further, we at Shaalaa.com provide such solutions so students can prepare for written exams. Lakhmir Singh textbook solutions can be a core help for self-study and provide excellent self-help guidance for students.

Concepts covered in Class 10 Biology (Science) chapter 1 Life Processes are Breathing in Other Animals, Living Organisms and Life Processes, Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation), Lymph and Lymphatic System, Nutrients and Nutrition, Mode of Nutrition in Plant, Autotrophic Nutrition, Heterotrophic Nutrition, Different Ways of Taking Food, Human Digestive System, The Mouth and Buccal Cavity, The Teeth and Its Structure, The Salivary Glands, Swallowing and Peristalsis, The Food Pipe/Oesophagus, The Large Intestine, Assimilation of Food, Liver, Respiration, Osmoregulation, Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration, Respiration, The Stomach, Human Respiratory System, Blood Pressure (B.P.), Transportation of Water and Food in Plants, Human Heart, Blood Vessels, Excretion: Substances to Be Eliminated, Human Excretory System, Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”, Excretion in Plants, Composition of Blood: Plasma (The Liquid Portion of Blood), The Small Intestine, Pancreas, Absorption of Food, Circulation in Animals, Blood, Composition of Blood: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes), Composition of Blood: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes), Composition of Blood: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes), Blood Circulatory System in Human, Circulation of Blood in the Heart (Functioning of Heart), Types of Closed Circulation, Heart Beat - Heart Sounds "LUBB" and "DUP", Water absorbing organ, Translocation of Water (Ascent of Sap), Transport of Mineral Ions, Transport of Food, Transpiration.

Using Lakhmir Singh Class 10 Biology (Science) solutions Life Processes exercise by students is an easy way to prepare for the exams, as they involve solutions arranged chapter-wise and also page-wise. The questions involved in Lakhmir Singh Solutions are essential questions that can be asked in the final exam. Maximum CBSE Class 10 Biology (Science) students prefer Lakhmir Singh Textbook Solutions to score more in exams.

Get the free view of Chapter 1, Life Processes Class 10 Biology (Science) additional questions for Mathematics Class 10 Biology (Science) CBSE, and you can use Shaalaa.com to keep it handy for your exam preparation.

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• CBSE Board Worksheet for class 10 science Biology

CBSE Worksheet for chapter-1 Life Processes class 10

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Q1. Photosynthesis takes place

• Only in green light
• Only in sunlight
• In visible light obtained from any source
• Only in high intensity of light

Q2. C 55 H 70 O 6 N 4 Mg is

• An accessory pigment in photosynthesis
• Present in PS-II
• Present in all green plants
• All of these

Q3. During light phase of photosynthesis ______ is oxidized and ______ is reduced.

• CO 2 and Water
• Water and CO 2
• Water and NADP
• NADPH2 and CO 2

Q4. _______ are placed one above the other to form stack of coins

• F 1 particles

Subjective Type Questions

Q5. Write a short note on photosynthesis.

Q6. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi cellular organisms like humans?

Q7. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?

Q8. Chloroplasts are called as energy convertors, why?

Q9. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?

Q10. What is the effect of light and temperature on photosynthesis?

Q11. Name the green dot like structures in same cells observed by a student when a leaf peel was viewed under a microscope. What is this green colour due to ?

Q12. List the three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Explain the role of stomata in this process.

Q13. Describe an experiment to show that “Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis”.

Q14. State the basic difference between the process of respiration and photosynthesis.

Q15. Draw the internal structure of chloroplast and label it.

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Respiration

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

The food digested in our body is used up in two ways :

• As fuel for various activities
• For growth and repair of body cells and tissues

• When we say that food is digested and assimilated, it means that molecules are broken down into smaller parts. 
• These molecules have to be used and energy has to be released from them.
• Most living things need oxygen from the air to obtain energy from food . 
• This oxygen reacts with glucose present in the body cells and burns them slowly to release energy . This energy is stored as ATP molecules.

Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food.

What are ATP molecules?

• ATP is a substance called adenosine triphosphate which is present inside the cell and has a high energy content . 
• It is a tri-phosphate because it contains three phosphate groups in its molecule.
• Just as a battery provides electrical energy for different purposes such as lighting, heating, running etc., the energy stored in ATP is used by the body cells for various purposes like synthesis of proteins, contraction of muscles and other activities.

Role of Oxygen in Respiration :

Respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into the cells using it for releasing energy by burning glucose and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.

• However, some types of Respiration can take place either in the lack of oxygen (Fermentation) or in the complete absence of oxygen (Anaerobic respiration). 

Types of respiration:

The two types of respiration or aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

1.  Aerobic respiration.

• The respiration which uses oxygen to break down food is called aerobic respiration .
• The glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water by oxidation .
• It produces energy in a considerable amount.
• It is stored in the form of ATP molecules.
• During aerobic respiration 1 molecule of glucose produces 38 energy-rich ATP molecules.
• Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration in the cell.

Eg. Human beings obtain energy by aerobic respiration.

2.   Anaerobic respiration:

• The respiration which t akes place without oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
• In anaerobic respiration microorganisms like Yeast break down glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide and release energy. 
• The breakdown of sugars by yeast to make alcohol, in the absence of air , is called fermentation . 

• The energy produced is much less as compared to aerobic respiration. We can say that 1 molecule of glucose produces only 2 energy-rich ATP molecules in anaerobic respiration.

Human muscle cells also respire anaerobically when they do not receive sufficient oxygen . 

• During vigorous physical exercise , oxygen gets used up faster in the muscle cells than can be supplied by the blood. 
• Thus muscle cells (in humans as well as animals) obtain energy from anaerobic respiration.
• They break down glucose in the absence of oxygen to make lactic acid. 
• The accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps.
• Muscle cramps can be relieved with a hot bath as it increases circulation. 
• I ncreased blood flow increases oxygen levels again after which muscle cells break down lactic acid to CO 2 and H 2 O.

• Glucose is a six carbon atom compound. 
• The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid or pyruvate is called glycolysis . 
• One molecule of glucose in glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvic acid. 
• Pyruvic acid is a three carbon atom compound.

The fate of pyruvate formed during respiration depends on whether oxygen is present in the cells or not. 

• If oxygen is present in the cells then pyruvate is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water and a lot of energy is produced in the form of ATP.
• If however oxygen is not present in the cells, there is absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to either ‘ethanol and carbon dioxide’ or ‘lactic acid’ depending on whether such processes take place in the plant cell or an animal cell.

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CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 6 Life Processes

According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 5.

Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes Notes

Introduction.

All living organisms have certain common characteristics, such as breathing, growing, requiring nutrition, producing offspring, responding to stimuli, etc., that distinguish them from non-living things. There are certain vital processes that maintain homeostasis and proper functioning of the body, they are called life processes. These processes continue to occur even when we are sleeping or not performing any action. These processes are essential for all living organisms, including plants and animals. These life processes are nutrition, photosynthesis, transportation, metabolism, respiration, reproduction and excretion.

In this chapter, we will learn about the details of these processes occurring in plants, animals and human beings in particular.

Earth happens to be the only known planet having life. There are beings who live, die and become part of nature again. The living organism can be differentiated from the inanimate entities on various parameters of life processes.

Life Process

• The maintenance of living organisms is essential even if they are moving, resting or even sleeping.
• The processes which together perform the function of maintenance of ‘life’ are called as life processes.
• Nutrition, respiration, circulation, and excretion are examples of essential life processes.
• In unicellular organisms, all these processes are carried out by a single cell.
• In multicellular organisms, well-developed systems are present to carry out the processes.

For more information on Life Processes, watch the below video

To know more about Life Process, visit here . Students can refer to the short notes and MCQ questions along with a separate solution pdf of this chapter for quick revision from the links below:

• Life Processes Short Notes
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• Life Processes MCQ Practice Solutions

The process of acquiring food that is needed for nourishment and sustenance of the organism is called nutrition.

• There are two main modes of nutrition, autotrophic and heterotrophic.
• Autotrophic nutrition is present in plants, algae and some bacteria. Organisms produce their own food using light energy or chemical energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, respectively.
• Heterotrophic nutrition is present in bacteria, fungi and animals. They derive energy from organic compounds, such as animals eating plants or other animals for food.
• Heterotrophic nutrition has subtypes such as holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic nutrition.

To know more about Nutrition, visit here .

Autotrophic Nutrition

If an organism can nourish itself by making its own food using sunlight or chemicals such mode of nutrition is called as autotrophic nutrition.

• Plants photosynthesize (use light energy) and are called photoautotrophs.
• Few bacteria use chemicals to derive energy and are called chemoautotrophs.

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is an important process by which food is formed.
• The plants make food using sunlight and water, which provides nourishment to other organisms and themselves.
• Chlorophyll present in the green parts absorbs light energy.
• This light energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Hydrogen is then used to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, typically glucose.
• Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis and stomata to facilitate the intake of carbon dioxide.

The overall reaction occurring in photosynthesis is as follows:

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

To know more about Photosynthesis, visit here .

• Stomata are pores on the leaves that help in the exchange of gases.
• They are mostly found on the underside of the leaf.
• Each stoma is guarded by guard cells, which control the opening and closing of the pore.
• The water content of the guard cells is responsible for their function.

To know more about Stomata, visit here .

Saprophytic Nutrition

Some organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matter . This mode of nutrition is called saprophytic nutrition.

• The food is partially digested outside the body, and then it is absorbed.
• E.g. Fungi are saprophytes .

Parasitic Nutrition

Some organisms feed at the expense of another organism and in turn cause harm. This is called the parasitic mode of nutrition.

• These parasites live on the body or in the body of a host organism and derive the nutrients directly from the body of the host.
• E.g. Leech is an ectoparasite while Ascaris is an endoparasite. Cuscuta is a parasitic plant.

Nutrition in Amoeba

• Amoeba feeds by Holozoic mode of nutrition.
• It engulfs the food particle using pseudopodia, the process is called phagocytosis.
• The engulfed food gets enclosed in a food vacuole.
• As the food vacuole passes through the cytoplasm, digestion, absorption, and assimilation, take place.
• When the food vacuole opens outside, the egestion of undigested food takes place.

To know more about Nutrition in Amoeba, visit here .

Nutrition in Paramoecium

• Paramoecium also exhibits holozoic nutrition.
• However, they have cilia that help them to engulf the food through the oral groove.
• A food vacuole is created, enclosing the food.
• It moves through the cytoplasm, the process is called cyclosis.
• Food digested in the food vacuole is absorbed by the cytoplasm.
• Undigested food is given out to a tiny pore called an anal pore or cytopyge.

Nutrition in Humans

• Humans are omnivores, they can eat plant-based food as well as animal-based food.
• Being more complex, humans have a very complicated nutrition system.
• The digestive system has an alimentary canal and associated digestive glands, which together function to nourish the body.
• There are five stages in human nutrition; Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation and Egestion.
• Four stages i.e. ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion, take place in the alimentary canal, while assimilation of food takes place in the whole body.

To know more about Nutrition in Humans, visit here .

Alimentary Canal

• The alimentary canal in humans is a long tube of varying diameter.
• It starts with the mouth and ends with the anus.
• Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are the parts of the alimentary canal.

To know more about Alimentary Canal, visit here .

 Mouth

• It is the opening of the alimentary canal and helps in the ingestion of food.
• The buccal cavity, which is present behind the mouth, is also commonly referred to as the mouth.
• The buccal cavity has teeth and a tongue.
• The set of teeth helps in the mastication of food.
• The tongue has taste buds on it and thus helps in tasting the food.
• The salivary glands also open in the buccal cavity and pour saliva, which initiates the process of digestion.
• Teeth are the hard structures present in the buccal cavity.
• They help us to cut, shear and masticate the food we eat.
• The vertical section of a tooth shows four layers enamel, dentine, cement and dental pulp.
• Enamel is the outermost, shiny, highly mineralized and hardest part of the human body.
• Dentine makes the bulk of the tooth and contains 70% inorganic salts.
• Cement is present at the lining of a tooth and bony socket.
• The dental pulp is the central soft part of a tooth and contains nerve endings, blood and lymph vessels along with connective tissue.
• There are four types of teeth in humans, Incisors, canines, molars and premolars, each with a specific function.
• Incisors cut the food, canines tear the food while molars and premolars crush it.
• The dental formula in adult humans is 2:1:2:3.

Oesophagus & Stomach

• The swallowed food passes into the oesophagus.
• It is a muscular tube, about 25 cm long, with a sphincter (valve/opening) at each end.
• Its function is to transport food and fluid, after being swallowed, from the mouth to the stomach.
• Food is pushed down by peristaltic movements.

• The stomach is a thick-walled bag-like structure.
• It receives food from the oesophagus at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other end.
• The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices.
• Food is churned into a semi-solid mass in the stomach and is called chyme.
• Enzymes present in gastric juice break down the food.
• Hydrochloric acid helps in the partial digestion of proteins and also kills harmful bacteria.
• The mucus secreted by the wall of the stomach resists the action of HCl on itself.

For more information on Stomach, watch the below video

Small Intestine

• The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal, about 20 feet long in humans.
• It has regions, the duodenum, the region which follows the stomach; the jejunum is the middle part; and the ileum is the later region which continues further into the large intestine.
• The internal surface of the small intestine is folded into finger-like projections called villi.
• A common pancreatic duct from the pancreas and liver opens into the duodenum.
• Most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestine.

Large Intestine

• The large intestine in humans is about 5 feet long.
• It has two regions, the colon ( about 1.5 m) and the rectum (10 cm in length in the adult).
• The region of the large intestine after the ileum is called the colon, while the last part is called the rectum.
• Colon has three regions, ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon.
• At the base of the ascending colon, a small finger-like out-growth is seen and is called an appendix.
• It houses many useful bacteria required for the digestion of food.
• Rectum opens to the outside by the anus.
• The anus has internal and external anal sphincters.

Peristalsis

A constant wave-like movement of the alimentary canal right from the oesophagus to the small intestine is called as peristalsis.

• Muscles present in the wall of the alimentary canal are responsible for peristalsis.
• This movement helps to push the food through the alimentary canal.

To know more about Peristalsis, visit here .

Digestive Glands

• Several glands produce digestive juices that help in the digestion of food.
• Salivary glands, gastric glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are a few to name.
• Salivary glands secrete saliva, which initiates digestion in the mouth itself.
• Gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin.
• The liver secretes bile which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps in the digestion of fats.
• The pancreas secretes many digestive enzymes, and its secretion is called pancreatic juice.
• Enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase are present in pancreatic juice.
• The pancreas is a long, flat gland present behind the stomach in humans.
• It is one of the major digestive glands and is of mixed nature, i.e. endocrine as well as exocrine.
• As an endocrine organ, it secretes two hormones called insulin and glucagon which maintain the blood sugar level.
• As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice, which is nothing but a mixture of many digestive enzymes.
• The digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas include trypsin and chymotrypsin, and proteases which digest proteins.
• It also includes amylase, which digests the starch content of the food.
• Pancreatic lipases are the pancreatic enzymes that help in the digestion of fats.

To know more about Pancreas, visit here .

Holozoic Nutrition

The mode of nutrition in which animals take their food as a whole is called as holozoic nutrition.

In holozoic nutrition, food passes through five steps – ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

Physiology of Digestion

• Mechanical digestion of food takes place in the buccal cavity where teeth masticate the food, saliva gets mixed, and it turns into a bolus.
• Digestion of starch starts in the buccal cavity itself, with the action of salivary amylase present in the saliva.
• Salivary amylase converts starch into maltose.
• In the stomach, the churning of food takes place due to the muscular contraction and relaxation of its wall. It breaks down the food into simpler substances.
• Digestion of proteins starts in the stomach with the action of pepsin. Proteins are broken down into smaller fragments called peptides by the action of pepsin.
• The bolus, after mixing with gastric juice, turns into a fine soluble form known as chyme.
• Chyme enters the small intestine, where complete digestion takes place due to the action of various enzymes present in the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice.
• The digested food is completely absorbed by the villi and microvilli of the small intestine.
• Undigested food then enters the large intestine.
• The colon is responsible for the absorption of water and salts, whereas the rectum stores the undigested food temporarily before defaecation.

For more information on Digestive System, watch the below video

To know more about Digestive System, visit here .

Digestive System in Other Animals

• Digestive systems in different animals vary in structure and function.
• The structure of the digestive system depends on the food habits of the animal.
• The alimentary canal in herbivores is long as the cellulose content of their plant-based diet takes a long time to digest.
• On the other hand, the alimentary canal of carnivorous animals is comparatively shorter because meat gets digested faster.

Anatomy of Digestive Tract

• The alimentary canal in humans is approximately 30 feet (9m) long. It is also called the  gastrointestinal tract .
• It starts in the mouth and ends in the anus.
• Between these two openings, the alimentary canal is a tube of varying diameter.
• Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (divided into three regions, duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine(having two regions, colon and rectum) are the parts of the alimentary canal.
• Salivary glands, pancreas and liver act as major digestive glands.
• Glands present in the wall of the stomach and small intestine also contribute to the digestion of food.

Role of HCl

• Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is secreted by the gastric glands present in its wall.
• the pH of gastric acid is usually between 1.5 to 3.5
• Converts inactive pepsinogen and pro-rennin into active pepsin and rennin, respectively.
• Provides an acidic medium for protein digestion.
• Kills bacteria entered through food and prevents infection.
• Prevents putrefaction of food in the stomach.
• A thick layer of mucus secreted by the mucous glands of the stomach prevents itself from the action of gastric acid.
• Excess acid damages gastric mucosa and causes gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Salivary Glands

• Salivary glands are the exocrine glands that secrete saliva, and through a system of ducts, it is poured into the mouth.
• In humans, three major pairs of salivary glands are present, parotid, submandibular and sublingual.
• In healthy individuals, between 0.5 to 1.5 litres of saliva is produced per day.
• It lubricates and protects the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity
• It also gives protection from dental caries
• Saliva prevents microbial growth in the oral cavity.
• Saliva can encourage soft tissue repair by decreasing clotting time and increasing wound contraction.
• Saliva contains the enzyme amylase that hydrolyses starch into maltose and dextrin. Hence saliva allows digestion to occur before the food reaches the stomach.
• Saliva acts as a solvent in which solid particles can dissolve and enter the taste buds located on the tongue.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

When an organism depends on others for food, such a mode of nutrition is called as a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

• These organisms depend on autotrophs for their nutritional requirements.
• E.g. Animals which eat plants as their food are called herbivores.
• Animals which eat other animals as their food are called carnivores.
• Holozoic, saprophytic and parasitic nutrition are all types of heterotrophic nutrition.

For more information on Heterotrophic Nutrition, watch the video below

To know more about Heterotrophic Nutrition, visit here .

Glandular Epithelium

• Many small glands present in the inner layer of the stomach and intestine take part in the digestion of food.
• These glands are present in the epithelial lining of the stomach and intestine.
• The glands present in different regions of the stomach are called gastric glands.
• They are responsible for the secretion of mucus, hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsinogen.
• The glands present in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and large intestine are called intestinal glands.
• Glands of the small intestine are responsible for the secretion of intestinal juice, also called succus entericus.
• Intestinal juice contains hormones, digestive enzymes, alkaline mucus, and substances to neutralize hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach.
• Intestinal juice completes the digestion started by the pancreatic juice.
• Glands of the large intestine are associated with the absorption of water and electrolytes.

Villi and Micro Villi

• Complete digestion and absorption of food take place in the small intestine.
• Pancreatic juice coming from the pancreas, bile from the liver and intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal glands complete the digestion of food material.
• All the digested nutrients are absorbed by the long finger-like projections present in the ileum of the small intestine.
• These small finger-like projections of the inner wall of the intestine are called villi (singular: villus).
• Each villus has its cell membrane of the lumen side again folded into microscopic processes called microvilli.
• Villi increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls making available a greater surface area for absorption.
• Digested nutrients pass into the semipermeable villi through diffusion.
• Villi also help in the chemical digestion of food by secreting digestive enzymes.

• The liver is the largest and major digestive gland of humans
• The liver, in humans, is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdomen.
• This organ is dark reddish-brown in colour due to an extensive blood supply.
• It secretes bile which helps in digestion.
• It filters the blood coming from the digestive tract before passing it to the rest of the body.
• It detoxifies various metabolites and antidotes.
• The liver makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.
• It stores and releases glucose as needed.
• It processes haemoglobin from the dead and worn-out RBCs, for the iron content (the liver stores iron).
• The conversion of harmful ammonia to urea takes place in the liver.

To know more about the Liver, visit here .

Digestive Juices

• Pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice (succus entericus) are collectively called digestive juices.
• A common duct from digestive glands pours the secretions into the duodenum.
• Chyme enters the small intestine, where complete digestion takes place due to the action of various enzymes.
• In the duodenum, the acidity of chyme is turned to alkalinity by the action of bile coming from the liver. This is necessary for pancreatic enzyme action.
• Bile also emulsifies the fats into smaller globules.
• Pancreatic and intestinal amylases break down carbohydrates into glucose.
• Trypsin and chymotrypsin are the proteases responsible for the breakdown of proteins finally into amino acids.
• Lipase is the enzyme which acts on the emulsified fats and breaks them down into glycerol and fatty acids.

For more information on Digestion in Humans, watch the video below

Water Absorption in Large Intestine

• The large intestine is not involved in the digestion of food or absorption of nutrients.
• The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and make the stool solid.
• The large intestine also helps in the absorption of vitamins made by bacteria that normally live in the large intestine.
• The innermost layer of the large intestine also acts as a barrier and protects from microbial infections and invasions.
• Rectum stores the undigested food temporarily until defecation.

Respiration

Introduction to respiration.

• Respiration broadly means the exchange of gases.
• Animals and plants have different means of exchange of gases.
• At a cellular level, respiration means the burning of food to generate the energy needed for other life processes.
• Cellular respiration may take place in the presence or absence of oxygen.

For more information on Life Process of Respiration, watch the below video

To know more about Respiration, visit here .

Respiration in Humans

• The human respiratory system is more complex and involves breathing, the exchange of gases and cellular respiration.
• A well-defined respiratory system helps with breathing and the exchange of gases.
• Breathing involves the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide.
• The gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs, and oxygen is supplied to all cells of the body.
• Cellular respiration takes place in each and every cell.

Respiratory System

• The human respiratory system involves the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea/windpipe, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
• Bronchioles and alveoli are enclosed in a pair of lungs.
• The rib cage, muscles associated with the rib cage and diaphragm all help in the inhalation and exhalation of gases.
• The exchange of gases takes place between an alveolar surface and surrounding blood vessels.
• Alveoli provide a large surface area for the exchange of gases.

For more information on Respiration, watch the video below

To know more about Respiratory System, visit here .

Physiology of Respiration

• Breathing in humans is facilitated by the action of internal intercostal and external intercostal muscles attached to the ribs and the diaphragm.
• When the dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and becomes flattened and the rib cage is expanded due to the action of intercostal muscles, the volume of the lungs increases, pressure there drops down and the air from outside gushes in. This is inhalation.
• To exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome-shaped again; the chest cavity contracts due to the action of intercostal muscles, the volume inside the lungs decreases, pressure increases and the air is forced out of the lungs.
• Inhaled air increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli,  so oxygen simply diffuses into the surrounding blood vessels.
• Blood coming from cells has more concentration of carbon dioxide than outside air, and thus carbon dioxide simply diffuses out of the blood vessels into the alveoli.
• Thus, breathing takes place due to the combined action of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, while the exchange of gases takes place due to simple diffusion.

Inhalation and Exhalation

• The process of taking in air rich in oxygen is called  inhalation .
• Similarly, the process of giving out air rich in carbon dioxide is called  exhalation .
• One breath comprises one inhalation and one exhalation.
• A person breathes several times a day.
• The number of times a person breathes in one minute is termed as his/her  breathing rate .

To know more about Inhalation and Exhalation, visit here .

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration area to the low concentration area without spending any energy.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is set of metabolic reactions occurring inside the cells to convert biochemical energy obtained from the food into a chemical compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

• Metabolism refers to a set of chemical reactions carried out to maintain the living state of the cells in an organism. These can be divided into two categories:
• Catabolism  – the process of breaking molecules to obtain energy.
• Anabolism  – the process of synthesizing all compounds required by the cells.
• Therefore, respiration is a catabolic process which breaks large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy to fuel cellular activities.
• Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are the important processes of cellular respiration.

To know more about Cellular Respiration, visit here .

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration is a process in which the food i.e. glucose is converted into energy in the presence of oxygen.

• The general equation of aerobic respiration as a whole is given below-

Glucose + oxygen ⇒  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

• This type of respiration takes place in animals, plants and other living organisms.

Respiration in Lower Animals

• Lower animals lack a sophisticated respiratory system like lungs, alveoli etc.
• Respiration in them takes place by simple exchange mechanisms.
• Animals like earthworms take in gases through their skin.
• Fishes have gills for gaseous exchange.
• Insects have a tracheal system, which is a network of tubes through which air circulates and gaseous exchange takes place.
• Frogs breathe through their skin when in water and through their lungs when on land.

Respiration in Muscles

• Respiration in muscles can be anaerobic when there is not enough oxygen.
• Glucose gets broken down into carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
• This results in the accumulation of lactic acid that makes the muscles sore.
• This type of anaerobic respiration is also known as lactic acid fermentation .
• It is the energy currency of the cell.
• ATP stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate.
• This molecule is created.; as a result, reactions like photosynthesis, respiration etc.
• The three phosphate bonds present in the molecule are high-energy bonds, and when they are broken, a large amount of energy is released.
• Such released energy is then used for other metabolic reactions.

Respiration in Plants

• Unlike animals and humans, plants do not have any specialized structures for gaseous exchange.
• They have stomata (present in leaves) and lenticels (present in stems), which are involved in the exchange of gases.
• Compared to animals, plant roots, stems, and leaves respire at a very lower rate.

To know more about Respiration in Plants, visit here .

Transpiration

• Transpiration is a biological process in which water is lost in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plants.
• This process occurs mainly through the stomata, where the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs.
• Transpiration helps in the transportation of water from roots to the upper parts of plants, and this is explained by the ‘transpirational pull theory’.
• Loss of water, especially from leaves, acts as a straw effect and pulls water upwards from roots.
• Transpiration also acts as an excretory mechanism in plants as it helps to get rid of excess water.

To know more about Transpiration, visit here .

Why Do We Need Lungs?

• In unicellular organisms like amoeba exchange of gases takes place through a general body surface by osmosis.
• In lower animals like an earthworm, the gaseous exchange takes place through their moist skin.
• The requirement for oxygen is sufficiently met in these ways.
• But as the animal starts becoming more and more complex, for example, humans, the requirement for oxygen cannot be met alone by diffusion.
• Moreover, diffusion will not be able to supply oxygen to the deep-seated cells.
• This difficulty has led to the evolution of a more complex mechanism of gaseous exchange, and that is the development of lungs.
• The alveoli present in the lungs provide a large surface area required for the necessary gas exchange.

For more information on Lungs, watch the video below

Transportation in Human Beings

Transportation.

• All living organisms need a few necessary components like air, water, and food for their survival.
• On a regular basis, animals ensure these elements by breathing, drinking and eating.
• The required elements are transported to their body cells and tissues by a  transportation system.
• In plants, the vascular tissue is responsible for transporting the substances.

Transportation in Humans

• Transportation in humans is done by the circulatory system.
• The circulatory system in humans mainly consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart.
• It is responsible for the supply of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of carbon dioxide and other excretory products.
• It also helps to fight infections.

For more information on the Transportation of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, watch the below video

To know more about Transportation in Animals and Plants, visit here .

• The muscular organ which is located near the chest, slightly towards the left in the thoracic region.
• The heart is the main pumping organ of the body.
• The human heart is divided into four chambers which are involved in the transportation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
• The upper two chambers are called atria, whereas the lower two chambers are called ventricles.

To know more about Human Heart, visit here .

• The flow of blood through the heart is as follows:

Blood Vessels

• Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body.
• These three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and blood capillaries.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood, and veins carry deoxygenated blood.
• Gaseous exchange takes place between blood and cells at capillaries.

Difference between Arteries and Veins

Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood when it flows through the blood vessels is called blood pressure.

• There are two different variants of blood pressure; systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
• The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is filling with blood is called diastolic pressure. It constitutes the minimum pressure on arteries.
• The normal range of diastolic blood pressure should be 60 – 80 mm Hg.
• The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is pumping the blood is called systolic pressure. It constitutes the maximum pressure applied to the arteries.
• The normal range of systolic blood pressure should be 90 – 120 mm Hg.

To know more about Blood Pressure, visit here .

• Bleeding occurs when the blood vessels rupture.
• Bleeding is stopped by the platelets that help in the clotting of blood at the site of the injury.
• Blood Clotting  is the process of forming a clot in order to prevent excess loss of blood from the body.
• It is a gel-like mass which is formed by the platelets and a fibre-like protein in the blood.

Double Circulation

• In the human body, blood circulates through the heart twice.
• Once it goes through the heart during pulmonary circulation and a second time during systemic circulation.
• Hence, circulation in human beings is called double circulation.

For more information on Human Circulatory System, watch the below video

To know more about Double Circulation, visit here .

Transportation in Plants

• Transportation is a vital process in plants.
• The process involves the transportation of water and necessary nutrients to all parts of the plant for its survival.
• Food and water transportation takes place separately in plants.
• Xylem transports water, and phloem transports food.

To know more about Transportation in Plants, visit here .

• The phloem is responsible for the translocation of nutrients and sugar, like carbohydrates, produced by the leaves to areas of the plant that are metabolically active.
• Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells are the components of this tissue.
• The flow of material through the phloem is bidirectional.

Translocation

• The transport of food in the plant through phloem via a process such as mass flow is called translocation.
• Photosynthates, i.e. sugars and organic molecules such as amino acids, organic acids, proteins and inorganic solutes like potassium, magnesium, nitrate, calcium, sulfur and iron from source tissues (mature leaves) to the sink cells (areas of growth and storage) are transported through the phloem.
• Material like sucrose is loaded from leaves to phloem using the energy of ATP.
• Such a transfer increases the osmotic pressure causing the movement of water from nearby cells into phloem tissue, and the material gets transported through the phloem.
• The same pressure is also responsible for the transfer of substances from the phloem to tissues where food is required.
• Thus the bulk flow of material through phloem takes place in response to an osmotically generated pressure difference.

• Xylem tissue transports water in plants from the root to all other parts of the plant.
• Xylem tissue is made up of tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
• The flow of water and minerals through the xylem is always unidirectional.

Root Pressure

• Conduction of water through the xylem, from roots to upper parts of plants, is due to many forces acting together.
• One of the forces responsible for this is root pressure.
• Root pressure is osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaves.
• Root pressure helps in the initial transport of water up the roots.

To know more about Root Pressure, visit here .

Transport of Water

• Water is absorbed by the roots and is transported by the xylem to the upper parts of the plant.

Imbibition, osmosis, root pressure and transpiration are the forces that contribute towards the upward movement of water, even in the tallest plants.

• Imbibition is a process in which water is absorbed by solids. E.g. seeds take up water when soaked.
• Osmosis is a process where water moves from the area of its lower concentration to the area of its higher concentration.
• At the roots, the cells take up ions by an active process, and this results in the difference in concentration of these ions.
• It leads to the movement of water, in the root cells, by osmosis.
• This creates a continuous column of water that gets pushed upwards. This is root pressure.
• Transpiration contributes to the upward movement of water by creating a staw effect.
• It pulls the water column upwards as there is a continuous loss of water from leaves.
• All these forces act together for water transport through the xylem

Excretion in Humans

Excretion is the process of removal of metabolic waste material and other non-useful substances.

• Organisms like animals have an advanced and specialized system for excretion.
• But plants lack a well-developed excretory system like that in animals.
• They do not have special organs for excretion, and thus excretion in plants is not so complex.

Excretion in Unicellular Organisms

• In unicellular organisms such as amoeba and bacteria, the waste product is removed by simple diffusion through the general body surface.
• Unicellular organisms like the amoeba and paramecium excrete excess through tiny organelles called contractile vacuoles.
• Undigested food in unicellular animals is excreted when the food vacuole merges with the general body surface and opens to the outside.

Excretory System of Humans

• a pair of kidneys,
• a pair of ureters,
• a urinary bladder and
• It produces urine as a waste product.

To know more about Human Excretory System, visit here .

• Paired kidneys are the main excretory organs of the body.
• They are basically the filtration units of the human body.
• Each kidney is made up of many tiny filtration units called nephrons .
• Filtering waste materials, medications, and toxic substances from the blood.
• Regulation of osmolarity, i.e. the fluid balance of the body.
• Regulation of ion concentration in the body.
• Regulation of pH.
• Regulation of extracellular fluid volume.
• Secreting hormones that help produce red blood cells promotes bone health and regulates blood pressure.

Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of kidney.

• Each kidney has millions of nephrons, and it forms the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.
• Each nephron has two parts: The malpighian body and the renal tubule.
• The malpighian body is made up of a cup-like structure called Bowman’s capsule, which encloses a bunch of capillaries called the glomerulus.
• They together filter waste materials along with many useful substances.
• The renal tubule has regions called a proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule.
• These regions absorb useful substances back into the blood and also filter the remaining waste substances.
• The output from nephrons is called urine.

Haemodialysis

• When the kidneys fail, it results in a lot of complications, and to compensate for this situation, a technology called dialysis has been developed.
• It uses a machine filter called a dialyzer or artificial kidney.
• This is to remove excess water and salt, balance other electrolytes in the body and remove waste products of metabolism.
• Blood from the body is removed and flows through a series of tubes made up of a semipermeable membrane.
• A dialysate flows on the other side of the membrane, which draws impurities through the membrane.

Excretion in Plants

• Cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and other metabolic reactions produce a lot of excretory products in plants.
• Carbon dioxide, excess water produced during respiration and nitrogenous compounds produced during protein metabolism are the major excretory products in plants.
• Plants produce two gaseous waste products, i.e. oxygen during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide during respiration.
• The excretion of gaseous waste in plants takes place through stomatal pores on leaves.
• Oxygen released during photosynthesis is used for respiration, while carbon dioxide released during respiration is used for photosynthesis.
• Excess water is excreted by transpiration.
• Organic by-products generated by the plant are stored in different forms in different parts.
• The gums, oils, latex, resins, etc., are some waste products stored in plant parts like bark, stems, leaves, etc.
• Eventually, plants shed off these parts.
• A few examples of the excretory products of plants are oil produced from oranges, eucalyptus, jasmine, latex from the rubber tree, papaya tree, and gums from acacia.
• Sometimes plants even excrete into the soil.

To know more about Excretion in Plants, visit here .

Also Check:

• CBSE Class 10 Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Notes
• CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Notes
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes
• NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 6 – Life Processes
• Real Numbers Class 10 Notes: Chapter 1
• CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Frequently Asked Questions on Life Processes

The instrument used for measuring blood pressure is called a.

A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used for measuring blood pressure.

The phloem tissue in plants is responsible for doing which function?

Phloem is a vascular tissue that is responsible for the transport of substances in plants.

Why aerobic respiration produces more usable chemical energy than fermentation?

Aerobic respiration produces more usable chemical energy in the form of ATPs than fermentation because aerobic respiration involves the complete oxidation of glucose and the release of carbon dioxide and water as end products.

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