autobiography of old temple in english

Articles on ancient history

Augustus, Res Gestae

Res Gestae Divi Augusti  ("the achievements of the deified Augustus"): the official autobiography of  Augustus , which survives as an inscription in Ancyra (modern Ankara).

The Res Gestae Divi Augusti ("the achievements of the deified Augustus") are the official autobiography of Augustus , the man who had renovated the Roman Empire during his long reign from 31 BCE to 14 CE. The text tells us how he wanted to be remembered. It is best summarized in the full title: "the achievements of the deified Augustus by which he placed the whole world under the sovereignty of the Roman people, and of the amounts which he expended upon the state and the Roman people". In other words - it is propaganda.

The text, which was inscribed on two columns near the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome, has survived as an inscription in the Temple of Roma and Augustus in modern Ankara (ancient Ancyra), which is currently in use as a mosque. The text, which was first published by the famous botanist Charles de l' Écluse (or Clusius; 1526-1609), is not complete, but there are other copies from Central Anatolia (from a/o Antioch in Pisidia and Apollonia in Pisidia). The first scholar to combine all fragments and publish a proper scholarly edition was Theodor Mommsen (1883²).

The translation offered here, made by F.W. Shipley, was copied from LacusCurtius , where you can also find the Greek and Latin text .

The Achievements of the Deified Augustus

[1]  Below is a copy of the acts of the Deified Augustus by which he placed the whole world under the sovereignty of the Roman people, and of the amounts which he expended upon the state and the Roman people, as engraved upon two bronze columns which have been set up in Rome.

At the age of nineteen, note [44 BCE.] on my own initiative and at my own expense, I raised an army by means of which I restored liberty to the republic, which had been oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. For which service the Senate , with complimentary resolutions, enrolled me in its order, note [43 BCE.] in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, giving me at the same time consular precedence in voting; it also gave me the imperium . As propraetor it ordered me, along with the consuls, "to see that the republic suffered no harm." In the same year, moreover, as both consuls had fallen in war, the people elected me consul and a triumvir for settling the constitution.

[2]  Those who slew my father I drove into exile, punishing their deed by due process of law, and afterwards when they waged war upon the republic I twice defeated them in battle. note [42 BCE; the battle of Philippi .]

[3]  Wars, both civil and foreign, I undertook throughout the world, and when victorious I spared all citizens who sued for pardon. The foreign nations which could with safety be pardoned I preferred to save rather than to destroy. The number of Roman citizens who bound themselves to me by military oath was about 500,000. Of these I settled in colonies or sent back into their own towns, after their term of service, something more than 300,000, and to all I assigned lands, or gave money as a reward for military service. I captured six hundred ships, over and above those which were smaller than triremes .

[4]  Twice I triumphed with an ovation, thrice I celebrated curule triumphs, and was saluted as imperator twenty-one times. Although the Senate decreed me additional triumphs I set them aside. When I had performed the vows which I had undertaken in each war I deposited upon the Capitol the laurels which adorned my fasces . For successful operations on land and sea, conducted either by myself or by my lieutenants under my auspices, the Senate on fifty-five occasions decreed that thanks should be rendered to the immortal gods. The days on which such thanks were rendered by decree of the Senate numbered 890. In my triumphs there were led before my chariot nine kings or children of kings. At the time of writing these words note [14 CE.] I had been thirteen times consul, and was in the thirty-seventh year of my tribunician power.

[5]  The dictatorship offered me by the people and the Roman Senate, in my absence and later when present, in the consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius note [22 BCE.] I did not accept. I did not decline at a time of the greatest scarcity of grain the charge of the grain-supply, which I so administered that, within a few days, I freed the entire people, at my own expense, from the fear and danger in which they were. The consulship, either yearly or for life, then offered me I did not accept.

[6]  In the consulship of Marcus Vinicius and Quintus Lucretius, note [19 BCE.] and afterwards in that of Publius and Gnaeus Lentulus, note [18 BCE.] and a third time in that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, note [11 BCE.] when the Senate and the Roman people unanimously agreed that I should be elected overseer of laws and morals, without a colleague and with the fullest power, I refused to accept any power offered me which was contrary to the traditions of our ancestors. Those things which at that time the Senate wished me to administer I carried out by virtue of my tribunician power. And even in this office I five times received from the Senate a colleague at my own request.

[7]   For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for the re-establishment of the constitution. To the day of writing this I have been princeps senatus for forty years. I have been pontifex maximus , augur, a member of the fifteen commissioners for performing sacred rites, one of the seven for sacred feasts, an arval brother, a sodalis Titius , a fetial priest.

[8]  As consul for the fifth time, note [29 BCE.] by order of the people and the Senate I increased the number of the patricians. Three times I revised the roll of the Senate. In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa as my colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustrum after an interval of forty-one years. In this lustration 4,063,000 Roman citizens were entered on the census roll. A second time, in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius, note [8 BCE.] I again performed the lustrum alone, with the consular imperium. In this lustrum 4,233,000 Roman citizens were entered on the census roll. A third time, with the consular imperium, and with my son Tiberius Caesar as my colleague, note [14 CE.] I performed the lustrum in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Apuleius. In this lustrum 4,937,000 Roman citizens were entered on the census roll. By the passage of new laws I restored many traditions of our ancestors which were then falling into disuse, and I myself set precedents in many things for posterity to imitate.

[9]  The Senate decreed that every fifth year vows should be undertaken for my health by the consuls and the priests. In fulfilment of these vows games were often held in my lifetime, sometimes by the four chief colleges of priests, sometimes by the consuls. In addition the entire body of citizens with one accord, both individually and by municipalities, performed continued sacrifices for my health at all the couches of the gods.

[10]  By decree of the Senate my name was included in the Salian hymn, and it was enacted by law that my person should be sacred in perpetuity and that so long as I lived I should hold the tribunician power. I declined to be made pontifex maximus in succession to a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood which my father had held. Several years later I accepted that sacred office when he at last was dead who, taking advantage of a time of civil disturbance, had seized it for himself, note [I.e., Lepidus.] such a multitude from all Italy assembling for my election, in the consulship of Publius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius, note [12 BCE.] as is never recorded to have been in Rome before.

[11]  The Senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortuna Redux at the Porta Capena , near the temple of Honor and Virtue, on which it ordered the pontiffs and the Vestal virgins to perform a yearly sacrifice on the anniversary of the day on which I returned note [12 October 19 BCE.] to the city from Syria, in the consulship of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinicius, and named the day, after my cognomen, the Augustalia .

[12]  At the same time, by decree of the Senate, part of the praetors and of the tribunes of the people, together with the consul Quintus Lucretius and the leading men of the state, were sent to Campania to meet me, an honor which up to the present time has been decreed to no one except myself. When I returned from Spain and Gaul, in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, note [13 BCE.] after successful operations in those provinces, the Senate voted in honor of my return the consecration of an altar to Pax Augusta in the Campus Martius, and on this altar it ordered the magistrates and priests and Vestal Virgins to make annual sacrifice.

[13]   Janus Quirinus , which our ancestors ordered to be closed whenever there was peace, secured by victory, throughout the whole domain of the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before my birth is recorded to have been closed but twice in all since the foundation of the city, the Senate ordered to be closed thrice while I was princeps .

[14]  My sons Gaius and Lucius Caesar, whom fortune snatched away from me in their youth, the Senate and the Roman people to do me honor made consuls designate, each in his fifteenth year, providing that each should enter upon that office after a period of five years. The Senate decreed that from the day on which they were introduced to the forum they should take part in the counsels of state. Moreover, the entire body of Roman knights gave each of them the title of princeps iuventutis and presented them with silver shields and spears.

[15]  To the Roman plebs I paid out three hundred sesterces per man in accordance with the will of my father , note [44 BCE.] and in my own name in my fifth consulship note [29 BCE.] I gave four hundred sesterces apiece from the spoils of war; note [I.e., the conquest of Egypt.] a second time, moreover, in my tenth consulship note [24 BCE.] I paid out of my own patrimony four hundred sesterces per man by way of bounty, and in my eleventh consulship note [23 BCE.] I made twelve distributions of food from grain bought at my own expense, and in the twelfth year of my tribunician power note [11 BCE.] I gave for the third time four hundred sesterces to each man. These largesses of mine reached a number of persons never less than two hundred and fifty thousand. In the eighteenth year of my tribunician power, note [5 BCE.] as consul for the twelfth time, note [29 BCE.] I gave to three hundred and twenty thousand of the city plebs sixty denarii apiece. In the colonies of my soldiers, as consul for the fifth time, I gave one thousand sesterces to each man from the spoils of war; about one hundred and twenty thousand men in the colonies received this triumphal largesse. When consul for the thirteenth time note [2 CE.] I gave sixty denarii apiece to the plebs who were then receiving public grain; these were a little more than two hundred thousand persons

[16]  To the municipal towns I paid money for the lands which I assigned to soldiers in my own fourth consulship note [30 BCE.] and afterwards in the consulship of Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Lentulus. note [14 BCE.] The sum which I paid for estates in Italy was about six hundred million sesterces, and the amount which I paid for lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty million. I was the first and only one to do this of all those who up to my time settled colonies of soldiers in Italy or in the provinces. And later, in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Gnaeus Piso, note [7 BCE.] likewise in the consulship of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius, note [6 BCE.] and of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus, note [4 BCE.] and of Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messalla, note [3 BCE.] and of Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius, note [2 BCE.] I paid cash gratuities to the soldiers whom I settled in their own towns at the expiration of their service, and for this purpose I expended four hundred million sesterces as an act of grace.

[17]  Four times I aided the public treasury with my own money, paying out in this manner to those in charge of the treasury one hundred and fifty million sesterces. And in the consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius note [6 CE.] I contributed one hundred and seventy million sesterces out of my own patrimony to the military treasury, which was established on my advice that from it gratuities might be paid to soldiers who had seen twenty or more years of service.

[18]  Beginning with the year in which Gnaeus and Publius Lentulus were consuls, note [18 BCE.] whenever taxes were in arrears, I furnished from my own purse and my own patrimony tickets for grain and money, sometimes to a hundred thousand persons, sometimes to many more.

[19]  I built the Curia and the Chalcidicum adjoining it, the temple of Apollo on the Palatine with its porticoes, the temple of the deified Julius , the Lupercal, the portico at the Circus Flaminius which I allowed to be called Octavia after the name of him who had constructed an earlier one on the same site, the state box at the Circus Maximus, the temples on the Capitol of Jupiter Feretrius and Jupiter Tonans, the temple of Quirinus, the temples of Minerva , of Juno the Queen, and of Jupiter Libertas, on the Aventine, the temple of the Lares at the highest point of the Sacra Via, the temple of the Di Penates on the Velia, the temple of Youth, and the temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.

[20]  The Capitol and the theater of Pompey, both works involving great expense, I rebuilt without any inscription of my own name. I restored the channels of the aqueducts which in several places were falling into disrepair through age, and doubled the capacity of the aqueduct called the Marcia by turning a new spring into its channel. I completed the Julian Forum and the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple of Saturn, works begun and far advanced by my father , and when the same basilica note [Basilica Julia.] was destroyed by fire, note [12 CE.] I began its reconstruction on an enlarged site, to be inscribed with the names of my sons, and ordered that in case I should not live to complete it, it should be completed by my heirs. In my sixth consulship, note [28 BCE.] in accordance with a decree of the Senate, I rebuilt in the city eighty-two temples of the gods, omitting none which at that time stood in need of repair. As consul for the seventh tim e , note [27 BCE.] I constructed the Via Flaminia from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian and the Minucian.

[21]  On my own ground I built the temple of Mars Ultor and the Augustan Forum from the spoils of war. note [Against the murderers of Caesar .] On ground purchased for the most part from private owners I built the theater near the temple of Apollo which was to bear the name of my son-in‑law Marcus Marcellus. From the spoils of war I consecrated offerings on the Capitol, and in the temple of the divine Julius , and in the temple of Apollo, and in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars Ultor, which cost me about one hundred million sesterces. In my fifth consulship note [28 BCE.] I remitted thirty-five thousand pounds weight of coronary gold contributed by the municipia and the colonies of Italy, and thereafter, whenever I was saluted as imperator , I did not accept the coronary gold, although the municipia and colonies voted it in the same kindly spirit as before.

[22]  Three times in my own name I gave a show of gladiators , and five times in the name of my sons or grandsons; in these shows there fought about ten thousand men. Twice in my own name I furnished for the people an exhibition of athletes gathered from all parts of the world, and a third time in the name of my grandson. Four times I gave games in my own name; as representing other magistrates twenty-three times. For the college of quindecemvirs, as master of that college and with Marcus Agrippa as my colleague, I conducted the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and Marcus Silanus. note [17 BCE.] In my thirteenth consulship note [2 BCE.] I gave, for the first time, the games of Mars, which, since that time, the consuls by decree of the Senate have given in successive years in conjunction with me. In my own name, or that of my sons or grandsons, on twenty-six occasions I gave to the people, in the circus, in the forum, or in the amphitheatre, hunts of African wild beasts, in which about three thousand five hundred beasts were slain.

[23]  I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber, at the place where now stands the grove of the Caesars, the ground having been excavated for a length of eighteen hundred and a breadth of twelve hundred feet. In this spectacle thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, and a large number of smaller vessels met in conflict. In these fleets there fought about three thousand men exclusive of the rowers.

[24]  After my victory note [At Actium .] I replaced in the temples in all the cities of the province of Asia the ornaments which my antagonist in the war, when he despoiled the temples, had appropriated to his private use. Silver statues of me, on foot, on horseback, and in chariots were erected in the city to the number of about eighty; these I myself removed, and from the money thus obtained I placed in the temple of Apollo golden offerings in my own name and in the name of those who had paid me the honor of a statue.

[25]  I freed the sea from pirates. About thirty thousand slaves, captured in that war, who had run away from their masters and had taken up arms against the republic, I delivered to their masters for punishment. The whole of Italy voluntarily took oath of allegiance to me and demanded me as its leader in the war in which I was victorious at Actium. The provinces of the Spains, the Gauls, Africa, Sicily , and Sardinia took the same oath of allegiance. Those who served under my standards at that time included more than 700 senators, and among them eighty-three who had previously or have since been consuls up to the day on which these words were written, and about 170 have been priests.

[26]  I extended the boundaries of all the provinces which were bordered by races not yet subject to our empire. The provinces of the Gauls, the Spains, and Germany, bounded by the ocean from Gades to the mouth of the Elbe , I reduced to a state of peace. The Alps, from the region which lies nearest to the Adriatic as far as the Tuscan Sea, I brought to a state of peace without waging on any tribe an unjust war. My fleet sailed from the mouth of the Rhine eastward as far as the lands of the Cimbri to which, up to that time, no Roman had ever penetrated either by land or by sea, and the Cimbri and Charydes and Semnones and other peoples of the Germans of that same region through their envoys sought my friendship and that of the Roman people. On my order and under my auspices two armies were led, at almost the same time, into Ethiopia and into Arabia which is called the " Happy ," and very large forces of the enemy of both races were cut to pieces in battle and many towns were captured. Ethiopia was penetrated as far as the town of Napata , which is next to Meroë . In Arabia the army advanced into the territories of the Sabaei to the town of Mariba.

[27]  Egypt I added to the empire of the Roman people. note [30 BCE.] In the case of Greater Armenia , though I might have made it a province after the assassination of its King Artaxes , note [20 BCE.] I preferred, following the precedent of our fathers, to hand that kingdom over to Tigranes , the son of King Artavasdes  and grandson of King Tigranes , through Tiberius Nero who was then my stepson. And later, when the same people revolted and rebelled, note [1 CE.] and was subdued by my son Gaius , note [2 CE.] I gave it over to King Ariobarzanes the son of Artabazus, King of the Medes , to rule, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. note [Artavasdes III; 4 CE.] When he was murdered I sent into that kingdom Tigranes, note [Tigranes V; 6 CE.] who was sprung from the royal family of the Armenians. I recovered all the provinces extending eastward beyond the Adriatic Sea, and Cyrene , which were then for the most part in possession of kings, and, at an earlier time, Sicily and Sardinia, which had been seized in the servile war.

[28]  I settled colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia , both Spains, Achaea, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis, Pisidia. Moreover, Italy has twenty-eight colonies founded under my auspices which have grown to be famous and populous during my lifetime.

[29]  From Spain, Gaul, and the Dalmatians, I recovered, after conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by other generals. The Parthians I compelled to restore to me the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and to seek as suppliants the friendship of the Roman people. These standards I deposited in the inner shrine which is in the Temple of Mars Ultor.

[30]  The tribes of the Pannonians, to which no army of the Roman people had ever penetrated before my principate, having been subdued by Tiberius Nero who was then my stepson and my legate, I brought under the sovereignty of the Roman people, and I pushed forward the frontier of Illyricum as far as the bank of the river Danube . An army of Dacians which crossed to the south of that river was, under my auspices, defeated and crushed, and afterwards my own army was led across the Danube and compelled the tribes of the Dacians to submit to the orders of the Roman people.

[31]  Embassies were often sent to me from the kings of India, a thing never seen before in the camp of any general of the Romans. Our friendship was sought, through ambassadors, by the Bastarnae and Scythians , and by the kings of the Sarmatians who live on either side of the river Tanais, and by the king of the Albani and of the Hiberi and of the Medes .

[32]  Kings of the Parthians , Tiridates , and later Phraates , the son of King Phraates  took refuge with me as suppliants; of the Medes, Artavasdes; of the Adiabeni, Artaxares; of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim[...]; of the Sugambri, Maelo; of the Marcomanni and Suebi [...]rus. Phraates, son of Orodes , king of the Parthians, sent all his sons and grandsons to me in Italy, not because he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friendship by means of his own children as pledges. And a large number of other nations experienced the good faith of the Roman people during my principate who never before had had any interchange of embassies or of friendship with the Roman people.

[33]  From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes received the kings for whom they asked through ambassadors, the chief men of those peoples; the Parthians Vonones , son of King Phraates, grandson of King Orodes; the Medes Ariobarzanes, the son of King Atavazdes, grandson of King Ariobarzanes.

[34]  In my sixth and seventh consulships, note [28-27 BCE.] when I had extinguished the flames of civil war, after receiving by universal consent the absolute control of affairs, I transferred the republic from my own control to the will of the Senate and the Roman people. For this service on my part I was given the title of Augustus by decree of the Senate, and the doorposts of my house were covered with laurels by public act, and a civic crown was fixed above my door, and a golden shield was placed in the Curia Julia whose inscription testified that the Senate and the Roman people gave me this in recognition of my valour, my clemency, my justice, and my piety. After that time I took precedence of all in rank, but of power I possessed no more than those who were my colleagues in any magistracy.

[35]  While I was administering my thirteenth consulship the Senate and the equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of Father of my Country, and decreed that this title should be inscribed upon the vestibule of my house and in the senate-house and in the Forum Augustum beneath the quadriga erected in my honour by decree of the Senate. At the time of writing this I was in my seventy-sixth year.

[Appendix]  The sum total of the money which he contributed to the treasury or to the Roman plebs or to discharged soldiers was 600,000,000 denarii. The new works which he built were: the temple of Mars, of Jupiter Tonans and Feretrius, of Apollo, of the Deified Julius , of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno the queen, of Jupiter Libertas, of the Lares, of the Di Penates, of Youth, of the Mother of the gods, the Lupercal, the state box at the circus, the senate-house with the Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the theater of Marcellus, [...] the grove of the Caesars beyond the Tiber. He restored the Capitol and sacred buildings to the number of eighty-two, the theater of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian Way. The expenditures provided for theatrical shows, gladiatorial sports, for exhibitions of athletes, for hunts of wild beasts, and the naval combat, and his gifts to colonies in Italy, to cities in the provinces which had been destroyed by earthquake or conflagration, or to individual friends and senators, whose property he raised to the required rating, are too numerous to be reckoned.

Grandson of Franklin; illegitimate son of William Franklin and an unknown mother.

Attended James Elphinston’s school in Kensington, and made occasional visits to his grandfather on Craven Street (1767-75).

Went with Franklin to America (1775). Set out for France with Franklin and Benjamin Franklin Bache (1776).

Franklin’s private secretary during the French mission. Returned with his cousin and grandfather to America (1785).

For a while he operated a farm in New Jersey, but he proved unfit for agricultural endeavors, and, unable to attain public office or a diplomatic post, he moved to England shortly after Franklin’s death. In 1798 he returned to Paris where he spent the remainder of his life.

In his later years, Temple edited Franklin’s autobiography and some of his correspondence, the first volume of which was published in 1817. Temple was a favorite of Franklin, who treated him more as a son than a grandson, particularly after William Franklin decided to remain loyal to England.

Probably born in or near London. Married Hannah (or Anna) Collyer in 1823. Had illegitimate issue by “Blanchette” Caillot c. 1785, and Ellen Johnson D’Evelin in 1798.

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• r   Tue, Jan 18, 1780
• r   Sat, Jan 22, 1780
• r   Mon, Jan 24, 1780
• r   Tue, Jan 25, 1780
• r   Wed, Jan 26, 1780
• r   Fri, Jan 28, 1780
• r   Mon, Jan 31, 1780
• r   January 1780
• r   Tue, Feb 1, 1780
• r   Tue, Feb 8, 1780
• r   Fri, Feb 11, 1780
• s   Sun, Feb 13, 1780
• r   Mon, Feb 14, 1780
• s   Mon, Feb 14, 1780
• r   Tue, Feb 15, 1780
• r   Sat, Feb 19, 1780
• r   Wed, Feb 23, 1780
• r   Thu, Feb 24, 1780
• r   Sat, Feb 26, 1780
• r   Sun, Feb 27, 1780
• s   Tue, Feb 29, 1780
• r   February 1780
• r   Thu, Mar 2, 1780
• r   Fri, Mar 3, 1780
• r   Fri, Mar 10, 1780
• r   Mon, Mar 13, 1780
• r   Tue, Mar 14, 1780
• r   Wed, Mar 15, 1780
• s   Sat, Mar 18, 1780
• r   Thu, Mar 23, 1780
• r   Mon, Mar 27, 1780
• r   Wed, Mar 29, 1780
• s   Fri, Mar 31, 1780
• r   Sat, Apr 1, 1780
• r   Sun, Apr 2, 1780
• r   Tue, Apr 4, 1780
• r   Wed, Apr 5, 1780
• r   Fri, Apr 7, 1780
• r   Sat, Apr 8, 1780
• r   Wed, Apr 12, 1780
• r   Mon, Apr 17, 1780
• r   Wed, Apr 19, 1780
• r   Thu, Apr 20, 1780
• r   Fri, Apr 21, 1780
• r   Tue, Apr 25, 1780
• r   Thu, Apr 27, 1780
• r   Sun, Apr 30, 1780
• r   Mon, May 1, 1780
• r   Wed, May 3, 1780
• r   Thu, May 4, 1780
• r   Fri, May 5, 1780
• r   Sat, May 6, 1780
• r   Tue, May 9, 1780
• r   Wed, May 10, 1780
• r   Sun, May 14, 1780
• r   Mon, May 15, 1780
• r   Tue, May 16, 1780
• r   Thu, May 18, 1780
• s   Sat, May 20, 1780
• r   Sun, May 21, 1780
• r   Tue, May 23, 1780
• r   Sat, May 27, 1780
• r   Mon, May 29, 1780
• r   Tue, May 30, 1780
• r   Thu, Jun 1, 1780
• r   Sat, Jun 3, 1780
• s   Sun, Jun 4, 1780
• r   Mon, Jun 5, 1780
• r   Tue, Jun 6, 1780
• r   Fri, Jun 9, 1780
• r   Thu, Jun 15, 1780
• r   Fri, Jun 16, 1780
• r   Sun, Jun 18, 1780
• r   Tue, Jun 20, 1780
• r   Mon, Jun 26, 1780
• r   Thu, Jun 29, 1780
• r   Sun, Jul 2, 1780
• r   Fri, Jul 7, 1780
• r   Sat, Jul 8, 1780
• r   Wed, Jul 12, 1780
• r   Sun, Jul 16, 1780
• r   Wed, Jul 19, 1780
• r   Sun, Jul 23, 1780
• s   Wed, Jul 26, 1780
• r   Thu, Jul 27, 1780
• r   Mon, Jul 31, 1780
• r   Wed, Aug 2, 1780
• r   Fri, Aug 4, 1780
• r   Mon, Aug 7, 1780
• r   Tue, Aug 8, 1780
• r   Mon, Aug 14, 1780
• r   Wed, Aug 16, 1780
• r   Thu, Aug 17, 1780
• r   Sat, Aug 19, 1780
• s   Sat, Aug 19, 1780
• r   Thu, Aug 24, 1780
• r   Sat, Aug 26, 1780
• r   Tue, Aug 29, 1780
• r   Thu, Aug 31, 1780
• r   Fri, Sep 1, 1780
• r   Fri, Sep 8, 1780
• r   Sat, Sep 9, 1780
• r   Thu, Sep 14, 1780
• r   Fri, Sep 15, 1780
• r   Sat, Sep 16, 1780
• r   Mon, Sep 18, 1780
• r   Wed, Sep 20, 1780
• r   Sat, Sep 23, 1780
• r   Tue, Sep 26, 1780
• r   Thu, Sep 28, 1780
• r   Sat, Sep 30, 1780
• r   Mon, Oct 2, 1780
• s   Tue, Oct 3, 1780
• r   Tue, Oct 3, 1780
• r   Wed, Oct 11, 1780
• r   Thu, Oct 12, 1780
• r   Sat, Oct 14, 1780
• s   Sat, Oct 21, 1780
• r   Sat, Oct 21, 1780
• r   Mon, Oct 23, 1780
• r   Tue, Oct 24, 1780
• s   Wed, Oct 25, 1780
• r   Mon, Oct 30, 1780
• r   Tue, Oct 31, 1780
• r   Wed, Nov 1, 1780
• r   Thu, Nov 2, 1780
• r   Sat, Nov 4, 1780
• s   Sun, Nov 5, 1780
• s   Mon, Nov 6, 1780
• s   Tue, Nov 7, 1780
• r   Sat, Nov 11, 1780
• r   Tue, Nov 14, 1780
• r   Thu, Nov 16, 1780
• r   Mon, Nov 20, 1780
• r   Sat, Dec 2, 1780
• r   Thu, Dec 7, 1780
• r   Sat, Dec 9, 1780
• r   Sun, Dec 10, 1780
• r   Tue, Dec 12, 1780
• r   Tue, Dec 19, 1780
• r   Sat, Dec 23, 1780
• r   Tue, Dec 26, 1780
• r   Sun, Dec 31, 1780
• r   December 1780
• r   1780
• r   Mon, Jan 1, 1781
• r   Thu, Jan 4, 1781
• r   Sun, Jan 7, 1781
• s   Wed, Jan 10, 1781
• s   Thu, Jan 11, 1781
• r   Thu, Jan 11, 1781
• s   Sun, Jan 14, 1781
• s   Mon, Jan 15, 1781
• r   Tue, Jan 16, 1781
• r   Thu, Jan 18, 1781
• r   Sat, Jan 20, 1781
• r   Tue, Jan 23, 1781
• s   Wed, Jan 24, 1781
• r   Sat, Jan 27, 1781
• r   January 1781
• r   Sat, Feb 3, 1781
• r   Mon, Feb 5, 1781
• r   Tue, Feb 6, 1781
• r   Wed, Feb 7, 1781
• r   Sat, Feb 10, 1781
• r   Sun, Feb 11, 1781
• r   Mon, Feb 12, 1781
• r   Tue, Feb 13, 1781
• r   Thu, Feb 15, 1781
• r   Sat, Feb 17, 1781
• r   Sun, Feb 18, 1781
• s   Mon, Feb 19, 1781
• r   Tue, Feb 20, 1781
• s   Tue, Feb 20, 1781
• r   Thu, Feb 22, 1781
• s   Thu, Feb 22, 1781
• s   Sat, Feb 24, 1781
• s   Sun, Feb 25, 1781
• s   Wed, Feb 28, 1781
• r   Fri, Mar 9, 1781
• r   Sat, Mar 10, 1781
• r   Tue, Mar 13, 1781
• r   Wed, Mar 14, 1781
• r   Fri, Mar 16, 1781
• r   Wed, Mar 21, 1781
• s   Thu, Mar 22, 1781
• r   Sat, Mar 24, 1781
• r   Mon, Mar 26, 1781
• r   Wed, Mar 28, 1781
• s   Thu, Mar 29, 1781
• r   Fri, Mar 30, 1781
• s   Sat, Mar 31, 1781
• r   Sun, Apr 1, 1781
• r   Mon, Apr 2, 1781
• r   Tue, Apr 3, 1781
• s   Thu, Apr 5, 1781
• r   Sat, Apr 7, 1781
• r   Tue, Apr 10, 1781
• s   Thu, Apr 12, 1781
• s   Fri, Apr 13, 1781
• s   Mon, Apr 16, 1781
• s   Tue, Apr 17, 1781
• r   Fri, Apr 20, 1781
• s   Mon, Apr 23, 1781
• r   Mon, Apr 23, 1781
• r   Tue, Apr 24, 1781
• r   Sat, Apr 28, 1781
• r   Sun, Apr 29, 1781
• r   Mon, Apr 30, 1781
• r   April 1781
• r   Wed, May 2, 1781
• r   Thu, May 3, 1781
• r   Sat, May 5, 1781
• r   Thu, May 10, 1781
• r   Sun, May 13, 1781
• s   Sun, May 13, 1781
• s   Mon, May 14, 1781
• s   Sun, May 20, 1781
• r   Mon, May 21, 1781
• r   Sat, May 26, 1781
• r   Mon, May 28, 1781
• r   May 1781
• s   Mon, Jun 4, 1781
• r   Mon, Jun 4, 1781
• r   Tue, Jun 5, 1781
• s   Fri, Jun 8, 1781
• s   Sun, Jun 10, 1781
• r   Mon, Jun 11, 1781
• r   Sun, Jun 17, 1781
• r   Mon, Jun 18, 1781
• r   Tue, Jun 19, 1781
• r   Fri, Jun 22, 1781
• r   Sat, Jun 23, 1781
• r   Wed, Jun 27, 1781
• r   Fri, Jun 29, 1781
• r   Tue, Jul 3, 1781
• r   Tue, Jul 10, 1781
• r   Sat, Jul 14, 1781
• r   Tue, Jul 17, 1781
• s   Tue, Jul 17, 1781
• r   Thu, Jul 19, 1781
• r   Sat, Jul 21, 1781
• r   Sun, Jul 22, 1781
• r   Mon, Jul 23, 1781
• r   Tue, Jul 24, 1781
• r   Wed, Jul 25, 1781
• r   Thu, Jul 26, 1781
• s   Thu, Jul 26, 1781
• s   Fri, Jul 27, 1781
• r   Sat, Jul 28, 1781
• r   July 1781
• r   Sat, Aug 4, 1781
• s   Sat, Aug 4, 1781
• r   Tue, Aug 7, 1781
• s   Wed, Aug 8, 1781
• r   Thu, Aug 9, 1781
• r   Mon, Aug 13, 1781
• s   Mon, Aug 13, 1781
• r   Tue, Aug 14, 1781
• r   Sat, Aug 18, 1781
• r   Mon, Aug 20, 1781
• s   Thu, Aug 23, 1781
• s   Fri, Aug 24, 1781
• r   Tue, Aug 28, 1781
• r   Wed, Aug 29, 1781
• r   August 1781
• r   Sat, Sep 1, 1781
• s   Mon, Sep 3, 1781
• r   Mon, Sep 3, 1781
• r   Tue, Sep 4, 1781
• s   Sat, Sep 8, 1781
• s   Sun, Sep 9, 1781
• r   Mon, Sep 10, 1781
• r   Tue, Sep 11, 1781
• s   Wed, Sep 12, 1781
• r   Wed, Sep 12, 1781
• s   Thu, Sep 13, 1781
• r   Fri, Sep 14, 1781
• s   Fri, Sep 14, 1781
• r   Sat, Sep 15, 1781
• r   Sun, Sep 16, 1781
• r   Mon, Sep 17, 1781
• r   Tue, Sep 18, 1781
• r   Thu, Sep 20, 1781
• r   Fri, Sep 21, 1781
• r   Mon, Sep 24, 1781
• r   Mon, Oct 1, 1781
• r   Wed, Oct 3, 1781
• r   Thu, Oct 4, 1781
• s   Fri, Oct 5, 1781
• r   Fri, Oct 5, 1781
• r   Sat, Oct 6, 1781
• r   Mon, Oct 8, 1781
• r   Wed, Oct 10, 1781
• r   Thu, Oct 11, 1781
• s   Sun, Oct 14, 1781
• s   Mon, Oct 15, 1781
• r   Mon, Oct 15, 1781
• r   Tue, Oct 16, 1781
• s   Thu, Oct 18, 1781
• r   Thu, Oct 18, 1781
• r   Tue, Oct 23, 1781
• s   Thu, Oct 25, 1781
• r   Wed, Oct 31, 1781
• s   Thu, Nov 1, 1781
• r   Fri, Nov 2, 1781
• s   Tue, Nov 6, 1781
• s   Wed, Nov 7, 1781
• r   Thu, Nov 8, 1781
• r   Fri, Nov 9, 1781
• r   Sat, Nov 10, 1781
• r   Wed, Nov 14, 1781
• r   Thu, Nov 15, 1781
• r   Fri, Nov 16, 1781
• r   Sat, Nov 17, 1781
• r   Sun, Nov 18, 1781
• s   Mon, Nov 19, 1781
• r   Mon, Nov 19, 1781
• r   Tue, Nov 20, 1781
• r   Wed, Nov 21, 1781
• s   Thu, Nov 22, 1781
• r   Fri, Nov 23, 1781
• r   Sat, Nov 24, 1781
• r   Sun, Nov 25, 1781
• s   Sun, Nov 25, 1781
• r   Mon, Nov 26, 1781
• r   Tue, Nov 27, 1781
• r   Fri, Nov 30, 1781
• r   November 1781
• r   Sat, Dec 1, 1781
• s   Sun, Dec 2, 1781
• r   Mon, Dec 3, 1781
• r   Wed, Dec 5, 1781
• r   Thu, Dec 6, 1781
• s   Mon, Dec 10, 1781
• r   Mon, Dec 10, 1781
• r   Wed, Dec 12, 1781
• r   Thu, Dec 13, 1781
• r   Fri, Dec 14, 1781
• r   Sat, Dec 15, 1781
• s   Sun, Dec 16, 1781
• s   Wed, Dec 19, 1781
• r   Wed, Dec 19, 1781
• r   Fri, Dec 21, 1781
• r   Sat, Dec 22, 1781
• r   Sun, Dec 23, 1781
• r   Mon, Dec 24, 1781
• r   Wed, Dec 26, 1781
• s   Sat, Dec 29, 1781
• s   Mon, Dec 31, 1781
• r   1781
• s   1781
• r   Sat, Jan 5, 1782
• r   Tue, Jan 8, 1782
• r   Sat, Jan 12, 1782
• r   Sun, Jan 13, 1782
• r   Mon, Jan 14, 1782
• r   Tue, Jan 15, 1782
• r   Wed, Jan 16, 1782
• r   Thu, Jan 17, 1782
• r   Sun, Jan 20, 1782
• r   Tue, Jan 22, 1782
• r   Thu, Jan 24, 1782
• r   Fri, Jan 25, 1782
• r   January 1782
• r   Tue, Feb 5, 1782
• s   Tue, Feb 12, 1782
• r   Tue, Feb 12, 1782
• r   Wed, Feb 13, 1782
• s   Mon, Feb 18, 1782
• r   Thu, Feb 21, 1782
• r   Wed, Feb 27, 1782
• r   February 1782
• r   Sat, Mar 2, 1782
• r   Tue, Mar 5, 1782
• r   Fri, Mar 8, 1782
• r   Sat, Mar 9, 1782
• r   Fri, Mar 15, 1782
• r   Sat, Mar 16, 1782
• r   Sat, Mar 23, 1782
• r   Thu, Mar 28, 1782
• r   Thu, Apr 4, 1782
• r   Sat, Apr 6, 1782
• r   Tue, Apr 9, 1782
• r   Thu, May 2, 1782
• r   Sat, May 4, 1782
• r   Mon, May 6, 1782
• s   Wed, May 8, 1782
• r   Sat, May 11, 1782
• r   Thu, May 16, 1782
• r   Sat, May 18, 1782
• r   Mon, May 20, 1782
• r   Wed, May 22, 1782
• r   Fri, May 24, 1782
• r   Sun, May 26, 1782
• r   Mon, May 27, 1782
• r   Wed, May 29, 1782
• r   Thu, May 30, 1782
• s   Sat, Jun 1, 1782
• r   Mon, Jun 3, 1782
• r   Tue, Jun 4, 1782
• s   Thu, Jun 6, 1782
• r   Sat, Jun 8, 1782
• r   Tue, Jun 18, 1782
• r   Wed, Jun 19, 1782
• r   Fri, Jun 21, 1782
• r   Sat, Jun 22, 1782
• r   Wed, Jun 26, 1782
• r   Wed, Jul 3, 1782
• r   Fri, Jul 5, 1782
• r   Sun, Jul 7, 1782
• r   Fri, Jul 12, 1782
• r   Mon, Jul 15, 1782
• r   Fri, Jul 26, 1782
• r   Sat, Jul 27, 1782
• r   Mon, Jul 29, 1782
• r   July 1782
• r   Sun, Aug 4, 1782
• r   Wed, Aug 7, 1782
• r   Thu, Aug 8, 1782
• r   Sun, Aug 11, 1782
• r   Mon, Aug 12, 1782
• r   Fri, Aug 16, 1782
• r   Sat, Aug 17, 1782
• r   Sun, Aug 18, 1782
• r   Mon, Aug 19, 1782
• r   Fri, Aug 23, 1782
• r   Sat, Aug 24, 1782
• r   Sun, Aug 25, 1782
• r   Mon, Aug 26, 1782
• r   Tue, Aug 27, 1782
• r   Thu, Aug 29, 1782
• r   Fri, Aug 30, 1782
• r   Sat, Aug 31, 1782
• r   August 1782
• s   Sun, Sep 1, 1782
• r   Mon, Sep 2, 1782
• r   Tue, Sep 3, 1782
• r   Fri, Sep 6, 1782
• r   Tue, Sep 10, 1782
• r   Wed, Sep 11, 1782
• s   Thu, Sep 12, 1782
• r   Fri, Sep 13, 1782
• r   Sat, Sep 14, 1782
• r   Sun, Sep 15, 1782
• r   Mon, Sep 16, 1782
• r   Thu, Sep 19, 1782
• r   Fri, Sep 20, 1782
• r   Sat, Sep 21, 1782
• r   Fri, Sep 27, 1782
• r   Mon, Sep 30, 1782
• r   Tue, Oct 1, 1782
• s   Wed, Oct 2, 1782
• r   Fri, Oct 4, 1782
• r   Thu, Oct 10, 1782
• r   Sun, Oct 13, 1782
• r   Mon, Oct 21, 1782
• s   Mon, Oct 21, 1782
• s   Tue, Oct 22, 1782
• r   Tue, Oct 22, 1782
• r   Thu, Oct 24, 1782
• r   Tue, Oct 29, 1782
• r   Thu, Oct 31, 1782
• r   Mon, Nov 4, 1782
• r   Tue, Nov 12, 1782
• r   Fri, Nov 15, 1782
• r   Sun, Nov 17, 1782
• r   Mon, Nov 18, 1782
• r   Tue, Nov 19, 1782
• r   Wed, Nov 20, 1782
• r   Thu, Nov 21, 1782
• r   Mon, Nov 25, 1782
• r   Thu, Nov 28, 1782
• r   Fri, Nov 29, 1782
• s   November 1782
• r   Tue, Dec 3, 1782
• s   Tue, Dec 3, 1782
• r   Wed, Dec 4, 1782
• r   Thu, Dec 5, 1782
• r   Sun, Dec 8, 1782
• r   Mon, Dec 9, 1782
• s   Wed, Dec 11, 1782
• r   Wed, Dec 11, 1782
• r   Thu, Dec 12, 1782
• r   Fri, Dec 13, 1782
• r   Mon, Dec 16, 1782
• s   Tue, Dec 17, 1782
• r   Tue, Dec 17, 1782
• r   Fri, Dec 20, 1782
• s   Sat, Dec 21, 1782
• r   Mon, Dec 23, 1782
• r   Wed, Dec 25, 1782
• r   Sat, Dec 28, 1782
• r   Sun, Dec 29, 1782
• r   Mon, Dec 30, 1782
• s   December 1782
• r   1782
• r   Wed, Jan 1, 1783
• r   Thu, Jan 2, 1783
• r   Mon, Jan 6, 1783
• r   Tue, Jan 7, 1783
• r   Wed, Jan 8, 1783
• r   Thu, Jan 9, 1783
• r   Mon, Jan 13, 1783
• r   Thu, Jan 16, 1783
• r   Tue, Jan 21, 1783
• r   Wed, Jan 22, 1783
• r   Thu, Jan 23, 1783
• r   Fri, Jan 24, 1783
• r   Sat, Jan 25, 1783
• r   Thu, Jan 30, 1783
• r   January 1783
• r   Sun, Feb 2, 1783
• r   Tue, Feb 4, 1783
• r   Wed, Feb 5, 1783
• r   Thu, Feb 6, 1783
• r   Fri, Feb 7, 1783
• r   Tue, Feb 11, 1783
• r   Thu, Feb 13, 1783
• r   Fri, Feb 14, 1783
• r   Sat, Feb 15, 1783
• r   Tue, Feb 18, 1783
• r   Sat, Feb 22, 1783
• r   Fri, Feb 28, 1783
• r   February 1783
• s   Mon, Mar 3, 1783
• r   Tue, Mar 4, 1783
• r   Wed, Mar 5, 1783
• r   Thu, Mar 6, 1783
• r   Sat, Mar 8, 1783
• r   Thu, Mar 13, 1783
• r   Wed, Mar 19, 1783
• r   Sat, Mar 22, 1783
• r   Wed, Mar 26, 1783
• r   Thu, Mar 27, 1783
• r   Tue, Apr 1, 1783
• r   Wed, Apr 2, 1783
• r   Mon, Apr 7, 1783
• s   Tue, Apr 8, 1783
• r   Thu, Apr 10, 1783
• r   Sat, Apr 12, 1783
• s   Sat, Apr 12, 1783
• r   Sun, Apr 13, 1783
• r   Mon, Apr 14, 1783
• r   Wed, Apr 16, 1783
• r   Sat, Apr 19, 1783
• r   Sun, Apr 20, 1783
• s   Mon, Apr 21, 1783
• r   Fri, Apr 25, 1783
• s   Sat, Apr 26, 1783
• r   Sat, Apr 26, 1783
• r   Sun, Apr 27, 1783
• r   Wed, Apr 30, 1783
• r   April 1783
• r   Mon, May 5, 1783
• r   Tue, May 6, 1783
• r   Fri, May 9, 1783
• r   Mon, May 12, 1783
• r   Tue, May 13, 1783
• r   Thu, May 15, 1783
• r   Sat, May 17, 1783
• r   Sun, May 18, 1783
• r   Tue, May 20, 1783
• r   Wed, May 21, 1783
• s   Wed, May 21, 1783
• s   Thu, May 22, 1783
• r   Thu, May 22, 1783
• r   Sun, May 25, 1783
• r   Mon, May 26, 1783
• r   Tue, May 27, 1783
• s   Wed, May 28, 1783
• r   Thu, May 29, 1783
• r   May 1783
• r   Sun, Jun 1, 1783
• r   Mon, Jun 2, 1783
• r   Wed, Jun 4, 1783
• r   Thu, Jun 5, 1783
• r   Fri, Jun 6, 1783
• s   Tue, Jun 10, 1783
• r   Fri, Jun 13, 1783
• r   Mon, Jun 16, 1783
• r   Wed, Jun 18, 1783
• r   Mon, Jun 23, 1783
• r   Tue, Jun 24, 1783
• r   Wed, Jun 25, 1783
• r   Thu, Jun 26, 1783
• r   June 1783
• r   Wed, Jul 2, 1783
• r   Thu, Jul 3, 1783
• r   Tue, Jul 8, 1783
• r   Thu, Jul 10, 1783
• r   Fri, Jul 11, 1783
• r   Sat, Jul 19, 1783
• r   Mon, Jul 21, 1783
• r   Wed, Jul 23, 1783
• r   Sun, Jul 27, 1783
• r   Tue, Jul 29, 1783
• r   July 1783
• r   Tue, Aug 5, 1783
• r   Thu, Aug 7, 1783
• s   Thu, Aug 7, 1783
• r   Fri, Aug 8, 1783
• r   Sat, Aug 9, 1783
• r   Wed, Aug 13, 1783
• s   Thu, Aug 14, 1783
• r   Thu, Aug 14, 1783
• s   Fri, Aug 15, 1783
• r   Sat, Aug 16, 1783
• r   Tue, Aug 19, 1783
• r   Wed, Aug 20, 1783
• r   Thu, Aug 21, 1783
• r   Sat, Aug 23, 1783
• s   Mon, Aug 25, 1783
• r   Mon, Aug 25, 1783
• r   Fri, Aug 29, 1783
• r   Sun, Aug 31, 1783
• r   Mon, Sep 1, 1783
• r   Tue, Sep 2, 1783
• s   Tue, Sep 2, 1783
• r   Sat, Sep 6, 1783
• r   Mon, Sep 8, 1783
• r   Wed, Sep 10, 1783
• r   Sat, Sep 13, 1783
• r   Wed, Sep 17, 1783
• r   Mon, Sep 22, 1783
• r   Fri, Sep 26, 1783
• r   Sat, Sep 27, 1783
• r   Mon, Sep 29, 1783
• r   Wed, Oct 1, 1783
• r   Wed, Oct 8, 1783
• r   Sun, Oct 12, 1783
• r   Thu, Oct 16, 1783
• r   Fri, Oct 17, 1783
• r   Sat, Oct 18, 1783
• r   Wed, Oct 22, 1783
• r   Sun, Oct 26, 1783
• r   Mon, Oct 27, 1783
• r   Tue, Oct 28, 1783
• r   Wed, Oct 29, 1783
• r   Thu, Oct 30, 1783
• s   Fri, Oct 31, 1783
• r   Fri, Oct 31, 1783
• r   October 1783
• r   Sat, Nov 1, 1783
• r   Mon, Nov 3, 1783
• r   Wed, Nov 5, 1783
• r   Thu, Nov 6, 1783
• r   Sat, Nov 8, 1783
• r   Mon, Nov 10, 1783
• r   Tue, Nov 11, 1783
• r   Thu, Nov 13, 1783
• r   Sun, Nov 16, 1783
• r   Mon, Nov 17, 1783
• r   Wed, Nov 19, 1783
• r   Mon, Nov 24, 1783
• r   Tue, Nov 25, 1783
• r   Wed, Nov 26, 1783
• s   Wed, Nov 26, 1783
• r   November 1783
• r   Sun, Dec 14, 1783
• r   Tue, Dec 16, 1783
• r   Mon, Dec 22, 1783
• r   Tue, Dec 23, 1783
• r   Thu, Dec 25, 1783
• r   Fri, Dec 26, 1783
• r   Sat, Dec 27, 1783
• r   Mon, Dec 29, 1783
• r   Tue, Dec 30, 1783
• r   1783
• s   1783
• r   Thu, Jan 8, 1784
• r   Thu, Jan 15, 1784
• r   Fri, Jan 16, 1784
• r   Sat, Jan 17, 1784
• r   Tue, Jan 20, 1784
• r   Sat, Jan 24, 1784
• r   Thu, Jan 29, 1784
• r   Sat, Jan 31, 1784
• r   January 1784
• r   Wed, Feb 4, 1784
• r   Sat, Feb 7, 1784
• r   Sun, Feb 15, 1784
• r   Mon, Feb 23, 1784
• r   Tue, Feb 24, 1784
• s   Tue, Feb 24, 1784
• r   Wed, Feb 25, 1784
• r   Fri, Feb 27, 1784
• r   Sun, Feb 29, 1784
• r   Sat, Mar 6, 1784
• r   Sun, Mar 7, 1784
• r   Wed, Mar 17, 1784
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MyselfEssay

Autobiography of an old temple in english essay.

Autobiographical Essay Broken front views English essay atmakathanatmaka | Autobiography of An Old temple in English essay

                  As the holiday started, some of our friends went to a friend's village. We felt very well in that quiet village away from the city. Walking far and wide in the open air was a great pleasure. A similar wanderer found a temple in a dense forest. Curiosity crept into the temple and the mind became depressed. 

               Because that temple was broken. Not only did the temple collapse, but the idol inside was also shattered. This work should be done by someone and do the murtibhanjan, it was quite noticeable. All my friends were sad. Whose act should this be? Everyone thought. At that moment a serious voice rang out.    And everybody all of us listen carefully at the direction of that sound.

                It says loudly for everyone. " Listen to the youth, the answer your question. Who am I? Your credit that ' Ram ' Is not this God, the I am image. Many years ago, I dedicated myself to my one bhakt or holy person who loved to worship. Large numbers of bhaktgans and he brought me here in Kolhapur. 

               Far artisans brought this beautiful. The temple was built, the forest was planted all around, the people of the village worshiped me with devotion and care. It went well for many years. I was glorified as long as all the congregations were rejoicing in all kind of people, religion, caste, creed did not interfere, all people are the same as God, one God of all.”

            “ Some outsiders started coming to the village. With them came many new ideas to the village, and quarrels began between them. The quarrel started, escalated, and went into disarray. Everyone began to think that my religion was superior to other religions. Then someone crazy made me miserable. So many fight with each other. Many were killed and the temple was destroyed.   So many bad people are come and throw the most valuable things outside to temple. Some break the statue of God.  

              There were different types of fruit trees and flowers in the temple area. There were many types of medicine plants for everyone. Those wicked people completely destroyed all kinds of gardens in the temple area. So all the people were afraid. And they stopped coming and going to this temple.

              Some literally throw everything every where.   And they strictly forbade others to come into the temple. He beat everyone who came to the temple. They terrorized all the people. Since that people have not returned here. They do not feel free to come here. And from that this temple was completely ignored by everyone.”

             The government arrested and imprisoned many terrorists at that time. But the racist riots did not abate. Many innocent people, women, children and girls were killed in that riot. Many houses in nearby villages were set on fire by terrorists. As a result, many people became homeless. 

           Pujari Anand, a priest living in the temple, was beaten to death. Many devotees and monks who came to visit the temple were killed. A lot of people were killed.   I cried a lot then. You all live happily ever after.

        Thank you.

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Essay on ‘Autobiography of a Tree’ for Students in English

January 3, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Autobiography of a Tree: Trees are important sources of life on earth facilitating air, rainfall, wood, flowers, fruits and other essential commodities to mankind. A tree travels through different growth stages in its lifetime from a tender sapling to a huge adult tree. They change their appearances according to the seasons.

Essay on Autobiography of a Tree

Below we have provided Autobiography of a Tree Essay in English, suitable for class 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 school students.

“Trees are the poems that the earth writes upon the sky.” ~Kahlil Gibran

Situated near a temple in a village, I am a Peepal tree. I have lived for so many decades that now it is tough or even impossible for me to remember my exact and true age. I have so many brothers and sisters around me in this peaceful little village. Most of them are quite younger to me and also smaller in size. Their names are Banyan tree, Tamarind tree and Jamun tree. I love the lively chatting of the village ladies and the innocent giggles of the young children. I never feel alone or lonely here.

Just like the children playing with marbles, I was once a child myself, what you humans call as a plant. Slowly and steadily, with the help of water and sunlight, I became a giant tree. I still remember the purpose for which I was put on this earth. I have a significant responsibility towards humanity. I provide fresh oxygen to all living organisms while taking in all the harmful carbon dioxide gas at the same time. This process is known as photosynthesis.

Most trees release oxygen during the day and exhale carbon dioxide at night, just like human beings. But that is not the case with me. I give out plenty of fresh oxygen even in the night- time. My roots hold enormous amounts of water to prevent soil erosion and massive flooding. I also provide shade to passer-byes, travellers and the everyday village folks. I and my brothers and sisters are responsible for maintaining cool temperatures as well.

We bring ample rainfall to the village and feel happy when the farmers harvest their crops in abundance. I also provide a cure to more than 50 disorders with the help of my leaves, roots, bark, etc. The milk derived from my heart-shaped leaves can be used to cure eye pain. I also help in curing other diseases like diarrhoea, asthma, gastric problems, etc.

Whenever people come to visit the temple, they worship me as well. They tie a red thread around my trunk and take three rounds circling me. They also light a small earthen lamp near my roots and say their wishes and desires for God to listen. I am considered to be a holy tree in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. My roots represent Lord Brahma, my trunk represents Lord Vishnu, and my leaves represent Lord Shiva.

I am also known by other names such as Vasudeva and the Chaitanya tree. On Saturdays, people come in large quantities to water me. The reason behind it is that it is believed that Lord Vishnu and his other half, Goddess Laxmi resides in me every Saturday. It is also believed that Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment while meditating under a Peepal Tree. People worship me because they think that it will bring happiness, good luck and lots of wealth in their life.

People sit around me almost all day, and I can even listen to their stories and chit chat. I get to know about all that happens in the village and sometimes, even outside of it. I see mothers cuddling their children and helping them take a bath. Sometimes I wish I were a human so that even I could experience and feel what a mother’s love is. I feel thankful to have been born in a place where people are so kind to each other and me.

• The Dalai Lama
• Biography and Daily Life
• Brief Biography

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, describes himself as a simple Buddhist monk. He is the spiritual leader of Tibet. He was born on 6 July 1935, to a farming family, in a small hamlet located in Taktser, Amdo, northeastern Tibet. At the age of two, the child, then named Lhamo Dhondup, was recognized as the reincarnation of the previous 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso.

The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteshvara or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and the patron saint of Tibet. Bodhisattvas are realized beings inspired by a wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings, who have vowed to be reborn in the world to help humanity.

Education in Tibet His Holiness began his monastic education at the age of six. The curriculum, derived from the Nalanda tradition, consisted of five major and five minor subjects. The major subjects included logic, fine arts, Sanskrit grammar, and medicine, but the greatest emphasis was given to Buddhist philosophy which was further divided into a further five categories: Prajnaparamita, the perfection of wisdom; Madhyamika, the philosophy of the middle Way; Vinaya, the canon of monastic discipline; Abidharma, metaphysics; and Pramana, logic and epistemology. The five minor subjects included poetry, drama, astrology, composition and synonyms.

At 23, His Holiness sat for his final examination in Lhasa’s Jokhang Temple, during the annual Great Prayer Festival (Monlam Chenmo) in 1959. He passed with honors and was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree, equivalent to the highest doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. 

Leadership Responsibilities In 1950, after China's invasion of Tibet, His Holiness was called upon to assume full political power. In 1954, he went to Beijing and met with Mao Zedong and other Chinese leaders, including Deng Xiaoping and Chou Enlai. Finally, in 1959, following the brutal suppression of the Tibetan national uprising in Lhasa by Chinese troops, His Holiness was forced to escape into exile. Since then he has been living in Dharamsala, northern India.

In exile, the Central Tibetan Administration led by His Holiness appealed to the United Nations to consider the question of Tibet. The General Assembly adopted three resolutions on Tibet in 1959, 1961 and 1965.

Democratization Process In 1963, His Holiness presented a draft democratic constitution for Tibet , followed by a number of reforms to democratize the Tibetan administration. The new democratic constitution was named "The Charter of Tibetans in Exile". The charter enshrines freedom of speech, belief, assembly and movement. It also provides detailed guidelines on the functioning of the Tibetan Administration with respect to Tibetans living in exile.

In 1992, the Central Tibetan Administration published guidelines for the constitution of a future, free Tibet. It proposed that when Tibet becomes free the first task will be to set up an interim government whose immediate responsibility will be to elect a constitutional assembly to frame and adopt a democratic constitution for Tibet. His Holiness has made clear his hopes that a future Tibet, comprising the three traditional provinces of U-Tsang, Amdo and Kham, will be federal and democratic.

In May 1990, as a result of His Holiness’s reforms the Tibetan administration in exile was fully democratized. The Tibetan Cabinet (Kashag), which until then had been appointed by His Holiness, was dissolved along with the Tenth Assembly of the Tibetan People's Deputies (the Tibetan parliament in exile). In the same year, exiled Tibetans living in India and more than 33 other countries elected 46 members to an expanded Eleventh Tibetan Assembly on a one-person one-vote basis. That Assembly then elected the members of a new cabinet.

In September 2001, in a further step towards democratization the Tibetan electorate directly elected the Kalon Tripa, the Chairman of the Cabinet. The Kalon Tripa appointed his own cabinet who then had to be approved by the Tibetan Assembly. This was the first time in Tibet's long history, that the people had elected their political leaders. Since the direct election of the Kalon Tripa, the custom by which the Dalai Lamas, through the institution of the Ganden Phodrang, have held temporal as well as spiritual authority in Tibet, has come to an end. Since 2011, when he devolved his political authority to the elected leadership, His Holiness has described himself as retired.

Peace Initiatives On 21 September 1987 in an address to members of the United States Congress in Washington, DC, His Holiness proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan for Tibet as a first step towards a peaceful solution of the worsening situation in Tibet. The five points of the plan were as follows:

• Transformation of the whole of Tibet into a zone of peace.
• Abandonment of China's population transfer policy that threatens the very existence of the Tibetans as a people.
• Respect for the Tibetan people's fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms.
• Restoration and protection of Tibet's natural environment and the abandonment of China's use of Tibet for the production of nuclear weapons and dumping of nuclear waste.
• Commencement of earnest negotiations on the future status of Tibet and of relations between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples.

On 15 June 1988, in an address to members of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, His Holiness further elaborated on the last point of the Five-Point Peace Plan. He proposed talks between the Chinese and Tibetans leading to a self-governing democratic political entity for all three provinces of Tibet. This entity would be in association with the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Government would continue to be responsible for Tibet's foreign policy and defence.

Universal Recognition His Holiness the Dalai Lama is a man of peace. In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle for the liberation of Tibet. He has consistently advocated policies of non-violence, even in the face of extreme aggression. He also became the first Nobel Laureate to be recognized for his concern for global environmental problems.

His Holiness has travelled to more than 67 countries spanning 6 continents. He has received over 150 awards, honorary doctorates, prizes, etc., in recognition of his message of peace, non-violence, inter-religious understanding, universal responsibility and compassion.  He has also authored or co-authored more than 110 books.

His Holiness has held discussions with heads of different religions and participated in many events promoting inter-religious harmony and understanding.

Since the mid-1980s, His Holiness has engaged in a dialogue with modern scientists, mainly in the fields of psychology, neurobiology, quantum physics and cosmology. This has led to a historic collaboration between Buddhist monks and world-renowned scientists in trying to help individuals achieve peace of mind. It has also resulted in the addition of modern science to the traditional curriculum of Tibetan monastic institutions re-established in exile.. 

Political Retirement On 14 March 2011 His Holiness wrote to the Assembly of Tibetan People's Deputies (Tibetan Parliament-in-exile) requesting it to relieve him of his temporal authority, since according to the Charter of the Tibetans in Exile, he was technically still the head of state.  He announced that he was ending the custom by which the Dalai Lamas had wielded spiritual and political authority in Tibet. He intended, he made clear, to resume the status of the first four Dalai Lamas in concerning himself only with spiritual affairs. He confirmed that the democratically elected leadership would assume complete formal responsibility for Tibetan political affairs. The formal office and household of the Dalai Lamas, the Gaden Phodrang, would henceforth only fulfil that function.

On 29 May 2011 His Holiness signed the document formally transferring his temporal authority to the democratically elected leader. In so doing he formally put an end to the 368-year old tradition of the Dalai Lamas functioning as both the spiritual and temporal head of Tibet.

The Future As far back as 1969, His Holiness made clear that whether or not a reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should be recognised was a decision for the Tibetan people, the Mongolians and people of the Himalayan regions to make.  However, in the absence of clear guidelines, there was a clear risk that, should the concerned public express a strong wish to recognise a future Dalai Lama, vested interests could exploit the situation for political ends. Therefore, on 24 September 2011, clear guidelines for the recognition of the next Dalai Lama were published, leaving no room for doubt or deception.

His Holiness has declared that when he is about ninety years old he will consult leading Lamas of Tibet’s Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people with an interest in Tibetan Buddhism, and assess whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue after him. His statement also explored the different ways in which the recognition of a successor could be done. If it is decided that  a Fifteenth Dalai Lama should be recognized, responsibility for doing so will rest primarily on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama’s Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned parties and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with their instruction. His Holiness has stated that he will leave clear written instructions about this. He further warned that apart from a reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including agents of the People’s Republic of China.

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The Asahi Shimbun

Gigantic century-old apology letter to be displayed in Iga

By TAKASHI KONISHI/ Staff Writer

May 9, 2024 at 18:35 JST

IGA, Mie Prefecture—A letter of astonishing, colossal size—the span of a school classroom—written by a wily late-19th century businessman, will be on display here starting May 11.

The letter covers a giant sheet of paper measuring 9 meters in length and width and weighs four kilograms. It was written by Zensuke Tanaka (1858-1946), who played a pivotal role in the modernization of the Iga region.

“Witness Tanaka’s passion for business and his maverick character through this letter,” said Fumiko Maeda, executive director of Maeda Kyoiku Kai (the Maeda education foundation), which has worked to restore and display the document.

Tanaka spearheaded the construction of railways and hydroelectric power plants while also engaging in landscape preservation efforts. He also built sewage systems in Ueno, now part of Iga, when he served as its mayor.

The letter, penned in 1899 and addressed to the chief priest of a local Buddhist temple, apologizes for inadvertently encroaching upon the temple’s premises while constructing a reservoir for a new rice field development project.

Written in a mixture of about 130 kanji and hiragana characters on large sheets of paper joined together, the letter humbly requests forgiveness, using phrases such as, “If you would grant me your merciful pardon, I would be overwhelmed with gratitude.”

It appears to have been written with a straw broom dipped in ink. The three characters “Sha-zai-jo” (apology letter) at the beginning are each over a meter long.

According to a biography of Tanaka, the temple’s parishioners were enraged by the encroachment on the temple’s land and demanded an apology letter from Tanaka.

The sheer size of the letter left the chief priest and the parishioners utterly speechless, and the matter was resolved peacefully.

The Maeda education foundation has been restoring and preserving the letter since 1999 when it held an exhibition showcasing the letter and other items that highlight Tanaka’s legacy.

The foundation even asked the Guinness World Records to recognize the letter, but it was not registered because there was no applicable category.

The letter will be displayed for the first time in 25 years at the foundation’s Maeda Kyoiku Kaikan, a community education center.

The show will be the last exhibition at the center’s Shomon Hall, a multi-purpose venue, which will close at the end of June due to aging facilities.

The exhibition will be held from May 11 to 16, except May 13, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Admission is free.

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