terrorism in india essay conclusion

Essay on Terrorism in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Terrorism in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Understanding terrorism.

Terrorism is a grave issue in India. It’s a violent act to create fear, often for political reasons. Terrorists use threats and violence to intimidate or coerce.

Impact on India

India has suffered a lot due to terrorism. Many innocent lives have been lost, and property destroyed. It has also affected India’s image internationally.

Root Causes

The reasons for terrorism are complex. Some are political, others are religious or social. Often, it’s a mix of these factors.

Combating Terrorism

India is fighting terrorism with law enforcement, intelligence, and military power. Education and social development are also key in preventing terrorism.

250 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Introduction.

Terrorism in India is a complex and multifaceted issue, deeply rooted in sociopolitical, economic, and religious contexts. It’s a threat that has undermined the country’s security and stability, causing widespread fear and disruption.

Types of Terrorism

Terrorism in India manifests in various forms, including ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, and left-wing terrorism. Ethno-nationalist terrorism is predominantly seen in the northeastern states and Punjab, driven by demands for secession or autonomy. Religious terrorism, often linked to communal tensions, has caused significant unrest. Left-wing extremism, primarily from Naxalite groups, poses a considerable threat in central and eastern India.

Impact on Society and Economy

Terrorism has a profound impact on India’s social fabric and economic development. It not only causes loss of lives and property but also instigates fear and insecurity among the population. Economically, terrorism disrupts business operations, deters investment, and diverts resources from development to security.

Counter-Terrorism Measures

India’s counter-terrorism strategy involves a combination of legal, administrative, and security measures. The government has enacted stringent laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and established specialized agencies like the National Investigation Agency. However, the challenge lies in effectively implementing these measures without infringing upon human rights.

Addressing terrorism in India requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond security-centric measures. It involves addressing underlying socio-economic disparities, fostering communal harmony, and strengthening regional cooperation. Only through such a holistic approach can the menace of terrorism be effectively tackled.

500 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Historical context.

Terrorist activities in India can be traced back to the pre-independence era, but the intensity and frequency have escalated dramatically in recent decades. The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 triggered communal tensions, which have since been exploited by various extremist groups. The Kashmir issue, which arose following the partition, has also been a significant contributor to terrorism in the country.

Forms of Terrorism

Terrorism in India manifests in various forms, including ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, left-wing terrorism, and narco-terrorism. Ethno-nationalist terrorism is primarily driven by separatist movements, like those in Punjab and the Northeastern states. Religious terrorism, on the other hand, is often linked to communal tensions between different religious groups. Left-wing terrorism, mainly represented by Naxalism, is a significant concern in central and eastern India. Narco-terrorism, which involves the use of drug trafficking to fund terrorist activities, is another emerging threat.

India has taken numerous measures to counter terrorism. These include legislative actions, like the enactment of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and the National Investigation Agency Act, and operational measures, like the establishment of specialized counter-terrorism forces. India also engages in international cooperation against terrorism through platforms like the United Nations and SAARC.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite these efforts, India faces significant challenges in countering terrorism. These include issues related to intelligence gathering, inter-agency coordination, and legal complexities. Moreover, addressing the root causes of terrorism, like socio-economic disparities and communal tensions, is a daunting task.

Terrorism in India is a grave concern that requires comprehensive and concerted efforts to tackle. While the journey is challenging, a resilient India stands firm in its resolve to eradicate terrorism and ensure a peaceful and prosperous future for its citizens.

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Terrorism In India Essay | Essay on Terrorism In India for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Terrorism In India Essay: Terrorism in India has had many faces. There have been instances of insurgency in Kashmir and the North East. Similarly, there have been cases of blatant terrorist attacks from outside. Terrorism had once grasped India’s flight operations too. This happened when Indian Airlines 814 was hijacked in Kathmandu, and an Air India flight bound for Canada, nicknamed Kanishka, was blown in midair. Recently there have been instances of terrorist attacks at military facilities too. The attack on Pathankot Air Force Base and the Pulwama Disaster are examples of such attacks.

However, every time terrorism has struck India, India has responded with all her might and vigor. This includes the retaliation operations on the part of India that are undertaken to end global terrorism. We have written two such essays covering the topic, which might be beneficial for students during their exams.

You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Terrorism In India for Students and Kids in English

Here we have provided one long essay on Terrorism In India Essay of 500 words, one short essay on terrorism in India essay of 100-150 words, and ten important lines covering the topic.

Long Essay on Terrorism in India 500 Words in English

Terrorism In India Essay is helpful for students of classes 7,8,9 and 10.

Terrorism knows no religion. Often this remark is heard in popular media. It means that no hard and fast rule can signify the reason behind terrorism. For India, the case has nevertheless been the same. However, the insurgencies in Kashmir and the North East are examples of not just terrorism but also political conflicts. The situation in Kashmir has persisted since Independence. It has been the reason for wars between India and Pakistan.

Terrorism in Kashmir mainly stems from the willingness of the people of Kashmir to be given their region and autonomy. While even a few days back, they were granted status as a special state by the Indian Constitution; nevertheless, the ordinary people over there have suffered more than any other state in this country. The constant infiltration from the borders, the abject poverty of most of the people, and an unfulfilled desire of freedom-together these three factors have to lead to the rampant propagation of terrorist activities.

The Armed Forces Special Powers Act has been in implementation in Kashmir for a long period of time. This has witnessed abuse of power by the members of the armed forces. This includes the cruel killing of young and innocent Kashmiri boys and the use of a human shield for battle. Such factors have often lead to the disruption of peace and terrorist operations. In the case of the Northeastern states, mainly Arunachal Pradesh, which shares its borders with China, there have been insurgencies and counter-insurgency operations. This has mostly happened due to the Chinese intervention into the political and social lives of the people living in that region.

The most grotesque terrorist attacks to have taken place in India were the Parliament attacks of 2001 and the Mumbai Attacks of 2011. There was a new mode of terrorism in these cases, which included terrorist coming into the countries surpassing security checks. The parliament attacks, however, could be controlled and did not cause many casualties. The attacks of 26/11, however, were far more significant in size and extent. The financial capital of India came under attacks from terrorists who entered India through the Arabian Sea. These terrorists massacred three different properties in Mumbai, including the Taj Mahal Hotel, Nariman Point, and the Oberoi Hotel. It created confusion, havoc, and fear among all the people living in Mumbai and across India. Many people lost their lives, including guests of these hotels, police officers, and a major of the national security guard. When the situation seemed uncontrollable, India’s NSG was deployed to tackle the terrorists in what they termed as Operation Black Tornado.

The NSG was successful in neutralizing the terrorists at all locations apart from one who tried to escape and was arrested. The only person to have lost his life in this ghastly attack was Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan. Major Sandeep worked to provide a shield to his injured soldier Gajendra Singh while he chased one of the terrorists. In this process, the terrorist opened fire on him, and he succumbed to his injuries. There have been instances of terrorism in India even to this day. The Pulwama incident is one such example. However, strong retaliation measures on the part of India in the form of airstrikes and surgical strikes have sent secure messages of India’s commitment towards dismantling terrorism. This essay is best suited for students of classes 7, 8,9,10.

Short Essay on Terrorism In India 150 Words

Terrorism In India Essay is helpful for students of classes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6.

Terrorism is an act of harm directed to an individual or a group of individuals with or without any purpose. Often terrorist activities in India have centered on political issues. For instance, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by members of the Sri Lankan rebel group LTTE happened because of the Indian peacekeeping mission in Sri Lanka. However, this was a single activity and did not cause many individuals’ deaths, unlike the 26/11 incident or the Parliament attacks. In the case of 26/11, India witnessed an extreme form of terrorism that threatened the nation’s peace and security. While in the end, it has been possible to neutralize terrorists through military operations; nevertheless, terrorist activities keep happening. This is because terrorist activities in India mostly stem from cross border movements, and borders cannot be sealed at any point in time.

We have often noticed India blaming its neighboring countries for giving safe shelters to terrorists. This is because most of the terrorist activities in India can be traced back to such countries. Despite growing terrorist movements, India has been keen on its commitment to end terrorism across the world through various means. This essay is best suited for students of classes 1, 2, 3,4,5,6.

10 Lines on Terrorism In India Essay

Terrorism does not know region or religion.
Terrorism includes the insurgencies in Kashmir and the Northeast.
Terrorism can be done with or without purpose.
In India, terrorism mainly occurs due to political disputes.
Terrorism in India has also stemmed from the Armed Forces Special Powers Act.
Terrorism has struck India in midair too.
Terrorism activities can be traced to her neighboring countries.
The most deadly terrorist attack in India was the incident of 26/11.
Terrorism has been responded to by India in various ways.
Means of retaliation have included airstrikes and surgical strikes.

FAQ’s On Terrorism In India Essay

Question 1. What is the nature of terrorism in India?

Answer: Terrorism in India has included terrorist attacks and assassinations.

Question 2. How does India respond to terrorist attacks?

Answer: India responds to terrorist attacks in the form of military operations, airstrikes, and surgical strikes.

Question 3. What are the recent cases of terrorism in India?

Answer: The recent cases of terrorism in India are the Pathankot attacks and the Pulwama incident.

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Essay on terrorism

What is terrorism?

In the most comprehensive sense, terrorism is an intentional use of indiscriminate violence as a mechanism to create terror or fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological objective. Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare. It is the use of violence against innocent civilians or non-combatants. The word terrorism has gained popularity following the attacks on the World Trade Centers New York in September 2001 also referred to as the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

History of terrorism

The nuisance of terrorism is as old as the Roman Empire. The roots and practice of terrorism can be traced back at least to the first century AD. The word terrorism itself was used for the first time to describe the acts of the Jacobin Club during the reign of terror in the French Revolution.

Types of terrorism

State-Sponsored terrorism

It is pursued in order to achieve such clearly stated foreign policy objectives. Massive-scale state-sponsored terrorism reemerged in international politics in the 1960s and 1970s. Now, along with religious terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism has greatly altered the design of terrorist attacks around the world. Since its independence, India has been having the same problems from Pakistan.

Ideology-oriented terrorism

Ideology-oriented terrorism is typically categorized into two: left-wing and right-wing terrorism.

Left-wing terrorism

It is violence against the ruling class, mostly by the lower classes, motivated by leftist ideology. These include the Red Army faction or the Baader Meinhof Gang in former West Germany, the Red Brigades in Italy, the Maoist groups in India and Nepal.

Right-wing Terrorism

Right-wing groups tend to seek to protect the status quo or to return to some past situation that they feel should have been preserved. Examples of this include: fascism in Italy, nazism in Germany, white supremacist movements in the USA known as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

Religious terrorism

Terrorist groups are notably motivated by religion. Religious terrorism is more destructive in nature. These groups are motivated either in whole or in part by a religious imperative that considers violence as a sacred duty. The theology of ISIS is in accordance with the Wahabi theological ideology.

Criminal Terrorism

Terrorist activities are used to aid in crime and criminal profit. For instance, in narco-terrorism, narcotics traffickers attempt to influence the policies of the Government by systematic threat or use by violence.

Ethnic terrorism

It is deliberate violence by a subnational ethnic group to advance its cause. Such violence usually focuses either on the creation of a separate state or on the elevation of the status of one ethnic group over others. Tamil Nationalist groups in Sri Lanka, insurgent groups in North East India, and the Khalistan movement are examples of ethnonationalism terrorist activities.

Reasons behind the terrorism

There are many reasons which make people or a group terrorist. Those reasons are political, religious, poverty, and lack of education.

The main cause of terrorism is perceived socio-political or historical injustice and a belief that violence will lead to change. People who choose this path when they have been stripped off their land or rights are denied the same. Examples- Hamas group of Palestine, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE), Maoists and the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA)

Terrorist groups use a specific religious ideology to inspire people to join terrorist groups. For example, ISIS and Al-Qaeda use Islamic ideology making people follow them.

Socio-e conomic

Many people who join terrorist groups are illiterate and poor. Terrorism can spread like a virus in vulnerable and marginalized communities. These people can easily be pursued by terrorism groups.

A lack of employment and unequal growth encourages unemployed youth to indulge in criminal acts and narcotics.

However, the above arguments are partially true. Of the 9/11 conspirators, eight were engineers by education. Osama bin Laden’s father owned the largest construction company in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. So, terrorism is not always a result of illiteracy and poverty.

Intolerance

Because of the increasing population and decreasing resources, intolerance is growing in society. Increasing globalization of the society come to transcend national boundaries spreading terrorism.

The ineffective anti-terrorism legislation and misplaced judicial activism are somehow also responsible for growing terrorism.

Structural issues

There are structural inadequacies in the state apparatus namely weaknesses in the intelligence structure -human as well as technical, inadequate modernization of police paramilitary forces and the Armed Forces, unimaginative media management and coverage, reactive response, and slow government decision-making lack of clear strategy and policy on internal security.

In the Indian context, the reasons over the past few years have been numerous. Our consolidation as a secular, federal, and democratic state is still evolving and the fundamentalist forces often exploit a diversity of our multi-ethnic and multi-religious society.

Role of technology Terrorism is spreading fast in the modern era as technology is now available to conduct acts of terror and the targets of terrorism are more widespread than ever before. Sophisticated means of communications such as electronic media, print media, social media, and the Internet help terrorists to quickly promote their ideology and hate campaign and exploit cyber terrorism. There are secure and encrypted messaging apps like Telegram. It is the very messaging platform at Isis used to claim responsibility for attacks. For instance, the PlayStation primarily is a gaming device. Experts believe that ISIS terrorists use PlayStation to communicate. One can send private messages via the PlayStation Network. The FBI and the CIA believe that potential terrorists have been communicating via these networks. In the case of 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the terrorists came armed not just with guns and grenades but also carrying cell phones, GPS devices, and other high-tech gear. This level of sophistication is worrying. In the Christchurch massacre of New Zealand, the attack was not reported by bystanders or by security cameras at mosques. This had been live-streamed by the shooter himself on Facebook.

Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2019

This report is annually released by the Sydney-based Institute for Economics and Peace. As per this report, India as the seventh-worst terrorism affected the country. Jammu & Kashmir is India’s most affected region by terrorism in 2018. Most of these attacks were perpetrated by the Hizbul Mujahideen (HM), Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). 8,437 Indians have lost their lives since 2001 at the hands of terrorists.

Why is India a victim of terror?

India is suffering from ethno-nationalist, religious, left-wing, and narco-terrorism. Some well-known examples of terrorist activities in India are Mumbai attacks of 26/11, 1993 Mumbai serial bomb blasts, attack on Akshardham temple in 2002, Mumbai train blasts 2006, Parliament attacks of 2001 attacks on Armed Forces camps in Pathankot and Uri.

India is geographically located between Asia’s two principal areas of illicit opium production -the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle. This leads to a heavy influx of drugs and arms.

Pakistan and China

India has a hostile neighbor in the form of Pakistan with a land border of 3,400 kilometers. Pakistan sponsors state terrorism and fundamentalist forces, particularly through its inter-services intelligence, also known as ISI.

Also, India has unresolved border issues with China. And China has active military and nuclear cooperation with Pakistan.

Porous border

India shares a contiguous and porous border with smaller SAARC nations such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Accompanying problems such as illegal migration and smuggling in the border belt and resulting social tensions create a conducive environment for terrorism.

India has a long sea border of more than seven thousand kilometers prone to pirating and smuggling. During the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, terrorists had used sea routes to enter the country.

Terrorism has no religion Another troubling trend is that the so-called war on terror is seen as a war against Islam. This is irrational and dreadful for Muslims, as they now face religious discrimination and are socially disadvantaged. The Koran clearly says, ‘let there be no compulsion in religion’. Nothing could be more explicit than this. So, the entire mythology of the spread of Islam through the sword is unjustified. There is no sanctity of the Koran to spread the faith with the sword. If it was about religion, Christchurch would not have happened. Brenton Tarrant was a white supremacist and part of the alt-right. The dark face of terrorism neither has religion nor nationality. The religious interpretation is idiosyncratic. There are other political and social factors. These things are complex and this is where nuance is necessary.

Impact of terrorism

According to ourworldindata.org , over the past decade, terrorists killed an average of 21,000 people worldwide each year. Terrorism accounted for 0.05% of global deaths in 2017.

Schools have been bombed and burned in Gaza, Syria, Somalia, Nigeria, and elsewhere across the world in the last decade. Teachers were killed, and students were recruited as child soldiers.

Foreign investment

Terrorism affects FDI in many ways. Terrorism leads to insecurity and uncertainty in the country. This causes a lack of trust in foreign investors, forcing them to divert their resources from the host country to other, peaceful countries. Costly security measures decrease the returns on FDI. Terrorism also harms local infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and communications. It prohibits foreign investment by raising the costs of doing business.

Domestic investment

Terrorism also reduces domestic investment as it becomes difficult for domestic investors to invest in a panic-ridden environment. In addition, public investment is also severely damaged as government projects such as roads, highways, canals, dams, bridges, highways, hospitals, and school construction also brought to an end in the presence of terrorist activities.

Tourists usually avoid visiting the city that has been attacked. For tourism-dependent economies, terrorist attacks can hit even harder.

A recent example is Sri Lanka (Easter bombing). Sri Lanka has made significant progress thanks to a tourism boom post 25-year civil war ended. However, the Easter bombing changed the picture. Among those killed in bombings were 45 foreigners. Tourists fled: the number of arrivals dropped. For several days following the attack, many businesses remained closed. A huge share of jobs was lost in the tourism sector.

Similarly, in Kashmir, tourism is the biggest source of livelihood in the state. But, terrorism ruined the tourism industry. The owners of hotels, guest houses, and houseboats, whose business is entirely dependent on the influx of tourists, suffer huge economic losses. By threatening visitors from visiting Kashmir, the terrorists are strangling a major source of jobs and making those who have become unemployed potential recruits to Pakistan-inspired separatism by violence.

Government spending

Terrorist attacks also increase defense and security spending and this reduces economic growth. If the cost of terror decreases, more money could be allocated to spending on infrastructure and that would lead to higher growth.

Steps already taken to combat and end terrorism

India has already achieved progress on various institutional and legislative mechanisms aimed at combating terrorism.

After the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, a national investigation agency also known as the NIA was formed to counter terrorist acts in the future.

The National Intelligence Grid also known as NATGRID is an integrated intelligence grid. It will link the databases of several departments and ministries of the government of India. NATGRID aims to gather detailed intelligence patterns that intelligence agencies can readily access. It collects and collates a variety of data from government databases such as tax and bank account information, credit card activity, visa and immigration records, and itineraries of train and air travel.

India has a multi-agency center also known as MAC for counterterrorism with a mandate of sharing terrorism-related intelligence inputs on a day-to-day basis.

Various legal frameworks are created such as the Terrorist And Disruptive Activities Act and the Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2002, along with the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act and the NIA Act of 2008.

How to overcome terrorism?

From the understanding of the nature of international terrorism that we are facing today, it is clear that a long term strategy is required to fight against terrorism. It has to be comprehensive on all fronts.

Core strategy

The strategy needs to be evolved to protect core values. These core values are to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity, to consolidate as a secular, federal, democratic state with freedom of speech, equality, and justice, to promote socio-economic growth and development.

Socio-economic dimension

Socially, India must continue to promote liberal and secular polity by media, intelligentsia, and religious institutions.

There is a need to develop all regions more evenly throughout the country with greater development effort in the remote weaker sections of the society. Economic empowerment of the poor especially in areas like J&K and the Naxal belts would automatically drive out the extremist elements and their ideologies would be abandoned.

Education reforms

Education is the antidote against terrorism. Education provides the confidence and analytical skills youngsters need to condemn hatred and violence. We must teach values of peace, non-violence, fraternity. So, no one will be able to brainwash young minds.

Also, there is a tendency to brand students from madrasas as terrorists. This further, alienate Indian madrasas. There is an urgent need to de-stigmatize madrasas as a breeding ground for terrorism and address the outdated education system in the Madrasahs by modernization.

Upgrading communication systems

There is also a need to develop our communication networks so that television and telecommunication can spread to remote and border areas which are currently under the constant reach of Pakistani propaganda.

Military strategy

India should clearly spell out a counterterrorism doctrine. This should address the causes and not the symptoms alone. The aim of military operations is to create a secure and suitable environment so that social, economic, and political issues can be addressed effectively.

Effective border surveillance and management is also required to check infiltration. This should be achieved through technical means of surveillance backed by highly mobile specialized forces the other than the present system which is manpower intensive.

Foreign-based terrorists must be targeted at the bases, training camps, and sanctuaries to end the surrogate terrorism or the proxy wars.

India must leverage its improved ties with the first world countries. Platforms of multinational bodies like the UN, G20, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization should be utilized to further India’s agenda of anti-terrorism.

International cooperation

International terrorism can not be confronted alone successfully as has been our experience so far. All nations must join hands to combat it. Countries have to cooperate by intelligence exchange, joint operations, and investigations.

Pakistan sponsored proxy war

It must be further exposed and international pressure should be applied. We have to convey more vigorously the justness of our cause and Pakistan’s support for terrorism by both state and non-state actors, as well as trying to isolate Pakistan within the international community. A strong message must be conveyed to Pakistan.

Lessons from other nations

We have to learn from the experiences of other nations. However, at the same time, we need to realize clearly that a situation is particular to us and there are no direct lessons to learn except a revaluation of our own experience.

A strategy must be pragmatic and cannot be similar to the US model of global capacity or the Israeli strategy of massive and immediate retaliation, as the respective environment and capabilities are different.

Dr. Salman Farsi was said to have been involved in the Malegaon blasts. He was acquitted eight years later. By this time, he had nothing to fall back upon. He is a qualified Unani doctor. But, he even took to rearing goats to meet his needs. These outcomes can be easily avoided. The media, instead of calling each accused a terrorist, may perhaps restrict itself to calling them only an accused, and avoid displaying their photographs as if they have been convicted.

Other steps

There is a need to adopt proactive policies to confront the terrorists at the roots of the ideology of fundamentalists social evils and sources of terror funding like narcotics and drug trade.

India also needs to strengthen its anti-terrorism laws. There is a need to modernize and enlarge intelligence networks, State Police and paramilitary forces in training equipment and ethos.

There should be enough preventive measures against nuclear biological and chemical attacks as well as cyber terrorism.

This unconventional war can not be won by conventional methods. It can only be won by showing that our values are stronger, better, fairer, and more humane than the alternative. The values that will rule the future of humanity are those of peace, tolerance, liberty, respect for diversity, and not those of reaction, discord, and hatred.

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Essay on Terrorism

Terrorism is a blunder committed by the terrible individuals around us. To demonstrate their strength, a group of people attempts to govern a specific arena. Terrorism has a negative impact on both society and personal life. As a result of their acts, a large number of families are destroyed. Regrettably, the number of crimes in India is increasing on a daily basis. Ancient India was ruled by a monarchy, and the ruling was a source of pride for the king. However, India later accepted democracy, and everyone is treated equally under the Indian constitution. Even so, some cowards try to keep their power over the impoverished and weak.

Terrorism represents the foolish act done by the cruel people around us. The bunch of groups tries to rule the certain arena to show their power. Terrorism had a adverse effect on the society as well as a personal life. Their number of families gets destroyed due to their actions. In India, it's sad to say, but the number of crimes is increasing day by day. Ancient India was in Monarchy where ruling was a pride to the king, but later on India accepted democracy and everyone is treated the same under the Indian constituent. Still some cowards try to maintain their dominance over poor and helpless people.

Who could forget the date 26th November, better known as 26/11! Where 10 terrorists entered the country and attacked the economic city in India. Bringing grenades, pistols, automated rifles and other destructive weapons they almost destroyed the city and shocked the Indians in the midnight. The people are helpless, weaponless and in their own world of enjoyment at the railway station, hotels and in the drives on the roads, and suddenly a danger happens in their lives, which they did not expect.

Osama Bin Laden was the greatest terrorist in the world! People are still afraid of hearing his name. He had destroyed a building named ‘world-trade center’ with the help of an airplane. It has also been stated in the reports that frequently Osama had been amorphous with him. Even the police themselves got confused and captured the wrong one. After his death there was lots of time still required to recognize the originality of him.

Lying in court is an offense. Frequently the needy and poor people lie in court for the sake of a certain amount of money. But, this money would be a help to criminals outside the world. Even, we purchased CDs and DVDs at an economic rate. To save a certain amount of money, we help piracy. These pirates invest this money in the armonony and indirectly we are sponsoring a bullet in every war which would be used against us only.

The origin of terrorism starts with a little things. The first pen stolen from a friend could even lead to mortal works. Everything has a start and if left unmanaged, they can leave the astray and lose the right path. In the school, if the adverse effects of being bad are explained properly with illustrations to some real life examples, the students may get aware about all the facts and take an initiative to stop the spread of crime. Instead of making criminals with heroic roles in the television serials, the more heroic movie super cops are to be made. Instead of writing biographies of terrorism supporters, write articles about terrorism demonization. The start of this cleaning starts from home, if you have a child, teach them the ways to be a great person in good habits rather than supporting him when he starts stealing something. Terrorism has an end, if we are united the terrorism can be thrown is out of the windows!

Various Forms Of Terrorism

Political terrorism, which raises mass concern, and criminal terrorism, which involves abduction for ransom money, are the two sorts of terrorism. Political terrorism is significantly more essential than criminal terrorism since it is carried out by well-trained personnel. As a result, apprehending them in a timely way becomes increasingly challenging for law enforcement agencies.

Terrorism has spread across the country and around the world. Regional terrorism is the most dangerous type of terrorism. Terrorists feel that dying as a terrorist is a priceless and sacred experience, and they will go to any extent to attain it. Each of these terrorist groups was founded for a different motive.

Who can forget November 26th, often known as "26/11"? Ten terrorists infiltrated the country and assaulted India's economic centre. They nearly devastated the city and astonished the Indians by bringing explosives, pistols, automatic rifles, and other lethal weapons. People are defenceless, without weapons, and engrossed in their own realms of pleasure at the railway station, motels, and on the highways when an unanticipated menace enters their life.

The Origins of Terrorism

The invention or manufacture of vast quantities of machine guns, atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, nuclear weapons, missiles, and other weapons fuels terrorism. Rapid population expansion, political, social, and economic issues, public dissatisfaction with the country's system, a lack of education, corruption, racism, economic disparities, and language disparities are all key factors in the development of terrorism. Terrorism is sometimes used to establish and maintain one's stance. Despite the contrast between caste and terrorism, the most well-known riots have taken place between Hindus and Muslims.

Consequences of Terrorism

Individuals are filled with fear as a result of terrorism, and people of the country feel vulnerable as a result. Millions of goods have been destroyed, thousands of people have died, and animals have been slaughtered as a result of terrorist assaults. People lose trust in humanity after seeing a terrorist attack, which fosters more terrorists. Terrorism comes in many forms and manifests itself in different parts of the country and outside.

Terrorism is becoming a problem not just in India, but also in our neighbouring countries, and governments throughout the world are battling it. The World Trade Center attack on September 11, 2001, is considered the world's worst terrorist strike. Osama bin Laden launched an attack on the world's tallest tower, resulting in millions of injuries and thousands of deaths.

FAQs on Terrorism Essay

1. Who was Osama bin Laden?

Osama Bin Laden was the world's greatest terrorist! Hearing his name still makes people fearful. With the help of an aeroplane, he had destroyed the 'world-trade centre.' According to the rumours, Osama had been amorphous with him on several occasions. Even the cops got mixed up and arrested the wrong person. There was still a lot of time required after his death to acknowledge his uniqueness.

2. Identify the countries that are the most impacted by terrorism.

Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Syria were the countries most hit in 2014, with the highest number of terrorist incidents. This year has been dubbed "Terrorism Year." Furthermore, it has been reported that these five countries were the primary targets of 78 per cent of all attacks last year. Apart from them, there are 39 countries that endured the most attacks, and their index rating is based on the severity and frequency of attacks they experienced.

3. What is the true cause of terrorism?

Terrorism is defined as the use of violence for a specific purpose. This motivation could stem from a sense of social and political injustice, or just a belief that violence can bring about change. The main cause of terrorism is usually perceived unfairness or rage against specific societal conditions. Many people join terrorist groups out of desperation or to exact personal vengeance on powerful authorities. Terrorism is also a result of strong feelings of injustice. Millions of young people aspire to make a difference by utilising violence as a tool for social upheaval. As a result, in order to combat these extremists, we must provide them with alternatives to violence that can be useful to them.

4. What is the best way to combat terrorism?

The reduction of terrorism threats and the safeguarding of the state, its interests, and citizens against all types of terrorist activity are two of the State Security Service's top priorities in the battle against terrorism. It is critical to detect and suppress operations carried out by international terrorist groups and anyone linked to them. It is necessary to conduct an active search for persons linked to terrorist organisations. Enhancing the capacity of readiness and reaction to terrorist threats should receive special focus.

5. Give an overview of the history of terrorism.

The term "terrorist" was coined by François-Nol Babeuf, a French philosopher, in 1794. As a result of his denunciation of Robespierre's regime as a dictatorship, the Brunswick Manifesto threatened Paris with military punishment and complete devastation. This threat, however, only fueled the Revolution's determination to overthrow the monarchy. Tyranny, according to ancient philosophers, was the greatest political threat to Greco-Roman civilization prior to the French Revolution. Philosophers in the Middle Ages were also preoccupied with the concept of tyranny.

6. Explain the historical background of terrorism.

The word "terrorist" was first used in 1794 by François-Noël Babeuf who was a French philosopher. He denounced Robespierre's regime as a dictatorship therefore Brunswick Manifesto threatened Paris that the city would be subjected to military punishment and total destruction. But this threat only increased the Revolution's will to abolish the monarchy.

Prior to the French Revolution, ancient philosophers wrote tyranny as the greatest political threat to Greco-Roman civilization. Medieval philosophers were similarly occupied with the concept of tyranny.

7. How to fight against terrorism?

One of the main priorities of the State Security Service in fighting against terrorism is the reduction of the risks of terrorism and the protection of the state, its interests and citizens against all forms of terrorist activities. The detection and suppression of activities carried out by international terrorist organizations and persons related to them is important. Active search of individuals connected with terrorist organizations needs to be conducted. Considerable attention should be paid in enhancing the capabilities of readiness and responses to terrorist threats.

8. What is the real reason behind terrorism?

Terrorism is the use of violence for a certain cause. This cause may be due to the perceived social and political injustice or simply a belief that violence can lead to change.

Usually perceived injustice or anger against a certain social conditions is the main cause that foster terrorism. Many people join terrorist groups because of poverty or to take their personal revenge from the powerful authority. Strong feelings of injustice also results in terrorism. There are millions of young people who want to create change by using fight as the tools for social upheaval. So, in order to counter these extremists we need to give them alternatives to violence which can prove beneficial for them.

9. Name the countries which are most affected by terrorism.

Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria are the most affected countries which suffered the largest number of terrorist attacks in 2014. This year is called the year of terrorism.

Also it has been recorded that these five countries were the major victims of 78% of all attacks that happened last year. Apart from these countries there are 39 countries which saw the greatest number of attacks, and their index ranking is calculated against severity and frequency of attacks they experienced.

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India On Terrorism

Recently, India’s External Affairs Minister has addressed the High-Level Segment of the 46th Session of Human Rights Council (HRC) and highlighted India’s commitment to human rights and its fight against terrorism .

India’s approach to the UN Human Rights Council is guided by the spirit of engagement, dialogue and consultation .
It believes that equal emphasis should be placed on both the promotion and protection of human rights as both are best pursued through dialogue, consultation and cooperation among States as well as technical assistance and capacity building .
Death or serious bodily injury to any person.
Serious damage to public or private property, including a place of public use, a State or government facility, a public transportation system, an infrastructure facility or the environment.
Damage to property, places, facilities, or systems resulting in or likely to result in a major economic loss.
It encompasses a range of complex threats like organized terrorism in conflict zones, foreign terrorist fighters, radicalised ‘lone wolves’, etc.
State-sponsorship and safe havens .
State-of-the-art communication systems .
Access to advanced technology .
Networking of terrorist groups with the criminal underworld .
It poses a major threat to international peace and security and undermines the core values of humanity, peace and growth.
In addition to the devastating human cost of terrorism, in terms of lives lost or permanently altered, terrorist acts destabilise governments and undermine economic and social development .
Terrorist acts often defy national borders .
Terrorist attacks using CBRNE materials (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives) have catastrophic consequences on communities and infrastructure .

Global Efforts

Across the globe, the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) leads and coordinates an all-of-UN approach to prevent and counter-terrorism and violent extremism.
UN Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) under UNOCT, promotes international cooperation in the fight against terrorism and supports the Member States in implementing the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy .
It works to assist the Member States, upon request, with the ratification , legislative incorporation and implementation of the universal legal framework against terrorism.
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) which is a global money laundering and terrorist financing watchdog , sets international standards that aim to prevent these illegal activities and the harm they cause to society.

Steps Taken by India

India, which has been a victim of cross-border terrorism , took cognizance of the threat long before the major world powers .
It is a crime against humanity and violates the most Fundamental Human Right, namely the Right to Life ( Article 21 ).
India has taken steps for setting up Joint Working Groups (JWGs) on counter-terrorism/security matters with countries. Bilateral treaties on Mutual Legal Assistance (MLATs) in Criminal matters to facilitate the investigation, collection of evidence, transfer of witnesses, location and action against proceeds of crime, etc. have been signed with other countries.
In 1996 , with the objective of providing a comprehensible legal framework to counter-terrorism, India proposed to the UNGA the adoption of CCIT.
To have a universal definition of terrorism that all members would adopt into their own criminal laws.
To ban all terror groups and shut down terror camps.
To prosecute all terrorists under special laws.
To make cross-border terrorism an extraditable offence worldwide.
Addressing the UN High-Level Conference on Heads of Counter-Terrorism (2018), India extended a five-point formula .
Summoning the political will to unhesitatingly combat terrorism.
Decrying double standards in the fight against terrorism.
Reform of the working methods of the Committees dealing with Sanctions and Counter-Terrorism.
Firmly discouraging exclusivist thinking that divides the world and harms social fabric.
Enlisting and delisting individuals and entities under the UN sanctions regimes objectively not for political or religious considerations.
Fully recognising and addressing the link between terrorism and transnational organized crime.
Combating terrorist financing.
Immediate attention to adequate funding to UN Counter-Terrorism bodies from the UN regular budget.
Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: It vastly improves the capability of Border Security Force (BSF) in detecting and controlling the cross border crimes like illegal infiltration, smuggling of contraband goods, human trafficking and cross border terrorism, etc.
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967: It enables more effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations and for dealing with terrorist activities, and other related matters.
National Investigation Agency: It is India’s counter-terrorist task force and is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states.
Policy of Zero-Tolerance Against Terrorism: India calls for zero-tolerance agianst terrorism and focuses on developing a common strategy to curb it.
Operation Rakshak: Counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operation in Jammu and Kashmir in 1990.
Operation Sarp Vinash: Undertaken by Indian army to flush out terrorists in the areas of the Pir Panjal range in Jammu and Kashmir in 2003.
Operation All Out: Joint offensive launched by Indian security forces to flush out militants and terrorists in Kashmir in 2017.

Suggestions and Way Forward

Strong and Reformed Institutions: Multilateral institutions and mechanisms need to be strengthened and reformed to be able to deal with these emerging challenges effectively.
Concerted Efforts: There should be a concerted effort from the countries affected by the scourge of terrorism to pressurise countries that engage in state-sponsored terrorism.
Intelligence agencies have to be empowered both monetarily and through modern infrastructure to be able to respond in time.
Filling and Addressing Gaps: Violation of and gaps in the implementation of human rights should be addressed in a fair and just manner, with objectivity, non-selectivity, transparency and with due respect to the principles of non-interference in internal affairs and national sovereignty.
United Approach and Efforts: The Covid-19 pandemic has complicated the situation in many geographies so there is a need for all to come together to overcome these challenges.

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The Role of Governments and Law Enforcement in Preventing Terrorism

The Role of Governments and Law Enforcement in Preventing Terrorism Blogs Home

25 May 2023

It is well known that terrorism has become a global phenomenon that threatens the life of ordinary citizens while standing as a major challenge in the face of a nation-state. With the advent of globalisation, as the world shrinks itself through new modes of communication and advanced technology, we witness the negative consequences of such heightened connectivity. What has often been termed as "new terrorism" or "global terrorism" is a harsh reality one has to face. It is true that national security regimes must invest too much in combating against terrorism, be it in terms of intelligence, human power, financial resources or otherwise.

If one tries to trace the beginnings of terrorism, it will become an exhausting process. However, it has been noted by various scholars and authors like Andrew Heywood, who points out that terrorism is not essentially a modern phenomenon. The focus of this blog is not on tracing the meaning or history of terrorism but rather on understanding the role of governments and law enforcement in preventing it.

On the 21st of May, every year, India observes National Anti-Terrorism Day. The history of the day goes back to the assassination of former Prime Minister, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi in a campaign of his party in Tamil Nadu. The day is a constant reminder that the government and nation must be united against the menace. As we remember the lives lost as a result of various terrorist activities, we also review and acknowledge the need to have more powerful measures against acts of terrorism.

Role of Governments & Enforcement of Law

In the post 9/11 world, the threat that terrorism poses has gained an international character. All the nations have seemed to realise the increased vulnerability that has been created to their security system. In such a scenario, the national governments have been pushed to take a front step in order to prevent the ever-looming danger of terrorist activities from growing beyond.

Various laws and Acts have been passed by the Government to combat terrorism. Often these laws have been a matter of debate and controversy. Some of these legislative measures that have existed or exist today, are:

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967: The UAPA of 1967 allows the law enforcement agencies to act against individuals as well as organisations engaged in unlawful activities, inclusive of terrorism.
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987: The TADA act provides stringent measures that deal specifically with terrorism. The act, surrounded by much controversy, ultimately lapsed in 1995.
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002: As terrorism increased, another law POTA, 2002 was passed. This provided law enforcement agencies with even more extensive powers. It was repealed in 2004 by UPA after concerns were raised regarding human rights violations.
The National Investigation Agency Act, 2008: The NIA was established in 2008 to allow the setup of NIA at the central level that deals with counter terrorism activities.
The Anti-Hijacking Act, 2016: Recently, the Anti-Hijacking Act was passed to prevent the hijack of aircraft.

Intelligence gathering is a manifestation of such an attempt on the government's part to prevent the spread of terrorism in their territory. The sophisticated technologies have made it possible to track and monitor any suspicious activity and this has saved innumerable tragic events from taking place. Yet, one cannot ignore that similar upgraded technologies are used by the terrorist camps to unleash their agendas.

Various measures are taken by the national governments to counter terrorism . This includes creating a rigid security environment, constant monitoring, or heightening security at public places & events. Strict procedures are undertaken to ensure there is no transportation of any threatening material from one place to another. These procedures are only necessary but not enough in themselves alone.

It would be worthwhile to mention the major law enforcement agencies of India, undertaking counter-terrorism operations.

1- National Investigation Agency : The first and foremost agency working at the central level to counter terrorism is the NIA. Established in 2009, in accordance with the NIA Act of 2008, it undertakes investigations in relation to terrorism that might pose national implications. NIA works in close coordination with other agencies at the central and state levels.

2- Intelligence Bureau: IB is the intelligence agency of India. The function of IB is to gather and analyse any intelligence in relation to terrorism that is provided to the law enforcement agencies. The activities performed by various counter terrorism agencies in regard to internal matters is largely based on the analysis of IB.

3- Research and Analysis Wing : RAW is also another intelligence agency. While IB deals with matters internal to the country, the focus of RAW is to gather intelligence in relation to any external threats. For this, RAW employs a variety of measures, including constant monitoring of the cross-border movements, or working in cooperation with foreign agencies. RAW was established in 1968.

4- Police Forces : Police play an active and important role in counter terrorism. At the level of States, there are various Special Task Forces (STFs) that carry out operations at the state level. At the level of the Centre, various paramilitary forces like CRPF, BSF, and CISF work to provide security. The work done by various forces are in close coordination with one another.

5- Finance Intelligence Unit : The FIU-IND is a central agency that is placed under the Ministry of Finance. While the unit plays various functions of collecting information in regard to suspicious financial transactions, it also traces the cases of money laundering and the sources of terrorist organisations.

One is well aware that the threat of terrorism has a global face. When such is the case, international cooperation becomes necessary to counter a global problem. As a result, the governments try to create & adhere to mutual agreements that are helpful to combat against terrorism. As of now, there is no international convention that supervises the sharing of vital information like that of intelligence and evidence between countries. A gap also needs to be fulfilled that can allow governments to mutually cooperate in extradition of suspects who have managed to escape in another country. In the same direction, India has submitted the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN General Assembly. If ratified, it would serve as a basis making all acts of terrorism as illegal.

The Indian government has taken various measures to prevent terrorism . Through means of legislation, it has enacted and amended laws to meet the challenge against terrorism. For instance, The Unlawful Activities Act of 1967 was recently amended in 2019. This was done to furnish more powers to the agencies concerned with security. The Government of India also collaborates and cooperates with the special agencies of different countries. We have cooperation with intelligence agencies of the USA, Israel and others that help to swap information related to terrorism or intelligence. The Indo-US Counter Terrorism Initiative was first discussed in 2009 that not only enhances the relationship between the two nations but also provides the opportunity to strengthen its capabilities by exchanging information in regard to technology, best practices, and their expertise. In 2022, the 19th meeting of the Counter Terrorism Joint working group was conducted. The Government of India has also initiated counter terrorism activities with the neighbouring countries of our South Asian subsystem like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, to name a few.

Successful counter-terrorism operations:

Massive Anti-Naxal Operation: This operation was conducted in 2009 by CRPF in Jharkhand. It was to combat Maoist insurgency and the focus was to neutralise the Maoist leaders.
Operation All-Out : In the Indian state of J&K, Operation All-Out was launched in 2017. It was done with close coordination with e Army, CAPF and J&K Police. The terrorists belonged to the groups Lashkar, Jaish, Hizbul, Al Badr.

Intelligence failures and lessons learnt: The 2008 Mumbai Terror attacks also known as 26/11 has often been quoted as an example of intelligence failure. The Uri Attack of 2016 targeted the army base of J&K. Agencies were criticised for not anticipating the attack. The 2019 Pulwama Attack that led to loss of 40 personnel has been a result of intelligence failure. Intelligence failures are, however, not unique.

Terrorism being a complex phenomenon poses various challenges. The lessons should be drawn from the previous failures and improvements should be made. Intelligence gathering can be improved with the help of new & modern technology advancements. Interagency collaborations need to be strengthened at various levels, and both within the national as well as internationally.

Challenges in addressing terrorism and efforts to address it:

Terrorism is on the rise today and it has been possible due to massive terror financing. There is no dearth of money for terrorist activities, which is evident from the rising number of cases of money laundering and concealed funds that are often pumped as charities. New century is also witnessing the rise of crypto currency, which being unregulated, can serve as a major source for funding terrorism.

Various states have been indirect sponsors of terrorist organisations, and this certainly demands strict actions by the international community. Ground reality is different from what is, than what ought to be. There is politicisation of most counter terrorist attempts in the UN Security Council where one or the other P5 countries exercise their veto.

Failure of intelligence sharing: One of the biggest hindrances of the present-day world is to gather information based on accuracy. Most importantly, it is not enough to gather intelligence but also to do it timely and act upon it.
Increasing Radicalisation: With the access of the internet, online radicalisation has been increasing by various terrorist groups. This is done by disseminating propaganda videos or literature.
Threat to Cybersecurity: The new age is of information, and the internet. It is believed by many scholars that the next warfare would be based on cyber-attacks.
Transnational networking: The dawn of globalisation has brought the phenomenon of interconnectivity. While this has various advantages, often transnational networks are built that operate from a variety of countries. For instance, the infamous Al-Qaeda and ISIS work through global networks, including recruitment and attacks.
Sophisticated Weaponry: The availability of weapons, big or small, is a significant challenge. Various terrorist organisations have acquired weapons through black markets or otherwise and this is a major challenge.
Global Cooperation: Terrorism is a common challenge, posing a threat to all states. In such a scenario, there is a need to actively collaborate. United Nation Global Counter Terrorism Strategy is such an initiative that allows all UN Nations to coordinate.
Vigilance on borders: While the character of nature is transnational, the conventional border security cannot be ignored. Infiltration needs to be addressed by the national governments.
Cyber-Defence: There is a need to develop a counter strategy to deal with cyber-attacks. Cyber defence can be enhanced through collaboration with tech companies and by implementing effective online surveillance measures.
Develop counter narratives : Radicalisation must be dealt with, through development of counter narratives and by neutralising the radicalised individuals. Further, they need to be rehabilitated in mainstream society through education and training.
Deprive Terror Financing: Suspicious transactions need to be investigated and the sources of terror financing should be identified.

In view of the above-mentioned challenges, one can say for sure that this is a global problem, which of course can work when solutions are not only given but implemented with willingness by all the members of the international community. For that to happen, the first and foremost requirement is to reach a definition of what constitutes as terrorism. Sanctions need to be implemented against those states who sponsor terrorist activities. An end to politicisation of terrorism is also necessary. International organisations like the United Nations need to become a platform to implement counterterrorism. Further, governments will need to cooperate mutually and continuously evolve themselves in their fight against terrorism since it's a debate of state vs non-state actors.

https://observervoice.com/21-may-national-anti-terrorism-day-22689/\

https://www.nia.gov.in/

https://www.ssbcrack.com/2016/05/8-indian-intelligence-agencies-you-must-know-2.html

https://fiuindia.gov.in/

https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/382/Anti---terrorism-laws-in-India.html

https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/the-anti-hijacking-act-2016

https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/an-intelligence-failure/217435

https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-terrorism-all-out-plan-lashkar-hizbul-jaish-militants-984216-2017-06-22

https://in.usembassy.gov/joint-press-statement-of-the-19th-meeting-of-the-india-usa-counter-terrorism/

https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/curbing-the-menace-of-terrorism

Annie Pruthi

Annie Pruthi is pursuing her masters in Pol. Science from JMI, New Delhi and is a 1st division Arts graduate from Gargi College, University of Delhi. She is an avid reader and an award-winning author.

Comments (0)

Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. It is a global phenomenon that affects people from all walks of life, regardless of their nationality, religion, or ethnicity .

What is Terrorism?

In legal terms, although the international community has yet to adopt a comprehensive definition of terrorism, it is commonly understood to refer to acts of violence that target civilians in the pursuit of political or ideological aims.
The Global Terrorism Index defines terrorism as ‘the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion or intimidation’.
The nature of terrorism today is shifting from traditional international terrorism of the late 20th century into a new form of transnational non-state warfare , backed modern warfare & digital technologies .

Recent Context-

India is ranked 13th on The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2023, indicating its position among the countries significantly impacted by terrorism.
The report highlights that Afghanistan remains the most affected country by terrorism, maintaining this status for the fourth consecutive year.

Types of Terrorism

Factors Leading to Spread of Terrorism

g: Chechen terrorists in Russia.
g: Religious persecution of people from Ahmadiyya community in Pakistan.
g: Terrorism in Somalia, which is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
g: Taliban was formed in the early 1990s by Afghan mujahideen who had resisted the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (1979–89) with the covert backing of the CIA and its Pakistani counterpart, the Inter-Services Intelligence directorate (ISI).
g: Mass gun shooting incidents in USA.

Challenges in controlling Terrorism

India specific

Hostile neighbourhood which is breeding ground for terrorism
Lack of citizen participation and private sector participation in beefing up the security apparatus
absence of “bottom up” security architecture.
Weak coordination between various security agencies.
Presence of antinational element and insurgent group.

Global level

Narrow Global War on Terrorism (GWOT): The first challenge is that the “Global War on Terrorism” (GWOT), as it was conceived by a post 9/11 United States, is over with the withdrawal of the USA from Afghanistan, as the United States negotiated with the Taliban, and then withdrew from Afghanistan.
Divided UN security council: In a polarized world divided opinion in the security council regarding the fight against terrorism.
Toothless FATF: The decision of FATF is mostly affected by geopolitical trends around the world. This affects counterterrorism efforts negatively at global level.
Linkages with organized crime: We are going study detail about this topic under separate heading

Terrorism & Technology

Use of Technology in propagating Terrorism/Extremism

Multimedia communications providing ideological or practical instruction, explanations, justifications or promotion of terrorist activities.
Modes - virtual messages, presentations, magazines, treatises, audio and video files and video games developed by terrorist organizations or sympathizers.
Internet provides access to global pool of potential recruits , with ‘precise targeting’ of the poor & marginalized, disillusioned youth, minors, gender specific targeting etc.
Lone wolf attacks by self-radicalised individuals using sources on the widely unregulated internet. For eg. In New Zealand, Paris, Bangladesh, Australia, UK etc.
Modes - Internet chat groups, Encrypted messages of Whatsapp, etc.
Use of digital transactions to raise finances for terror and to launder money.
Direct solicitation , e-commerce , Exploitation of online payment tools , Charitable organizations
On how to join terrorist organizations, construct explosives, firearms or other weapons, and plan and execute terrorist attacks.
Modes – detailed online manuals, audio and video clips, information and advice.
For eg. Inspire is an online magazine allegedly published by Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula with the stated objective of enabling Muslims to train for jihad at home.
Use of sophisticated Encrypted communication , UAVs, GPS Technology to plan and coordinate cross border terror attacks.
During Uri and Pathankot attacks, GPS was used to infiltrate from blind spots of Border security agencies.
Use of IED in Maoist areas with attacks remotely coordinated using mobile and satellite phones.
26/11 attack and use of satellite phones.
Weaponized drones used by ISIS in Iraq.
3D printers – In 2019, the attacker of a German synagogue used 3D-printed components of the home-made weapons.
Cyber-attack/Terrorism is an emerging threat that can potentially target critical infrastructure like power transmission, banking, nuclear installations etc. India has witnessed 3 rd highest number of cyber-attacks in the world.

Uses of the internet for countering terrorist activity

Gathering of intelligence- [] proactively prevent, detect and deter terrorist activity.
Gathering of evidence for the prosecution of Terrorist acts
Counter-narratives & Awareness creation
Cross border Anti-terrorism Cooperation & coordination

Global measures to break terrorism - technology nexus

Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) – Set up in 2017 by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube , dedicated to disrupting terrorist abuse of members’ digital platforms.
Global Counterterrorism Forum – International forum to reduce the vulnerability of people worldwide to terrorism.
Tech Against Terrorism - launched and supported by the United Nations Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate . Aims at supporting the tech industry tackle terrorist exploitation of the internet, whilst respecting human rights.
The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact

Counter Terrorism: Institutional & Legal provisions

Counter Terrorism and Counter Radicalization (CTCR) Division – set up within MHA. It deals with matters relating to policy and operational issues on terrorism.
National Investigation Agency (NIA) as a Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency.
Multi Agency Centre (MAC) - created as a multi-agency intelligence coordination mechanism for counter terrorism.
National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) - A framework that leverages Information Technology to enhance the country’s counter terrorism capability.
Combating Financing of Terrorism Cell - in the MHA deals with the policy matters on Combating Terrorist Financing (CFT) and Fake Indian Currency notes (FICN).
National Security Guard
Recent amendments: The Parliament recently passed
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 allowing the Centre and States to designate individuals as terrorists and seize their property.
National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019 - to allow NIA to probe terrorist acts against Indians and Indian interests abroad. It also seeks to allow NIA to investigate cases of human trafficking, counterfeit currency or bank notes, manufacture or sale of prohibited arms, cyber-terrorism etc.

Way Forward

Enhance intelligence sharing.
Address root causes: socio-economic factors, political grievances, and ideological indoctrination.
Strengthen international cooperation.
Improve border security.
Counter online radicalization.
Strengthen legal frameworks.
Build community resilience.
Invest in capacity building and training.
Enhance international humanitarian efforts.

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Terrorism poses a great threat to India, which tries to destabilize the Indian State. India has experienced almost all forms of terrorism in India since its Independence. This started gaining pace after the partition of India. The Government of India and its agencies believe that much of its attacks emanate from the State of Pakistan. India experienced one of the brutal, inhuman, and deadliest forms of terrorist attack in Mumbai. The world calls it the Indian State has adopted a zero-tolerance policy against all forms of terrorism and has enacted some stringent laws against its Counter-Terrorism policy.

1967, whoever does any act with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the or with intent to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or any foreign country. Terrorism is being used to destabilize the State of Jammu and Kashmir and threaten peace and harmony in India.

: Terror outfits that use religious thought as a propaganda tool. Example: Islamic State : Those terror outfits involved in terror acts profit from terror crimes. : Organisation that rebels against the Government of the nation. For example, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) : Outfits with extreme ideologies on either the left or right side of the political spectrum and use violence as means tools to take control of the State. For Example, the Communist Party of India (Maoist), CPI (Maoist) : When the soil of one nation is used to carry out terror operations in neighbouring countries with the motive of creating terror is called cross border terrorism. and a city present in the Indian State of Maharashtra. Bombay witnessed a series of bomb blasts on that took the lives of 257 people and caused injury to 700 people. Properties worth 27 crores were damaged in this bomb blast. Security agencies have named the mastermind of the Bombay blast. 13 explosions happened near the buildings of the iconic Bombay Stock Exchange.

. It had exposed serious loopholes in security mechanisms. The terrorists reached the Parliament of India on and fired bullets at security. In this attack, 2 Parliament staff, a gardener, 5 Delhi Police personnel, and a woman CRPF trooper and journalist died. Later, All five terrorists were neutralized.

witnessed a chain of blasts on that took the lives of 66 persons and caused injury to more than 200 people. The explosion occurred near , and the DTC bus (Delhi Transport Corporation) in Govindpuri. It had sent a shock wave to the nation as it was the major terrorist attack in India after Mumbai. Earlier, Terrorist strikes were restricted to Jammu and Kashmir.

during peak hours on the Suburban Railway. The bomb explosion claimed the lives of 209 people and caused injury to 700. Securities agencies believed that the Terrorists were from Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).

. A chain of blasts occurred for 15 minutes, and it claimed 80 lives and caused grievous injury to more than 170 people.

when heavily armed terrorists came from and attacked an army base. Securities agencies believed these terrorists belonged to (JeM), a Pakistan-based terror outfit. In this attack, 17 soldiers were killed in action. The attack resulted in very heavy casualties and caused injury to 20 army personnel. The ambush continued for 3 hours, and four terrorists were neutralized. It was one of the brutal attacks on a security camp after two decades. The base camp was located near the line of control.

carried out a terror strike on the CRPF convoy. A vehicle laden with explosives rammed the vehicle carrying 40 CRPF jawans. This cowardly act generated much fury in the anger and forced the Government of India to take concrete steps to visible steps to strike against terror. This particular incident occurred in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Government of India, while dealing with the menace of terrorism, felt that there was a need for stringent and effective laws to eliminate terrorism. Effective law helps the Government and its agencies to convict terrorists, giving agencies tools for a speedy trial in court. After Independence, the Union Government enacted several laws to weed out terror from Indian soil. Some of the laws which were passed or have been repealed over the years:

This law came into force after was repealed. It replaced POTA Act (2002). The suggestions the Supreme Court of India put forth were inserted into the new law. These suggestions have come from the case. At that time, the Government designated different organizations as banned organizations. The law has numerous provisions that give the Government power to deal with these banned terrorist organizations. The law criminalized those who took membership in that organization and placed severe restrictions on those who support these organizations. It also paved the way for speedy trials and establishing a to review the action of the Government, but this law came under massive criticism owing to its misuse. Later, the law was repealed by the Parliament.

The act was passed under Indira Gandhi Government using the . The NSA act empowers Government authorities to detain individuals so they can be prevented from committing the crime. The act gives power to both central as well as state security agencies.

This act's main motive was to establish a court that would look exclusively at matters related to terrorism. This act was contested in court as it does not provide sufficient provisions to the accused to protect them from abuse. However, the court rejected the petition with some suggestions to provide sufficient safeguards to the accused.

This act was brought specifically to deal with the menace of terrorism in the backdrop of the Bombay blast case and the Khalistan Movement. The act ensured the punishment of real perpetrators and also criminalized those acts that give safe protection to the terrorist. The act made two new provisions for offenses:

, for which the offender was credited with the intent to commit the offense

The law imposed several restrictions for an accused to get bail. Special courts were formed to hear bail applications when there is reasonable ground present to prove his innocence. Amendments that were brought in 1987 enhanced the power of Government agencies. It also paved the way detainee's confession to be made admissible in the court that he had confessed during the investigation process. The identification process can be concluded based on photographs and downgraded eyewitness standards. The burden of proof also moved suspects. The act came under heavy fire criticism from International Human Rights Organisation and civil society. Finally, the Parliament rolled back these laws in 1990.

The Government decided to strengthen the UAPA provision and wanted to insert the provision of international standards. The act was amended to match up with the guidelines and fill the loopholes causing the disturbance in its enforcement. The amendments which were brought later criminalized the act for raising funds for the terrorist act and holding proceeds of the terrorism. Membership, support, or endorsement of a terrorist organization was made a crime, and it also extended the time required for filing a charge sheet from three months to . The law saw more amendments after the Mumbai Serial blast, and it was turned more comprehensive.

The term means an a Pakistan-based terror outfit highly active in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir. This terror outfit has carried out several attacks on the security personnel inside the . It was established in 2002. The outfit aims to destabilize the Indian government machinery and wants to accede to the State of Pakistan.

This outfit was formed after no agreement was reached between the Indian State and leftist militants. The outfits aim to destabilize the Indian Government machinery. The outfit has carried out several attacks on security personnel and has damaged public properties, causing immense government losses. The outfit seeks a sovereign state and works against India's unity, peace, and sovereignty. The group is known to operate from the forest area of Andhra Pradesh and is very active in the Indian State of Chhattisgarh. Central Government, in coordination with respective State governments, has been able to curb the activities of the Communist Party of India (Maoist) CPI.

This outfit aims to establish Assam as a sovereign state after its formation in ULFA is known for attacking security, political leaders, and government infrastructure, creating hurdles in government projects, and blocking the Government's development activities. The organization started losing its support from locals after Government came heavily against this outfit. Numbers dropped significantly, and many people left the organization and came into the mainstream, but it is still active in the Indian State of Assam.

The outfit name has a meaning: . It is a radical Islamist group that carries out its activities from the State of Pakistan, and experts point out that it has a significant presence in the Kashmir Valley. Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence funded this organization. The group aimed to snatch Jammu and Kashmir from the control of the Indian State and wanted to spread Islamic rule across India. Security agencies in India have made this organization responsible for the 26/11 attack.

The Government of India has many security agencies to fight terrorism in India, but it is believed that the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), the Government of India, is the nodal ministry and is responsible for internal security in India.

that deals with terror-related activities, and it is a premier of India. State Police is also responsible for fighting terrorism. Several states have created a special task force called and have specialized commando units to deal with terrorist activity.

, and other secret agencies are responsible for providing key intel to the security agencies. Personnel from particularly , and security agencies, are exclusively involved in the counter-terror operations on the ground.

to counter terror, and with the incoming of Information Technology, the menace has become more complex and sophisticated. Experts point out that India needs to adopt the US strategy for terrorism, i.e., the Any planned or future attack can be thwarted with precise and timely intelligence. Intel is the key to preventing terror crimes. Concerned Intelligence agencies should focus on gathering precise intelligence and coordinate with security agencies to prevent future attacks. In Pulwama Attack, the security agency had no clue or intel about the attack. So, there was an insufficient alert signal for security personnel. : Terrorism is a threat to humanity, and it is a threat to global peace. So, no country can claim to be untouched from the menace of terror, and the has vindicated the point more strongly. Eliminating terror requires cooperation, coordination, and commitment from the Global community. Those counter-terror institutions that came up after the 9/11 attacks are insufficient to tackle today's terror outfit, which has become more complex. Cooperation in intelligence sharing, counter-terror operations, the latest technology, and best practices among like-minded countries is the need of the hour. International organizations like , and the should become stringent in their approach. It would help significantly in curbing the problems of terror. : Indian demand for imposing sanctions on JeM Chief has been blocked by other countries. Many demands include freezing bank accounts, banning terror organizations operating from Pakistan, and imposing sanctions on an institution that supports terror lying pending. Some countries have continuously blocked them by giving unsatisfactory reasons. India should reach out to those countries and try to gain their confidence such countries. Diplomatic relations and approaches play a key role in such cases. Countries should shed away from their plan on matters like terrorism. They should see terror as a real threat and refrain from justifying it. United Nations must act promptly and should act fast in imposing sanctions when it becomes too late. Delay in action from such organizations creates a trust deficit among countries facing and fighting terror. It is unfortunate that such reputable institutions would dent their image and erode their credibility. : The positioning, role, and action of the United Nations and the functioning of the Security Council have come under immense scrutiny, debates, and discussion on issues like terrorism and its approach. Member countries think that United Nations should become a global platform for counter-terrorism, but actions and approaches of the security council have become unsatisfactory in recent years. India, at the UN High-level Conference on Heads of Counter-terrorism, presented five ways to combat terror:

Apart from these, India emphasized that it should impose sanctions on those nations involved in state-sponsored terror.

Terrorism is a very complex issue. India has come a long way from dealing with terrorism. India has responded to Uri Attack by conducting a Surgical strike by crossing the Line of Control (LOC). It also conducted aerial strikes in Balakot in response to Pulwama Attack. These two events mark a significant shift in the defence strategy of India. Now India changed its policy toward terrorism. Government must eliminate terrorism and the people who support terror. .

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Home » Security Issues » Terrorism

Terrorism is the planned, organized and systematic use of violence as a means of coercion for political, religious or ideological purposes . It has become a global phenomenon posing major threat to international peace, security and stability.
The menace of terrorism whether perpetrated by individuals, groups or state forces is a crime against humanity which has wounded societies all over the world.
The terrorist has not only threatened the ideals of democracy and freedom but also caused a serious challenge to the existence, progress and development of mankind.
International terrorism poses an increasingly dangerous and difficult threat to world . Today’s terrorists seek to inflict mass casualties, and they are attempting to do so across globe. They are less dependent on state sponsorship and are, instead, forming loose, transnational affiliations based on religious or ideological affinity and a common hatred. This makes terrorist attacks more difficult to detect and prevent.
In the Global Terrorism Index 2020 (GTI), India has retained its rank as the eighth most highly impacted country from terrorism globally, it has improved significantly on several metrics. Between 2018-19, it was among the 10 countries that witnessed the largest decrease in deaths from terrorism. There has also been a 16 percent decrease in the overall economic impact of terrorism on India over the same period.

India subdivides terrorism in four major groups:

Ethno-nationalist terrorism – This form of terror focuses either on creating a separate State within India or independent of India. Violent Tamil Nationalist groups from India to address the condition of Tamils in Sri Lanka, as well as insurgent tribal groups in North East India are examples of ethno-nationalist terrorist activities.
Religious terrorism – This form of terror focuses on religious imperatives, a presumed duty for a specific religious group, against one or more religious groups. Mumbai 26/11 terror attack in 2008 from an Islamic group in Pakistan is an example of religious terrorism in India.
Left-wing terrorism – This form of terror focuses on economic ideology , where all the existing socio-political structures are seen to be economically exploitative in character and a revolutionary change through violent means is essential. Maoist violence in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are examples of left-wing terrorism in India.
Narcoterrorism – This form of terror focuses on creating illegal narcotics traffic zones. Drug violence in northwest India is an example of narco-terrorism in India.
All the states in the north-eastern region are different from each other because of their ethnic diversity which comprises over 160 scheduled tribes and 400 other tribal or sub tribal communities and groups with predominantly a rural economy.
This region has remained largely under-developed and there has been no policy like “Act East” which could focus on the extended neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region and simultaneously developed this region.
Because of lack of socio-economic development , and central and regional divergence, this region still suffers from a multiplicity of deficits namely deficits related to basic needs, infrastructure, resource allocation and utilisation, governance and above all a deficit of understanding between the region and the rest of the nation. For these reasons, different insurgent groups are still active.
Deadlock over peace-talks and cease-fire agreements with various warring tribes, nexus between many insurgent groups and organized crime syndicates , China’s linkages to some anti-India insurgent groups, demand scrapping the controversial Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act are some other key reasons for the survival of armed insurgency in the north-eastern region.

External vulnerabilities by state and non-state actors that pose challenges to India’s national security:

‘State actor’ is used in the context where one government supports an actor in the performance of an act or acts of terrorism against the other often deemed as a state sponsor.

State actors:

Increasing activities of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in Nepal changed the nature of the border completely. It has ties with the Taliban and other radical groups. These groups have been involved with the radicalization of the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Groups such as the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), the Haqqani Network and the Taliban have repeatedly been used by Pakistan as instruments to help it achieve its foreign policy objectives in India and Afghanistan.
China’s People’s Liberation Army continues to deploy construction equipment for road works. It uses spider excavators to build roads in the border area.
China is setting up villages in uninhabited tri-junction stretches between India, Bhutan and China, which are intended to support Chinese military facilities.
China not following resolution mechanism of maritime disputes in reference to the South China Sea where China is flexing its military muscle despite an international tribunal verdict (UNCLOS) going against it.

Organizations and individuals not connected with, directed by, or funded through the government are non-state actors. They can be corporations, NGOs, and even paramilitary and armed resistance groups.

Non-state actors:

Pakistan has been a major exporter of terrorism to India . Non-state actors like terrorist groups for instance Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad are a continuous threat.
Non state actor -sponsored terrorism, often motivated by fundamentalist ideologies , backed by secretive but efficient financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit drug trafficking, has emerged as a major threat to international stability.
These groups aim to not only create instability in states like J&K, they also have a larger aim of destabilising the country . This is done through sporadic terrorist strikes, which spreads terror and panic. This could also adversely affect the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic modernisation.
Growing vulnerability of the coastline and also of the airspace , for example, Mumbai and Purulia incidents.
Insurgency, illegal migration from Bangladesh and smuggling activities reflect the porosity (concern highlighted in Kargil Review Committee) of our borders.
The deep-rooted nexus between drug mafias, arms dealers, and money launderers for financing terrorism.
organized Crime, the UWSA is the largest of the organized criminal groups in the region and operates freely along the China and Thailand borders,
Ethnic Gangs
Insurgent Groups which can encourage LWE, trans-border terrorism and separatist tendencies
Opium poppy cultivation in Burma’s Shan state
illegal immigrants having livelihood interest
refugee crisis like 40,000 Rohingya live in India
insurgent groups active in the Northeast, namely ULFA-I, NDFB-S, UNLF hide in Myanmar, together these could be a serious threat to internal security.
Terrorism has been a threat not only to India’s democracy but countries worldwide affecting the enjoyment of rights of people. Terrorism has slammed and affected almost every sphere of human life, be it economic or political or social life .
Broadly, terrorism is the antithesis of independence, development and human rights. The frontier regions of India, especially regions bordering Pakistan are the worst affected regions by terrorism .
Terrorism, in all its form, is the greatest violator of human rights . The ruthless, barbaric, inhuman killing of innocent people is carried out by the terrorists with a view not only to challenge the authority of the Government , but also to put the security and sovereignty of the country in jeopardy.
Terrorism in India is characterized by communist, Islamists and separatist groups. Communist terrorist groups are by far the most frequent perpetrators and the main cause of terrorism deaths in India.
India continues to face a number of terror attacks from Islamic groups in Kashmir, Sikh separatists in Punjab, and secessionist groups in Assam.
The most immediate and measurable impact of terrorism is physical destruction. Terrorists destroy existing plants, machines, transportation systems and other economic resources. On smaller scales, acts of terrorism may blow up different public places, markets or religious places. The impact of terrorism is always negative for the economy.
Productive resources that might have generated valuable goods and services are destroyed, while other resources are almost invariably diverted from other productive uses to bolster the military and defense. None of these create wealth or adds to the standard of living.
The best strategy to isolate and defeat terrorism is by respecting human rights, fostering social justice, enhancing democracy and upholding the primacy of the rule of law.

Trends in Terrorism:

Terrorism financing is the provision of funds or providing financial support to individual terrorists or non-state actors .
Terrorists and terrorist organizations often use any resource of money they can have access to in order to fund themselves. This can range from the distribution of narcotics and black market oil. ISIS is known to use black market oil distribution as a meTerror Fundingans of funding their terrorist activity.
The internet is a growing modern form of terrorist finance as it is able to protect the anonymity that it can provide to the donor and recipient.
Terrorist organizations use propaganda in order to rally up financial support from those who follow them. The funds may also come from an illegal source but appear to come from a legal source, through money laundering.
Most countries have implemented measures to counter terrorism financing (CTF) often as part of their money laundering laws.
The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) has made recommendations to members relating to CTF. It has created a Blacklist and Greylist of countries that have not taken adequate CTF action.

India has one of the longest and most varied of international borders. Historical and political reasons have left India with an artificial unnatural border. Border Management is an integral approach towards borders in which along with security enhancement, infrastructure & human development is undertaken. The challenge of coping with long-standing territorial and boundary disputes with China and Pakistan, combined with porous borders along some of the most difficult terrain in the world , has made effective and efficient border management a national priority.

Issues and threats posed by each neighboring country to India:

Indo-Pakistan Border:

Indo-Pakistan Border (3,323 Km) runs along the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and the UTs of J&K and Ladakh.
Direct accessibility of the borders and some technological developments enabling quick passage of information and transfer of funds has changed the focus and tenor of border security.
Cross-Border Terrorism from Pakistan has exacerbated due to non-recognition of boundaries by its terrorist groups and their success in acquiring legitimacy due to religious or ethnic identity.
Inadequate Cooperation from Pakistan has made the management of border further difficult for India.

Indo-Bangladesh Border:

The Indo-Bangladesh Border (4,096 Km) passes through West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
The entire stretch consists of plains, riverine belts, hills & jungles which make illegal migration very easy.
Illegal Migration across this border poses serious security threats and acts as a fertile ground for organisations like the Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan to penetrate and expand their activities.
Also, poor law and order situation at the border, has led to smuggling of arms and drugs . Supply of arms help in sustaining any conflict.

Indo-China Border:

India shares a long land border with China (3,488 Km) in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh and UT of Ladakh.
Although this border remains relatively aloof from illegal migrations, this border remains a cause of constant vigil for Indian forces. India has a longstanding border dispute with China running back to British era in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.

Indo-Nepal Border:

India-Nepal Border (1,751 Km) is an open border in the sense that people of both the countries can cross it from any point, despite the existence of border check posts at several locations.
Anti-India organizations use this border to plant their people in the territory of India.
Also, smuggling of gold, small arms, drugs and fake currency helps terrorists in executing an attack.

Indo-Bhutan Border:

This border (699 km) passes through states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Sikkim.
Illicit establishment of camps by militant outfits in the dense jungles of south-east Bhutan helps insurgents from India in executing anti-India activities.

Indo-Myanmar Border:

The northeast states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram share the border with Myanmar (1,643).
Some of the insurgent groups like the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and ULFA operate from Myanmar, which threatens the security of India as well as Myanmar.

India has had to deal with numerous challenges with respect to border management such as:

Current fence:

The present one has a high rate of degradation due to snow and has to be repaired after every season which costs about Rs. 50-60 crore every year.
Over time infiltrators have devised ways to cross it.
India’s internal security challenges are inextricably linked with border management. This is so because Indian insurgent groups have for long been provided shelter across the nation’s borders by inimical neighbours.

No real-time coordination:

Due to the lack of understanding of military issues among the decision-making elite, India’s borders continue to be manned by a large number of military, paramilitary and police forces.
Each of which has its own ethos and each of which reports to a different central ministry at New Delhi, with almost no real coordination in managing the borders.
Border management is designed for a ‘firefighting’ approach rather than a ‘fire prevention’ or pro-active approach.
It is based on a strategy of ‘reaction and retaliation’ rather than on a holistic response to the prevailing environment, resulting in stress and decision-making problems at the functional level.

Other Challenges:

Perennial and Seasonal Rivers via which terrorists can infiltrate.
Un-demarcated boundaries with overlapping claims cause constant friction along borders.
Mountainous and Hilly terrain especially in North Indian borders which are snow clad and inhabitable during winter season.
Unilateral actions by some nations to change the status quo in their favour.
Little or no support from counterparts of neighbouring nations and in some cases active support by cross border elements to illegal activities.
Cultural, ethnic and linguistic affinity across borders and clan loyalties
Multiple agencies are involved in border management, lack of Inter agency cooperation and coordination.
Support of state and non-state actors to aid infiltration, smuggling, trafficking etc.

Solutions for addressing cross border terrorism:

Infrastructure along with border has to be improved – rail connectivity along with road connectivity has to be provided for quick mobilization.
Building of additional checkpoints and Border posts along major and minor trade routes connected with borders.
Building of floating bridges, walls & electrical fences where there is high probability of infiltration.
Taking up of joint Border management with Countries like Myanmar, Bhutan and Nepal.
Improving healthcare, physical infrastructure and digital connectivity in villages around borders thus making them stakeholder in Border Management.
It had recommended that the CRPF should be designated as the primary national level counterinsurgency force. This would enable the other central paramilitary forces like the BSF and Indo- Tibetan Border Police to return to their primary role of better border management.
It had also recommended that all paramilitary forces managing unsettled borders should operate directly under the control of the army and that there should be lateral induction from the army to the paramilitary forces so as to enhance their operational effectiveness.
The principle of ‘single point control’ must be followed if the borders are to be effectively
The advances in surveillance technology, particularly satellite and aerial imagery, can help to maintain a constant vigil along the LAC and make it possible to reduce physical deployment.

Conclusion:

Keeping a strong vigil on its border is very important for any nation to check any kind of illegal activities or intrusion through them. For India, the task becomes difficult where terrain and climate is very complex across some of its border areas. Focusing on improved technology will help in making the task easier for the security forces and make its borders more secure.

Bioterrorism or Biological Attack is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock or crops. They use microorganisms and natural toxins to produce disease in humans, animals, or plants.
The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of several world powers in the event of use of biological weapons against them by rogue states and terrorist groups.

Bio-Weapons:

Biological weapons can be derived from: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, biological toxins and fungi.
These agents can be deployed as biological weapons when paired with a delivery system such as a missile or aerosol
Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack.
The most destructive bioterrorism scenario is the airborne dispersion of pathogens over a majorpopulation region.
Tropical agricultural pathogens or pests can be used as anticrop agents to hamper the food security worldwide.
It is a substantial threat because small amounts of biotic agents can be effortlessly hidden, transported and discharged into vulnerable populations.
It can impact and expose military and civilian susceptibilities to biological weapons and to the complexity of offering ample safeguards.
Bioweapons experts believe that currently bioterrorists probably lack the biotechnological capability to produce-super pathogens or super pests.

Covid-19: Bioweapon or Not?

Novel-coronavirus is alleged to have originated in bats.
Some intelligence agencies claimed that the pandemic might have begun from the Wuhan lab in China after the researchers were probably able to figure out how bat coronaviruses could mutate to attack humans; but there is no proof that the pandemic virus was engineered or manipulated,
In the Indian context, with the existence of hostile neighbours like Pakistan and China, the threat of biological warfare becomes important and cannot be ruled out entirely.

Combating Bioterrorism:

The European Union (EU), Russia and China are finding ways to deter bioterrorism and biowarfare. The aim is to make it harder for terrorists to obtain the resources for designing biological weapons.
Global intelligence agencies should operate together and share credible intelligence.
Combining human resources, laboratory resources and information supervision in novel, legal and satisfactory ways that allow for timely detection and categorization of hazards.
Rapid detection and surveillance are important for an efficient response to a bioterror strike.
Speedy, uniform techniques that allow for the discovery of an extensive range of pathogens used as biological weapons in a measurable fashion.
Pathogens are a usual part of the environment and can complicate detection attempts.
Microbial or other biological agents or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of
types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes.
There is no exact authentication method that can ensure compliance with the BTWC. Therefore, efforts must be made to strengthen the BTWC so that it helps to uncover and successfully prevent biological weapons programs.
India ratified and pledged to abide by its obligations in 2015.
Upgrading and installing biodefense systems in major urban conglomerates to protect against deadly disease outbreaks initiated by bioterrorism.
During the Cold War , Soviet Union had set up several Biodefense systems across the country.
Developing and stockpiling vaccines and antimicrobial medicines that can be used to defend the people against infections triggered by biological weapons.
Coaching first responders on how to deal with a biological weapons attack.
Refining diagnostic laboratory capability and epidemiological capabilities.
The studies conducted to assess the actual efficiency of counter bioterrorism measures are insufficient which needs to be changed.
It becomes important that engaged and methodical efforts in studying the efficiency of counter bioterrorism measures are applied in a meticulous way.
It should be taken into account that the implementation of some specific counter bioterrorism

practices can possibly have consequences with respect to human rights, institutional liberties, fundamental democratic values and the Rule of Law.

Loss of civilian life and uncertainty on the security of life is a gross human rights violation.
In 2017, terrorist attacks in conflict countries averaged 2.4 deaths, compared to 0.84 deaths in non-conflict countries. Terrorist attacks are more lethal on average in countries with a greater intensity of conflict. In 2017, countries in a state of war averaged 2.97 deaths per attack, compared to 1.36 in countries involved in a minor armed conflict.
Non-agreement on counter-terror strategy is a collective failure of nations in the realm of human rights.
There was no change in the five countries most impacted by terrorism, which include Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Syria and Pakistan. All of these countries have been ranked in the worst five every year since 2013.
Conflict continued to be the primary driver of terrorist activity for the countries most impacted by terrorism in 2017.
There are numerous possible reasons for this difference. Countries in conflict have a greater availability of more military-grade small arms and bomb-making capabilities.
Countries that are not in conflict tend to be more economically-developed and spend more on intelligence gathering, policing and counter-terrorism. This shows the importance of human rights in governance.
India has been consistently working towards fighting the menace of terrorism at both global and national front , thus adopting certain measures at policy level.
At international level, India has proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) at United Nations General Assembly which is under negotiation. Upon its adoption, the convention would provide legal basis for criminalizing all terrorist activities.
No international convention exists, that determines intelligence and evidence sharing, extradition of accused persons hiding outside national territory.
This needs to be finalized at the earliest.
India has also voted in favour of R esolution 34/8 of the Human Rights Council on ‘Effects of terrorism on the enjoyment of all human rights’.
At national level, India has formulated and implemented many laws. Some of them are Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 etc.
A Central Scheme titled Central Scheme for Assistance to Civilian Victims of Terrorist/ Communal/Left Wing Extremist (LWE), Cross Border Firing and Mine/IED blasts on Indian Territory has been formulated.

National Security Guard (NSG):

National Security Guard was raised in 1984, following Operation Blue Star and the assassination of Indira Gandhi, “for combating terrorist activities with a view to protect States against internal disturbances”. The primary role of this Force is to combat terrorism in whatever form it may assume in areas where activity of terrorists assumes serious proportions, and the State Police and other Central Police Forces cannot cope up with the situation.

Money laundering and terrorism financing are often linked. When law enforcement is able to detect and prevent money laundering activities, it may also be preventing those funds from being used to finance acts of terror.

Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) policies largely originate and are modeled upon the report Forty Recommendations, which was published by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
FATF works to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism through creating standardized processes to stop threats to the international financial system. It seeks to increase acceptance of anti-money laundering regulations across the globe. Eg: Pakistan is on greylist for two years.
Following the FATF, world organizations, international financial institutions, and many national governments have pursued CFT initiatives and policies.
The FATF also collects and shares information about trends in money laundering and terrorism financing and works closely with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the United Nations.

Steps needed to curb terrorism:

A comprehensive and multidimensional strategy for the “War on Terror” must involve an integrated view of the strategic military and economic domains, among others.
Financial institutions play an important role in combating the financing of terrorism because terrorists often rely on them, especially banks, to transfer money. Laws that require banks to perform due diligence on their customers and to report suspicious transactions can help prevent terrorism.
Intelligence sharing: As terrorism is taking global form, intelligence sharing among countries is critical in preventing or minimizing the terror attacks. Eg: Easter attack possibility was shared by India to Sri Lanka, though it was not acted upon.
Global cooperation on extremist content: Christchurch Call of Action outlined voluntary commitments from governments, ISPs to address issue of violent extremist content online. India is a signatory to this plan
Global sanctions against nations that are State sponsors of terrorism . Eg: UNSC must come up with stringent sanctions against nations.
Exchange of timely and actionable intelligence.
Prevention of misuse of modern communication through collaboration with the private sector.
Building capacities for improved border controls.
Sharing of info related to the movement of passengers.
Designation of Counter-Terror focal points to fight global terror.
In addition, there should be a concerted effort from the countries affected by the scourge of terrorism to pressurize countries who engage in state-sponsored terrorism .
It is necessary for countries fighting terrorism to learn more closely from their differences, rather than try to generalise from experience.
The success or failure of each of these approaches must be studied & applied to smaller countries suffering from global terrorism based on applicability.
United Nations must become the global Centre to fight global terrorism .
The complete implementation of UN Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact that was agreed upon in 2018.
Intelligence sharing between countries needs to be strengthened and countries currently not affected by global terrorism need to take the threat seriously.
Terrorism is a complex, non-static phenomenon. Its associated motivations, financing and support mechanisms, methods of attack and choice of targets are often evolving, thereby compounding the challenges of ensuring the existence of an effective strategy to counter it. In this situation global cooperation is of paramount importance.
India should play a proactive role to neutralize any threat of terrorism . There is a need for the world to join hands and take concrete multilateral initiatives to ensure that terror groups are dealt with a heavy hand. Accepting and ratifying the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) proposed by India would be good first step.
Societies saddled with conflicts often reproduce the differentiation and distancing between two broader collectives, thus sharpening the divide between ‘Us’ and ‘Them’. This is true in Kashmir. The violent secessionist outbreak in 1989, and since then, the government’s anti-militancy and counterinsurgency operations, have embedded strong ‘Us vs Them’ narratives amongst the Kashmiris and alienated them from the Indian polity.
These state actions have included crackdowns, arrests, killings of local militants, and heavy enforcement of laws such as the Public Safety Act (PSA) and the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA).
Consequently, a negative perception of India and its policies has been nurtured; there is popular perception amongst the Kashmiri people of the Indian state being a “coloniser” or an “occupier”.
The impacts of these perceptions have only been exacerbated in more recent years, amidst what analysts call “new militancy”—where the locals dominate the militant movement, and social media facilitates mass radicalisation and the spread of anti-India propaganda.
It is in this context that India needs to exert greater effort in shaping its narratives to address the widespread negative perceptions and maintain its territorial integrity.
Between 2014 and 2020, there was a significant increase in local militancy and stone-pelting incidents in the region. In 2017 the Indian armed forces launched ‘ Operation All Out ’ to eliminate the militant networks, their overground workers (OGW), and top militant commanders. However, as the militants’ ranks were dominated by the locals, these operations only reinforced the ‘us vs. them’ line.
The abrogation of the special status of J&K on August 5, 2019 led many to speculate that there would be a substantial increase in terrorism-induced violence in the region following the decision. However, the security scenario has continued to improve from the preceding years to the extent that Doda was declared a terrorist-free district.
As Jammu and Kashmir completes two years as a Union Territory (UT), militancy remains a major challenge to the security apparatus amid growing fears that the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan is likely to flip the striking capabilities of the militant outfits, especially the Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) and the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM).

Way Forward:

District Development Councils: After Jammu and Kashmir lost its statehood, the political focus in Kashmir shifted to District Development Councils (DDCs) and grassroots development . Kashmiris who have long had to deal with bureaucratic red-tape can find new hope with the elected local leaders who can ensure good governance and local development .
The state will still need to invest in artificial intelligence (AI) and other technology to discourage extremist content and should also find creative ways where Kashmiris can consume the narratives produced by the Indian state and army.
Technology: India can invest more in technologies such as UAVs or drone technology and deploy them in relatively peaceful areas. These technological tools can be used to conduct surveillance, maintain law and order , and also deter the use of drones by militants and militant supporters.
Education: In the long term, the state should start re-emphasising on education . A variety of historical distortions and unfamiliarity prevails in the educational curriculum of Kashmir and the rest of India. It is important to promote topics and themes that can be more relatable and applicable, such as constitutional remedies for people in conflict-affected regions.
Narratives play a vital role in bridging the ‘Us vs Them’ divide. Such divide between Kashmir and India has widened in the recent years, with the advent of ‘new militancy’ in Kashmir, on one hand, and on the other, state policies such as Operation All Out and the revocation of Kashmir’s special status.
The Indian state and the armed forces are therefore attempting to enhance their nation-building narrative by supplementing traditional missions that seek to win hearts and minds, with social-media initiatives.
Although these policies are intended to remove the emotional and psychological barriers that Kashmiris have erected for the Indian state, there is plenty of work that remains.
Kashmir continues to be alienated, and New Delhi must make use of the current absence of armed and violent conflict to strengthen its narrative-building efforts and bring the region closer to lasting peace

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Essay on Global Terrorism for Students and Children

500+ words essay on global terrorism.

Global Terrorism

The world has changed significantly since the September 11 attacks. Security has become an all-encompassing concern. People nowadays plan their vacations according to the factor such as whether the destination is safe or not, which route possess the least danger. Thus, after terrorist strikes took place people no longer feel safe in their own countries.

As we know about the attack on Twin Tower on September 11 in the USA in which militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaida hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States.

Among four planes hijacked, two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon Washington D.C., while the fourth plane crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. These attacks eventually led to attack in Afghanistan by the USA to demolish Mullah Omar’s regime which is called War On Terror.

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War on Terror

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, an international military initiative was launched by the United States. This initiative was called the War on Terror. According to President Bush, this war was targeted at the radical network of terrorists as well as to the governments who supported them.

US and allied troops were deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan, both believed to be home to terrorist cells and leaders. Lastly, President Barak Obama’s administration formally called an end to the War and announced the withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden had allegedly been killed by US Navy Seals and Al-Qaeda wasn’t considered the threat it once used to be.

However, 2014 saw the emergence of ISIS or ISIL. The jihadist organization was dubbed a terrorist group by the UN. This led to the formation of a new operation called Operation Inherent Resolve that would target terror in South Asia and the Middle East.

Threat to Humanity

The word terrorism indicates that extremists who use terror tactics use to develop fear in the hearts of people everywhere. They succeed in it because they target civilians in places where they would ideally be safe such as schools, malls, shopping thoroughfares, pubs, nightclubs, churches, and mosques.

Also, the shock value of these tactics is much higher. Terrorism is a strategy that various organizations use to achieve their aims by targeting innocent people. Terrorist attacks affect public morale and generate an atmosphere of fear. These attacks create divides between people from different regions, ethnicities, and religions. Instead of coming together to fight this threat, people are suspicious of each other and close themselves up.

Terrorism is very much a reality of modern times. The mere threat of a terrorist attack is enough to generate panic and fear among the general populace. We cannot deny the fact that global terrorism has affected policy decisions to a great extent. The internet has given terrorist organizations a global platform to spread their agenda and recruit more people. However, it may be time for a more militaristic solution to the problem of global terrorism.

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Pakistan instigating terrorism in India, not acceptable to us: Rahul Gandhi

“there will be problems if pakistan does not stop carrying out terrorism in our country,” gandhi said at an event in washington dc..

Commenting on the relationship between India and Pakistan, Rahul Gandhi, currently in the United States on his maiden overseas visit as the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, lashed out at Pakistan for ‘instigating terrorism in India.'

Congress leader Rahul Gandhi. (Congress-X)

Also Read | 26/11 accused Pak-origin businessman Rana extraditable to India: US court

“Pakistan's instigation of terrorism in our country is holding the two countries back. We simply are not going to accept Pakistan carrying out terrorism in our country. Until they (Pakistan) keep doing that, there will be problems,” Gandhi told his audience at an event in Washington DC.

Gandhi's remarks come ahead of next month's Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Heads of Government Meeting, to be held in Pakistan's capital Islamabad, and for which Islamabad has sent a formal invitation to prime minister Narendra Modi to attend.

Modi was also the last Indian premier to visit Pakistan, when he made an impromptu stopover in Lahore to meet his then counterpart, Nawaz Sharif, in December 2015. The prime minister, then serving his first term, was returning to Delhi after completing his visits to Russia and Afghanistan.

Also Read | J&K election: Omar Abdullah reacts to Amit Shah's 'revival of terrorism' warning

The last Pakistani leader in India was the then foreign minister, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, who attended SCO's foreign ministers' meeting, held in Goa in May last year.

In February 2019, following the terrorist attack on Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama, New Delhi revoked the ‘Most Favoured Nation’ accorded by it to its neighbour. Then, the two nations nearly had a full-blown war, the first since Kargil 1999 .

The same year, in August, Islamabad protested after India abrogated Article 370, that granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, an Indian Union territory also claimed by Pakistan.

Rahul Gandhi
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Essay on Terrorism in India for Students and Children
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The same year, in August, Islamabad protested after India abrogated Article 370, that granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, an Indian Union territory also claimed by Pakistan. Get Current ...

Essay on Terrorism in India

100 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Impact on India

Root Causes

Combating Terrorism

250 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Types of Terrorism

Impact on Society and Economy

Counter-Terrorism Measures

500 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Forms of Terrorism

Challenges and the Way Forward

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Terrorism In India Essay | Essay on Terrorism In India for Students and Children in English

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Long Essay on Terrorism in India 500 Words in English

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Essay on terrorism

What is terrorism?

History of terrorism

Types of terrorism

State-Sponsored terrorism

Ideology-oriented terrorism

Left-wing terrorism

Right-wing Terrorism

Religious terrorism

Criminal Terrorism

Ethnic terrorism

Reasons behind the terrorism

Socio-e conomic

Intolerance

Structural issues

Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2019

Why is India a victim of terror?

Pakistan and China

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Impact of terrorism

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Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security

India subdivides terrorism in four major groups:

External vulnerabilities by state and non-state actors that pose challenges to India’s national security:

Issues and threats posed by each neighboring country to India:

Bio-Weapons:

Covid-19: Bioweapon or Not?

Combating Bioterrorism:

National Security Guard (NSG):

Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

Steps needed to curb terrorism:

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