social science in india essay

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1 Introduction

• Published: January 2017
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For social sciences to play their emancipatory as well as instrumental role in public policymaking, it is imperative that the social science research ecosystem is dynamic and vibrant, institutions governing the research ecosystem are robust and effective, and those producing good quality research and researchers are strong and well governed. Underlying these is a serious issue about funding and availability of data on social science research (SSR) to facilitate informed decision-making and enable design of program policies and strategies. In collaboration with the Think Tank Initiative (TTI) Program of IDRC, ICSSR led this work to examine the present status of social science in the country. This Volume examines the status of SSR with respect to its multiple dimensions and recommends the need for a comprehensive national social science policy in India that is adequately resourced and delivered through well-governed national institutions in order to create a credible research culture in social sciences.

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• 30 April 2024

Why doing social science research is difficult in India today

• Yamini Aiyar 0

Yamini Aiyar is the former president and chief executive of the Centre for Policy Research, based in New Delhi.

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India’s academic freedom has been in steady decline for a decade. This is well documented: in the 2024 Academic Freedom Index update produced by V-Dem, a project on democracy based in Gothenburg, Sweden, India is ranked in the bottom 20% of a list of 179 countries and territories on metrics such as ‘institutional autonomy’ and ‘freedom to research and teach’.

Historically, academic freedoms were certainly not perfect in India. Yet even a cursory glance at the evidence reveals that the scale of restrictions and the misuse of laws to curb academic freedom has increased. In the interests of preserving India’s global competitiveness, whoever wins the election should seek to reverse this trend.

Climatologist Michael Mann wins defamation case: what it means for scientists

The documented drop in academic freedom is part of a broader decline in India’s vibrant culture of public debate. I have personally witnessed the growing restrictions during my 15 years as a researcher at the New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research (CPR), where I served as president for 7 years until I stepped down in March.

My own research community — think tanks that aim to support evidence-based policies — engages deeply with the global academic and policy ecosystem. Given that public funds have many competing priorities, much of our research relies on international philanthropic funding. That is becoming increasingly difficult to come by, owing to a tightening of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), which controls licences to access foreign funding.

For instance, after amendments to this law in 2020, recipients of foreign funding cannot give subgrants to other organizations, making collaborative research impossible. And since 2014, nearly 17,000 civil-society organizations have lost their FCRA licences altogether . For those that still have a licence, the renewal process is onerous. Many organizations receive temporary extensions of three to six months, rather than the full period of five years allowed under law.

Why Joe Biden’s bid to restore scientific integrity matters

It seems that tax laws are also increasingly being used against institutions. Some research organizations are facing penalties and, in extreme cases, the loss of their tax-exempt status, which is required for accessing charitable donations. In September 2022, six institutions, including the CPR, were subject to tax ‘surveys’ that eventually resulted in them having both their FCRA licences and their tax-exempt statuses revoked . This has left them mired in legal minutiae and struggling to fund their work.

Similar challenges to the freedom to pursue independent research are visible on university campuses. In 2022, the India Academic Freedom Network (IAFN) prepared a status report for the United Nations special rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression. It lists 78 instances in which seminars, lectures or talks at public universities were disrupted by politically aligned groups or the permission to organize such events was denied. It also lists 25 cases of faculty arrests, including some under anti-terror and sedition laws — mostly for speaking on issues of public interest, on campus or in social-media posts. A further 37 incidents pertain to the arrest of students. The IAFN report also points to difficulties associated with foreign researchers obtaining visas and entering India — even for people who hold Overseas Citizenship of India cards.

All this comes at a juncture when critical feedback and effective consultation are required to secure the country’s long-term growth and prosperity. But rather than engage with ideas and challenge them in the spirit of inquiry and public debate, in my view, it has now become increasingly common for technocrats in government to seek to discredit researchers and suppress research. In late 2023, for instance, the World Bank removed from its website an important study that highlighted reversals of progress recorded under a flagship sanitation programme. The bank cited procedural issues , but was presumably under government pressure.

How to protect US science from political meddling after Trump

Even crucial government data are now hard to obtain. The decennial census, for example, was last conducted in 2010–11; the public report on the 2017–18 household consumption expenditure survey was junked and only partial data have been released from the 2022–23 survey. The consequences of this are significant. In my field, development and social policy, the data gaps make it harder to measure changes in well-being. The debate on poverty reduction is bogged down in estimates, leaving the public with relatively little objective analysis on the reach and effectiveness of economic policies.

To reverse these trends, researchers must make their voices heard and be willing to defend the principle and value of academic freedom in the public domain. Research bodies should engage more effectively with philanthropists in India and find ways to preserve the space for civil discourse. An alliance with broader civil society is also required to push back against draconian regulations that undermine scientific freedoms.

India’s experience is not unique, but a reflection of a broader malaise. The V-Dem report makes it clear that several countries — including the United States, where university campuses are in turmoil — have witnessed a deterioration in the space available to pursue independent research. Researchers in India and elsewhere should fight to retain that space. It will be a long and difficult battle. But it is an essential one.

Nature 629 , 9 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01214-1

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The author declares no competing interests.

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ICSSR brings out Journals of Abstracts and Reviews, bi-annually, in five disciplines, viz. Economics, Geography, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology and Social Anthropology. Also, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi, and the Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad, the Council brings out two quarterly journals, namely, 'Documentation in Public Administration' and 'Vikalpa', respectively

Indian Social Science Review (ISSR) Journal

The Council's journal, the Indian Social Science Review, provides a vital forum/ platform to the social science community to deliberate upon important issues engaging the social sciences. Three volumes running into six issues have been published since its launch in January 1999 while the fourth volume is currently in the press.

The journal has taken shape under Professor T. N. Madan as Editor-in-Chief, in collaboration with Sage Publications. Its Editorial Board has met ten times till date. It consists of eminent social scientists belonging to different disciplines: Professors Amiya K. Bagchi (Economics and Economic History), Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (History), Ashish Bose (Sociology), Neera Chandhoke (Political Science), Suma Chitnis (Sociology and Education), Indira Jai Prakash (Psychology), Kuldeep Mathur (Political Science), Pulin Nayak (Economics), Deepak Nayyar (Economics), Atul Sarma (Economics), T. K. Oommen (Sociology) and Dr. K. V. Sundaram (Geography) as its Members, and Dr. Arun P. Bali, Director at the ICSSR, as the Managing Editor. Indian Social Science Research has enjoyed tremendous encouragement and invaluable support of the Chairman, Professor V. R. Panchamukhi and the Member Secretary, Mr. Bhaskar Chatterjee. An Editorial Cell manned by qualified professionals has been set up to look after the work of the journal.

Indian Social Science Review (ISSR), a refereed journal, is truly evolving into a novel multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary journal. Its multi-dimensional broad-based approach is borne out by the contents carried in the issues published so far.

ISSR publishes articles of a general or comparative nature as well as those focused on particular themes. It is proposed to devote January-June, 2004 to the theme of Liberal Democracy. Professor Amiya Bagchi has agreed to act as its Guest Editor. Shorter communications, review articles, and book reviews are its regular features. The Call for papers for general as well as thematic issues inviting articles from scholars may be seen here

CALL FOR PAPERS

Indian Social Science Review (ISSR), a refereed journal, seeks to bring multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to bear upon the study of social, economic, political and other related problems of contemporary concern. It also welcomes contributions clarifying methodological and theoretical issues. ISSR publishes articles of a general or comparative nature as well as those focused on particular themes. From time to time, special issues devoted to the discussion of a particular theme, comprising mostly invited articles, also will be published. Shorter communications, review articles, and book reviews are regular features.

The ISSR is edited by a board comprising Professor T. N. Madan (Social Anthropology) as Editor-in-Chief and Professors Amiya K. Bagchi (Economics and Economic History), Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (History), Ashish Bose (Sociology), Neera Chandhoke (Political Science), Suma Chitnis (Sociology and Education), Indira Jai Prakash (Psychology), Kuldeep Mathur (Political Science), Pulin Nayak (Economics), Deepak Nayyar (Economics), Atul Sarma (Economics), T. K. Oommen (Sociology) and Dr. K. V. Sundaram (Geography) as members.

ISSR welcomes contributions from Indian scholars wherever they are placed and whatever is the geographical focus of their research. It also publishes articles by non-Indian scholars dealing with India. It invites papers (in duplicate) that follow the interdisciplinary approach. The length of papers should be between 5000 and 8000 words. Shorter communications and research notes may also be considered.

Interested scholars may correspond with:

Director & Managing Editor, Indian Social Science Review, Indian Council of Social Science Research, P.O. Box 10528, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, J.N.U. Institutional Area, New Delhi 10067. Tel. (011)2 617 9826, Fax (011)2 617 9836. Email: [email protected]

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Egalitarianism and the Social Sciences in India

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Thinking Social Science in India: Essays in Honour of Alice Thorner First Edition

• ISBN-10 0761996001
• ISBN-13 978-0761996002
• Edition First Edition
• Publisher SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd
• Publication date April 7, 2002
• Language English
• Dimensions 6.25 x 1.25 x 9.75 inches
• Print length 468 pages
• See all details

Editorial Reviews

About the author.

Sujata Patel is a sociologist at the University of Hyderabad. An historical sensibility and a combination of four perspectives – Marxism, feminism, spatial studies and post structuralism – post colonialism influences her work which covers diverse areas such as modernity and social theory, history of sociology/social sciences, city formation, social movements, gender construction, reservation, quota politics and caste and class forma­tions in India. She is also an active interlocutor of teaching and learning practices, and has written on the challenges that organise its reconstitution within classrooms, university structures. She is the author of more than 60 papers and is the series editor of Sage Studies in International Sociology (including Current Sociology Monographs (2010–2014), Oxford India Studies in Contemporary Society (Oxford, India) and Cities and the Urban Imperative (Routledge, India). She is also the author of The Making of Industrial Relations (Oxford University Press, 1997), editor of The ISA Handbook of Diverse Sociological Traditions , Sage London (2010) and Doing Sociology in India, Genealogies, Locations and Practices (Oxford, 2011) as also a co-editor of five books, Bombay: Metaphor of Modern India (Oxford University Press, 1995); Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture (Oxford University Press, 1995); Bombay and Mumbai: The City in Transition (Oxford University Press, 2003); Thinking Social Science in India (Sage, 2002); and Urban Studies (Oxford University Press, 2006). She has been associated in various capacities with the International Sociological Association and has been its first Vice President for National Associations (2002–2006).

Product details

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd; First Edition (April 7, 2002)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 468 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0761996001
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0761996002
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.8 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.25 x 1.25 x 9.75 inches

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6 Major Social Issues in India: Causes and Measures

India suffers from a host of social issues ranging from poverty to gendered violence. This article covers the concept of social issues and highlights the different experiences of rural and urban sectors. Further, it studies six important social issues namely poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, the caste system, gendered violence and communalism by analyzing their causes and the specific measures adopted to combat them.

What Are Social Issues?

Rural versus urban social issues.

Many scholars have identified fundamental differences between the causes and consequences of issues experienced the rural and urban sectors.

The rural sector has five identifying characteristics. Firstly, people are either directly or indirectly dependent upon agriculture. Next, the upper caste citizens are the largest landholders. Thirdly, the roles and values of rural people are traditional. Also, the farmers receive inadequate compensation for their hard work. Finally, people are scattered in rural areas as compared to urban cities. This isolation means that their access to services like banks, hospitals and schools is also minimal.

On the other hand, the urban sector is characterized by the concentration of large populations in small areas. This results in many issues such as slums, high crime rates, pollution, drug abuse and unemployment. Also, cities are highly interdependent on every small part. For example, a strike by bus workers could result in many problems for the functioning of a city.

Poverty can be defined as the inability to secure the minimum standard of living appropriate to society. According to the Planning Commission, 22% of India’s population lived below the poverty line in 2012.

The sociologist David Elesh determined three causes of poverty namely individual, culture of poverty and social structure. The first ideology is propagated by those who believe that if an individual ends up in poverty, it is their own fault and due to a lack of hard work and initiative. This thought is rooted in the functionalist approach of sociology. It maintains that poverty is a good thing for society since it propagates the survival of the fittest. The culture of poverty concept was introduced in 1959 by Oscar Lewis. He believed that the lifestyle of the lower socio-economic classes fostered behaviours and attitudes associated with poverty. Hence, no amount of economic rehabilitation could help alleviate the poor. Finally, the social structure approach was propagated by sociologist Herbert Gans . He associated poverty with unjust social conditions and pointed out that the middle and higher classes had a vested interest in the poor. For example, the existence of the poor helped alleviate their social status. Thus, they had no interest in changing the social structure (Ahuja 2014).

Poverty Alleviation Programs

The Indian government has launched many poverty alleviation programs for the rural and urban poor. A few major schemes have been described below. The Indira Awaas Yojna (IAY) was launched to aid the construction of houses for those belonging to scheduled tribes, scheduled castes, freed bonded laborers and the rural poor living below the poverty line. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA) was introduced in 2005 all over India. Under this scheme, every rural household was guaranteed 100 days of wage employment in the form of unskilled manual labor each fiscal year. Finally, the food security scheme introduced in 2003 distributed allocated amounts of food grains to priority and antyodya households for free. This scheme covered almost 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population (Ahuja 2014).

Unemployment

Unemployment has often been described as the most significant social issue in society. This is because an individual is dependent on their work for both their livelihood and their status. Sociologically, unemployment is defined as the inability to find remunerative work in the face of both potential and desire to earn. The three elements of unemployment are that the individual must be capable, willing and making an effort to be gainfully employed.

There are three major classifications of unemployment, namely, seasonal, cyclical and technological.

Cyclical unemployment is a result of the ups and downs in business. For example, an entrepreneur earning high profits might invest them in a startup thus creating employment. But when they start suffering losses, they might reduce the number of workers present in their industries.

Technological unemployment is caused because of the introduction of new technologies that displace manual labor. The adoption of automation in almost every industry has resulted in a loss of economic security for the average man (Ahuja 2014).

Degrading social status means that many people consider themselves overqualified for certain jobs and thus prefer to remain unemployed. For example, many youths consider teaching in universities to be a prestigious job whereas teaching in a school is looked down upon.

The defective education system fails to give importance to primary education and vocational training. The benefits of education are mostly availed only by middle- and high-income youth with access to private schools and universities. The conditions in most government schools are unsuitable for studying and are often a result for many girls to drop out (Ahuja 2014).

Unemployment: Definition, Types, Causes, Solutions and The Way Ahead

Many programs have been introduced by the government in accordance with the education policies of India. A few of these have been mentioned below.

Caste System

Dalit Empowerment Measures

The government’s approach towards the upliftment of SCs was based on two ideas. The first was to overcome deprivations in terms of education, housing and employment that the SCs have inherited due to their historical exclusion from society. The second was to encourage their participation in the economic, social and political processes of the country.

Development measures were introduced within the educational, economic and social spheres. To increase educational development the government has attempted to include reservations within educational institutions, provide financial support and coaching facilities and emphasized on girls education. Economic empowerment includes distribution of land to landless laborers and implementation of wage labor programs. Finally, social welfare schemes to increase access to sanitation, housing, drinking water and electricity have been introduced by the government (Thorat 2009).

Gendered Violence

Women have always been victims of exploitation and violence within the Indian subcontinent. Violence against women consists of criminal, domestic and social violence. Criminal violence consists of rape, murder, female foeticide and abduction. Domestic violence includes wife battering, dowry deaths and sexual violence. Social violence comprises eve-teasing, inheritance laws favouring men etc.

The government in collaboration with volunteer organizations has taken a few steps for the safety of women. Shelters for women suffering from abusive husbands or in-laws have been established. But such accommodations suffer from issues of overcrowding and a lack of financial support. Helplines for women have been publicized by the police in various cities such as New Delhi. Legal institutions that provide free legal assistance to women have also been promoted by the government. But despite all these measures, the most important change that is required to combat women’s harassment is a change in attitude. The patriarchal society of India has oppressed women for too long. This pattern needs to change by taking small steps such as ending victim-blaming for sexual and violent assaults.

Communalism

Communalism refers to attempts to overemphasize the importance of religious identity and stimulate communal violence between different religious groups. Within India, tensions between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs have been present since the India-Pakistan partition. Muslims, Sikhs and other religious minorities are protected by the Indian constitution under provisions for justice, tolerance, equality and freedom. Despite these provisions, communal violence has been a part of India since independence. The recent case of the Babri Masjid and associated riots is a popular example of religious discord. Violence can take many forms of mass mobilizations, insurgency and riots. Usually, communal violence is more politically motivated than fueled by religion. Hindu- Muslim riots in Andhra Pradesh in 1990 led to more than a hundred deaths (Ahuja 2014).

India has suffered at the hands of communalism for too long. The government and the citizens must work together towards harmony. Symbolic gestures are not enough for Muslims as they must be empowered through literacy and employment. Secularism must be promoted through education. Moreover, communal minded politicians should be boycotted during elections and the police and military must be sensitized and encouraged to adopt a secular outlook.

Ahuja, R. (2014).  Social problems in India . Jaipur: Rawat Publications.

Arushi is a sociology and environmental studies. She is passionate about writing and researching about these two fields. She has a keen interest in social work and has collaborated with many volunteering programs in the past. Her hobbies include horse riding, trekking and painting.

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Identity and Marginality in North East India Challenges for Social Science Research

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Exploring Innovation | ISSN: 2583-0643 (online) | A Periodical Journal | Reg. No: C/1383209 | Published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP)

The  Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature (IJSSL) is an open-access ,   peer-reviewed , quarterly international journal with an ISSN 2583-0643 (online). It has been published by the Lattice Science Publication (LSP)  periodically in March, June, September, and December since 2021.

The Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature (IJSSL) seeks to publish high-quality, peer-reviewed original articles in Social Science and Literature , encompassing a wide range of subjects, including Anthropology, Archaeology, Business Administration, Criminology, Economics, Education, Geography, History, Language, Literature, Law, Linguistics, Literary Genres, Management, Media, NGO, Political Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Social Policy, Sociology, Women Empowerment, Regions, Narrative, Thinking, Writing, Conflict, Community, Epics, Utopias, Fairytales, Myth, Folktales, Ghost Stories, Fiction, Epic Tradition, Biographic Arts, Film, Romanticism, Novel, Story, Poetry, Drama, Periods, Gender, Sexuality, Cinema, Hamlet, Critical Theory, Assemblage, and Disability Studies, among other interdisciplinary branches within the broader fields of Social Science and Literature .

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Authors can electronically submit articles anytime using the “ Article Submission System ”. All submitted articles must be original, exclusive to the journal, and relevant to its scope . All submissions undergo a double-anonymized peer-review  process, and the editor retains the right to reject any articles that lack quality or originality without sending them for review.

Authors must acknowledge their understanding of the content of their submitted article and verify compliance with the prescribed English grammar and usage standards. Authors may use tools such as Grammarly or similar applications to facilitate proofreading. Open-access journal publishers require authors to pay an Article Processing Charge (APC) to cover publication costs and retain copyright for their articles. Furthermore, authors are encouraged to acquaint themselves with the journal’s editorial and publishing policies .

Basic Journal Details– Website: www.ijssl.latticescipub.com ISSN: 2583-0643 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54105/ijssl Publishing Frequency: 04 Issues per year (Quarterly: March, June, September, and December ) Published By: Lattice Science Publication (LSP) First Volume/Issue Publishing Year: 2021 Journal Starting Year: 2021 Publication Language: English Primary Field: Social Science and Literature CrossRef: Yes Guidelines for Authors: https://www.ijssl.latticescipub.com/instruction-for-authors/ Editorial and Publishing Policies: https://www.ijssl.latticescipub.com/ethics-and-policies/ Publisher License under   CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0

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Essay On Social Issues

500 words essay on social issues.

Social Issues is an undesirable state which opposes society or a certain part of society. It refers to an unwanted situation that frequently results in problems and continues to harm society . Social issues can cause a lot of problems that can be beyond the control of just one person. Through an essay on social issues, we will learn why they are harmful and what types of social issues we face.

Drawbacks of Social Issues

Social issues have a lot of drawbacks that harms our society. They are situations that have an adverse and damaging result on our society. They arise when the public leaves nature or society from an ideal situation.

If you look closely, you will realize that almost all types of social issues have common origins. In the sense that they all are interconnected somehow. Meaning to say, if one solves the other one is also most likely to resolve.

Social issues have a massive lousy effect on our society and ultimately, it affects all of us. In order to solve some social issues, we need a common approach. No society is free from social issues, almost every one of them has some social issue or the other.

For instance, in India, you will find a lot of social issues which the country is facing. It ranges from the caste system to child labour and gender inequality to religious conflicts. Thus, we are going through a critical time where we all must come together to free our society from undesirable social evils.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Major Social Issues

There are a lot of social issues we are facing right now, some more prominent than the others. First of all, poverty is a worldwide issue. It gives birth to a lot of other social issues which we must try to get away with at the earliest.

Further, countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and more are facing the issue of the caste system since times unknown. It results in a lot of caste violence and inequality which takes the lives of many on a daily basis.

Moreover, child labour is another major social issue that damages the lives of young children. Similarly, illiteracy also ruins the lives of many by destroying their chances of a bright future.

In developing countries mostly, child marriage still exists and is responsible for ruining many lives. Similarly, dowry is a very serious and common social issue that almost all classes of people partake in.

Another prominent social issue is gender inequality which takes away many opportunities from deserving people. Domestic violence especially against women is a serious social issue we must all fight against.

Other social issues include starvation, child sex abuse, religious conflicts, child trafficking, terrorism , overpopulation, untouchability, communalism and many more. It is high time we end these social issues.

Conclusion of the Essay on Social Issues

A society can successfully end social issues if they become adamant. These social issues act as a barrier to the progress of society. Thus, we must all come together to fight against them and put them to an end for the greater good.

FAQ on Essay on Social Issues

Question 1: What is the meaning of social problem?

Answer 1: A social problem refers to any condition or behaviour which has a negative impact on a large number of people. It is normally recognized as a condition or behaviour that needs to be addressed.

Question 2: What are the effects of social issues?

Answer 2: Social issues affect our society adversely. Most importantly, it disturbs the harmony of society and gives rise to hostility and suspicion. Moreover, it creates large-scale social dissatisfaction, suffering and misery.

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TISS Student Found Dead At Mumbai Flat Hours After Returning From Party

Tiss student death: the student, anurag jaiswal, who comes from lucknow, was found dead at his rented apartment in the city on saturday morning..

Anurag Jaiswal, the TISS student found dead at his home

A student of Mumbai's Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) was found dead at his apartment, said police.

The student, Anurag Jaiswal, who comes from Lucknow, was found dead at his rented apartment in the city on Saturday morning.

Sources told NDTV that the student, enrolled in the Human Resource programme, had gone to a party with his friends in Vashi on Friday night. There were 150 students at the party.

The student was drinking a lot of alcohol at the party, sources have told NDTV. 

Upon questioning the roommates, the cops have ruled out the ragging angle in the case, adding that after returning home the student was unwell. 

When he did not wake up the following morning, his three roommates rushed him to a hospital in Chembur where he was declared dead, the police said.

The student's family in Lucknow has been informed.

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The family has requested the cops that the postmortem be done only after their arrival in the city.

An accidental death report has been filed in the matter and an investigation is underway.

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