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Basics of “C” Programming

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CSE 105 Structured Programming Language (C)

Module 6: Introduction to C Language ITEI102 Introduction to Programming Structure of C++ Program - Programming Terminologies - Microsoft Visual Studio.

EC-111 Algorithms & Computing Lecture #1 Instructor: Jahan Zeb Department of Computer Engineering (DCE) College of E&ME NUST.

Chapter 3: Beginning Problem Solving Concepts for the Computer Programming Computer Programming Skills /1436 Department of Computer Science.

Lecture 2 Introduction to C Programming

Three types of computer languages

1 Key Concepts:  Why C?  Life Cycle Of a C program,  What is a computer program?  A program statement?  Basic parts of a C program,  Printf() function?

Introduction to C Programming Overview of C Hello World program Unix environment C programming basics.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level Languages Three types of computer languages 1.Machine.

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Using C Programming Language.  The programs that run on a computer are referred to as software.  You’ll learn key programming methodology that are enhancing.

Copyright 2003 Scott/Jones Publishing Brief Version of Starting Out with C++, 4th Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming.

Computer Science 210 Computer Organization Introduction to C.

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• Daniel Weller
• Sharat Chikkerur

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• Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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• Programming Languages
• Software Design and Engineering

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Practical programming in c, lecture notes.

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• C Data Types
• C Operators
• C Input and Output
• C Control Flow
• C Functions
• C Preprocessors
• C File Handling
• C Cheatsheet
• C Interview Questions

C Language Introduction

C is a procedural programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie in the year 1972 at Bell Laboratories of AT&T Labs. It was mainly developed as a system programming language to write the UNIX operating system .

The main features of the C language include:

• General Purpose and Portable
• Low-level Memory Access
• Clean Syntax

These features make the C language suitable for system programming like an operating system or compiler development.

Why Should We Learn C?

Many later languages have borrowed syntax/features directly or indirectly from the C language like the syntax of Java, PHP, JavaScript, and many other languages that are mainly based on the C language. C++ is nearly a superset of C language (Only a few programs may compile in C, but not in C++).

So,  if a person learns C programming first, it will help them to learn any modern programming language as well. Also, learning C helps to understand a lot of the underlying architecture of the operating system like pointers, working with memory locations, etc.

Get Started with C Learn C fundamentals and advanced concepts, then solve practical problems right in your browser window with Educative’s interactive skill path Become a C Programmer. Sign up at Educative.io with the code GEEKS10 to save 10% on your subscription.

Difference Between C and C++

C++ was created to add the OOPs concept into the C language so they both have very similar syntax with a few differences. The following are some of the main differences between C and C++ Programming languages.

• C++ supports OOPs paradigm while C only has the procedural concept of programming.
• C++ has exception handling capabilities. In C, we have to resolve exceptions manually.
• There are no references in C.

There are many more differences between C and C++ which are discussed here: Difference between C and C++

Beginning with C Programming

Writing the first program in c.

The following code is one of the simplest C programs that will help us understand the basic syntax structure of a C program.

Let us analyze the structure of our program line by line.

Structure of the C program

After the above discussion, we can formally assess the basic structure of a C program. By structure, it is meant that any program can be written in this structure only. Writing a C program in any other structure will lead to a Compilation Error. The structure of a C program is as follows:

Components of a C Program:

1. header files inclusion – line 1 [#include <stdio.h>].

The first and foremost component is the inclusion of the Header files in a C program. A header file is a file with extension .h which contains C function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files. All lines that start with # are processed by a preprocessor which is a program invoked by the compiler. In the above example, the preprocessor copies the preprocessed code of stdio.h to our file. The .h files are called header files in C. Some of the C Header files:

• stddef.h – Defines several useful types and macros.
• stdint.h – Defines exact width integer types.
• stdio.h – Defines core input and output functions
• stdlib.h – Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random number generator, and memory allocation
• string.h – Defines string handling functions
• math.h – Defines common mathematical functions.

2. Main Method Declaration – Line 2 [int main()]

The next part of a C program is to declare the main() function. It is the entry point of a C program and the execution typically begins with the first line of the main(). The empty brackets indicate that the main doesn’t take any parameter (See this for more details). The int that was written before the main indicates the return type of main(). The value returned by the main indicates the status of program termination. See this post for more details on the return type.

3. Body of Main Method – Line 3 to Line 6 [enclosed in {}]

The body of a function in the C program refers to statements that are a part of that function. It can be anything like manipulations, searching, sorting, printing, etc. A pair of curly brackets define the body of a function. All functions must start and end with curly brackets.

4. Statement – Line 4 [printf(“Hello World”);]

Statements are the instructions given to the compiler. In C, a statement is always terminated by a semicolon (;). In this particular case, we use printf() function to instruct the compiler to display “Hello World” text on the screen.

5. Return Statement – Line 5 [return 0;]

The last part of any C function is the return statement. The return statement refers to the return values from a function. This return statement and return value depend upon the return type of the function. The return statement in our program returns the value from main(). The returned value may be used by an operating system to know the termination status of your program. The value 0 typically means successful termination. 

How to Execute the Above Program?

In order to execute the above program, we need to first compile it using a compiler and then we can run the generated executable. There are online IDEs available for free like GeeksforGeeksIDE , that can be used to start development in C without installing a compiler.

• Windows: There are many free IDEs available for developing programs in C like Code Blocks and Dev-CPP . IDEs provide us with an environment to develop code, compile it and finally execute it. We strongly recommend Code Blocks.
• Linux: GCC compiler comes bundled with Linux which compiles C programs and generates executables for us to run. Code Blocks can also be used with Linux. 
• macOS: macOS already has a built-in text editor where you can just simply write the code and save it with a “.c” extension.

Application of C 

• Operating systems : C is widely used for developing operating systems such as Unix, Linux, and Windows.
• Embedded systems : C is a popular language for developing embedded systems such as microcontrollers, microprocessors, and other electronic devices.
• System software : C is used for developing system software such as device drivers, compilers, and assemblers.
• Networking : C is widely used for developing networking applications such as web servers, network protocols, and network drivers.
• Database systems : C is used for developing database systems such as Oracle, MySQL, and PostgreSQL.
• Gaming : C is often used for developing computer games due to its ability to handle low-level hardware interactions.
• Artificial Intelligence : C is used for developing artificial intelligence and machine learning applications such as neural networks and deep learning algorithms.
• Scientific applications : C is used for developing scientific applications such as simulation software and numerical analysis tools.
• Financial applications : C is used for developing financial applications such as stock market analysis and trading systems.

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C is a high-level programming language that was originally developed in the early 1970s for system programming and has since become widely used for a variety of applications. It is a procedural language that allows for structured programming and modular design, making it highly flexible and efficient. C has a rich set of built-in functions and operators, and allows for low-level memory manipulation, making it ideal for applications that require high performance and speed. It has also been widely adopted in the field of embedded systems and microcontrollers. C continues to be an important language for software development today. By using our template, you can convey your message in a clear and concise manner.

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C Programming Language

C is a broadly useful, procedural pc programming language supporting organized programming, lexical variable degree, and recursion, while a static sort framework averts unintended activities. it was at first created by dennis ritchie somewhere in the range of 1969 and 1973. – powerpoint ppt presentation.

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C Language. Brief history In 1972, Dennis Ritchie designed C and it was used on PDP-11 mini-computers In 1974, Unix was rewritten in C C++ and C Advantages and disadvantages. A short example. #include &lt;stdio.h&gt; main ( ) { printf (“Is anybody out there?<br>”);

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C Language • Brief history • In 1972, Dennis Ritchie designed C and it was used on PDP-11 mini-computers • In 1974, Unix was rewritten in C • C++ and C • Advantages and disadvantages

A short example • #include <stdio.h> • main ( ) • { • printf (“Is anybody out there?\n”); • printf (“Hello world!\n”); • }

/* Another example-read items, compute their average */ • #include <stdio.h> • main ( ) • { • int ItemsRead = 0; • double ThisItem, Sum = 0.0; • printf (“Enter as many items as you want\n”); • printf (“Terminate with non-double or EOF marker\n”); • while (scanf (“%lf”, &ThisItem ) ==1 ) • { • ItemsRead ++; • Sum += ThisItem; • } • printf( “The average of %d items was %f\n”, ItemsRead, Sum / ItemsRead ); • return 0; • }

Simple C • 1. Create a c program • Any line or screen editor will do. Vi editor is also a good choice. For simple ones, one can use cat > fileName as well. • 2. Compile the program • cc fileName.c will create a executable file called a.out regardless of the fileName.

Compile with a style • To create a complied file with the same name: • Use ccfileName.c –o fileName • Will create a file with the fileName instead of a.out

Compiling Problems • It is not as straightforward as the Code Warrior you did in C++ course. • However, you will get used to it once you do more. • Unix debugger dbx is available for debugging.

Memory leak in C • Memory leaks (in which malloc() memory is never released with corresponding free() calls) and buffer overruns (writing past memory that has been allocated for an array, for example) are some of the common problems and can be difficult to detect.

Example • #include <stdlib.h> • #include <stdio.h> • #include "memwatch.h" • int main(void) • { • char *ptr1; • char *ptr2; • ptr1 = malloc(512); • ptr2 = malloc(512); • ptr2 = ptr1; • free(ptr2); free(ptr1); • }

What is the problem with that program? • The code in Listing 1 allocates two 512-byte blocks of memory, and then the pointer to the first block is set to the second block. As a result, the address of the second block is lost, and there is a memory leak.

Debug Tools • There are various ways to track down user-space and kernel problems using debug tools on Linux. Build and debug your source code with these tools and techniques: • Memory tools: MEMWATCH and YAMD • strace • GNU debugger (gdb) • Magic key sequence

Compiling Process • 1. cc command translate the source file to an equivalent assembly program. • 2. Once an equivalent assembly language is generated, another program called assembler is called to convert the program into binary file or machine code file. • 3. Finally, linker is called to combine the binary file with the library to create a executable file.

cc versus gcc • gcc – the GNU C Compiler, it was written by Richard Stallman and it is now maintained by Cyguns solutions. gcc exists for practically all major operating systems and processor architectures and is widely used in embedded systems. • 1. It is the complier we are using in Linux. • 2. When you invoke cc, you are invoking gcc

gcc interpretation of filename Suffixes • .c --- C source code which must be pre- • processed before compilation. • .i --- C source code has been pre-processed. • .cc, .cxx, .cpp, .C --- C++ source file as in .c • .ii --- C++ source that has been pre-proce… • .h --- C header file • .s --- Assembly code • .S --- Assembly code which must be pre-processed

Compiling C++ Programs • To compile and link C++ programs, you should invoke the complier as g++ rather than gcc. This is especially important at link time because it force the linker to link in certain libraries required by C++ programs.

Basic Rules in C • The basic unit of a C program is a character. • A-Z, a-z, 0-9, white space: blanks, newlines, tabs, … and the following 29 characters: • ! # % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = [ ] { } | \ ; : “ ‘ < > • , . / ? ~ • White space is important for readability.

Comments in C • 1. C comments begins with a /* and end with */ and there should be no space between the asterisk and the slash. • 2. No nest in comment in C. • Common error: • /* 1 */ /* This comment ends early on the next line. • /* 2 */ * This is not in the comment ! • /* 3 */ * Nether is this;

Identifiers and Keywords in C • 1. A name may use A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _ • Begin with a digit is prohibited. • 2. The length cannot exceed 31 chars and in • some situations 6 is the limit. • 3. Similar to the UNIX, c is case sensitive. • 4. Avoid using the 32 keywords. • They are:

Keywords in C • auto, break, case, char, const, continue, • default, do, double, else, enum, extern • float, for, goto, if, int, long, register, return • short, signed, sizeof, static, struct, switch • typedef, union, unsigned, void, volatile, • while

Pre-Processor in C • #include <stdio.h> • #define Minimum Wage 5.75 • #---the first non-white-space character line begins with # will be treated as pre-processor • < ***> inside indicates the *** file doe not reside in the current directory, (it resides in the system directory) • .h --- h refer to the header file similar to C++

Pointers in C • Pointer is a variable to store an address of another object. • That object is accessed by dereferencing the • Pointer. • Pointer is one of the most important concept in C language

How to define a pointer? • int *p; • int x = 8; • int *p = &x; /* p points at x */ • ++*p will change x to 9 while • *P++ will make the pointer points to a different number in memory.

Pointer in C • You can give a pointer any name you like, such as: • int *p, int *ptr, int *Ptr, int *xPointer • However, we recommend use *xptr or xPtr to point x and *yPtr to point y. • * --- is called indirection operator or dereferencing operator.

Initializing Pointer • Pointer should be initialized either when they are declared or in an assignment statement. • int *xPtr, *yPtr, *zeroPtr; • int x = 8, y = 9, zero = 0; • xPtr = &x; • yPtr = & y; • zeroPtr = NULL or zeroPtr = 0; • NULL is a symbolic constant defined in the <stdio.h> header file (and in several other header files)

What we care is p points to the variable by store the address in it. The computer will reserve a address for p. However, we don’t care where it will store it. address p 8 p ++*p will make 8 becomes 9 and *p++ will make p points to another address

Program Example • #include <stdio.h> • Void • Swap (int * const X, int * const Y) • { • int Temp; • Temp = *X; • *X = *Y; • *Y = Temp; • } • main (void) • { • int A = 5, B = 7; • Swap (&A, &B); • printf (“%/d %/d\n” , A, B); /* Must pass the address */ • return 0; • }

Input from c Programs scanf • #include <stdio> • main (void) • { • int x; • double y; • printf (“Enter an integer and a real: “); • scanf ( “%d %lf” , &x , &y); • Print (“You entered %d and %f\n” , x, y); • }

Example • #include <stdio.h> • int main ( ) { printf(“\”So what? \“ said she.\n”); return 0; }

Input in c • #include <stdio.h> • int main( void ) • { • int intvar; • printf("The address of intvar is %p.\n", &intvar); printf("\nEnter an integer value: "); • scanf("%d", &intvar); printf("The value you entered was %d.\n", intvar); • return 0; • }

Notice the problem when you run the program • 1. When you input a legal integer. • 2. When you input a serious of characters. • 3. When you input a number that is too big to the computer.

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