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Into the Wild

Jon krakauer.

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Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

Into the Wild: Introduction

Into the wild: plot summary, into the wild: detailed summary & analysis, into the wild: themes, into the wild: quotes, into the wild: characters, into the wild: symbols, into the wild: theme wheel, brief biography of jon krakauer.

Historical Context of Into the Wild

Other books related to into the wild.

• Full Title: Into the Wild
• When Written: 1995
• Where Written: Seattle, Washington
• When Published: 1996
• Literary Period: Contemporary nonfiction
• Genre: Nonfiction; outdoor literature; travel writing; nature writing
• Setting: Alaska, South Dakota, the American Southwest, and Mexico.
• Climax: When Chris McCandless decides to return to civilization, but turns back into the wild because he cannot cross the Teklanika River.
• Antagonist: Walt McCandless; nature
• Point of View: Journalist Jon Krakauer reports from a third person perspective and occasionally the first person.

Extra Credit for Into the Wild

The Evolution of Into the Wild. Jon Krakauer first covered McCandless’s death for Outside Magazine in January 1993. In the years following, he extended the article into a full-length book, Into the Wild . Actor Sean Penn adapted the book for the screen, writing and directing a critically acclaimed film version, starring Emile Hirsch, in 2007.

A Mysterious Chemistry. The confounding circumstances of McCandless’s death prompted Krakauer to turn to botany and chemistry for answers. In Outside magazine Jon Krakauer initially theorized that McCandless died because he mistook poisonous sweet pea seeds for those of an edible potato plant. After working with a team of chemists while writing Into the Wild , Krakauer proposed another theory for McCandless’s death—alkaloid poisoning from wild potato seeds. Krakauer amended his theory in later editions of the book, attributing McCandless’s death to paralysis and starvation by swainsonine poisoning. In 2013, Krakauer published an article in The New Yorker that definitively asserted McCandless’s death to be the result of lathyrism, a paralyzing neurological disease caused by a toxin in potato seeds, known as ODAP (beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha-beta diaminoprionic acid). However, the case is not settled and there is still debate about what exactly caused McCandless's death.

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Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer Essay

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Summary of the Novel

Main characters and theme, commentary on the central theme of the novel.

Rural nature has always been a source of inspiration for many American writers. Jon Krakauer is not an exception. Extreme weather and challenging conditions are the perfect backgrounds for exploring people’s psyche. In his famous book Into the Wild , Krakauer studies a story of “a well-educated young man with an above-average intellect and remarkable spiritual ambitions” (Vera, 2015, p. 43). The book explores many topics, such as difficulties in family relationships, the meaning of reaching manhood, materialism, and capitalism. This paper focuses on covering the characters of the book, especially Christopher McCandless, and studying the central theme — the search for personal freedom in times of modernity.

The book describes the details of real-life Christopher McCandless, a young man who decides to abandon past life. Shortly after graduating from a prestigious college, Christopher “cuts himself off both from his family and from the values and symbolic roles expected of him” (Hook, 2018, p. 5). Before taking off, he gives up his real name and takes a moniker Alexander Supertramp . McCandless starts a journey to the West and then into the Alaskan wilderness, looking for solitude and escape from societal norms. He spends his time hitchhiking, exploring nature on foot, and a canoe. At some point, Alex applies for a job in Los Angeles but then returns to his original plan (Krakauer, 2011). McCandless tests his limits by hunting, foraging, and camping alone. Eventually, he dies of starvation in an abandoned bus, where locals find his body.

Christopher McCandless, Alexander Supertramp, or simply Alex is the protagonist of the novel, an Emory University graduate who recently finished his education. According to Vera (2015), he disliked “money and mainstream values, despite the fact—or rather because of the fact—that he was “flipping Quarter Pounders at McDonald’s” (p. 46). Alex grew up with his parents and a younger sister, Carine, and had a classic father-son relationship issue. The parents, Billie and Walt, assumed that their son would pursue a career as a lawyer, but instead, he donated all of the money to charity (Krakauer, 2011). Walt, an aerospace engineer, dismissed his son’s decision to travel. Eventually, the family members concluded that they misread Alex and never really knew anything about his intentions.

Wayne Westerberg and Jim Gallien

During the journey, the main character encountered many locals and created strong bonds with several people. One of them was Wayne Westerberg, a thick-shouldered hyperkinetic man (Krakauer, 2011). Westerberg owned a grain elevator in Carthage and gave Alex a job. He appreciated the intelligence and hard-working nature of the young man (Krakauer, 2011). Jim Gallien was a driver who encountered Alex on his way to the Alaskan wilderness. During the two-hour drive, Gallien concluded that McCandless was not another delusional traveler, but a determined and intelligent person, who lived by his choice. However, the driver tried to talk Alex out of the survival quest because this hitchhiker did not have the necessary equipment for the journey. Both Westerberg and Gallien positively changed their opinion about McCandless during the encounter.

Jan Burres and her Boyfriend, Bob

Jan Burres and Bob met McCandless in the summer of 1990 when he was looking for berries alongside the highway. The couple offered him a ride and meal because Alex looked exhausted and extremely malnourished. The young man accepted the offer and camped with Burres and her partner for a week. Jan had a connection with Alex because she missed her son. Bob also had much in common with their new friend, as he too was interested in survivalism. Together they sold books at the local flea market, and Alex demonstrated enthusiasm as a salesman. McCandless kept in touch with the couple by sending them postcards even after two years after their departure.

Ronald Franz

Ronald Franz, another acquaintance of Alex, was an 80-year-old retired army veteran who once had issues with alcohol. Franz was different from other companions: although the old man provided the traveler with meals and necessary equipment, he also gave Alex emotional support and was like a father to him. He urged McCandless to leave a camp as he considered it to be a negative influence for a young man. However, he took McCandless’ advice against a passive lifestyle and waited for the return of his new friend. Franz was worried about the destiny of an ambitious adventurer and even wanted to adopt him. When he found out about McCandless’ death, he resumed drinking and gave up his belief in God.

The theme of the Book

Exploring the life of Christopher McCandless, Krakauer explores a number of topics such as family relationship, maturity, and manhood as well as survival in a capitalist society. However, the main idea of the book is freedom and its importance when a person is trapped inside a system of norms and rules. Sheils and Walsh (2017) state that the main character’s escape “signified precisely this, an attempted escape from—or opposition to—a given societal form of the symbolic order” (p. 136). To Alex, the only way to start a new life and find peace was to abandon the typical order of the life of an affluent American.

One could believe that the main character was actually a spiritually weak rebel, as he did not prepare himself for the journey and died for no purpose. On the surface level, there was not any reason for a well-to-do young man to give up his privileges and possibilities. Nonetheless, it should be noticed that Alex had full determination to change his life, and none of his actions was meaningless. According to Vera (2015), “McCandless created his poverty by artificial means, which might have been inspired by Thoreau’s condemnation of the market economy and materialism” (p. 46). It is possible to agree that the trip to Alaska offered him freedom and meaning. Although the main character of the book could have avoided the unnecessary challenge of wild nature, his decision deserves respect for strong determination and complete devotion to one’s beliefs and ideas.

Into the Wild covers the story of a young man who decided to test his abilities and personal qualities in the harsh conditions of Alaska. The man who considered himself to be impotent to connect with people eventually communicates and bonds with total strangers. The novel examines topics that are traditional for American and European literature, such as interpersonal relationships, psychological maturity, personal struggles in the system of beliefs that traps and diminishes individual desires and choices. The main topic is personal freedom as the real purpose of life, which can only be achieved by means of difficult choices. The book explains that personal decisions should be respected, no matter how different they are in one’s opinion.

Hook, D. (2018). Melancholic psychosis—A Lacanian approach. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 28 (4), 466-480.

Krakauer, J. (2011). Into the wild . London, UK: Pan Macmillan.

Sheils, B., & Walsh, J. (Eds.). (2017). Narcissism, melancholia and the subject of community. London, UK: Pan Macmillan.

Vera, J. S. (2015). Thoreau as an oblique mirror: Jon Krakauer’s Into the Wild, American Studies in Scandinavia, 47 (1), 40-60.

• George Orwell’s Novel 1984
• Jack London’s The Call of the Wild
• The Concept of Idealism in the Book Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer
• Life Transformation of Chris McCandless
• The Movie "Into the Wild"
• The Main Characters and Themes of The Bluest Eye
• The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini
• The Bluest Eye by Tony Morrison
• Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
• Moral of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2019, December 3). Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer. https://ivypanda.com/essays/into-the-wild-by-jon-krakauer/

"Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer." IvyPanda , 3 Dec. 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/into-the-wild-by-jon-krakauer/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer'. 3 December.

IvyPanda . 2019. "Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer." December 3, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/into-the-wild-by-jon-krakauer/.

1. IvyPanda . "Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer." December 3, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/into-the-wild-by-jon-krakauer/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer." December 3, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/into-the-wild-by-jon-krakauer/.

Into the Wild Themes

Themes in into the wild, related posts:, post navigation.

Into the Wild (2007 Film)

By sean penn, into the wild (2007 film) analysis.

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Written by people who wish to remain anonymous

The film is about a young man seeking to find who he is through testing the limits of his belief system. Christopher, the protagonist, burns his credit cards and identification cards, even his money to sever his connection to the world. He will live from the land become the man he desires to be without influence from his family, whom he doesn't tell where he's going, nor from society which seeks to dictate every step of his life. In the end Christopher's extreme determination to disconnect from the trappings of the modern world lead him to the deep belief that life is best when we share it with the people we love.

It is because Christopher took the risk to live out what he believes that he was able to discover the reality of what lay beneath his philosophy. The fact that he goes into nature reveals something pivotal in all of our journeys: our connection to the earth allows us to know what matters in our lives. Christopher cut ties with the pleasures of the world--the things that make life "easy" and yet also complicate it over time (an example being credit card debt), and is able to connect to the truth that we all belong in the world and must find our place in it.

Christopher's testing of his belief system is what is most profound as we as a people rarely know what we believe, and when we do it isn't put into action in a way that brings an awareness of ourselves, the world we live in and the meaning of life...until, often times, we are on our death beds. His disconnection from the world led to a connection with the truth of life, but unable to overcome the immense obstacles of nature he was left with no clear options of how to get out other than allowing himself to be connected to those he loved even in the midst of his last days on earth.

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Into the Wild (2007 Film) Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Into the Wild (2007 Film) is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

Study Guide for Into the Wild (2007 Film)

Into the Wild (2007 Film) study guide contains a biography of director Sean Penn, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Into the Wild (2007 Film)
• Into the Wild (2007 Film) Summary
• Character List
• Director's Influence

Essays for Into the Wild (2007 Film)

Into the Wild (2007 Film) essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Into the Wild (2007 Film), directed by Sean Penn.

• Nice Try: Lost Nuance in Sean Penn's Adaptation of 'Into the Wild'

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Into The Wild — A Rhetorical Analysis Of Into the Wild

A Rhetorical Analysis of into The Wild

• Categories: Chris Mccandless Into The Wild Jon Krakauer

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Words: 887 |

Published: Apr 29, 2022

Words: 887 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Table of contents

Rhetorical analysis of used literary devices in "into the wild", adding the lens of pathos to let the reader connect with the characters, works cited.

• Carrington, D. (2007). Christopher McCandless and the allure of the wilderness. The Harvard Review of Latin America, 7(2), 12-15.
• Drescher, L. (2008). Back to the wild: The photograph as evidence in the search for the real Christopher McCandless. MFS Modern Fiction Studies, 54(2), 323-350.
• Everett, S. (2008). "It's all about the journey": Nature, narrative, and gender in Into the Wild. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 49(3), 291-302.
• Graf, R. (2010). Into the Wild: The spiritual quest of Christopher McCandless. Literature and Theology, 24(2), 141-155.
• Haugen, R. K. (2019). Wild truths: The myth of Christopher McCandless and the contested landscapes of the American West. Western American Literature, 54(3), 337-368.
• Krakauer, J. (1996). Into the Wild. Anchor Books.
• McAllister, K. (2016). Into the Wild and the rhetoric of literary journalism. American Literary History, 28(3), 475-496.
• McCandless, C. (1990). Carine McCandless interviews. Krakauer, Jon. Retrieved from http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/04/magic-happens-sometimes.html
• Moore, M. J. (2009). Crossing the wild river: The mythical geography of Into the Wild. Western American Literature, 44(4), 397-425.
• Taylor, J. M. (2003). Nature as God: The spiritual journey of Christopher McCandless. BYU Studies Quarterly, 42(2), 81-102.

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Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of a virulent srna, trans217, in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( xoo ), the causative agent of rice bacterial blight.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. xoo rna sequencing, 2.2. enrichment analysis of the degs, 2.3. verification of degs between the xom2 and psa medium, 2.4. gene-directed mutagenesis and complementation assays, 2.5. virulence assessment, 2.6. bacterial growth curve determination, 2.7. oxidative stress assessment, 3.1. overview of comparative transcriptomic analyses, 3.2. validation of the transcriptome data with quantitative real-time pcr, 3.3. quantitative and categorical analysis of the degs, 3.4. enrichment analyses of degs, 3.5. pxo_rs08490 contributes to bacterial virulence, 3.6. pxo_rs08490 regulates oxidative stress, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Hu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, A. Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of a Virulent sRNA, Trans217, in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ), the Causative Agent of Rice Bacterial Blight. Microorganisms 2024 , 12 , 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081684

Hu Y, Zhang J, Zhang A. Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of a Virulent sRNA, Trans217, in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ), the Causative Agent of Rice Bacterial Blight. Microorganisms . 2024; 12(8):1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081684

Hu, Yiqun, Jianjian Zhang, and Aifang Zhang. 2024. "Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of a Virulent sRNA, Trans217, in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ), the Causative Agent of Rice Bacterial Blight" Microorganisms 12, no. 8: 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081684

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