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Optical Fiber Communications

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Fiber Optics Communications

Mar 22, 2019

280 likes | 668 Views

Fiber Optics Communications. Topics. Fiber Materials Fiber Manufactoring. Fiber Materials. Requirements for optical fiber material It must be possible to make long thin, flexible fibers from the material

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• glass fiber
• optical fiber
• vapor deposition
• halide glass fiber
• solid transparent rod preform

Presentation Transcript

Topics • Fiber Materials • Fiber Manufactoring

Fiber Materials • Requirements for optical fiber material • It must be possible to make long thin, flexible fibers from the material • Material must be transparent at a particular optical wave length in order for fiber to guide light efficiently • Physically compatible materials that have slightly different refractive indices for core and cladding must be available

Fiber Materials • Materials that satisfy these requirements are glasses and plastic • Majority of fibers are made of glass consisting of either silica or silicate. • Plastic fibers are less widely used because of their higher attenuation • Plastic fibers are used for short distance applications (several hundred meters) and abusive environments

Glass Fiber • Glass is made by fusing mixture of metal oxides, sulfides, or selenides. The resulting material is a randomly connected molecular network rather a well defined structure as found in crystalline materials • A consequence of this random order is glass does not have a well defined melting point • When glass is heated , it gradually begins to soften until it becomes a viscous liquid

Glass Fiber • Optical fiber are made from oxide glasses and most popular is silica (SiO2) which has refractive index of 1.458 at 850 nm. • To produce two similar materials with slightly different refraction indices for core and cladding, either fluorine or other oxides (dopants) are added to silica

Glass Fiber • Sand is the principle raw material for silica • Glass composed of pure silica is referred to as either silica glass, fused glass, or vitreous silica. • Desired properties are • resistance to deformation at temperatures as high as 1000 C • High resistance to breakage from thermal shock • Good chemical durability • High transparency in both visible and infrared regions of interest

Plastic Optical Fibers • Growing demand for delivering high-speed services to workstations • Have greater optical signal attenuations than glass fiber • They tough and durable • Core diameter is 10-20 times larger

Fiber Fabrication • Two basic techniques • Vapor-phase oxidation process • Outside vapor phase oxidation • Vapor phase axial deposition • Modified chemical vapor deposition • Direct-melt methods

Fiber Fabrication • Direct melt method • Follows traditional glass making procedures • Optical fiber are made directly from molten state of purified components of silicate glass • Vapor phase oxidation • Highly pure vapors of metal galides (SiCl4) react with oxygen to form white powder of SiO2 particles • Particles are collected on surface of bulk glass by above methods and are transformed to a homogenous glass by heating without melting to form a clear glass rod or tube. This rod is called preform • Preform is 10-25 mm in diameter and 60-120 cm long.

Fabrication • Prefrom is fed into circular heater called drawing furnace. • Preform end is softened to the point where it can be drawn into a very thin filament which becomes optical fiber • The speed of the drum at the bottom of draw tower determines how fast and in turn how thick the fiber is • An elastic coating is applied to protect the fiber

Outside Vapor Phase Oxidation • Core layer is deposited on a rotating ceramic rod • Cladding is deposited on top of core layer • Ceramic rod is slipped out (different thermal expansion coefficient) • The tube is heated and mounted in a fiber drawing tower and made into a fiber • The central hole collapses during this drawing process

Vapor Phase Axial Deposition • Similar to outside vapor deposition • Starts with a seed which is a pure silica rod • The preform is grown in the axial direction by moving rod upward • Rod is also rotated to maintain cylindrical symmetery • As preform moves upward it is transformed into a solid transparent rod preform by zone melting (heating in a narrow localized zone) • Advantages • No central hole

Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition • Pioneered at Bell Labs, and adopted to produce low loss graded index fiber • Glass vapor particles, arising from reaction of constituent metal halide gasses and oxygen flow through inside of revolving silica tube • As SiO2 particles are deposited, they are sintered to a clear glass layer by an oxyhydrogen torch which travels back and forth • When desired thickness of glass have been deposited, vapor flow is shut off • Tube is heated strongly to cause it to collapse into a solid rod prefrom • Fiber drawn from this prefrom rod will have a core that consists of vapor deposited material and a cladding that consists of original silica tube.

Double Crucible Method • Silica and halide glass fiber can all be made using a direct-melt double crucible technique • Glass rods for the core and cladding materials are first made separately by melting mixtures of purified powders • These rods are then used as feedstock for each of two concentric crucibles • Advantage of this method is being a continuous process • Careful attention must be paid to avoid contaminants during metling

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• Preferences

Fiber-Optic Communications - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Fiber-Optic Communications

Fiber-optic communications james n. downing chapter 9 fiber-optic communications systems 9.1 system design considerations design is based on application type of ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• James N. Downing
• Fiber-Optic Communications Systems
• Design is based on
• Application
• Type of signal
• Distance from transmitter to detector
• Performance standards
• Resource constraints (time, money, etc.)
• Implementation
• Format, power, bandwidth, dynamic range
• Amplification
• Amplification, amplitude, and spacing
• Multiplexing
• Security requirements
• Acceptable noise levels
• System Power Budget
• Most important parameter is throughput or transfer function.
• Output power must be greater than the input sensitivity of the receiver.
• System budget
• Amount of power lost or gained in each component
• System power margin
• Allows for component tolerances, system degradation, repairs and splices
• Power at the Source
• Transmitter must be appropriate for the application
• Number of signals
• Wavelength of signal
• Type of transmitter device (LED, Laser)
• Mode structure
• WDM and amplification capability
• Coupling efficiency
• Power in the Fiber
• Source output pattern, core-size, and NA of fiber
• Coupling is critical
• Power at the Detector
• Sensitivity is the primary purpose of the detector
• Minimum sensitivity yet still meets standards
• Must support the dynamic range of the power levels
• Fiber Amplification
• For those fibers that require amplification
• Repeaters are rarely used.
• Optical amplifiers are the preferred amplification.
• Use manufacturers specifications to ensure optimization of the input signal.
• Amplifier Placement
• Type of amplifier
• Transmitter
• Noise and error analysis
• Can be inserted
• Before regeneration
• Between regenerators
• System Rise Time Budget
• Determines the bandwidth carrying capability
• Total rises time is the sum of the individual component rise times.
• Bandwidth is limited by the component with the slowest rise time.
• Rise Time and Bit Time
• Rise time is defined as the time it takes for the response to rise from the 10 to 90 of maximum amplitude.
• Fall time is the time the response needs to fall from 90 to 10 of the maximum.
• Pulse width is the time between the 50 marks on the rising and falling edges.
• Transmitters, Receivers, and Rise Time
• Rise time of transmitter is based on the response time of the LED or laser diode.
• Rise time of the receiver is primarily based on the semiconductor device used as the detector.
• Fiber Rise Time
• Comes directly from the total dispersion of the fiber as a result of modal, material, wave guide, and polarization mode dispersion
• Total Rise Time
• Sum of all the rise times in the system
• Round Trip Delay
• Time needed for the signal to reach the furthest point of the network and return
• Dispersion Compensation
• Allows for lowering the fiber dispersion characteristics
• add fiber with dispersion of the opposite magnitude
• Only available type chromatic dispersion
• Single Channel System Compensation
• Long length of small amplitude dispersion fiber
• Short length of large amplitude dispersion fiber (distributed compensation)
• Multi-Channel System Compensation
• Large effective area fibers
• Reduced dispersion fibers
• Noise and Error Analysis
• Determines the type of amplification required
• Minimizing System Noise
• Additional Noise Sources
• Extended pulse width
• Modal properties of fibers
• Fresnel reflection
• Feedback noise
• Multiple Channel System
• Channel Density and Spacing
• Standards have been defined by ITU-T
• WDM, TDM, and Noise
• Interchannel crosstalk Data from adjacent channels gets mixed
• Dispersion in adjacent channels
• Non-linearities at high powers causes interference
• Narrow bandpass filtering at the receiver
• WDM Power Management
• Methods must ensure that all power levels fall with acceptable range.
• Gain flattening is the process of adjusting the amplitudes of wavelengths to be the same.
• Long-Haul Communications
• Terrestrial cables
• Telegraph cable across the English Channel in 1850
• First transatlantic cable in 1866
• Transatlantic telephone cable in 1957
• Transatlantic fiber-optic cable in 1988
• Optical amplifiers replaced repeaters in 1990s
• Undersea Cables
• Must be capable of low loss and dispersion
• Must limit optical noise
• Must have a pressure resistant covering
• Amplifier gain below 10 dB
• Precise dispersion
• Repeatered systems has pump laser and amplifier
• Unrepeatered system has optical amplifiers spaced out over the length of the fiber
• Terrestrial Cables
• Long-haul lengths
• Easy repair
• Amplification needed less often
• When is terrestrial, satellite or undersea cabling used?
• Depends on politics and economy rather than technology or geography
• Metro and Regional Networks
• PSTN Public switched telephone networks for regions (little population)
• MANs Metropolitan area networks (more densely populated areas such as towns and universities)
• LANs Local area networks
• WANs Wide area networks
• Soliton Communications
• Form of dispersion compensation
• Combination of chromatic and self-phase modulation
• Coherent Communications Systems
• Uses WDM bandwidth more efficiently
• Possible improvement in receiver sensitivity
• Optical CDMA
• Maximizes the bandwidth in LANs without special filtering devices
• Spreads the signal energy over a wider frequency band than necessary
• Free Space Optics
• Signal travels through space rather than a fiber
• Relies on line of sight
• Free of FCC regulations
• Bandwidth is not held to that of the fiber used
• Fiber Optics and the Future
• Where you go, then so shall I.

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