explain the assignment operator with example

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Java - Assignment Operators with Examples

Java assignment operators.

Following are the assignment operators supported by Java language −

The following programs are simple examples which demonstrate the assignment operators. Copy and paste the following Java programs as Test.java file, and compile and run the programs −

In this example, we're creating three variables a,b and c and using assignment operators . We've performed simple assignment, addition AND assignment, subtraction AND assignment and multiplication AND assignment operations and printed the results.

In this example, we're creating two variables a and c and using assignment operators . We've performed Divide AND assignment, Multiply AND assignment, Modulus AND assignment, bitwise exclusive OR AND assignment, OR AND assignment operations and printed the results.

In this example, we're creating two variables a and c and using assignment operators . We've performed Left shift AND assignment, Right shift AND assignment, operations and printed the results.

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Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

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Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for multiplication.

Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Unary Operators
• Bitwise Operators

1. Java Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,

Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b . Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

In the above example, we have used + , - , and * operators to compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations.

/ Division Operator

Note the operation, a / b in our program. The / operator is the division operator.

If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will get the result will also be in floating-point.

% Modulo Operator

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 7 is divided by b = 4 , the remainder is 3 .

Note : The % operator is mainly used with integers.

2. Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age .

Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

Example 2: Assignment Operators

3. java relational operators.

Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,

Here, < operator is the relational operator. It checks if a is less than b or not.

It returns either true or false .

Example 3: Relational Operators

Note : Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

4. Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false . They are used in decision making.

Example 4: Logical Operators

Working of Program

• (5 > 3) && (8 > 5) returns true because both (5 > 3) and (8 > 5) are true .
• (5 > 3) && (8 < 5) returns false because the expression (8 < 5) is false .
• (5 < 3) || (8 > 5) returns true because the expression (8 > 5) is true .
• (5 > 3) || (8 < 5) returns true because the expression (5 > 3) is true .
• (5 < 3) || (8 < 5) returns false because both (5 < 3) and (8 < 5) are false .
• !(5 == 3) returns true because 5 == 3 is false .
• !(5 > 3) returns false because 5 > 3 is true .

5. Java Unary Operators

Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example, ++ is a unary operator that increases the value of a variable by 1 . That is, ++5 will return 6 .

Different types of unary operators are:

• Increment and Decrement Operators

Java also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively. ++ increases the value of the operand by 1 , while -- decrease it by 1 . For example,

Here, the value of num gets increased to 6 from its initial value of 5 .

Example 5: Increment and Decrement Operators

In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operator as prefixes (++a, --b) . We can also use these operators as postfix (a++, b++) .

There is a slight difference when these operators are used as prefix versus when they are used as a postfix.

To learn more about these operators, visit increment and decrement operators .

6. Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators in Java are used to perform operations on individual bits. For example,

Here, ~ is a bitwise operator. It inverts the value of each bit ( 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 ).

The various bitwise operators present in Java are:

These operators are not generally used in Java. To learn more, visit Java Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators .

Other operators

Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.

The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular class. For example,

Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator returns true . To learn more, visit Java instanceof .

The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if-then-else statement. For example,

Here's how it works.

• If the Expression is true , expression1 is assigned to the variable .
• If the Expression is false , expression2 is assigned to the variable .

Let's see an example of a ternary operator.

In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a leap year or not. To learn more, visit the Java ternary operator .

Now that you know about Java operators, it's time to know about the order in which operators are evaluated. To learn more, visit Java Operator Precedence .

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Java Arithmetic Operators
• Java Assignment Operators
• Java Relational Operators
• Java Logical Operators
• Java Unary Operators
• Java Bitwise Operators

Sorry about that.

Related Tutorials

Java Tutorial

21.12 — Overloading the assignment operator

The copy assignment operator (operator=) is used to copy values from one object to another already existing object .

Related content

As of C++11, C++ also supports “Move assignment”. We discuss move assignment in lesson 22.3 -- Move constructors and move assignment .

Copy assignment vs Copy constructor

The purpose of the copy constructor and the copy assignment operator are almost equivalent -- both copy one object to another. However, the copy constructor initializes new objects, whereas the assignment operator replaces the contents of existing objects.

The difference between the copy constructor and the copy assignment operator causes a lot of confusion for new programmers, but it’s really not all that difficult. Summarizing:

• If a new object has to be created before the copying can occur, the copy constructor is used (note: this includes passing or returning objects by value).
• If a new object does not have to be created before the copying can occur, the assignment operator is used.

Overloading the assignment operator

Overloading the copy assignment operator (operator=) is fairly straightforward, with one specific caveat that we’ll get to. The copy assignment operator must be overloaded as a member function.

This prints:

This should all be pretty straightforward by now. Our overloaded operator= returns *this, so that we can chain multiple assignments together:

Issues due to self-assignment

Here’s where things start to get a little more interesting. C++ allows self-assignment:

This will call f1.operator=(f1), and under the simplistic implementation above, all of the members will be assigned to themselves. In this particular example, the self-assignment causes each member to be assigned to itself, which has no overall impact, other than wasting time. In most cases, a self-assignment doesn’t need to do anything at all!

However, in cases where an assignment operator needs to dynamically assign memory, self-assignment can actually be dangerous:

First, run the program as it is. You’ll see that the program prints “Alex” as it should.

Now run the following program:

You’ll probably get garbage output. What happened?

Consider what happens in the overloaded operator= when the implicit object AND the passed in parameter (str) are both variable alex. In this case, m_data is the same as str.m_data. The first thing that happens is that the function checks to see if the implicit object already has a string. If so, it needs to delete it, so we don’t end up with a memory leak. In this case, m_data is allocated, so the function deletes m_data. But because str is the same as *this, the string that we wanted to copy has been deleted and m_data (and str.m_data) are dangling.

Later on, we allocate new memory to m_data (and str.m_data). So when we subsequently copy the data from str.m_data into m_data, we’re copying garbage, because str.m_data was never initialized.

Detecting and handling self-assignment

Fortunately, we can detect when self-assignment occurs. Here’s an updated implementation of our overloaded operator= for the MyString class:

By checking if the address of our implicit object is the same as the address of the object being passed in as a parameter, we can have our assignment operator just return immediately without doing any other work.

Because this is just a pointer comparison, it should be fast, and does not require operator== to be overloaded.

When not to handle self-assignment

Typically the self-assignment check is skipped for copy constructors. Because the object being copy constructed is newly created, the only case where the newly created object can be equal to the object being copied is when you try to initialize a newly defined object with itself:

In such cases, your compiler should warn you that c is an uninitialized variable.

Second, the self-assignment check may be omitted in classes that can naturally handle self-assignment. Consider this Fraction class assignment operator that has a self-assignment guard:

If the self-assignment guard did not exist, this function would still operate correctly during a self-assignment (because all of the operations done by the function can handle self-assignment properly).

Because self-assignment is a rare event, some prominent C++ gurus recommend omitting the self-assignment guard even in classes that would benefit from it. We do not recommend this, as we believe it’s a better practice to code defensively and then selectively optimize later.

The copy and swap idiom

A better way to handle self-assignment issues is via what’s called the copy and swap idiom. There’s a great writeup of how this idiom works on Stack Overflow .

The implicit copy assignment operator

Unlike other operators, the compiler will provide an implicit public copy assignment operator for your class if you do not provide a user-defined one. This assignment operator does memberwise assignment (which is essentially the same as the memberwise initialization that default copy constructors do).

Just like other constructors and operators, you can prevent assignments from being made by making your copy assignment operator private or using the delete keyword:

Note that if your class has const members, the compiler will instead define the implicit operator= as deleted. This is because const members can’t be assigned, so the compiler will assume your class should not be assignable.

If you want a class with const members to be assignable (for all members that aren’t const), you will need to explicitly overload operator= and manually assign each non-const member.

JAVASCRIPT ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

In this tutorial, you will learn about all the different assignment operators in javascript and how to use them in javascript.

Assignment Operators

In javascript, there are 16 different assignment operators that are used to assign value to the variable. It is shorthand of other operators which is recommended to use.

The assignment operators are used to assign value based on the right operand to its left operand.

The left operand must be a variable while the right operand may be a variable, number, boolean, string, expression, object, or combination of any other.

One of the most basic assignment operators is equal = , which is used to directly assign a value.

Assignment Operators List

Here is the list of all assignment operators in JavaScript:

In the following table if variable a is not defined then assume it to be 10.

Assignment operator

The assignment operator = is the simplest value assigning operator which assigns a given value to a variable.

The assignment operators support chaining, which means you can assign a single value in multiple variables in a single line.

Addition assignment operator

The addition assignment operator += is used to add the value of the right operand to the value of the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

On the basis of the data type of variable, the addition assignment operator may add or concatenate the variables.

Subtraction assignment operator

The subtraction assignment operator -= subtracts the value of the right operand from the value of the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

If the value can not be subtracted then it results in a NaN .

Multiplication assignment operator

The multiplication assignment operator *= assigns the result to the left operand after multiplying values of the left and right operand.

Division assignment operator

The division assignment operator /= divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

Remainder assignment operator

The remainder assignment operator %= assigns the remainder to the left operand after dividing the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Exponentiation assignment operator

The exponential assignment operator **= assigns the result of exponentiation to the left operand after exponentiating the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator <<= assigns the result of the left shift to the left operand after shifting the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator >>= assigns the result of the right shift to the left operand after shifting the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator >>>= assigns the result of the unsigned right shift to the left operand after shifting the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator &= assigns the result of bitwise AND to the left operand after ANDing the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator |= assigns the result of bitwise OR to the left operand after ORing the value of left operand by the value of the right operand.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator ^= assigns the result of bitwise XOR to the left operand after XORing the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Logical AND assignment

The logical AND assignment operator &&= assigns value to left operand only when it is truthy .

Note : A truthy value is a value that is considered true when encountered in a boolean context.

Logical OR assignment

The logical OR assignment operator ||= assigns value to left operand only when it is falsy .

Note : A falsy value is a value that is considered false when encountered in a boolean context.

Logical nullish assignment

The logical nullish assignment operator ??= assigns value to left operand only when it is nullish ( null or undefined ).

Assignment and shorthand assignment operator in C

Quick links.

• Shorthand assignment

Assignment operator is used to assign value to a variable (memory location). There is a single assignment operator = in C. It evaluates expression on right side of = symbol and assigns evaluated value to left side the variable.

For example consider the below assignment table.

The RHS of assignment operator must be a constant, expression or variable. Whereas LHS must be a variable (valid memory location).

Shorthand assignment operator

C supports a short variant of assignment operator called compound assignment or shorthand assignment. Shorthand assignment operator combines one of the arithmetic or bitwise operators with assignment operator.

For example, consider following C statements.

The above expression a = a + 2 is equivalent to a += 2 .

Similarly, there are many shorthand assignment operators. Below is a list of shorthand assignment operators in C.

• BYJU'S GATE
• GATE Study Material
• GATE Notes For CSE
• Introduction To C Programming
• Operators In C

Assignment Operators in C

We use this type of operator to transform as well as assign the values to any variable in an operation. In any given assignment operator, the right side is a value, and the left side is a variable. The value present on the right side of the operator must have the same data type as that of the variable present on the left side. In any other case, the compiler raises an error.

In this article, we will take a look into the Assignment Operators in C according to the GATE Syllabus for CSE (Computer Science Engineering) . Read ahead to know more.

Table of Contents

• Working Of Assignment Operators In C
• Example Of Assignment Operators In C
• Practice Problems On Assignment Operators In C

Types of Assignment Operators in C

An assignment operator is basically a binary operator that helps in modifying the variable to its left with the use of the value to its right. We utilize the assignment operators to transform and assign values to any variables.

Here is a list of the assignment operators that you can find in the C language:

• basic assignment ( = )
• subtraction assignment ( -= )
• addition assignment ( += )
• division assignment ( /= )
• multiplication assignment ( *= )
• modulo assignment ( %= )
• bitwise XOR assignment ( ^= )
• bitwise OR assignment ( |= )
• bitwise AND assignment ( &= )
• bitwise right shift assignment ( >>= )
• bitwise left shift assignment ( <<= )

Working of Assignment Operators in C

Here is a table that discusses, in brief, all the Assignment operators that the C language supports:

Example of Assignment Operators in C

Let us look at an example to understand how these work in a code:

#include <stdio.h>

int x = 21;

printf(“Line A – = Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line B – -= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line C – += Example of the Value of c = %d\n”, c );

printf(“Line D – /= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line E – *= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

y <<= 2;

printf(“Line F – <<= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line G – %= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

y &= 2;

printf(“Line H – &= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

y >>= 2;

printf(“Line I – >>= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line J – |= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

printf(“Line K – ^= Example of the Value of y = %d\n”, y );

The compilation and execution of the program mentioned above will produce a result as follows:

Line A – = Example of the Value of y = 21

Line B – -= Example of the Value of y = 21

Line C – += Example of the Value of y = 42

Line D – /= Example of the Value of y = 21

Line E – *= Example of the Value of y = 441

Line F – <<= Example of the Value of y = 44

Line G – %= Example of the Value of y = 11

Line H – &= Example of the Value of y = 2

Line I – >>= Example of the Value of y = 11

Line J – |= Example of the Value of y = 2

Line K – ^= Example of the Value of y = 0

Here is another example of how the assignment operators work in the C language:

int y = 10;

printf(“z = x + y = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z += x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z -= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z *= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z /= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z %= x = %d \n”,z);

c &= x ;

printf(“c &= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z ^= x = %d \n”,z);

printf(“z |= x = %d \n”,z);

z <<= 2 ;

printf(“z <<= 2 = %d \n”,z);

z >>= 2 ;

printf(“z >>= 2 = %d \n”,z);

The output generated here will be:

z = x + y = 15

z += x = 20

z -= x = 15

z *= x = 75

z &= x = 0

z ^= x = 10

z |= x = 10

z <<= 2 = 40

z >>= 2 = 10

z >>= 2 = 2

Practice Problems on Assignment Operators in C

1. What would be the output obtained from the program given below?

#include<stdio.h>

p += p += p += 3;

printf(“%d”,p);

Answer – A. 20

p+=p+=p+=3; it can written as p+=p+=p=p+3; p=2; Or, p+=p+=5; p=5; Or, p+=p=5+5; p=5; Or, p+=10; p=10; Or, p=p+10; p=10; Or, p=20. So, finally p=20.

2. Which of these is an invalid type of assignment operator?

D. None of these

Answer – D. None of these

All of these are valid types of assignment operators.

How does the /= operator work? Is it a combination of two other operators?

Yes, the /+ operator is a combination of the = and / operators. The / operator divides the current value of the available variable first on the left using the available value on the right. It then assigns the obtained result to the available variable on the left side.

What is the most basic operator among all the assignment operators available in the C language?

The = operator is the most basic one used in the C language. We use this operator to assign the value available in the right to the value mentioned on the left side of the operator.

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Python Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity, Membership, Bitwise

Operators are special symbols that perform some operation on operands and returns the result. For example, 5 + 6 is an expression where + is an operator that performs arithmetic add operation on numeric left operand 5 and the right side operand 6 and returns a sum of two operands as a result.

Python includes the operator module that includes underlying methods for each operator. For example, the + operator calls the operator.add(a,b) method.

Above, expression 5 + 6 is equivalent to the expression operator.add(5, 6) and operator.__add__(5, 6) . Many function names are those used for special methods, without the double underscores (dunder methods). For backward compatibility, many of these have functions with the double underscores kept.

Python includes the following categories of operators:

Arithmetic Operators

Assignment operators, comparison operators, logical operators, identity operators, membership test operators, bitwise operators.

Arithmetic operators perform the common mathematical operation on the numeric operands.

The arithmetic operators return the type of result depends on the type of operands, as below.

• If either operand is a complex number, the result is converted to complex;
• If either operand is a floating point number, the result is converted to floating point;
• If both operands are integers, then the result is an integer and no conversion is needed.

The following table lists all the arithmetic operators in Python:

The assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The following table lists all the arithmetic operators in Python:

The comparison operators compare two operands and return a boolean either True or False. The following table lists comparison operators in Python.

The logical operators are used to combine two boolean expressions. The logical operations are generally applicable to all objects, and support truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations.

The identity operators check whether the two objects have the same id value e.i. both the objects point to the same memory location.

The membership test operators in and not in test whether the sequence has a given item or not. For the string and bytes types, x in y is True if and only if x is a substring of y .

Bitwise operators perform operations on binary operands.

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Left shift assignment (<<=)

The left shift assignment ( <<= ) operator performs left shift on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.

Description

x <<= y is equivalent to x = x << y , except that the expression x is only evaluated once.

Using left shift assignment

Specifications, browser compatibility.

BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Enable JavaScript to view data.

• Assignment operators in the JS guide
• Left shift ( << )

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What is the difference between = (Assignment) and == (Equal to) operators

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The “ = ” is an assignment operator used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. 

For example:

Example:  

== operator

The ‘==’ operator checks whether the two given operands are equal or not. If so, it returns true. Otherwise it returns false. 

The differences can be shown in tabular form as follows:

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