architectural thesis on old age home

Old age home and orphanage: a barrier-free design approach towards needy elders and orphans for their symbiotic relationship and development, Salem, Tamilnadu/

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Rethinking architecture of Old age homes

An old age home is a place intended for the elderly where they can live when there is a problem to stay on their own or their children or sometimes destitute. Most of the time senior citizens cannot be alone as they will become dependent and require care and attention for their wellbeing. Old age is an inevitable part of human life and the required care and affection from family may not be given all the time. 

In a lot of cases, aged people who require another person to provide care are often sent to old-age homes. An old age home is a multi-facility centre with housing facilities for senior citizens. It is designed to create a home for the elderly but more often than not due to lack of funds or irrelevant design old age homes become more like a healthcare facility with poor infrastructure. 

Here are some points you need to consider while designing old age homes:

1. User-Friendly Design | Old Age Homes

For people who have lived independently or with families all their lives, living in an old age home could be challenging. Adapting to rules and new people will take time. To make this process smooth and convenient the atmosphere and ambiance of the place play a major role. The design of the old age home should concentrate on comfort and a user-friendly experience. There are several thumb rules and standards followed while designing a space for senior citizens. 

Some common problems with some of the existing old-age home designs are narrow entrances and staircases, which make accessibility with wheelchairs difficult. When stairs are narrow and steep and bathrooms aren’t easily accessible or inconveniently located. Often these possible design oversights do not consider the needs of older people or for people with disabilities. 

2. Landscape Design

A place with a landscape often tends to relax and calm one’s mind. A stroll through a garden or a park is one of the most common activities old people do. This also helps them to keep them active and fit. Slow exercises also help increase the well-being of their physical and mental health and doing them along with fellow residents would add fun to the activities. 

Most of the time senior citizens feel like they are cooped up in their houses. So, introducing landscape design in the old age home architecture would be a key factor that will be a tremendous change in the environment for the elderly. Being close to nature is proven to have a healing effect on people. Adding natural landscape elements will boost their mood and provide rejuvenating energy. 

3. Entertainment and Recreation Space

During old age, people feel like they have a lot of time in their hands. Passing time seems to be a very general issue amongst senior citizens. Boredom leads to lethargy and their presence of mind is seldom lost. Having hobbies is one way of spending time. Making time for lost hobbies like reading books, watching movies or knitting will add to their daily activities. 

For entertainment and recreation, games are played where the senior citizens interact and have fun and relax. Having a common activity for every week is a strategy adopted in old age homes for recreation purposes. When this is considered in the design, the main requirement for this cause to be able to function would be a large gathering space accessible easily from their homes. Multifunctional closed or semi- open spaces must be designed to cater to the needs of the people. 

A few common old age problems are weakness in limbs, vision, and memory loss. Whatever the issue, physical or mental old people tend to become vulnerable and susceptible to danger. Without supervision, they tend to get lost easily. Due to irresponsible design and infrastructure , they often tend to trip or slip which could be a minor issue for young people but could be more dangerous for old people who take longer to recover. 

So, designing spaces with a clear viewing range so that it becomes easy to spot people from across the room or halls. Blind spots and negative spaces must be avoided to reduce confusion. Clear signage must be provided at common spots like gardens and gathering areas in case the senior citizens get lost. Levels and steps are not recommended as a design rule as old people often have weak limbs and it becomes hard to climb up.  

5. Health | Old Age Homes

During old age, it becomes uncertain as to when and what kind of health issue may arise. Medical support becomes essential for the elderly. Sudden and severe health issues require immediate care and treatment. If not a hospital at least the old age home must be equipped with basic treatment facilities and equipment. 

Easy access and sufficient beds must be provided for care. Equipment and medicine must be available to be transferred to the house of the patient in case of emergencies. Wide lobbies, interconnected blocks, and ease of movement through transition spaces become crucial for the design of healthcare facilities in old age homes. 

6. Good lighting 

Good lighting is another essential design feature that has to be introduced in old age homes. An ample amount of light must be provided and the places must be well lit to have free movement and good vision. Lights are often provided in nooks and corners like table tops, cabinets , above switches, etc. 

The lighting provided must be warm colours and nothing jarring to the eyes. Lighting fixtures in lawns are also important during the evening. All the spaces must be well-lit with no shadow areas and glare must be avoided.

7. Personal space | Old Age Homes

Despite living along with several other senior citizens who are strangers and sharing space with them, they must be provided personal space. It is essential for them to feel that the old age home can be their home where they are free to do what they want. 

For this, as a design solution , they can be provided with personal rooms where they can carry out various activities individually and not as a group. A design must aim to reach the people on a subjective level so that they can relate to each space differently and feel as if it’s their own. 

Designing old age homes is a great challenge as the mind-set of the users is not fixed and often requires a fresh perspective. An old age home design must achieve to create a place to instill hope and energy and not just as a shelter for old people who are often abandoned by their families. 

The natural dynamic of the public design must be tweaked to be adjusted to the requirements of the old age home design. Simplicity and dignity in spaces for the design must be followed in an attempt to create a place for the senior citizens to have a better and healthier lifestyle. 

A Plus Topper. (2021). Old Age Home Essay | Essay on Old Age Home for Students and Children in English . [online] Available at: https://www.aplustopper.com/old-age-home-essay/#:~:text=An%20old%20age%20home%20is%20a%20shelter%20that%20is%20home 

Dengarden. (n.d.). Elderly Care House Design for Our Old Age – Elderly Care Home . [online] Available at: https://dengarden.com/safety/Home-Design-Ideas-for-Our-Old-Age.

ArchDaily. (2018). How To Design for Senior Citizens . [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/900713/how-to-design-for-senior-citizens.

JK, B. (2010). Guide to Designing Old Age Homes . [online] Architecture Student Chronicles. Available at: http://www.architecture-student.com/design-guide/guide-to-designing-old-age-homes/.

Spandana is an architecture student with a curious mind, who loves to learn new things. An explorer trying to capture the tangible and intangible essence of architecture through research and writing. She believes that there is a new addition to the subject everyday and there is more to it than what meets the eye.

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To Design for the Elderly, Don't Look to the Past

• Written by Matthew Usher
• Published on October 30, 2018

When the world undergoes major changes (be it social, economic, technological, or political), the world of architecture needs to adapt alongside. Changes in government policy, for example, can bring about new opportunities for design to thrive, such as the influx of high-quality social housing currently being designed throughout London. Technological advances are easier to notice, but societal changes have just as much impact upon the architecture industry and the buildings we design.

The same is true of changes in demographics, and we are in the midst of a monumental shift. In 2015, 8.5% of the population of the world was aged 65 or over (617 million people). This is predicted to grow to 12% of the population by 2030, and to a staggering 16.7% of the population by 2050 [1]. Historically, this percentage has steadily grown but dramatic advances in medicine are allowing people to live longer, creating aging populations across the globe. This problem is compounded in countries where the birth rate is also incredibly low, as is the case with Japan. We must reevaluate how the elderly are treated within society.

When thinking about the impact of these statistics, the natural assumption within the context of architecture is to think about medical care, hospital design, and accessible cities. However, this overlooks an emerging and serious problem: loneliness and social isolation. Within the UK, 51% of those aged over 75 live alone, and 11% of older people are in contact with friends and family less than once a month [2]. Similar results are present across Europe.

Chronic loneliness within the elderly population is incredibly prevalent and a significant number of studies have been conducted looking at the measurable health impact it has, such as creating a higher risk of disabilities, heart disease, strokes, and dementia. Architects can help tackle loneliness at the source and dramatically help increase the quality of life for a portion of the population who are often isolated. This article explores how good design can help further this cause, how architects have combated this previously, and what the industry leaders are doing now.

In recent years, architects and developers alike have begun to rethink how housing for the elderly should be treated. Multiple panels discussing and studying the needs of the modern older person have been held, including with RIBA and New London Architecture . The new approach features light, modern and very sensitively designed property - the exact opposite of the traditional image. In these schemes, part of the solution is making the housing desirable to residents regardless of perceived or traditional tastes. Living in modern retirement communities provides an opportunity for engagement and interaction while beginning to shed this stigma, and allowing residents to retain their independence.

The Housing our Ageing Population Panel for Innovation (serendipitously acronymed HAPPI) was originally held in 2009, and their reports have since become industry standard. The original 2009 report featured multiple high-quality case studies from throughout Europe, and subsequent issues featured not just the panel's findings but guides for implementation. Advice includes ranges from the architectural  (generous space standards, daylight, and adaptability for ‘care readiness’) to the social (engaging positively with the public.)  It is the latter part of this range that is most crucial and can be combined with architectural standards. 

PRP have become leaders within this field and heavily draw upon this advice from the HAPPI reports. Their Pilgrim Gardens project won multiple awards between 2012-2014 and features several of the design features advised by HAPPI. Double-aspect flats encircle communal garden spaces of hard and soft landscaping, and a shared colonnade acts as a slow circulation space. In-built sliding glass doors to allow the use of the balconies year round.

While focusing more on those requiring care, Dietger Wissounig Architekten’s nursing home in Austria employs a similar effect internally and is incredibly light, liberally using timber and wood within to create a soft and caring environment. Double-stacked corridors are again avoided, allowing the circulation to be inhabited socially as inviting spaces.

The report also highlights the need for multipurpose space where the residents can meet and which could possibly act as a hub for the local community. At The Architect in Utrecht, residences for the elderly requiring care are stitched into the building with the rest of the housing alongside communal spaces and the nursery. Similar projects by Haptic in Norway and Witherford Watson Mann’s almshouse in London also stress the need for social connection. These projects share spaces between neighbors, school children, and the local community through gardens, allotments, shops, and public squares.

Cities have begun to acknowledge the changing needs of an aging population. The ‘Campaign To End Loneliness’ has established a framework of three methods in order to address the multifaceted issue: individual intervention, neighborhood action, and a whole system approach. To help combat the wider scale challenges, the city of Manchester has become the UK’s first ‘age-friendly city’ [4], a World Health Organisation initiative which several forward-thinking cities across the world have subscribed to. The key priorities of the initiative include known benefits such as improvements in transport, housing, and health services, but also highlights the need for civic participation.

Architects can take a leading role in the design of new policy. In Manchester, the ‘Age-Friendly Design Group’ assists with designing local parks to be more age-friendly, listening to the elderly to inform good practice, and publishing of design guidelines. Stephen Hodder, a previous RIBA president, said that such groups open up a “much-needed debate on how we can start shaping the landscape of our built environment for our older age”.

Outside of the city-scale, architectural solutions can also provide for a range of needs. Public ‘day-stay’ centers, such as the Casa del Abuelo in Mexico seem particularly popular (especially in Spain and Portugal.) The design of centers such as these is often strikingly modern and open, blurring the distinction between inside and out. This can partly be attributed to the temperate climates these projects are located in, but the prevalence hints at an emerging approach.

The Guangxi senior center in China , serves an atypically large population and features a range of activities and spaces to accommodate this. The undulating form, clad in wood grain aluminum louvers, includes everything from game courts and gardens to an indoor swimming pool and table tennis rooms. This haven of activity attempts to engage the elderly in physical activity alongside social spaces.

Particular success can be found when positioning these centers as hubs for the local neighborhoods rather than simply as single-purpose structures. This method is similar to The Architect in Utrecht, This can include proximity to other types of housing (such as The Architect) but can also be integrated with libraries or universities. A successful example of this is Sant Antoni - Joan Oliver Library , by Pritzker Prize-winning practice RCR Arquitectes .

The project is nestled within one of Barcelona’s city blocks, wrapping around a central courtyard. The library forms the public face of the building and primary programmatic element, appearing to be suspended between two apartment buildings. The community space then occupies one wall of the courtyard and overlooks the public space. This maintains the perceived ‘safe space’ but places it firmly around a local hub, unifying the project into a coherent block.

A final method is to promote interaction between the young and the elderly. These may seem to be an odd combination of programmes, but significant research is being undertaken into this and the centers which currently subscribe to these ideals and offer them in a safe and secure way.

At the beginning of this article, Japan was noted to be one of the countries most impacted by aging populations going forwards. Increasing life expectancy and societal changes (leading mothers to work outside the home) has meant the numbers both nurseries and senior centers/retirement homes are increasing. There is clearly an opportunity to restructure the way care is delivered for both young and old - something Japan has already been doing for over 40 years. Kotoen, a “yoro shisetsu” (facility for the children and the elderly) in Tokyo, is the oldest age-integrated facility in Japan, having opened in 1976. Here, interaction cuts both ways: seniors can volunteer in the nursery, children visit the communal areas of the care home, and both join together for special events. 

When adjoined to care homes, the benefits of this arrangement make sense. Both share basic needs: the provision of meals, physical activity (in the case of the elderly, to keep them active and fit), and communal spaces for socializing. The benefits for the elderly are fairly obvious. The arrangement provides company and activity, bringing life into a space which can often become mundane. But there are notable social and developmental benefits to the children as well: it helps to promote a healthy and positive view of aging and helps counter any preconceptions about the less able.

Mount St. Vincent, a care home in Seattle, runs an ‘Intergenerational Learning Centre’ and endorses similar benefits, stating that it helps to provide a broader perspective of family life for the children who do not have grandparents active in their life.

Surprisingly, there is a dramatic and measurable impact of this upon the physical and mental health of the elderly. St. Monica’s Trust in Bristol housed a study into these benefits, measuring the impact upon the residents over a six week period. At the end of the study, 80% of the residents had improved their mobility and grip strength, and 70% has reduced their score on the scale of depression.

So how can architects begin to promote and further this idea? The impact upon loneliness of aligning these programmes together is dramatic, but the majority of the examples across the world are activity and event-driven. There is the opportunity to develop a new building type to house this program and best suit the needs of the young and old, rather than attempting to retrofit existing spaces. Neither senior citizens nor children want to live in a dull environment, so adapting the design creatively to suit the characteristics of their users is a wonderful opportunity rarely given.

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Architecture Student Chronicles

Guide to Designing Old Age Homes

Design procedure for the old age homes.

But before we start with discussing our design consideration factors, it is very important to know what an Old Age Home is like and what is its purpose of construction…

One important thing to be kept in mind before initiating the design process is that, we should study the purpose of the construction and what they are like.

This will give us a clear idea of what we are actually suppose to consider in the design…

Apart from literature case studies, Live case studies are also very important…

In my previous articles, we have discussed eleven factors to be considered for a successful case study …

Old Age Homes

Old age homes are meant for senior citizens who suffer with a problem in staying with their children at home or are destitute. These homes are for older people who have nowhere to go and no one to depend on… These homes create a friendly and family like atmosphere for the elderly people where they can share their joys and sorrows and live happily. Old Age Homes are pretty developed in United States, United Kingdom and there is recent development seen in the construction of Old Age Homes in India.

These old age homes have special medical facilities for senior citizens such as mobile health care systems, ambulances, nurses and provision of well-balanced meals. So basically, it is a housing project for senior citizens of that country.

Old Age Homes have two main categories:

• Homes providing free Accomodation
• Homes working on a payment basis

Apart from food, shelter and medical amenities, old age homes also provide yoga classes to senior citizens. Old age homes also provide access to telephones and other forms of communication so that residents may keep in touch with their loved ones. Some old age homes have day care centres. These centres only take care of senior citizens during the day.

Location of Old Age Homes

• Studying the location of the structure is the most important factor. This will help us determine the climatic conditions of the place. Orientation of a building with respect to climatic conditions of the place.
• Location of an Old Age Home is of prime importance.
• It could be a part of the urban setting or it could be in a rural area. It depends on the kind of people that are going to stay in it.
• Some people prefer idyllic areas while some would like to live in close proximity to the quick facilities of the city.
• An Old Age Home should be preferably located in a calm, pollution free environment with all the basic necessities that are required for any comfortable housing project.

Design Concept for Old Age Homes

• Design of Old Age Homes depends on the social and economic status of the people who are going to reside in the homes.
• They could be the dormitary type, independent rooms or cottages…
• The rooms should be well-ventilated.
• Designing a ground Floor in an Old Age Home is of utmost importance. Possibly all the basic facilities in the home should be provided on the ground floor. If this is not possible and if upper floors have to be built then a sloping ramp has to be provided for facilitating easy passage of wheel chair and make movement of people with crutches easier.
• The toilets and bathrooms should have rough flooring so that the elders do not slip. Suitable railings should be provided for support.
• Recreation rooms and rooms for medical care should be built.

Working Staff in the Old Age Homes

• An administrator is must for the homes of the aged who will be responsible for the running of the home.
• Supporting staff such as clerks, cashier cum accountant, nursing staff, attenders, maids and a cook are the basic required staff for the efficient running of a old age home.

• A medical officer will be needed to attend to the health needs of the inmates. If the home is very close to a hospital where emergencies can be treated then, it may be enough to avail the services of a Doctor, who works there part-time.
• A nutritionist can play an important role by providing special attention to the nutritional requirements of the residents. At least a part-time nutritionist should be appointed.
• A professionally qualified social worker is an essential member of the team of personnel.
• Wherever possible nursing staff and health care workers trained in Geriatric care should be appointed.
• There is a need for helpers in the Old Age Homes who will take care of the Old people and help them move around…
• After figuring out the staff requirements for the Old Age Homes, we can determine the amount of space required for their offices and construction of quarters where they can stay while on job.

Medical Care Facilities in Old Age Homes

There should be a sterile store room where all medicines and medical accessories that may be needed for treatment of the residents are to stored as per the advice of a general physician.

• There are certain instruments that are necessary for the medical treatment such as Oxygen cylinders, suction apparatus and intra-venous sets should be readily available. Drugs should be replaced periodically, considering their expiry date.
• Transport facilities such as ambulances or any other vehicle that is similarly equipped as an ambulance should be available in case there is a need to rush them to the hospital for intensive care.

Recreational Facilities in an Old Age Home

• Provision of recreational facilities is must. Old people also need entertainment so that their mind does not remain idle. This will help their life become lively and happy and keep them away from any kind of depressing thoughts.
• Facilities such as small reading area, televisions, video players, newspapers and books should be provided.

• Not all old people like sedentary lifestyle…Depending on the extent of the physical activity of the residents other facilities for active sports such as: tennis, table tennis, squash can be provided.
• A small computer room could be provided for accessing the internet which is a must in today’s world. That will keep the residents mentally active and aware of the world outside…

From our discussion we can conclude some of the most important and basic Requirements in an Old Age Home

• Common Rooms
• Single and Double Bedrooms
• Pantry in every Bedroom
• Main Kitchen
• Dining Area
• Television Area
• Reading room
• Praying room
• Computer room
• Offices for the staff
• Common Toilets
• Sports Facilities for Tennis, Badminton etc.
• A Landscaped Garden with a jogging track

A lot of emphasis is being given on the design of Old age homes in the west especially in the UK. The importance of old age homes design has increased with the increase in the number of homes across the world.

35 thoughts on “Guide to Designing Old Age Homes”

Hello, It’s been nice to see regarding Old age homes, could you help any aspect related to Retirement Resorts- free independent houses for retired people

How much area is required to establish old age home? What may be the plinth area of construction? How far it shall be from the city?

what is the total area reqd if one wishes to have old age home for about 100 people

Hello, A minimum area of 2000 sqm would be required in order to accommodate 100 people in an Old Age Home.

Gud..I Appreciate It.. cos Is Our Semester Project.. I Have Learn So Many Things..

Durvankur Starting constriction Old age Home In Thane Maharashtra with Donors support ple Help our 7 guide Ngo.

Hi, Can you/anyone tell us that where can we approach for funds for establishing an Old age Home in our city i.e Haldwani (Uttrakhand). We are working for old aged people since last four years. 63 old aged people have registered them with us. We are providing them day care facilitiestill date. One can go to FACEBOOK/HarishDhondiyal(Photos) to see some of our works done. Photographs are self speaking. We have Pan card, 12A certificate and 80G certificate of Income tax department with us with three years Audit reports and Annual reports. We have 4000 sq ft of land in the heart of the city with map/plan already prepared for it(OAH). But due to paucity of funds we are unable to do so till now. We approached to many but failed in sanctioning the amount. If anybody can help or guide, pls write a line to Secretary- Hem Memorial Society on [email protected] Will ever remain thankful and grateful for the same.We want to establish an Old Age Home for 25 people in first phase.

need some guidelines for setting up old age homes in India. I am looking to setting up in Chennai.

please i want to have a guide on how to design a hospital in your locality. i hope i will have some response

We wish to estabilish an old age home in our own building fo around 25 to 30 people. What are the govt. formalities required for it as we are doing it for the first time. We are not a registered trust or society but we want to help the old age people by donating our building and primary donation fund of around Rs. 5 to 10 lakhs. Please help.

Want to establish a mega old home project at Darjeeling Plain, international standard for multicultured people for joy happiness and liberate. Need your consultancy and advice. I am a Civil and Structural Engineer, M.I.E, F.I.V, AMASCE (USA)

Hi, I have a land of area 10000 sq.ft. I want to build an old age home in this plot- may be for around 50 people. Is it enough?

I have a donated land in west bengal to my trust. I want to get an oldage home. plz get me a full proof design to build it.

Can you plz suggest me some good old age and orphanage home in india for my thesis case study…

Does old age homes come in institutional building category??????

Yes. They could possibly fall under institutional building category.

hi, i want to know if there are any upcoming old age homes in Karnataka.

i wanted a live site for my thesis project..

Hello Shreegouri,

You will have to work on it yourself. I would advise you to get landuse maps of your city and study the scope of your proposal in different areas. Only after you can justify why your proposed building will serve the area in a positive way that you claim it will, your site selection process will be complete.

And also we are open to discussions. You can discuss how things come along with your thesis project. We look forward to hearing from you.

helo , i want to know suitable old age homes required for case study for my thysis project . site area of my project os 2.91 acres and also help me in suggesting the number of people which would be fine for my site area.

The idea of old peoples’ homes in Ghana has not catch up with us in Africa in general and Ghana in particular. This is basically because of our cultural setting where families take care of the elderly at home. Things are changing very fast now because of urbanization where the younger generation leaves the elderly at home to ‘fend’ for themselves. Moreover there are several elder generation who had live outside in Europe and America and would like to settle at home. There is therefore the potential for the development of these kind of homes in Ghana. Our organization has acquired large tract of land at water front which can be developed and are hereby seeking for financial support in this endeavor.

I wish you all the best with this endeavour.

SIR I WISH TO OPEN OLD AGE HOME IN OUR CITY .PRIME LOCATION IS THERE. WE HAVE AREA OF 3 ACRE NEAR RIVER AND MARKET ROAD.WE HAVE ALL STAFF FOR REQUIRED IN OLD AGE HOME. WE WISH TO PROVIDE FREE SERVICE AND FREE FOOD.NEEDY PEOPLE GET EXTRA BENEFIT

Dear Amrita,

I am happy to know of your well thought initiative to construct an Old Age Home. That is for a very noble cause. Let me know how I can help you.

Respected Sir, I want to open old age home in Maharashtra (India) So which things are required to open the old age home. How much investment needed in concern home

We wish to open a old age home in our village near Thanjavur District, Tamil nadu. Please send guidelines for the building design. Sairam. Moorthy

hello sir. I am an architecture student. I have taken my final year project as orphanage cum old age home. please can you tell me where is your site how big is it ?

I’m also architecture student and even my topic is same for thesis so i want to know that did u got any info abt it n where did u do ur case study? plz share some info and ur experience about ur case study and other aspects.

P. Gurumoorthy : Dear Sir. Sairam. We wish to open a old age home in our village near Thanjavur District, Tamil nadu. Please send guidelines for the building design. Sairam. Moorthy

i am going to start a old age home near malavalli, karnataka,if somebody is interested in joinining hands with me, they are welcome,some enterprenaur with ideas matching,

Dear Venkat Ram

I run a paid architectural design service. Let me know if you would like to get it designed by us… I shall send you all the details of our establishment. This initiative is for a good cause and I would be delighted to be a part of it.

sir, I want to start senior citizen/old age home near Dehradun for about hundred couples initially. How much expenditure should we expect. Also the ideal building design for the same.

Hello Ajai,

I would say keep 4 to 5 crores aside for the works…

In Bangladesh this is just start, as a social instability high demand in the old age level. I would like to request, if sent me the building design and others for 100 person and other facilities, will be highly appreciate for me. with regards

We would like to establish OLD AGE HOME. We want to prepare a PROJRCT REOPRT. Can you guide us?

I am going to start a old age home. so what are all requirement to open, how much investment needed and guidelines for building design.

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OLD AGE HOME CUM ORPHNAGE

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amruta chandel

orphanage cum oldage home

In architecture, the spaces within and outside the building must follow a particular way of arrangement commonly called spatial organization. This describes the building pattern through space. It is the process of arranging different elements in space (Pascal, 2011). The identity of any architectural precedent, is the proper definition of space to suit the users of that given space, that is, the different building typologies: institutional, industrial, housing among others … are designed specifically to suite the demands of it users. Furthermore, facilities like hospitals are meant to give spaces that are conductive for patients and staff, office building for staff of the organization, hotels for customers and staff of the hotel, schools for pupils and teachers , and orphanages to for children and staff of orphanages, this goes on and on. The architectural environments are read by their users, and therefore should reflect the institution's particular identity and values, thus, space found act as a mirror that reflect the ideas, attitude and culture of the institution (Hoffman and Erlandson, 2005) Sa’id (2008) suggests that Children’s physical movement, cognitive scanning, and social transaction in space are directly influenced by the spatial and properties of their built environment. Sebba (1994) "children physical participation with the architectural features and the environment intend to satisfy, and the experience to stay in their memory”. However, memory is a derivative of place attachment where positive emotions are have generate effective opportunities for engagement, discovery, creativity, revelation and adventure surprise, in that event, experiencing the environment is an essential, critical and irreplaceable dimension in the growth and functioning of children (Sa’id 2008, p3). Suetyuan (2003) noted that children need different spaces to express themselves, as they are more concern about their surroundings at the growing stage. Therefore, the design for children spaces must conform to their physical, social and cognitive development. Physical functioning is the motoric actions such as fluid rolling, jumping, tumbling, running, skipping; physical development is the pattern of bodily growth and maturation of children interacting with indoor, outdoor spaces and their features. Cognitive development examines systematic exchanges in children's reasoning, concept, memory and language. Social functioning includes the interaction of children with peers and adult, explores the changes in their feeling, ways of coping relationship with peers (Eldridge, 2003). Considering the aforementioned, before creating spaces for children; there is a challenge in provision of stable environment for children that avoids the institutional upbringing approach (Subbarao, 2001). However, this thesis examines the spatial organization and architectural design elements of some existing orphanage facilities in the north-central Nigeria. Nowadays, orphanages lack stimulation and experiences. Children may not have much interaction within the orphanage, which may make new experiences stressful, also, lack of visual sensory input for their environment can lead to a diagnosis of cognitive delay (Eldridge, 2003). The residential institution devoted to the care of orphan-children whose parent are deceased or otherwise unwilling to care for them called 'orphanage'(FMWA & SD, 2007) should intercede for the desires of these children. In furtherance, to enable architects in re-conceptualizing the design of orphanage, this study intends to capture the spatial structure and the architectural elements of orphanages from the time of emergence to present day. To do so, this study examines critically the term ‘spatial configuration with its constituent’, ‘architectural design element plus principles’, documentation on spatial configuration and the architectural design element of orphanages, ‘framework approach with space syntax technique’, and the ‘psychology, sociology and architecture’ amalgamation of disciplines. In view of this, through architecture, the environment may be shaped in order to become 'home' for these children to help them grow without exhibiting problems associated with the various institutional care system for orphans (Agathokleous, 2011). Freundlinch (2004) stresses that orphanages hold a well-organized place in the history of caring for children, unfortunately, very little is known about the quality of orphanages. Nigeria research situation analysis on orphans and vulnerable children (2009) indicates an official figure estimate of 17.5 million orphans and vulnerable children, although, practitioners in the field believe this figure could be underestimating the size and scope of the problem. Shelter is important for orphaned children to meet their developmental needs, top equip them with knowledge and skills required for independent life in the community, to help them retain sense of belonging and identity, and to help them benefit from the continuous support of network within that community (NELA, 2008). This thesis aims at aiding in emergence of a new architectural design framework that supports formation of an ideal environment for the swelling number of orphans across Nigeria.

Berkeley Collection of Working and Occasional …

Marta Gutman

Yusuf Yusuf

Insurgency in north eastern Nigeria have produce hundreds of Thousands of orphans who have no place to call home and few number of orphanages exist in the region which are not enough to cater for their needs. Also previous works on orphanage designs lack the required provision of incorporating culture and traditional family setting in design of the facility which serve as a means of connecting the orphans with their cultural and social environment. This research work is built on the subject of integrating critical regionalism features in orphanage design. Critical regionalism offers a better methodology towards providing condition of authenticity in which a new architecture can be consciously originated out of the traditional architectural characteristics of a particular region in order to withstand the domination of modernism. The argument draws its background to the study of relevant literature. Reviews on the writings of prominent critical regionalist architects and theorists aided in the culminating of a set of features on which variables (directly related to the subject of critical regionalism) evolved. The features such as, ‘A preference for regional intentions over normative optimization’, ‘A consciously bounded architecture’, ‘More than scenographic episodes or sentimental historicism’, ‘A response to local conditions and climate’ and ‘Tactility’ were explored and their importance in design was extensively analysed. Four Case studies, two local two foreign were conducted and analysed to determine the level of reflection of critical regionalism using general variables with emphases on the features of critical regionalism. The local cases studies are ‘safe our soul’ (SOS) orphans children village Jos and Gwagwalada orphans’ village Abuja. While the foreign cases studies are SOS Aqaba Jordan and Pondicherry orphanage India. From the cases studied, it shows that the level of reflection of critical regionalism features in all the selected cases depend on the location of the facility. The foreign case studies Showed highest level of reflection of critical regionalism features with average of 28.64% and 27.16% in heir design while the local case studies showed least level of reflection with average of 22.26% and 21.29% in their design. The study indicate the appropriateness of designing orphanages in traditional family setting that promotes child development through the integration of critical Regionalism features. Thus seek to provide orphans a home with family were they can develop and become accustom to natural family and social structure of which they have been deprived of for any number of reasons.

Pacific Historical Review

This chapter reviews the use of institutional care for children and young people in the mega-city of Delhi. The situation in Delhi is located within a national overview of India and then the focus moves on to the provision of institutional care services for children and young people by government and non-governmental organisations. While efforts are made to introduce de-institutionalisation and expand family-based care and support for children, demand for services far exceeds capacity to respond. Given the large number of homeless and destitute children, constraints on non-institutional child care and challenges associated with institutional child care, the future is seen to lie in promoting innovative child care practices that blend the rationale of family-based child care with the positive elements of institutional child care.

Nazan Maksudyan

Odeh Ibn Iganga

The religious and moral awakening which produced the ant-slave trade movement in Europe and America gave rise to a strong and active desire to spread the gospel to non-Christian communities of Asia and Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These societies sent out missionaries to Africa and other parts of the world. In England, the Baptist Missionary Society was founded in 1798; the London Missionary Society in 1797; the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1803; the University Mission to Central Africa in 1857; and the Society for African Mission in 1858 (Onwubiko, 1986). Historians have generally given reasons for the motives of these missionary enterprises in Africa at the time. These reasons and motives range from the wish to save the souls of African rescued from slavery by converting them to Christian faith, the desire to halt the spread of Islam which at the time was making tremendous headway towards the South, and the need to purge European Christian conscience which had been stung by the Whiteman’s role in the slave trade and thereby atone for Europe’s crime against Africa. Other reasons given, range from the humanitarian consideration, to economic motives and political considerations (Ajayi, 1962). Although detail analyses of these arguments are beyond the scope of this paper, what generally can be pointed out as Ajayi and Espie (1965:62) rightly observed is that, “European interest began with the establishment of Christian missions. Trade followed missionaries. The missionaries led traders in calling for European intervention in Africa”. The above conception is largely true of the situation before the conquest, occupation and colonization of the various parts of Africa. In Igede, however, the aftermath of the Ogbuloko resistance movement in 1928 saw the British in effect turning their back on Igede land. Consequently, they explored various means of keeping the subjugated ‘pacified’. These included a haphazard reorganization of the administrative system in the area and the introduction of Christianity to Igede land. Part of the reorganization exercise, also, was the establishment of three Methodist Schools in Igede, first in Ibilla in 1932, and in Ito and Ainu in 1935. As with the neighbouringTiv, the British saw the spread of Christianity as one potential means of “taming the ferocious” Igede people to fall in line. Christian resignation, after all, would mean resignation to British rule as well. (Iganga, 2008) Thus in Igede land (as with other parts of Africa then), after the decolonization exercise, beginning from the 1960s, the relatively successful religious and missionary enterprise not bereft of genuine moral and humanitarian re-awakening began in earnest.

Tariku Tadesse

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