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How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap?

Jamaica Case Study

Jamaica Case Study – How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap?

Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean. It has a tropical climate with high temperatures throughout the year. Jamaica is famed for its beautiful sandy beaches and rich cultural heritage. It has excellent communications and is a popular destination for cruise ships.  

A cruise ship in Jamaica

How has tourism in Jamaica grown?

Tourism has seen significant growth in Jamaica. The graph below illustrates this.

As you can see, there has been an almost exponential growth in the number of visitor arrivals to Jamaica between 1994 and 2016. However, although visitor arrivals continued to increase in 2009, the change was not in line with previous years due to the recession, which reduced many people’s disposable income.

Total visitor expenditure increased from US$128,706,000 in 1975 to US$3,400,000,000 in 2019.

How has Jamaica reduced the development gap?

Tourism is one of Jamaica’s top sources of revenue. The industry contributes over 50% of the country’s total foreign exchange earnings (approx. US$2b). Thousands of Jamaicans work directly or indirectly in tourism. Tourism employs the second largest number of Jamaicans (approximately 200,000) directly in hotels, transport and attractions and indirectly in trading, manufacturing and banking.  

Tourism in Jamaica benefits local farmers through the sale of produce to hotels. For example, Jamaica’s Sandals Resort Farmers Program grew from 10 farmers in 1996, supplying two hotels, to 80 farmers in 2004, supplying hotels island-wide. As a result, in 2018, the hotel chain provided more than $25 million in assistance, starting with the up-front purchase and distribution of $3.5 million of Irish potato seeds to five farmers in Manchester, Jamaica. Under the partnership, the five farmers will be the sole providers of Irish potatoes to the entire Sandals group, which comprises 11 resorts in Jamaica. The purpose is to enable the hotel chain to purchase potatoes locally rather than rely on imports.

There have been considerable investments in infrastructure to accommodate tourists. Port facilities have been expanded, as have airports and road infrastructure. However, the development of roads followed much later as catering for cruise ships was prioritised. Some hotel owners have not been happy with this.

Many people in key tourist areas, such as Montego Bay , have benefited from an improved quality of life due to tourism. However, pockets of poverty still exist.  

The environment has benefited from landscaping projects and the introduction of nature parks.  

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, resort-based or resource-based tourism a case study of jamaica.

Publication date: 27 February 2014

Issue publication date: 27 February 2014

Teaching notes

Subject area.

This case study can be used in the following subject areas: tourism management; tourism policy; tourism planning and development; destination marketing and management; hospitality and tourism management; special event planning and management; and attraction management.

Study level/applicability

This case study is useful to both undergraduate and graduate students specializing in hospitality and tourism management.

Case overview

This case study explored the nature of two forms of tourism development; resort-based and resource-based, and aimed to determine which is the more viable and sustainable option for the future of tourism in Jamaica, an island destination in the Caribbean which depends highly on the tourism industry. The literature established that both forms of tourism are challenged by several and varying factors and so their synergistic integration appears to be the most functional option for sustainable tourism development in Jamaica along with the involvement of the relevant stakeholders.

Expected learning outcomes

Distinguish between resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism by identifying the elements and attributes that make them different.

Explain the usefulness and drawbacks of both types of tourism model.

Discuss the nature of culture and heritage tourism and eco-tourism.

Analyze Jamaica's tourism model from the nineteenth to the twenty-firstst century by assessing the changes and developments.

Discuss the role of government in facilitating the development of a “wholisitic tourism model” that will facilitate the synergy of resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism.

Assess the role of the private sector in encouraging and facilitating resource-based tourism.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email [email protected] to request teaching notes.

Social implications

This case study conceptually and empirically analyzed the tourism model in Jamaica to ascertain whether or not the future of Jamaica's tourism should remain dependent on resort-based tourism or should it opt for resource-based tourism as a more viable and sustainable option. The discussion however, indicates that resort-based tourism can synergize with resource-based tourism to achieve sustainable development along with the involvement of all the relevant stakeholders including the government, hotel operators and the residents. The case synopsis likewise presented a concise summary of the literature reviewed regarding the concepts of resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism; and the case of Jamaica's tourism.

The learning outcomes are intended to guide the teaching- learning process and stimulate students' understanding of the concepts of resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism and their specific implications in terms of tourism development in Jamaica. This knowledge can also be generalized to other destinations with similar historical background and tourism resources. The applied questions will guide the discussions and provide additional resources for assessment purposes. They will also help the students to critically assess the dynamics of tourism development.

The case synopsis is consistent with the learning outcomes, corresponding applied questions and course recommendations. A total of two to three-hours teaching session can be used to discuss the constructs, analyze the case in point and answer the applied questions.

• Resort-based tourism
• Resource-based tourism
• Culture and heritage tourism
• Eco-tourism
• Sophisticated tourist
• Stakeholder

Sinclair-Maragh, G.M. (2014), "Resort-based or resource-based tourism? A case study of Jamaica", , Vol. 4 No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1108/EEMCS-06-2013-0097

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2014, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

You do not currently have access to these teaching notes. Teaching notes are available for teaching faculty at subscribing institutions. Teaching notes accompany case studies with suggested learning objectives, classroom methods and potential assignment questions. They support dynamic classroom discussion to help develop student's analytical skills.

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The environmental impact of mass tourism: A case study of Negril, Jamaica, 1970s-2023

Henrice Altink introduces her new article in Environment and History, Making Tourism Sustainable? Environment and Resort Tourism in Negril, Jamaica, 1970s–2002 . Mass tourism has had severe environmental impacts but there are hopeful signs that sustainability is becoming central to the development agenda in the 2020s.

Mass tourism generates jobs, brings in revenue and enhances cultural learning but can also lead to a dependency on tourism, a loss of cultural identity, pressure on natural resources and environmental degradation.

Negril, one of the main resort areas in Jamaica, provides a useful case study for environmental historians to explore mass tourism’s environmental impact and attempts to make it more sustainable. It was planned by the Government of Jamaica (GoJ) as a resort town in the 1960s and 1970s, rapidly expanded in the 1980s and 1990s, when numerous large and mostly all-inclusive hotels were built, and had an active environmental lobby.

The impact of the development of mass tourism on the coastal environment, including beach erosion, reef destruction and loss of mangroves, only becomes visible after some time.

By the mid- to late-1970s, several scientists began to draw attention to the pollution of Negril’s coastal waters by sewage from hotels as many used septic tanks. In the 1980s, they were joined by local stakeholders, ranging from the Negril Chamber of Commerce (NCC), which was largely made up of small hoteliers, and local environmental groups such as the Negril Coral Reef Protection Society, set up by divers and diving operators. They lobbied both the GoJ and international donors to improve sewage disposal, supported by data that they had collected. For example, the NCC set up a water quality monitoring system and undertook a reef survey. These efforts had some success as the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) agreed to extend existing sewage lines and the European Economic Community (EEC) offered to fund a central sewage plant.

The GoJ was reliant on international donors to undertake sewage and other infrastructural developments in tourist resorts because of its limited fiscal space. In the 1980s, it took out several Structural Adjustment Loans that came with various conditions, including a reduction in public spending. The GoJ also made some marginal changes in planning processes by stipulating in the early 1990s that planning applications for hotels required an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – an assessment of the impact of a planned project on the environment including vegetation, biodiversity, ecology and water. The EIA included a public discussion which local stakeholders in Negril actively used to raise concerns about proposed hotel developments.

Other than changing planning processes and working with international donors to improve sewage infrastructure, the GoJ did little to make tourism more sustainable. It, for instance, never mandated that hotels adopt energy-saving practices. This was not just because of its financial constraints; tourism was key to the Jamaican economy – it was the main foreign-exchange earner – and it was a private-sector driven industry.

Alongside local stakeholders, international donors such as the World Bank also put pressure on the GoJ to address the environmental sustainability of the sector. They also provided funding for initiatives to make tourism more sustainable, such as USAID which in the 1990s ran a programme that worked with small hotels in Negril to undertake environmental audits. This should be seen in light of a global shift towards sustainable tourism; that is, ‘tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities’ ( UNWTO ). In the wake of the 1992 United Nations’ Earth Summit (also known as the Rio Conference) which highlighted the need to adopt the principles of sustainable development in a wide range of economic and social processes, the World Tourism Organisation published a set of recommendations for governments and tourism operators to make tourism more sustainable.

The combined pressure of local stakeholders and international donors along with regional and local initiatives to make tourism more sustainable, such as the Caribbean Hoteliers Association’s Action for Sustainable Tourism which provided workshops, training courses and guidance material for its members on a range of environmental issues, encouraged the GoJ to develop a Master Plan for Sustainable Tourism. Work started in 1998 when consultations were held with various stakeholders, including local communities, to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the industry. It was completed in 2002 and addressed all three impacts of tourism. With regards to the environmental impact, the plan mentioned a new location strategy, environmental mitigation measures and support for the industry to adopt sustainable practices, which addressed some of the concerns raised by environmental groups and industry stakeholders in Negril, including poor sewage infrastructure and lack of inclusive planning. But it was not radical. It largely built on work already going on in Negril and other resorts, such as environmental audits, and the GoJ remained reluctant to prescribe changes in the industry. Furthermore, the island’s overall tourism strategy remained firmly focussed on the 3Ss – sun, sea and sand – which led to more tourist arrivals and an increase in hotel accommodation. Between 2002 and 2018, the number of hotel rooms available in Negril increased from 3,543 to 5,965 and the number of stopover arrivals rose from 256,667 to 410,665 ( Jamaica Tourist Board annual travel statistics).

Because of its dependency on tourism, Jamaica was hit hard by the pandemic, which caused a 10 per cent decline in real GDP ( World Bank ). In the wake of the pandemic, various new tourism developments have been negotiated with government support. EIAs for these developments, including the 2,000-room Princess hotel in Negril, have been quickly approved despite objections by residents and environmental groups that local infrastructure cannot accommodate these large-scale developments and that they will destroy flora and fauna. However, there are some hopeful signs that the GoJ is trying to strike a better balance between the economic and the environmental sustainability of tourism, most notably its decision to finally replace the Master Plan. With support from the Interamerican Development Bank and input from industry stakeholders and civil society organisations, the GoJ embarked in 2023 on the development of a new tourism strategy that will put sustainability – economic, social and environmental – at its centre ( Ministry of Tourism , 2023).

Originally posted on 1 March 2024 on White Horse Press blog .

2016 Case Study Winner (Jamaica)

“Heritage tourism has the potential to diversify Jamaica’s tourism product,” say the two student researchers, which they say relies too much on beach-based offerings — “sun, sand and sea.” The students examine three heritage tourism sites in the island’s capital, Kingston: the Bob Marley Museum, Port Royal, and the University of West Indies – Mona. The “sites show, through visitors feedback, Kingston’s potential as a heritage attraction.” The student’s research makes clear that investing in more and better technology would make all three sites more attractive. “These include the use of digital and interactive screens, using mobile applications, as well as 3D and 4D theatre, websites and social media, and easy fixes such as adding debit/credit card machines for payment.”

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Resort-based or resource-based tourism? A case study of Jamaica

Title – Resort-based or resource-based tourism? A case study of Jamaica. Subject area – This case study can be used in the following subject areas: tourism management; tourism policy; tourism planning and development; destination marketing and management; hospitality and tourism management; special event planning and management; and attraction management. Study level/applicability – This case study is useful to both undergraduate and graduate students specializing in hospitality and tourism management. Case overview – This case study explored the nature of two forms of tourism development; resort-based and resource-based, and aimed to determine which is the more viable and sustainable option for the future of tourism in Jamaica, an island destination in the Caribbean which depends highly on the tourism industry. The literature established that both forms of tourism are challenged by several and varying factors and so their synergistic integration appears to be the most functional option for sustainable tourism development in Jamaica along with the involvement of the relevant stakeholders. Expected learning outcomes – The students should be able to: Distinguish between resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism by identifying the elements and attributes that make them different. ▪Explain the usefulness and drawbacks of both types of tourism model. ▪Discuss the nature of culture and heritage tourism and eco-tourism. ▪Analyze Jamaica's tourism model from the nineteenth to the twenty-firstst century by assessing the changes and developments. ▪Discuss the role of government in facilitating the development of a “wholisitic tourism model” that will facilitate the synergy of resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism. ▪Assess the role of the private sector in encouraging and facilitating resource-based tourism. Supplementary materials – Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email [email protected] to request teaching notes. Social implications – This case study conceptually and empirically analyzed the tourism model in Jamaica to ascertain whether or not the future of Jamaica's tourism should remain dependent on resort-based tourism or should it opt for resource-based tourism as a more viable and sustainable option. The discussion however, indicates that resort-based tourism can synergize with resource-based tourism to achieve sustainable development along with the involvement of all the relevant stakeholders including the government, hotel operators and the residents. The case synopsis likewise presented a concise summary of the literature reviewed regarding the concepts of resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism; and the case of Jamaica's tourism.The learning outcomes are intended to guide the teaching- learning process and stimulate students' understanding of the concepts of resort-based tourism and resource-based tourism and their specific implications in terms of tourism development in Jamaica. This knowledge can also be generalized to other destinations with similar historical background and tourism resources. The applied questions will guide the discussions and provide additional resources for assessment purposes. They will also help the students to critically assess the dynamics of tourism development.The case synopsis is consistent with the learning outcomes, corresponding applied questions and course recommendations. A total of two to three-hours teaching session can be used to discuss the constructs, analyze the case in point and answer the applied questions.

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The economic impact of tourism: Jamaican residents' perceptions

1998, Visions of Leisure and Business

Despite the acknowledged importance of tour­ ism to global economies, and the attention given to empirical research in developed coun­ tries, very little attention has been given to research in less developed countries, particu­ larly those in the Caribbean. In this study, resi­ dents in the tourism resort communities of Negri!, Montego Bay, and Ocho Rios, Ja­ maica, West Indies rated their perceptions of the economic impact of tourism on their community. The mean scores indicated that residents perceived an overall slightly positive economic impact of tourism However, ANOV A results showed statistically significant difference in the degree of positive perceptions based on the socio-demographic variables of community, employment, placed of employ­ ment, and length of residence. The implica­ tions of these findings for the host residents and the tourist industry is discussed.

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Lucky Atamhenwan

Meghann Ormond , Rory Johnston

Background: Medical tourism is now targeted by many hospitals and governments worldwide for further growth and investment. Southeast Asia provides what is perhaps the best documented example of medical tourism development and promotion on a regional scale, but interest in the practice is growing in locations where it is not yet established. Numerous governments and private hospitals in the Caribbean have recently identified medical tourism as a priority for economic development. We explore here the projects, activities, and outlooks surrounding medical tourism and their anticipated economic and health sector policy implications in the Caribbean country of Jamaica. Specifically, we apply Pocock and Phua’s previously-published conceptual framework of policy implications raised by medical tourism to explore its relevance in this new context and to identify additional considerations raised by the Jamaican context. Methods: Employing case study methodology, we conducted six weeks of qualitative fieldwork in Jamaica between October 2012 and July 2013. Semi-structured interviews with health, tourism, and trade sector stakeholders, on-site visits to health and tourism infrastructure, and reflexive journaling were all used to collect a comprehensive dataset of how medical tourism in Jamaica is being developed. Our analytic strategy involved organizing our data within Pocock and Phua’s framework to identify overlapping and divergent issues. Results: Many of the issues identified in Pocock and Phua’s policy implications framework are echoed in the planning and development of medical tourism in Jamaica. However, a number of additional implications, such as the involvement of international development agencies in facilitating interest in the sector, cyclical mobility of international health human resources, and the significance of health insurance portability in driving the growth of international hospital accreditation, arise from this new context and further enrich the original framework. Conclusions: The framework developed by Pocock and Phua is a flexible common reference point with which to document issues raised by medical tourism in established and emerging destinations. However, the framework’s design does not lend itself to explaining how the underlying health system factors it identifies work to facilitate medical tourism’s development or how the specific impacts of the practice are likely to unfold.

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Tourism: a view from the fray: a Jamaican case study

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• DOI: 10.1108/EEMCS-06-2013-0097
• Corpus ID: 168028319

Resort-based or resource-based tourism? A case study of Jamaica

• G. Sinclair-Maragh
• Published 13 August 2014
• Business, Geography
• Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies

4 Citations

Demographic analysis of residents' support for tourism development in jamaica, imperialism and tourism: the case of developing island countries, assessing tourism experiences: the case of heritage attractions, residents’ identity and tourism development: the jamaican perspective, 34 references, evaluation of tourism and tourist resources in china: existing methods and their limitations, denbigh showground: a potential “agri‐cultural” attraction concept for tourism in jamaica, mastering caribbean tourism, ecotourism in the city toronto’s green tourism association, developing indigenous tourism: challenges for the guianas, towards an alternative tourism for jamaica.

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Enclave tourism development: for whom the benefits roll?

Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach. edward inskeep. van nostrand reinhold, 115 fifth avenue, new york, ny 10003. 1991. 508p, hotel development of cultural tourism elements, related papers.

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Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

Tourism in jamaica.

Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean. Tourism is a crucial part of Jamaica's economy.

Why do tourists visit Jamaica?

• Tourists visit Jamaica to enjoy the hot weather, culture and beaches such as Turtle Beach.

Tourism and Jamaica's development

• Contributing 24% of Jamaica’s GDP
• Encouraging investment in roads and airports in the north
• Improving the quality of life in areas such as Montego Bay
• Encouraging landscaping and conservation projects

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.3 Factors Affecting Risk

1.1.4 People Affecting Risk

1.1.5 Ability to Cope With Natural Hazards

1.1.6 How Serious Are Natural Hazards?

1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.8 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 The Earth's Layers

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates

1.2.3 The Earth's Tectonic Plates

1.2.4 Convection Currents

1.2.5 Plate Margins

1.2.6 Volcanoes

1.2.7 Volcano Eruptions

1.2.8 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.9 Primary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.10 Secondary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.11 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.12 Immediate Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.13 Long-Term Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.14 Earthquakes

1.2.15 Earthquakes at Different Plate Margins

1.2.16 What is an Earthquake?

1.2.17 Measuring Earthquakes

1.2.18 Immediate Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.19 Long-Term Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.20 Case Studies: The L'Aquila Earthquake

1.2.21 Case Studies: The Kashmir Earthquake

1.2.22 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.23 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.24 Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards

1.2.25 Protecting & Planning

1.2.26 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.27 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.28 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.29 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Winds & Pressure

1.3.2 The Global Atmospheric Circulation Model

1.3.3 Surface Winds

1.3.4 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.5 Changing Weather in the UK

1.3.6 Tropical Storms

1.3.7 Tropical Storm Causes

1.3.8 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.9 The Structure of Tropical Storms

1.3.10 The Effect of Climate Change on Tropical Storms

1.3.11 The Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.12 Responses to Tropical Storms

1.3.13 Reducing the Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.14 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.15 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.16 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.17 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.18 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.19 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Climate Change

1.4.2 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.3 Natural Causes of Climate Change

1.4.4 Human Causes of Climate Change

1.4.5 Effects of Climate Change on the Environment

1.4.6 Effects of Climate Change on People

1.4.7 Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

1.4.8 Adaptation to Climate Change

1.4.9 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.11 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Food Chains & Webs

2.1.3 Ecosystem Cascades

2.1.4 Global Ecosystems

2.1.5 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.2 Interdependence of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.3 Adaptations of Plants to Rainforests

2.2.4 Adaptations of Animals to Rainforests

2.2.5 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.6 Deforestation

2.2.7 Impacts of Deforestation

2.2.8 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.9 Why Protect Rainforests?

2.2.10 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.11 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.12 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.13 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.14 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Interdependence in Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Adaptation of Plants to Hot Deserts

2.3.4 Adaptation of Animals to Hot Deserts

2.3.5 Biodiversity in Hot Deserts

2.3.6 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.7 Desertification

2.3.8 Reducing the Risk of Desertification

2.3.9 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.10 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Interdependence of Cold Environments

2.4.3 Adaptations of Plants to Cold Environments

2.4.4 Adaptations of Animals to Cold Environments

2.4.5 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.6 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.7 Sustainable Management

2.4.8 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.9 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.2 Examples of the UK's Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering

3.2.3 Mass Movement

3.2.4 Processes of Erosion

3.2.5 Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.6 Headlands & Bays

3.2.7 Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.8 Longshore Drift

3.2.9 Sediment Transport

3.2.10 Deposition

3.2.11 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.12 Coastal Management - Hard Engineering

3.2.13 Coastal Management - Soft Engineering

3.2.14 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.15 Coastal Management - Managed Retreat

3.2.16 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.17 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.18 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.19 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.20 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The Long Profile of a River

3.3.2 The Cross Profile of a River

3.3.3 Vertical & Lateral Erosion

3.3.4 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.5 Processes of Erosion

3.3.6 Sediment Transport

3.3.7 River Deposition

3.3.8 Waterfalls & Gorges

3.3.9 Interlocking Spurs

3.3.10 Meanders

3.3.11 Oxbow Lakes

3.3.12 Floodplains

3.3.13 Levees

3.3.14 Estuaries

3.3.15 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.16 River Management

3.3.17 Hydrographs

3.3.18 Flood Defences - Hard Engineering

3.3.19 Flood Defences - Soft Engineering

3.3.20 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.21 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.22 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.23 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 The UK in the Last Ice Age

3.4.2 Glacial Processes

3.4.3 Glacial Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.4 Tarns, Corries, Glacial Troughs & Truncated Spurs

3.4.5 Types of Moraine

3.4.6 Drumlins & Erratics

3.4.7 Snowdonia

3.4.8 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.9 Conflicts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.10 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.11 Coping with Tourism Impacts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.12 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.13 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.14 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Factors Causing Urbanisation

4.1.3 Megacities

4.1.4 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.5 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.6 UK Cities

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.8 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.9 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.10 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.11 Reducing Traffic Congestion

4.1.12 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.14 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Limitations of Developing Measures

5.1.3 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.4 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.5 Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

5.1.6 Physical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.7 Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.8 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.9 Consequences of Uneven Development

5.1.10 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.11 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.12 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.13 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.14 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.15 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.16 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

5.2 Economic Development in the UK

5.2.1 Causes of Economic Change in the UK

5.2.2 The UK's Post-Industrial Economy

5.2.3 The Impacts of UK Industry on the Environment

5.2.4 Change in the UK's Rural Areas

5.2.5 Transport in the UK

5.2.6 The North-South Divide

5.2.7 Regional Differences in the UK

5.2.8 The UK's Links to the World

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Uneven Distribution of Resources

6.1.3 Food in the UK

6.1.4 Agribusiness

6.1.5 Demand for Water in the UK

6.1.6 Water Pollution in the UK

6.1.7 Matching Supply & Demand of Water in the UK

6.1.8 The UK's Energy Mix

6.1.9 Issues with Sources of Energy

6.1.10 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Increasing Food Consumption

6.2.3 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.4 Impacts of Food Insecurity

6.2.5 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.7 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.8 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.9 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.11 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 Water Surplus & Water Deficit

6.3.2 Increasing Water Consumption

6.3.3 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.4 Impacts of Water Insecurity

6.3.5 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.6 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.7 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.8 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.9 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.10 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.12 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Increasing Energy Consumption

6.4.3 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.4 Impacts of Energy Insecurity

6.4.5 Increasing Energy Supply - Solar

6.4.6 Increasing Energy Supply - Water

6.4.7 Increasing Energy Supply - Wind

6.4.8 Increasing Energy Supply - Nuclear

6.4.9 Increasing Energy Supply - Fossil Fuels

6.4.10 Carbon Footprints

6.4.11 Energy Conservation

6.4.12 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.14 Energy - Statistical Skills

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Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

Case Study: Economic Development in India

Analysis of the Impact of Cultural Components on the Development of Creative Urban Tourism in the Historical Textures the Case Study A Tabriz Historical Bazaar

Document Type : Article extracted From phd dissertation

• Hasan Satari Sarban Qoli
• Arash Saghafi Asl

Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

• Handicraft Development
• Urban Creative Tourism
• Historical Bazaar of Tabriz
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Volume 10, Issue 2 April 2023 Pages 75-91

How to cite.

• Article View: 172
• PDF Download: 194

Zare, E., Satari Sarban Qoli, H., & Saghafi Asl, A. (2023). Analysis of the Impact of Cultural Components on the Development of Creative Urban Tourism in the Historical Textures the Case Study A Tabriz Historical Bazaar. urban tourism , 10 (2), 75-91. doi: 10.22059/jut.2023.352590.1098

Elham Zare; Hasan Satari Sarban Qoli; Arash Saghafi Asl. "Analysis of the Impact of Cultural Components on the Development of Creative Urban Tourism in the Historical Textures the Case Study A Tabriz Historical Bazaar", urban tourism , 10, 2, 2023, 75-91. doi: 10.22059/jut.2023.352590.1098

Zare, E., Satari Sarban Qoli, H., Saghafi Asl, A. (2023). 'Analysis of the Impact of Cultural Components on the Development of Creative Urban Tourism in the Historical Textures the Case Study A Tabriz Historical Bazaar', urban tourism , 10(2), pp. 75-91. doi: 10.22059/jut.2023.352590.1098

Zare, E., Satari Sarban Qoli, H., Saghafi Asl, A. Analysis of the Impact of Cultural Components on the Development of Creative Urban Tourism in the Historical Textures the Case Study A Tabriz Historical Bazaar. urban tourism , 2023; 10(2): 75-91. doi: 10.22059/jut.2023.352590.1098