Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C

Reema Thareja, Assistant Professor, Institute of Information Technology and Management

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

1 st gen-1940-56

2 nd gen 1956-63

3 rd -64-71

4 th —72-89

5 th -mordern day

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SOFTWARE

  • A computer is a machine that takes instructions and performs computations based on those instructions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

The word generation means the state of improvement in the product development process. Similarly, computer generation refers to the different advancements of new computer technology.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first generation computers used very large number of vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are prime examples of first-generation computing devices.

Advantages: Fastest calculating device of their time

Disadvantages:

1. Dissipate a lot of heat

2. Consume a lot of electricity

3. Very bulky in size

4. These computers were frequently down due to hardware failures.

5. These computers needed constant maintenance because of low mean time between failures

6. Limited commercial use because these computers were difficult to program

7. Very expensive

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

  • The second generation computers were manufactured using transistors.
  • While first generation computers were programmed using machine language, second generation computers moved towards symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
  • At this time, high-level programming languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL and SNOBOL were also being developed.
  • Second generation computers were first to store instructions in memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
  • Second generation computers were first developed for the atomic energy industry.

Advantages:

1. Consumed less electricity and thus dissipated less heat as compared to first generation computers

2. Faster, cheaper smaller and more reliable than first generation computers

3. Could be programmed using assembly language and high level languages

4. These computers had faster primary memory and a larger secondary memory

1. Second generation computers were manufactured using transistors that had to be assembled manually. This made commercial production of computers difficult and expensive.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

  • The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
  • These computers had few megabytes of main memory and magnetic disks which could store few tens of megabytes of data per disk drive.
  • High level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were standardized by ANSI
  • Some more high level programming languages like PL/I PASCAL and BASIC were introduced at this time.
  • Third generation computers were the first to implement time sharing operating systems.
  • Input to these computers could now be provided using keyboards and mouse.
  • Faster than second generation computers and could perform 1 million transactions per second.

2. Smaller, cheaper and more reliable than their predecessors

3. These computers had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage

4. They were widely used for scientific as well as business applications

5. During this generation of computers, standardization of existing high level languages and invention of new high level languages was done

6. These computers had time sharing operating system which allowed interactive use of computer by one or more users simultaneously thereby improving the productivity of the users.

Fourth Generation (1971-1989) Microprocessors

  • The microprocessor started the fourth generation of computers with thousands of integrated circuits built onto a single silicon chip.
  • Semi-conductor memories were used which were very fast, even the hard disks became cheaper, smaller in size and larger in capacity.
  • For input, floppy disks (in addition to magnetic tapes) were used to port data and programs from one computer to another.
  • During this period many new operating systems were developed like MS-DOS MS-Windows UNIX and Apple’s proprietary operating system.
  • Development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
  • In this period, several word processing packages, spreadsheet packages and graphics packages were introduced.

1. Smaller, cheaper, faster and more reliable

2. Consumed less electricity and therefore dissipated less heat

3. They had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage

4. They could be used as general purpose computers.

5. GUIs enabled people to learn to work with computers very easily. So the use of computers in both office and home became widespread.

6. Networks allowed sharing of resources thereby efficient utilization of computer hardware and software

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

  • The fifth generation computers are completely based on a new concept of artificial intelligence.
  • Although such computers are still in development, there are certain applications like voice recognition which is widely being used today.
  • In the fifth generation of computers the aim is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
  • The two most common are LISP and Prolog.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Computers can be broadly classified into four categories based on their speed, amount of data that they can hold and price.

Computers can be broadly classified into four categories based on their speed, amount of data that they can hold, and price .

Classification of Computers

Super Computer

Mini Computers

Mainframe Computers

Micro Computers

Intelligent Terminal

Dumb Terminal

Workstation

Cellular Telephones

H/PC Pro Devices

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

  • Word Processing
  • Digital Audio or Video Composition
  • Desktop Publishing
  • Traffic Control
  • Legal System
  • Retail Business
  • Travel and Tourism
  • Business and Industry
  • Weather Forecasting
  • Online Banking
  • Industry and Engineering
  • Decision Support Systems
  • Expert Systems

BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device which basically performs five major operations which includes:

1) accepts data or instructions (input)

2) stores data

3) process data

4) displays results (output) and

5) controls and co-ordinates all operations inside a computer

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

Data and instructions

Flow of data and instructions

Control exercised by control unit

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Computer Basics  - Inside a Computer

Computer basics  -, inside a computer, computer basics inside a computer.

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Computer Basics: Inside a Computer

Lesson 5: inside a computer.

/en/computerbasics/buttons-and-ports-on-a-computer/content/

Inside a computer

Have you ever looked inside a computer case , or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case isn't really all that mysterious. This lesson will help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit more about what goes on inside a computer.

Watch the video below to learn about what's inside a desktop computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still see it here : 

Motherboard

a desktop and laptop motherboard

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board . It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.

CPU/processor

a CPU

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor , is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket , which is covered by the heat sink , an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) , or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz) , or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components—not just the processor.

RAM (random access memory)

computer RAM

RAM is your system's short-term memory . Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive , which acts as long-term storage .

RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB) . The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance.

hard drive and solid-state drive

The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage , which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.

When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM . When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive . The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs .

Power supply unit

a power supply unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components.

If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object —or a metal part of the computer casing —to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine.

Expansion cards

Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards . These are sometimes called PCI (peripheral component interconnect) cards . You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities.

However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards.

a video card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance.

The sound card —also called an audio card —is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound.

Network card

a Wi-Fi card

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often called Wi-Fi ). Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion slot.

Bluetooth card (or adapter)

a Bluetooth Dongle

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards , mice , and printers . It's commonly built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card . For computers that don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle .

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computer systems components

Computer Systems Components

Apr 04, 2019

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Computer Systems Components. 6 th grade. BCSI-1: Students will identify computer system components. a ) Identify and define the key functional components (input devices, output devices, processor , operating system, software applications, memory, storage, etc.)

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Computer Systems Components 6th grade

BCSI-1: Students will identify computer system components. • a) Identify and define the key functional components (input devices, output devices, processor, operating system, software applications, memory, storage, etc.) • b) Understand the terms and units that are used to describe major hardware components (RAM, ROM, GHz, MHz, GB, MB, CD, DVD, RW, etc.) • c) Explain operating system software, application software, and utility software, citing examples of each.

a. Identify and define the key functional components. • input devices • output devices • processor • operating system • software applications • memory • storage

Input • Input-information entered into a computer • Input Devices- mouse, keyboard, scanner, digital camera, and microphone.

Output • Output-the information the computer delivers back to the user • Output Devices-monitor, headphones, printer, speakers, and projector.

Processor • Processor- The Central Processing Unit (CPU)- is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

Operating System • Operating system-the overall program that controls all the other software programs and allows hardware devices to work properly. Examples: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, DOS

Software Applications • Application is a software program. Examples-Microsoft Office, Appleworks, & Photoshop

Memory & Storage • memory –a unit of a computer’s motherboard that stores data • storage device-Hardware that saves data onto a hard drive, a server, or a flash drive

b) Understand the terms and units that are used to describe major hardware components. • RAM • ROM • GHz • MHz • GB • MB • CD • DVD • RW

RAM & ROM • RAM-Random Access Memory- the temporary information that a computer uses only when it works with a particular file. • ROM –Read Only Memory-the permanent information on your hard drive

GHz • Abbreviation for gigahertz. The speed of microprocessors often is measured in gigahertz. For example, a microprocessor that runs at 200 GHz executes 200 billion cycles per second

Megahertz • MHz - Abbreviation for megahertz. One MHz represents one million cycles per second. The speed of microprocessors is measured in megahertz. For example, a microprocessor that runs at 200 MHz executes 200 million cycles per second

GB and MB • GB - The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage. The prefix gigameans 109 in the International System of Units(SI), therefore 1 gigabyte is 1000000000 bytes • MB-A megabyte in binary is 1,048,576 (220) bytes. In decimal it’s 1,000,000 bytes (106).

CD and CD-RW • CD - The Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data. • CD-RW- Short for CD-ReWritable disk, a type of CD diskthat enables you to write onto it in multiple sessions.

DVD • DVD is an optical disc storage media format. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions

c) Explain operating system software, application software, and utility software, citing examples of each.

Operating System Operating System-The overall program that controls all the other software programs and allows hardware devices to work properly. Examples: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, DOS

Application Software • Application software is computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific taskslike writing reports. • Examples include Web Browsers-Internet Explorer & Apple Safari; E-mail-Outlook & Eudora; Word Processing-Word &WordPerfect; etc

Utility Software • Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer. • Examples: Disk defragmenters, System Profilers, Virus scanners, Application launchers, network managers, and encryption utilities

Items needed • Power Point • Worksheet 1B • Worksheet 2A

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    BASIC COMPUTER COMPONENTS Case • Often called the "CPU"/ "computer", the case houses and provides power to the major computer components, including the MotherBoard, CPU, Hard Drive, RAM, Video Card, Sound Card, etc. • Those components that do not housed in the computer case are usually referred to as "peripherals". • Houses the power ...

  2. Components of a computer

    Components of a computer - ppt download

  3. Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer

    Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer - ppt download

  4. Computer Parts

    1 Computer Parts Study the parts to a computer, we will be playing a kahoot soon! 2 3 Motherboard All other parts plug into the motherboard, even the mouse, keyboard, and headphones. Controls smaller parts of the computer, think of it as "the mother" of the computer. 4 Case Protects other computer parts. Has fans, power buttons, lights, USB ...

  5. Computer Basics and its Components

    Essential Standard Computer Basics and its Components Upon completion of this objective, the learner will: Differentiate types of computers, printers, and ports Learn the importance of memory (RAM and ROM) Identify and describe IPOS Know system software and productivity programs Identify LAN and WAN Understand the importance of maintaining the computer system and proper printer care

  6. Lecture On Computer Components

    Lecture on Computer Components - Top Level View - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The document describes the basic components and organization of a computer system. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), which contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit.

  7. Computer Basics: Basic Parts of a Computer

    Computer Basics: Basic Parts of a Computer

  8. Ch-1-Introduction to Computers.ppt

    A computer is an electronic device which basically performs five major operations which includes: 1) accepts data or instructions (input) 2) stores data. 3) process data. 4) displays results (output) and. 5) controls and co-ordinates all operations inside a computer. .

  9. Computer Basics: Inside a Computer

    Computer Basics: Inside a Computer

  10. PPT

    The Central Processing Unit • The Central Processing Unit ( CPU) • Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer. • Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system. • The two major components of the CPU are: 1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed) Accumulator (Results of computations kept here) 2.

  11. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. Computer Parts • There are many parts that work together to make a computer work. Processor • The CPU - The chip or chips that interpret and execute program instructions and manage the functions of input, output, and storage devices. Computer Case • Contains the major components of the computer.

  12. Workshop on Computer Hardware Presentation

    Free Google Slides theme, PowerPoint template, and Canva presentation template. Hardware is the set of physical or material elements that make up a computer or computer system. Your workshop attendees will learn about this concept and much more, especially if you use this creative template that we have designed to help you prepare your material.

  13. Basic Computer Components INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER.

    6 Mouse BASIC COMPUTER COMPONENTS A peripheral device connected to your computer, used to reposition the cursor or move the pointer on your screen. Usually has at least two buttons, that is use to highlight text, open menu items, launch programs, etc. Can be corded or wireless. Some mice have a ball on the bottom that rolls as you push the ...

  14. Parts of a Computer PowerPoint & Google Slides for 3rd-5th Grade

    Use our Parts of a Computer Presentation to provide an introduction and overview of the basic parts of a computer to your upper-elementary students. Each slide includes a photograph of the computer part and a short explanation of what that part does. Perfect for a lesson about technology! A review/quiz is provided at the end of the presentation to check your students' understanding. This would ...

  15. Free Computer Google Slides themes and PowerPoint templates

    Computer Presentation templates

  16. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. Computer Components By Kelsey Wright. Motherboard • Amotherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, providing connectors for other peripherals. Power Supply • A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated ...

  17. PPT

    330 likes | 3.79k Views. Components of Computer. Parts of the Computer System. Computer systems have four parts Hardware Software Data User. Parts of the Computer System. Hardware Mechanical devices in the computer Anything that can be touched Software Tell the computer what to do Also called a program. Download Presentation.

  18. PPT

    Presentation Transcript. BCSI-1: Students will identify computer system components. • a) Identify and define the key functional components (input devices, output devices, processor, operating system, software applications, memory, storage, etc.) • b) Understand the terms and units that are used to describe major hardware components (RAM ...