isyung panlipunan photo essay covid 19

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ISYUNG PANLIPUNAN – Mga Problema Sa Lipunan

ISYUNG PANLIPUNAN – Sa paksang ito, malalaman natin ang iba’t ibang klase ng mga isyung panlipunan at ang mga sanhi nito.

Ito ang mga problema na nangyayari ngayon sa mga lipunan o kung minsan, sa isang nasyon. Narito ang mga iba’t ibang klase nito:

Mga Isyung Panlipunan

1. Pagsasapin-sapin sa Lipunan

Ito ay isang uri nga pagkakaiba sa lipunan na kung saan ang mga tao sa lipunan ay pinagtangi na ukol sa kanilang kaayuan sa buhay na base sa kanilang kita, kayamanan, katayuan sa lipunan, at kung minsan, sa kailang kapangyarihan, panlipunan man o politikal. Ito ay nagbubunga ng tinatawag ng kapootan sa lahi o sa kapwa tao.

2. Isyung Ekonomiko

Ito ay nagbubunga ng mga pagkawala ng trabaho ng mga tao na depende sa lugar, kasarian, edukasyon, at kadalasan sa mga grupong etniko.

3. Problemang Pangkapitbahayan

Ito naman ang isyu na nangyayari sa mga kapitbahayan. Ang mga ganitong communidad ay kadalasang may mataas na dropout rate sa hayskul, at ang mga bata na lumalaki sa mga ganitong communidad ay kadalasang may mababa sa walang pagkakataon na mag-aral sa kolehiyo.

4. Kalusugang Pampubliko

Ang mababa na kalusugang pampubliko ay bunga nga mga tinatawag na pandemic o epidemic o ang pagkalat nga mga sakit sa rehiyon o sa malaking pangkat ng tao.

5. Diskriminasyon sa Edad

Nang minsan, may mga problema sa lipunan na ang sanhi ay ang pagtangi sa edad ng isang tao.

6. Hindi Pagkapantay-pantay sa Lipunan

Ito naman ang bunga ng maraming problemang panlipunan na kung saan pinagbabasehan ang kasarian, kapansanan, lahi, at edad na nag aapekto sa pagtatrato ng isang tao.

7. Edukastyon at Paaralang Pampubliko.

Ang edukasyon ay ang isa sa mga pinakamahalagang dahilan sa pag-asenso at pag-unlad ng lipunan. Kapag kulang ito, ito ay buhat ng hindi pagkaroon ng sakktong pondo sa mga paaralang pampubliko.

8. Problemang Pantrabaho

Kabilang dito ang stress, pagnanakaw, paggugulo sa kapwa tao, hindi pantay ang sahod, papoot ng ibang lahi, at iba pa.

9. Aborsyon

Ito ang pagbatay sa sanggol habang nasa loob ng tiyan ng ina. Isa rin ito sa mga pinakakontrobersyal na isyu na napaligiran sa aspetong moral, legal at katayuang panrelihiyon.

BASAHIN DIN – TALATA – Ang Kahulugan, Mga Uri, At Mga Halimbawa

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Mga Panguhaning Pagsusuri ng COVID-19

Ang pagsusuri sa COVID-19 ay gumaganap ng isang kritikal na papel sa paglaban sa virus. Ang pag-unawa sa mga pagsusuri para sa COVID-19, kabilang ang iba't ibang uri ng mga pagsusuri at paggamit ng mga ito, at ang mga uri ng mga sample na ginagamit sa mga pagsusuri, ay susi sa paggawa ng may kaalamang desisyon na nakakatugon sa iyong mga pangangailangan.

Mga Uri ng Pagsusuri

Mayroong iba't ibang uri ng mga pagsusuri ng COVID-19 - mga pagsusuri sa diagnostic at pagsusuri sa antibody .

Maaaring makita sa mga diagnostic test  kung kasalukuyan kang nahawahan ng SARS-CoV-2, ang virus na nagdudulot ng COVID-19. May dalawang karaniwang uri ng mga diagnostic test para sa COVID-19:

Mga molecular test , gaya ng  polymerase chain reaction  (PCR) at iba pang nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) test, na tumutukoy ng genetic na materyal na tinatawag na RNA mula sa virus 

Mga antigen test , na kadalasang tinatawag na mga rapid test o, para sa ilan, mga pagsusuring ginagawa sa bahay o sariling ginagawa, na tumutukoy ng mga protinang tinatawag na mga antigen mula sa virus

Karaniwang kinokolekta ang mga sample para sa mga diagnostic test para sa COVID-19 gamit ang anterior nares (nasal) swab sample. Gumagamit ang ilang diagnostic test ng iba pang sample na gaya ng  mid-turbinate ,  nasopharyngeal ,  oropharyngeal , o laway   na sample. Depende sa nilalayong gamit, maaaring isagawa ang mga diagnostic test para sa COVID-19 sa isang laboratoryo, standalone na lugar sa pagsusuri, tanggapan ng doktor o klinikang pangkalusugan, o sa bahay. Para sa karamihan ng mga molecular na diagnostic test para sa COVID-19, pupunta ka sa isang lugar sa pagsusuri para makolekta ang iyong sample at para sa iba, maaari mong kolektahin ang sarili mong sample sa bahay gamit ang isang home collection kit at ipadala ito sa laboratoryo para sa pagsusuri. May ilang pagsusuri, na kinabibilangan ng karamihan ng mga antigen test, na maaaring ganap na isagawa sa bahay at nagbibigay sa iyo ng mga resulta sa loob ng ilang minuto nang hindi kinakailangang ipadala ang sample mo sa isang laboratoryo.  

Kung sa tingin mo ay kailangan mo ng diagnostic test para sa COVID-19, maaari kang  maghanap ng lugar sa pagsusuri sa komunidad  sa iyong estado. Maaari ka ring gumamit ng  diagnostic test para sa COVID-19 na ginagawa sa bahay na awtorisado n g FDA  na nagbibigay sa iyo ng opsyong  masuri ang sarili  kung saan ka kumportable.   Tiyaking titingnan ang website ng Mga OTC Diagnostic Test para sa COVID-19 na Ginagawa sa Bahay para sa impormasyon tungkol sa mga petsa ng pag-expire, sino ang maaaring gumamit sa pagsusuri, at iba pang detalye na maaaring makatulong sa iyong magpasya kung anong pagsusuri ang naaangkop para sa iyo. Para sa kaalaman,  pinahihintulutan  ang mga diagnostic test para sa COVID-19 para sa mga partikular na paggamit at sa pangkalahatan, mas tumpak ang mga molecular test para sa COVID-19 na ginagawa sa laboratoryo kumpara sa mga pagsusuring ginagawa sa bahay.

Upang mas maging tumpak ang isang antigen diagnostic test para sa COVID-19 na ginagawa bahay, mahalagang ulitin ang pagsusuri pagkalipas ng 48 oras kasunod ng negatibong resulta ng pagsusuri, may mga sintomas ka man o wala, upang mabawasan ang posibilidad mo sa isang maling negatibong resulta ng pagsusuri. Para sa higit pang impormasyon tungkol sa kung paano mapapaliit ang posibilidad mo na makakuha ng maling negatibong resulta sa isang antigen test para sa COVID-19 na ginagawa sa bahay, basahin ang aming Komunikasyon Tungkol sa Kaligtasan ng FDA . Para sa karagdagang impormasyon tungkol sa pagbasa at pag-unawa sa mga resulta ng iyong pagsusuri, tingnan ang Pag-unawa sa Mga Resulta ng OTC Antigen Diagnostic Test para sa COVID-19 na Ginagawa sa Bahay .

Para sa mga detalye tungkol sa bawat awtorisadong pagsusuri sa diagnostic para sa COVID-19, tingnan ang mga listahan ng mga awtorisadong Pagsusuring Diagnostic na molekyular at Pagsusuring Diagnostic na Antigen , pati na rin ang webpage ng Pambahay na pagsusuring diagnostic para sa COVID-19 . Gamit ang box para sa paghahanap sa mga talahanayan ng EUA, maaari kang gumamit ng mga keyword upang hanapin at i-filter ang uri ng pagsubok o collection kit na iyong hinahanap. Dahil awtorisado ang mga bagong pagsubok na gamitin, idinaragdag ang mga ito sa mga talahanayang ito upang ma-access ng sinuman ang napapanahong impormasyon sa lahat ng awtorisadong pagsusuri at mga kit sa pagkolekta.

Pagsusuri sa antibody (o serology) ay naghahanap ng mga antibodies sa iyong dugo na ginawa ng iyong immune system bilang tugon sa SARS-CoV-2, ang virus na nagdudulot ng COVID-19. Ang mga pagsusuri sa antibody ay hindi dapat gamitin upang masuri ang isang kasalukuyang impeksyon sa SARS-CoV-2 o COVID-19 at, sa oras na ito, hindi rin dapat gamitin upang suriin ang kaligtasan sa sakit. Higit pang pananaliksik ang kailangan upang matukoy kung ano, kung mayroon man, ang mga pagsusuri sa antibody ay maaaring sabihin sa amin tungkol sa kaligtasan sa sakit ng isang tao.

Ang mga sample para sa mga pagsusuri sa antibody ay karaniwang kinokolekta ng isang doktor o iba pang medikal na propesyonal sa pamamagitan ng pagkuha ng dugo mula sa isang daliri o iyong ugat. Para sa higit pang impormasyon tungkol sa pagsusuri sa antibody, bisitahin ang Pagsusuri ng Antibody (Serology) para sa COVID-19: Impormasyon para sa mga Pasyente at Mga Kumukunsumo .

Mga Uri ng Sample

Ang iba't ibang mga pagsubok ay pinahihintulutan na gamitin sa iba't ibang uri ng mga sample. Ang pinakakaraniwang uri ng sample ay:

Mga halimbawa gumamit ng pamunas (katulad ng isang mahabang Q-Tip) upang kumuha ng sample mula sa ilong o lalamunan. Ang mga uri ng mga sample ay kinabibilangan ng:

• Anterior Nares (Nasal) – kumukuha ng sample mula sa loob lamang ng butas ng ilong
• Mid-turbinate – kumukuha ng sample mula sa itaas sa loob ng ilong
• Nasopharyngeal – kumukuha ng sample mula sa kaloob-looban ng ilong, na umaabot sa likod ng lalamunan, at dapat lamang kolektahin ng isang sinanay na tagapagbigay ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan
• Oropharyngeal – kumukuha ng sample mula sa gitnang bahagi ng lalamunan (pharynx) sa kabila lang ng bibig, at dapat lamang kolektahin ng isang sinanay na tagapagbigay ng pangangalagang pangkalusugan

Sample ng laway sa pamamagitan ng pagdura sa isang tubo sa halip na gumamit ng pamunas ng ilong o lalamunan.

Sample ng dugo ay ginagamit lamang upang suriin para sa mga antibodies at hindi upang masuri ang COVID-19. Ang mga venous blood sample ay karaniwang kinokolekta sa opisina o klinika ng doktor. Ang ilang mga pagsusuri sa antibody ay gumagamit ng mga sample ng dugo mula sa stick ng daliri.

Magbasa Pa    

Maaari kang magbasa pa tungkol sa mga indibidwal na uri ng mga pagsusuri, komunikasyon tungkol sa kaligtasan at kung paano bibigyang-kahulugan ang mga resulta ng iyong pagsusuri sa mga link sa ibaba:

• Mga molecular test na awtorisado ng FDA
• Mga antigen test na awtorisado ng FDA
• Page para sa antigen test na ginagawa sa bahay
• Komunikasyon tungkol sa kaligtasan
• Pag-unawa sa mga resulta ng OTC antigen test na ginagawa sa bahay

Mag-ulat ng mga Masamang Pangyayari

Hinihikayat ng FDA ang mga propesyonal sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan at mga pasyente na mag-sumbong ng mga masamang kaganapan o epekto pati na rin ang mga isyu sa pagganap na nauugnay sa paggamit ng mga pagsusuri sa COVID-19 o iba pang mga produktong medikal sa MedWatch Safety Information at Adverse Event Reporting Program ng FDA:

• Kumpletuhin at isumite ang report sa online sa pamamagitan ng MedWatch website ng FDA.
• I-download ang form o tumawag sa 1-800-332-1088 para humiling ng form, pagkatapos ay kumpletuhin at ibalik sa address sa form o isumite sa pamamagitan ng fax sa 1-800-FDA-0178.

Food Security: Isang Mahalagang Usapin sa Halalan 2022

By: Nathaniel Punongbayan Candelaria 1

Idaraos sa ika-9 ng Mayo 2022 ang nasyonal at lokal na halalan. Sa panahong ito, pipili ang mga Pilipino ng mga kandidato sa iba’t ibang antas na papalit sa mga kasalukuyang namumuno sa bansa. Kinokonsidera ni Heywood (2019) ang eleksyon bilang puso ng prosesong pulitikal, sa kadahilanan na ang mga tao ang magluluklok ng kanilang kinatawan sa pamamahala sa ganitong paraan. Ngunit hindi lamang ito ang mahalagang gampanin ng halalan sa taumbayan. Binanggit din ni Heywood (2019) na isa sa mahalagang layunin ng halalan ay ang impluwensiyahan ang mga polisiyang balak ipatupad ng pamahalaan. 

Mahalagang pag-usapan ang mga isyung panlipunan na lubhang makakaapekto sa mga mamamayan sa darating na eleksyon. Isa sa mga isyu na nais kong bigyang-diin sa sanaysay na ito ay ang isyu ng food security sa Pilipinas, na lalong pinalala ng pandemya dala ng COVID-19. Ang food security ay isa sa mga isyung malapit sa mga Pilipino, batay sa mga survey na inilathala ng Social Weather Stations (SWS) at Pulse Asia . Masasabi lamang na food-secure ang isang tao kung “ sa lahat ng panahon, ay may pisikal at ekonomikong kakayahan na makamit ang sapat, ligtas, at masustansyang pagkain na kung saan ay maaabot ang kanilang mga pangangailangan at kanilang mga kagustuhan para sa aktibo at malusog na pamumuhay” (Food and Agriculture Organization, thereafter FAO 2006). Dinagdag pa ng FAO na may apat na bahagi na dapat isaalang-alang upang masiguro ang food security ng mga mamamayan ng iba’t ibang mga bansa kagaya ng food availability, food accessibility, utilization, and stability . 

Para sa sanaysay na ito, nakatuon ang diskusyon sa usapin ng food security at ang mga salik na nakakaapekto rito. Kasama rin sa bahagi ng sanaysay na ito ang kahalagahan ng paksang ito para sa mga Pilipino bilang isa sa mga mahahalagang isyu sa paparating na halalan, at ang mga bagay na dapat pagtuunan ng atensyon ng susunod na administrasyon upang masigurado ang food security ng bawat Pilipino.

Anu-ano ang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa food security ?

Maraming mga salik ang nakakaapekto sa food security ng Pilipinas. Isa sa mga ito ay ang climate change . Dahil sa pagbabago ng klima, maraming mga industriya na nakasalalay sa klima kagaya ng agrikultura at pangingisda ang naapektuhan nito (Rasul and Sharma 2016). Bukod sa climate change , mahalagang usapin din ang isyu sa supply ng tubig dahil nagkakaroon ng kompetisyon sa paggamit nito sa iba’t ibang kapaparaanan (Premanandh 2011). Malaking dagok din sa usapin ng food security ang isyu sa paggamit ng lupa sa green energy (Hanjira and Qureshi 2010), at sa paggamit nito bilang residential areas (Teng and Escaler 2014).  

Bukod sa mga ito, nakakaapekto rin sa usapin ng food security ang halaga ng agricultural inputs kagaya ng mga binhi, pataba, insecticides, pesticides, at iba pang mga kagamitan sa pagsasaka, na siya namang nagbibigay-alinlangan sa mga magsasaka sa Timog-Silangang Asya na ipagpatuloy ito (Devasahayam 2018). Kaya naman batay sa pag-aaral ni Palis (2020), ang mga magsasaka sa Pilipinas ay patanda na, bilang ang karamihan ng mga magsasaka sa Pilipinas ay nasa limampu (50) hanggang limampu’t siyam (59) na taong gulang na. Nabanggit din sa nasabing pag-aaral na bukod sa edad ng mga magsasaka, ang isa ring dapat bigyang-pansin ang hangarin ng mga magsasaka para sa kanilang mga anak na huwag sundan ang kanilang naging yapak bilang magsasaka nang dahil sa mababang kita na nakukuha nila mula rito.

Ano ang pangkasalukuyang sitwasyon sa usapin ng food security sa Pilipinas?

Bago pa man ang COVID-19 pandemic , mahalagang isyu na ang food security sa taumbayan. Kung titingnan ang resulta ng SWS survey sa huling bahagi ng 2019, 8.8% ng pamilyang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng kagutuman, o katumbas ng 2.1 milyong pamilya (SWS 2020). Bukod pa rito, isa rin sa isyu na nais marinig ng taumbayan sa babanggitin ng pangulo ng Pilipinas sa kanyang talumpati noong 2019 ang mga paksa na may kinalaman sa food security kagaya ng pagpapataas ng sahod, pagbaba ng presyo ng mga bilihin, pagpapaunlad ng agrikultura, pagtataas ng pension, regularisasyon sa trabaho, paglutas sa kahirapan, at iba pang mga bagay (Pulse Asia 2019).

Kung noon pa lamang ay matunog na isyu na ang food security sa taumbayan, lalong tumindi ang usapin dito nang dahil sa COVID-19 pandemic . Dahil sa pandemya, nagkaroon ng problema ang Pilipinas sa supply ng pagkain dahil sa lubha nitong naapektuhan ang food supply chain ng bansa (FAO 2021). Ito ay dulot ng: 1) pagpapatupad ng quarantine ng nasyonal na pamahalaan, 2) paglaganap ng African Swine Fever na naging dahilan ng pagkamatay ng maraming baboy at pagtaas ng presyo nito sa mga pamilihan at 3) kakulangan sa supply ng bigas dahil na rin sa pagkontrol ng ibang bansa sa kanilang supply na siya namang inaangkat ng Pilipinas (Candelaria 2021).

Kaya’t kung titingnan ang pulso ng taumbayan sa isyu ng food security sa panahon ng COVID-19 pandemic , masasabing nanatiling mahalaga sa isang Pilipinong botante ang ganitong usapin. Ayon sa survey ng SWS (2021), 13.6%, o katumbas ng 3.4 na milyong pamilyang Pilipino ang nakaranas ng gutom. Sinabi pa ng SWS na kahit na mas mababa ito sa unang naitala na 4.2 milyong pamilyang Pilipino  noong Mayo 2021 (16.8%), mas mataas pa rin ang bilang na ito kumpara sa bilang ng mga nagugutom na Pilipino bago pa magsimula ang pandemya na 2.1 milyong pamilyang Pilipino (8.8%). Sa isa namang survey ng Pulse Asia, itinuturing ng mga botante na isa sa pinakamahalagang isyu para sa kanilang mga sarili ang makakain ng tatlong beses sa isang araw. At kung titingnan naman ang mga pananaw para sa mga pambansang isyu, sinabi rin ng Pulse Asia sa nasabing survey na ang pinakamahalagang bagay na dapat tutukan ng pamahalaan ay ang isyu ng pagtaas ng presyo ( inflation ). Kung babalikan natin ang opisyal na depinisyon ng food security , may kaugnayan ang presyo ng mga bilihin kung magiging food-secure ba ang isang tao o hindi.

Kung susumahin, mahalagang paksa para sa mga botante ang usapin ng food security . Kaya kung titingnan natin ang pulso ng taumbayan, napakahalagang isyu na dapat talakayin ng mga kandidato sa Halalan 2022 ang kanilang adhikain upang maresolba ang food security ng bansa.  

Ano ang dapat gawin ng susunod na mga pinuno ng bansa?

Kung pagbabatayan ang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa food security ng Pilipinas, maraming dapat gawin ang mga susunod na mga lider ng bansa upang masolusyunan ito. 

Una na rito na kailangang siguraduhin na ang bansa ay kayang mag- adapt sa climate change . Kinokonsidera na pinakamatinding tatamaan ng climate change ang Pilipinas (Amnesty International UK 2021; Lusterio-Rico 2021). Kaya naman dapat bigyang pansin ang isyu ng climate change sapagkat malaki ang nawawala sa ekonomiya ng Pilipinas dahil sa mga kalamidad na dulot nito (Lusterio-Rico 2021). Tinatayang nasa PhP 515.51 billion (US$10.6B) o katumbas ng 0.33% ng GDP ng bansa bawat taon, ang nawala sa Pilipinas sa loob ng taong 2010-2020 nang dahil sa mga kalamidad (Philippine News Agency 2021; Lusterio-Rico 2021). At kung pababayaan lang ito, maaaring mawala ang 6% ng GDP ng bansa kada taon sa pagsapit ng taong 2100 (Climate Change Commission 2018).

Kasabay nito, kailangan ding tutukan ng susunod na administrasyon ang isyu ng paggamit sa lupa. Sa kasalukuyan, ang desisyon hinggil sa paggamit ng lupa ay nakasalalay sa lokal na pamahalaan (Lech and Leppert 2018). Lubhang makakatulong sa Pilipinas kung may polisiya na gagabay sa wastong paglinang ng likas-yaman ng bansa kagaya ng lupa. Hanggang sa ngayon, wala pa ring polisiya ukol sa national land use act ang naipapasa ng Kongreso ng Pilipinas, na kinokonsidera na kailangang gawin upang mapagtibay ang food security ng bansa (Parrocha 2020). 

Kasama rin sa dapat tutukan ang pagpapaunlad sa pagsasaka bilang isang hanapbuhay. Gaya ng nabanggit ni Palis (2020), may haharapin na suliranin ang bansa kung sakaling wala nang nagnanais na ipagpatuloy ang pagsasaka sa Pilipinas. Isa sa mga maaaring ikonsidera ng mga kandidato ang crop diversification, kung saan dapat bigyan din ng pansin ang iba pang mga produktong pang-agrikultura bukod sa palay, upang mapalago ang kita ng mga magsasaka (Dy 2020).

Ilan lamang ito sa mga panukala na dapat isaalang-alang ng mga kandidato sa Halalan 2022 upang maresolba ang isyu ng food security sa Pilipinas. Malinaw na napakahalaga ng usaping ito sa mga isinasaalang-alang ng mga botante sa darating na halalan. Kung hindi bibigyan ng mga kandidato nang maayos na atensyon ang nasabing usapin, maraming mga Pilipino ang magugutom sa hinaharap. 

Ang usapin ng food security ay mahalagang pag-usapan sa darating na Halalan 2022. Maraming pamilyang Pilipino ang napabalitang nakaranas ng kagutuman, lalo na sa panahon ng pandemya. Lumitaw dinang isyu ng kagutuman sa mga personal na alalahanin ng mga Pilipino, at ang isyu ng pagtaas ng bilihin bilang isa sa mga pangunahing isyu na dapat tutukan ng pamahalaan. 

Kaya naman dapat maging hamon sa mga kandidato sa Halalan 2022 ang paglutas sa kakulangan ng food security sa Pilipinas. Maraming Pilipino ang magugutom sa hinaharap kapag hindi nila ito matugunan. At para naman sa mga botante, kailangang kilatising mabuti ang mga programa na balak gawin ng mga kandidato sa kanilang liderato hinggil sa isyu ng pagkain. Nakasalalay sa kanilang mga kamay ang direksyon na tutunguhin ng bansang Pilipinas.  

[1] Si Nathaniel Punongbayan Candelaria ay isang Teaching Associate at isang gradwadong mag-aaral sa Departamento ng Agham Pampulitika, Kolehiyo ng Agham Panlipunan at Pilosopiya, UP Diliman.

References:

Amnesty International UK. “Philippines country most at risk from climate crisis.” Amnesty International UK, 29 October 2021. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/philippines-country-most-risk-climate-crisis .

Candelaria, Nathaniel Punongbayan. 2021. “The Philippines’ Food Security Situation in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Ways.” Philippine Strategic Forum, 12 April 2021. https://www.stratforumph.com/post/the-philippines-food-security-situation-in-the-midst-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-challenges-and-ways .

Climate Change Commission. 2018. “Climate Change and the Philippines: Executive Brief.” Executive Brief no. 2018–01. Climate Change Commission. https://niccdies.climate.gov.ph/files/documents/Climate%20Change%20and%20the%20Philippines%20Executive%20Brief%202018-01.pdf . 

Devasahayam, Theresa W., ed. 2018. Ensuring A Square Meal: Women and Food Security in Southeast Asia . Singapore: World Scientific.

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Hanjira, Munir A. and M. Ejas Qureshi. 2010. “Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change.” Food Policy 35: 365-377. 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006

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Lusterio-Rico, Ruth. 2021. “What is COP26, and should Filipinos bother with it?” UP sa Halalan 2022, 09 November 2021. http://halalan.up.edu.ph/what-is-cop26-and-should-filipinos-bother-with-it/ .

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Parrocha, Azer. 2020. “Nat’l Land Use Act needed to ensure PH food security.” Philippine News Agency, 18 October 2020. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118918 .

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Premanandh, Jagadeesan. 2011. “Factors affecting food security and contribution of modern technologies in food sustainability.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91: 2707-2714. DOI 10.1002/jsfa.4666.

Pulse Asia. 2019. “June 2019 National Survey on the State of the Nation Address (SONA) of President Rodrigo R. Duterte.” Pulse Asia , 19 July 2019. https://www.pulseasia.ph/june-2019-nationwide-survey-on-the-state-of-the-nation-address-sona-of-president-rodrigo-r-duterte/ .

–---. 2021. “September 2021 Nationwide Survey on Urgent Concerns and the Performance Ratings of the National Administration on Selected Issues.” Pulse Asia, 05 October 2021. https://www.pulseasia.ph/september-2021-nationwide-survey-on-urgent-concerns-and-the-performance-ratings-of-the-national-administration-on-selected-issues/ .

Rasul, Golam and Bikash Sharma. 2016. “The nexus approach to water-energy-food security: an option for adaptation to climate change.” Climate Policy 16(6): 682-702. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2015.102986

Social Weather Stations. 2020. “Fourth Quarter 2019 social Weather Survey: Quarterly Hunger decreases to 8.8%.” Social Weather Stations, 24 January 2020. http://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20200124143817 .

–---. 2021. “Second Quarter 2021 Social Weather Survey: Hunger eases to 13.6% of families in June 2021.” Social Weather Stations, 18 July 2021. http://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20210728100035 .

Teng, Paul P. S. and Margarita Escaler. 2014. “Food Security in Asia.” In Food Security: The Role of Asia and Europe in Production, Trade and Regionalism, edited by Wilhelm Hofmeister, Patrick Rueppel, and John Wong, 11-36. Singapore and Brussels, Belgium: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, East Asian Institute, European Union Centre in Singapore, and European Policy Centre.

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COVID-19 photo essay: We’re all in this together

About the author, department of global communications.

The United Nations Department of Global Communications (DGC) promotes global awareness and understanding of the work of the United Nations.

23 June 2020 – The COVID-19 pandemic has  demonstrated the interconnected nature of our world – and that no one is safe until everyone is safe.  Only by acting in solidarity can communities save lives and overcome the devastating socio-economic impacts of the virus.  In partnership with the United Nations, people around the world are showing acts of humanity, inspiring hope for a better future. 

Everyone can do something    

Rauf Salem, a volunteer, instructs children on the right way to wash their hands, in Sana'a, Yemen.  Simple measures, such as maintaining physical distance, washing hands frequently and wearing a mask are imperative if the fight against COVID-19 is to be won.  Photo: UNICEF/UNI341697

Creating hope

Venezuelan refugee Juan Batista Ramos, 69, plays guitar in front of a mural he painted at the Tancredo Neves temporary shelter in Boa Vista, Brazil to help lift COVID-19 quarantine blues.  “Now, everywhere you look you will see a landscape to remind us that there is beauty in the world,” he says.  Ramos is among the many artists around the world using the power of culture to inspire hope and solidarity during the pandemic.  Photo: UNHCR/Allana Ferreira

Inclusive solutions

Wendy Schellemans, an education assistant at the Royal Woluwe Institute in Brussels, models a transparent face mask designed to help the hard of hearing.  The United Nations and partners are working to ensure that responses to COVID-19 leave no one behind.  Photo courtesy of Royal Woluwe Institute

Humanity at its best

Maryna, a community worker at the Arts Centre for Children and Youth in Chasiv Yar village, Ukraine, makes face masks on a sewing machine donated by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and civil society partner, Proliska.  She is among the many people around the world who are voluntarily addressing the shortage of masks on the market. Photo: UNHCR/Artem Hetman

Keep future leaders learning

A mother helps her daughter Ange, 8, take classes on television at home in Man, Côte d'Ivoire.  Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, caregivers and educators have responded in stride and have been instrumental in finding ways to keep children learning.  In Côte d'Ivoire, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) partnered with the Ministry of Education on a ‘school at home’ initiative, which includes taping lessons to be aired on national TV and radio.  Ange says: “I like to study at home.  My mum is a teacher and helps me a lot.  Of course, I miss my friends, but I can sleep a bit longer in the morning.  Later I want to become a lawyer or judge."  Photo: UNICEF/UNI320749

Global solidarity

People in Nigeria’s Lagos State simulate sneezing into their elbows during a coronavirus prevention campaign.  Many African countries do not have strong health care systems.  “Global solidarity with Africa is an imperative – now and for recovering better,” said United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres.  “Ending the pandemic in Africa is essential for ending it across the world.” Photo: UNICEF Nigeria/2020/Ojo

A new way of working

Henri Abued Manzano, a tour guide at the United Nations Information Service (UNIS) in Vienna, speaks from his apartment.  COVID-19 upended the way people work, but they can be creative while in quarantine.  “We quickly decided that if visitors can’t come to us, we will have to come to them,” says Johanna Kleinert, Chief of the UNIS Visitors Service in Vienna.  Photo courtesy of Kevin Kühn

Life goes on

Hundreds of millions of babies are expected to be born during the COVID-19 pandemic.  Fionn, son of Chloe O'Doherty and her husband Patrick, is among them.  The couple says: “It's all over.  We did it.  Brought life into the world at a time when everything is so uncertain.  The relief and love are palpable.  Nothing else matters.”  Photo: UNICEF/UNI321984/Bopape

Putting meals on the table

Sudanese refugee Halima, in Tripoli, Libya, says food assistance is making her life better.  COVID-19 is exacerbating the existing hunger crisis.  Globally, 6 million more people could be pushed into extreme poverty unless the international community acts now.  United Nations aid agencies are appealing for more funding to reach vulnerable populations.  Photo: UNHCR

Supporting the frontlines

The United Nations Air Service, run by the World Food Programme (WFP), distributes protective gear donated by the Jack Ma Foundation and Alibaba Group, in Somalia. The United Nations is using its supply chain capacity to rapidly move badly needed personal protective equipment, such as medical masks, gloves, gowns and face-shields to the frontline of the battle against COVID-19. Photo: WFP/Jama Hassan  

S7-Episode 2: Bringing Health to the World

“You see, we're not doing this work to make ourselves feel better. That sort of conventional notion of what a do-gooder is. We're doing this work because we are totally convinced that it's not necessary in today's wealthy world for so many people to be experiencing discomfort, for so many people to be experiencing hardship, for so many people to have their lives and their livelihoods imperiled.”

Dr. David Nabarro has dedicated his life to global health. After a long career that’s taken him from the horrors of war torn Iraq, to the devastating aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami, he is still spurred to action by the tremendous inequalities in global access to medical care.

“The thing that keeps me awake most at night is the rampant inequities in our world…We see an awful lot of needless suffering.”

:: David Nabarro interviewed by Melissa Fleming

Brazilian ballet pirouettes during pandemic

Ballet Manguinhos, named for its favela in Rio de Janeiro, returns to the stage after a long absence during the COVID-19 pandemic. It counts 250 children and teenagers from the favela as its performers. The ballet group provides social support in a community where poverty, hunger and teen pregnancy are constant issues.

Radio journalist gives the facts on COVID-19 in Uzbekistan

The pandemic has put many people to the test, and journalists are no exception. Coronavirus has waged war not only against people's lives and well-being but has also spawned countless hoaxes and scientific falsehoods.

• HISTORY & CULTURE
• CORONAVIRUS COVERAGE

Photos show the first 2 years of a world transformed by COVID-19

Our photographers bore witness to the ways the world has coped—and changed—since the pandemic began.

Two years ago this month, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization formally declared a pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus . And as COVID-19 spread across the globe, humanity had little time to adapt to lockdowns and staggering losses.

Nearly six million people have died from the disease so far, a death toll that experts say barely scratches the surface of the pandemic’s true harm. Hospitals and health care workers have been pushed to the brink, debates over masking have tested our bonds, and millions of grieving families will never truly return to life as normal—if it’s even possible to go back to a time when “social distancing” was an alien concept.  

Over past two years, National Geographic has documented how the world has coped with COVID-19 through the lenses of more than 80 photographers in dozens of countries. In the frightening early days, Cédric Gerbehave’s haunting image of Belgian nurses revealed the trauma of hospitals overrun by a disease that scientists didn’t yet understand. Tamara Merino confronted the overwhelming isolation of confinement during lockdown in Chile. And Muhammad Fadli took us to the gravesite of one of the many COVID-19 victims whose bodies filled up an Indonesian cemetery.

Our photographers have also shown us how the world adapted to these challenges. Families found new ways to connect when social distancing kept us from our loved ones, and new ways to grieve when we couldn’t hold funerals. Schools from Haiti to South Korea were able to safely reopen with mask mandates, smaller classes, and exams taken outdoors. And the 2021 graduating class of Howard University found a joyous way to celebrate commencement outdoors: by dancing down the streets of Washington, D.C.

Now, as we enter the pandemic’s third year, scientists warn that it isn’t over yet. More than 10 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally—but that isn’t enough to quell the danger of future surges and even more deadly variants . Still, there’s reason to hope that we’ll finally find our way toward a new normal.

Many of these images were made with the support of the National Geographic Society's   COVID-19 Emergency Fund for Journalists , which launched in March 2020 and funded more than 324 projects in over 70 countries. These projects revealed the social, emotional, economic, educational, and equity issues threatening livelihoods all over the world.

Physician Gerald Foret dons a full-face respirator mask before seeing COVID-19 patients at Our Lady of the Angels Hospital in Bogalusa, Louisiana. The mask was donated to the hospital when it was running low on disposable N95 masks. In the early months of the pandemic, health-care systems faced severe shortages of personal protective equipment such as face masks and disposable gloves—putting front-line workers like Foret in further jeopardy.

A baby is born at the only maternity hospital in Dagestan, Russia. Located on the southernmost tip of Russia along the Caspian Sea, the Muslim-majority republic suffered a catastrophic surge of coronavirus deaths in the spring of 2020. The losses in Dagestan raised questions about whether the Russian government was obscuring the pandemic’s true death toll.

Alfonso Sellano, age 64, battles COVID-19 while his wife and a nurse tend to him in Espinar, Peru. As of March 2022, the country has the highest COVID-19 death rate in the world , which experts say can be attributed to the country’s weak health-care system and pervasive social inequalities that make it difficult for marginalized people to protect themselves from the virus. For instance, many had to continue commuting to work even during lockdown in order to provide for their families.

Hours of work in a protective mask leave a transient scar down the face of Yves Bouckaert, the chief intensive care unit physician at Tivoli Hospital in La Louvière, Belgium.  

Ghislaine, a nurse in the geriatric ward at the same hospital, poses for a portrait with a tear running down her cheek. These photos were taken during the third wave of COVID-19, which triggered a new round of lockdowns in March 2021.

In Mons, Belgium, nursing colleagues take brief refuge in a shift break and each other’s company. Like medical facilities around the world, Belgian hospitals were initially overwhelmed by the rush of patients with a virulent new disease. These nurses, pulled from their standard duties, were thrown into full-time COVID-19 work—reinforcement troops for a long, exhausting battle.

COVID-19 has posed a particularly grave threat to Africa’s informal urban settlements —communities with high poverty rates where millions of people live in close quarters and often do not have access to clean water or toilets. In Nairobi, Kenya, residents of the Kibera informal settlement have their temperature checked by community health workers at a station set up by Shining Hope for Communities on March 26, 2020.

Home health-care worker Delores Jetton bathes her client Jean Robbins in a sunlit bedroom. “She is slow and prayerful as she bathes each person, washing with warm water and a touch that is so appreciated by these elders, who often face pain and fear at the end of life,” writes photographer Lynn Johnson. “As the bath progresses, one can see Robbins literally surrender to the touch.”  

Even with the availability of effective vaccines, people over 65 remain at high risk of dying from COVID-19 . Many have been told to stay home rather than visit health clinics in person—causing a significant rise in demand for home health workers, who have often found themselves stretched to exhaustion in these past two years.

The mummified body of a COVID-19 victim lies on the patient’s deathbed awaiting a bodybag in Jakarta, Indonesia. It took two nurses about an hour to wrap the patient in plastic—a measure intended to keep the coronavirus from spreading. Indonesians were shocked when they saw this image, which humanizes the losses of COVID-19 and horror of death from the disease.

“It’s clear that the power of this image has galvanized discussion about coronavirus,” photographer Joshua Irwandi told National Geographic in July 2020 . “We have to recognize the sacrifice, and the risk, that the doctors and nurses are making.”

At the Rayer Bazar graveyard in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Farid conducts the janazah , an Islamic funeral prayer, for a COVID-19 victim and his relatives attending the burial. Bangladesh designated the cemetery as its official burial place for COVID-19 victims in April 2020.

Defying Peruvian government protocols, the Shipibo-Konibo have organized illegal mourning and funerals during the pandemic to honor their dead as their tradition dictates. At the funeral of Milena Canayo, who died in July 2020 with symptoms of COVID-19, her 9-year-old daughter lights a candle before taking refuge at home. Shipibo-Konibo people live in the Amazon rainforest of Peru, including in cities like Pucallpa where Milena's funeral was held. But she was not treated at the local hospital—Ronald Suarez, head of the organization Coshikox, says the health and welfare of Indigenous people is always the last to be considered.  

Workers from a funeral home in Huancavelica wait until the end of a service to move a coffin into a grave at a city cemetery in April 2021. Much like the rest of the country, this city in central Peru has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic.

After keeping their social distance during the New York City funeral of Annie Lewis, family members draw together around the casket to say a final goodbye. In the United States, COVID-19 has been particularly devastating for low-income communities of color. As photographer Ruddy Roye told National Geographic , “The coronavirus pandemic has laid bare the divisions in our city.”

Relatives visit a loved one’s fresh grave at Rorotan Public Cemetery in Cilincing, North Jakarta, Indonesia, on July 21, 2021. The cemetery, which is dedicated to COVID-19 victims, opened in March. Even though it can hold up to 7,200 people, the cemetery filled up fast during the surge in cases caused by the Delta variant—which made Indonesia an epicenter of the pandemic. In response, Jakarta's government planned to add more land to the 25-hectare cemetery.

Elaine Fields, with her daughter Etana Fields-Purdy, stand close to her husband's gravesite at the Elmwood Cemetary in Detroit, on June 14, 2020. Eddie Fields, a retired General Motors plant worker, had died from COVID-19 complications in April. "It's hard because we haven't been able to mourn,” Elaine told photographer Wayne Lawrence . “We weren't able to be with him or have a funeral, so our mourning has been stunted."

Detroit journalist Biba Adams stands for a portrait at her home with daughter Maria Williams and granddaughter Gia Williams in Detroit on June 10, 2020. Adams lost her mother, grandmother, and aunt to the coronavirus. “To lose one’s mother is one thing,” Adams said in late July 2020 , when U.S. pandemic death totals were pushing past 150,000. “To lose her as one of 150,000 people is even more painful. I don’t want her to just be a number. She had dreams, things she still wanted to do. She was a person. And I am going to lift her name up.”

Family members place flowers atop the coffin of Eric Hallett, 76, just before a hearse carries his body to the crematorium in Crewkerne, England, on May 4, 2020. Pandemic safety protocols forced the crematorium to limit the number of mourners at each funeral. Instead, Hallett’s loved ones lined the streets to wave goodbye.

Sisters Dana Cobbs and Darcey Cobbs-Lomax lost both their father and paternal grandmother to COVID-19 in April 2020. Evelyn Cobbs was rushed to the hospital in ambulances just one day after her son Morgan—and the two died within a week of one another. Photographer Celeste Sloman took this virtual portrait of the sisters, who had to say goodbye to their loved ones from a distance due to the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic.

White flags planted on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. represent each of the American lives lost to COVID-19. When the art installation opened in September 2021, the country had surpassed 670,000 deaths. For more than 30 hours, photographer and National Geographic Explorer Stephen Wilkes watched people move through the sea of white flags , capturing individuals as they grappled with the enormity of loss. Wilkes took 4,882 photographs of the exhibit, then blended them into a single composite image as part of his Day to Night series.

Kristiana Nicole Bell attends a candlelight vigil at St. Margaret of Scotland Catholic Church in Foley, Alabama, where she was baptized later that evening. The service, held the night before Easter Sunday, was led in both English and Spanish by Father Paul Zohgby. He decided about eight years ago that it was important to learn Spanish so he could welcome and minister to the community’s growing Latino immigrant population. Zohgby told photographer Natalie Keyssar that he was elated to rejoin his congregation in person after spending eight days in the hospital with severe COVID-19.

Quarantined for two weeks after traveling from Belgium to Shanghai, Justin Jin reads out his temperature to a medic on the other side of his closed hotel door. The picture was taken through the door’s peephole. Jin made the arduous journey to see his father, who just had surgery.

Photographer Ian Teh spends much of his working life on the road—so the pandemic allowed him to stay home with his wife, Chloe Lim, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. “My partner and I are lucky that both our families are safe,” he says. “The pandemic has been an opportunity for us to connect with our loved ones, virtually.” He took this self-portrait of the couple in a favorite spot in their apartment, looking out on nearby houses and greenery. “It’s peaceful,” he says.

Heavy rain falls on Buenos Aires, Argentina, on April 27, 2020. Argentina entered a full lockdown on March 20 that endured more than four months. Feeling trapped, and still recovering from a miscarriage, photographer Sarah Pabst picked up her camera to document her pandemic experiences. The result: Morning Song , a project that uses photography to explore motherhood, love, and loss, and our connection with nature.

Greta Tanini and Cristoforo Lippi decided to take advantage of Italy's quarantine lockdown—to regard their enforced time together as a new exploration of their relationship. They divided up domestic tasks—including shopping, cleaning, and tidying up—and limited their social interaction to chatting with neighbors at a safe distance so as not to spread the virus.

The Apollo Theater has been a Harlem landmark since the 1930s, when it helped propel music genres such as jazz, R & B, and the blues into the American mainstream. The Apollo was one of New York City’s many historic entertainment venues that closed in early 2020 to stem the spread of COVID-19. It remained shuttered for a year and a half—and finally returned, to much excitement, in August 2021.

In spring 2020, sculptor Antonio Canova's The Three Graces (1812-1817) stand alone in the rotunda of Milan’s Galleria d’Italia. COVID-19 lockdowns forced museums across Europe to close their door for months— sparking fears that the loss of revenue might keep them permanently closed. By June, however, some museums began to reopen with limited numbers of visitors, temperature checks, and socially distant experiences.

Photographer Mariceu Erthal took this self-portrait in July 2020 during her first visit to the sea after being confined at home by COVID-19 lockdowns. She says the experience “brought me peace of mind and allowed me to observe the sadness and anxieties I had inside.”

Photographer Bethany Mollenkof found out she was pregnant three months before COVID-19 shut down swaths of the United States. She began to document her own experiences during quarantine in Los Angeles—from her first ultrasound, which her husband had to watch from the parking lot over FaceTime, to childbirth. Although Mollenkof had hoped for a natural birth, she decided to deliver in a hospital in case of complications—which proved the right choice. After her water broke, her contractions did not start, and ultimately labor was induced to keep the baby safe.

  “I thought about my friends, my community, and what it would feel like to become new parents in isolation—to not have people around us to help, people who years later could tell our daughter that they’d held her when she was a few days old,” Mollenkof wrote in a photo essay for National Geographic . “But I also thought about women throughout history, women who have survived wars, pandemics, miscarriages. Their resilience guided me.”

Exhausted after giving birth to her daughter, Suzette, Kim Bonsignore lies in the birthing pool in her living room on April 20, 2020, in New York City. Instead of having her baby in the hospital as planned, the Bonsignores decided to have their second child at home when they learned that family members would not be allowed in the delivery room because of COVID-19 restrictions.

In Moscow, a nurse wearing a hazmat suit holds a bouquet of flowers for at Hospital No. 52 on March 9, 2020—or Victory Day. Russia’s most important national holiday commemorates the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945. Although celebrations were more subdued because of the pandemic, the hospital arranged a small tribute for veterans and their families under treatment.

Photographer Tamara Merino took this self-portrait with her son Ikal on the first day of total isolation in Santiago, Chile. “The confinement feels stronger and more overwhelming when someone imposes it on you,” she wrote. “When we have freedom over our actions, and we decide to stay home, we still feel free. Not anymore.”

Image of customers seen through a thermal scanner at the entrance of a supermarket in Ushuaia, the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. The vast majority of food on the island is imported, and shopping is centralized in big supermarket chains—creating a challenge for social distancing. During lockdown, thermal scanners were placed in the supermarkets to take the temperature of incoming customers. Customers with elevated temperatures were sent home.

Girls form a socially distant queue to take a shower at a facility in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Most residents in the community do not have access to indoor plumbing, so a local organization provided free water to help prevent the spread of coronavirus by helping people maintain their personal hygiene.

An Istanbul city employee disinfects the streets of Beyoglu on April 14, 2020. Typically bustling with tourists intent on sampling its historic winehouses, museums, nightclubs and shops, the neighborhood fell quiet at the start of the pandemic. Many cities initially tried   to curb the spread of the coronavirus by spraying their walkways with disinfectant—a practice that the World Health Organization ultimately recommended against , as the chemicals were likely to harm people’s health.

Migrants climb onto a truck which will take them toward their village on the outskirts of Lucknow, India, on May 6, 2020. When the Indian government announced a nationwide lockdown on March 24, it requested that people stay put, wherever they were. But that created a shortage of food for the huge migrant population in cities—so, after much deliberation and implementation of new public safety measures, state governments coordinated efforts to transport the migrants to their homes on special trains.

Students resume in-person classes at Elementary School No. 1 in Jakarta, Indonesia. More than 600 schools across the city reopened on a limited basis in fall 2021, offering face-to-face classes three days a week with strict health protocols in place. Schools also restricted the number of students who could attend in person, with half of each class still learning from home via video conference. Nadiem Makarim, the Indonesian minister of education, pushed for a return to classrooms, telling parliament that COVID-19 lockdowns caused “learning losses that have permanent impacts.”

In a Pétion-Ville high school, a student distributes handmade masks to his classmates before classes begin. The pandemic disrupted education for children everywhere—but the crisis was particularly dire in Haiti, where students have also suffered gaps in their education as a result of social unrest and natural disasters. The Caribbean nation reopened many of its schools in August 2020 with public health measures like masking in place.

Aspiring insurance agents sit for their qualification exams at desks spread apart on a soccer field in South Korea on April 25, 2020. The Korea Life Insurance Association and the General Insurance Association of Korea were among the many public and private institutions that introduced socially distanced exams during the pandemic. It was a very windy day, but more than 18,000 people across Korea took the insurance agent exam—happy that they had resumed after a hiatus of more than two months.

Eighteen-year-old Stephen Onyango (center) teaches his brothers Collins and Gavan while their sister Genevieve Akinyi watches at their home in Kibera. They hadn't been to class since the Kenyan government closed all schools in the country in mid-March to curb the spread of COVID-19. Stephen told photographer Brian Otieno that his teacher suggested an app he could use to teach his siblings. “It's my responsibility to ensure that my brothers are at home studying now that coronavirus is here with us and we don't know when this will end,” he said. Kenya reopened schools in January 2021, even as the pandemic continued to spread.

Members of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity gather for an impromptu step dance after Howard University's commencement ceremony in Washington, D.C., on May 8, 2021. Only undergraduate students were allowed to attend the outdoor, in-person ceremony held at the university’s stadium. Friends and family scattered around outside of the stadium instead.  

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“As I was bouncing around campus, I started to think about how much the students had been through the past year and how this particular moment must feel for them,” said photographer Jared Soares. “To be able to witness the students' jubilation was a huge privilege, and even more meaningful based on the circumstances that we as a community had to endure the past year and a half.”

Seoulites lounge on picnic mats in the grass at Ttukseom Hangang Park on a late summer weekend in 2021. Located under ring-shaped entry and exit ramps leading to a bridge and an expressway, the park is a popular gathering spot for young and old alike.

Nadia, one of the hosts of the talent quest TV show Afghan Star , interviews masked young women at a taping on February 18, 2021. As the Taliban moved to retake national control, Afghan Star ’s cast and crew came under serious threat—judges and participants had to stay at a safe house with armed security guards and blast walls until the end of the season. Kabul fell to the Taliban six months after this photograph was taken, leaving an uncertain future for Afghan women .

Berlin partygoers share a moment In a hallway of the Ritter Butzke, a venerable electronic music clubs, on August 28, 2021. Recently government-designated a German cultural institution, the Ritter Butzke—like other clubs with open air spaces— was approved last summer for public reopening . Some pandemic rules still apply: signs at the club urge patrons to wear masks and refrain from drinking on the dance floor.

Members of the Orquesta Sinfónica Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho play music from their new album, Sinfonía Desordenada (Disorderly Symphony), during an open-air performance on November 12, 2021 in Caracas, Venezuela. The album was recorded during the pandemic lockdown by 75 musicians who blended elements of classical music with Afro-Caribbean rhythms.

A boy flies his kite during lockdown in Amman, Jordan, in April 2020. For a few days in March, the government had imposed even tighter restrictions—shutting down nearly everything and instituting a 24-hour curfew backed up by tanks and army trucks, with no exceptions even to get food and medicine.  

Amman is built on hills, and from his kitchen, photographer Moises Saman could hear the echoes of citywide sirens, the kind used for air raid warnings. He stayed inside with his family until the curfews began to ease. Then he went to find the places where refugees live, including the neighborhood where this photograph was taken. Despite fears that their crowded settlements and neighborhoods would lead to uncontainable spread of COVID-19, Jordan's strict lockdown kept the pandemic at bay during its early months. But as lockdown measures eased, cases began to surge by the fall —a warning to all countries to remain vigilant.

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10. Ang COVID19 ay naglalarawan sa Isyung may kaugnayan sa __ A. Pang-edukasyon B. Pang-ekonomiya C. Pang-kalusugan D. Pang-kapaligiran 11. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang nagbibigay ng mga impormasyon o inte sinulat ng mga taong walang kinalaman sa mga pangyayaring itinala? A.Article B. Encyclopedia C. Primaryang Sanggunian D. Sekuntiaryang Sanggunian 12. Alin sa mga sumusunod na pahayag o kaganapan na pinatutunayan s datos? A. Bias B. Hinuha C. Katotohanan D. Opinyon 13. Ito ay tumutukoy sa isang desisyong kaalaman o ideyang nabuo pagkat pagkakaugnay ng mahalagang ebidensiya. A. Bias B. Katotohanan C. Konklusyon D. Opinyon 14. Aiin sa mga sumusunod tumutukoy sa isang hakbang kung saan binubuo ang trgt magkakaugnay na impormasyon A. Bias B. Konklusyon C Opinyon D. Paglalahat 15. Ito ay nagsusuri ng mga impormasyong may kaugnayan sa agham panlipunan na ito ay walang kinikilingan A. Bias B. Katotohanan C. Konklusyon D. Opinyon 16. Alin sa mga ito ang nagpapahiwatig ng saloobin at kaisipan ng tao tungkol sa inil A. Bias B. Hinuha c Opinvon D. Paglalahat 17. Ito ay isang pinag-isipang hula tungkol sa isang bagay. A. Bias B. Hinuha

Explanation

• Essay: The life of H.W. Emanuels (1916-1966)

Photo essay: A pandemic in pictures

• Photo Essay

More than one year into the COVID-19 pandemic, the virus is still having unforeseen impacts

Indonesia has followed a common trajectory to many nations. From underplaying the presence or impact of the virus in the early days, implementing a 'lockdown' of sorts (in Indonesia known as Large-Scale Social Restrictions, Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar: PSBB) and then strategically emerging from it, to securing a vaccine deal with China. As a nation with some 70 per cent of workers in the informal economy, a harsh and long-term lockdown was always going to be hard to implement on a national scale. Many communities enforced their own 'lockdown mandiri'. Somewhat more problematically, in various cities the police called on preman (local thugs to help enforce the wearing of masks and the following of other health protocols. 

Banners, murals and signs have sprung up on city streets, creating a very public reminder of efforts to combat the spread of the virus. The pandemic has also left its mark on the urban landscape in other ways: the Wisma Atlet in Kemayoran, used for the Asian Games in 2018, has been turned into a make-shift hotel for COVID-19 patients in self-isolation. As Ahmad’s photos show, cemeteries too have been filled to overflowing with those who have died from the coronavirus. New cemeteries have had to be built; providing grim material evidence of the virus’s reach and in turn rendering statistics on infection numbers somewhat irrelevant. 

The eerie quietude of Jakarta during PSBB, provided a glimpse of what the city would look like if its pollution was brought under control. But the PSBB asymmetrically disadvantaged the urban poor: little wonder there were riots when the Jokowi-led government sought to implement the RUU Cipta Kerja or so-called Omnibus Law on Job Creation, which further compromised workers’ rights. 

I contacted Ahmad Tri Hawaari after following his photographs on Instagram. With visiting Indonesia almost impossible, I have found his imagery particularly useful in mediating the separation that those of us outside Indonesia may be experiencing. I think of the risks Ahmad takes to be 'out in the field' everyday, including risking exposure to COVID-19 (he has already had it once.) Ahmad’s photographs have an immediacy, vibrancy and clarity. They are neither sentimental or euphoric. But reveal his empathy with his subjects as he tracks the trajectory of Indonesia during this Pandemic Time. 

Andy Fuller, April 2021

Ahmad Tri Hawaari  studies journalism at Muhammadiyah University of Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta. He recently completed a four month internship at Tempo magazine. His Instagram account is @ahmadtrihawaari.

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Proteksyon laban sa COVID-19

Huling na-update:   23 Setyembre 2020

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Sanaysay Tungkol Sa COVID-19 – Maikling Sanaysay Ukol Sa Pandemya

Halimbawa ng sanaysay tungkol sa covid-19.

SANAYSAY TUNGKOL SA COVID-19 – Sa panahong ito, milyun-milyong Pilipino ang naapektuhan ng pandemyag COVID-19.

Sa paksang ito, magbibigay kami ng maikling sanaysay tungkol sa pandemya at sa mga katotohanang ipinakita nito sa ating mga kababayan.

Pandemya, Ang Masakit na Katotohanan

Pagdating ng balita tungkol sa COVID-19, hindi natin sineryoso. Pinapasok ang mga dayuhan kahit na ito’y delikado. Pinagtawanan natin ginawa lamang na balita, sinabihang kumain tayo ng saging at palakasin lamang ang resistensiya.

Ngunit hindi ito naging sapat at padami lamang ng padami ang mga kaso nito sa Pilipinas. Subalit, sinasabihan pa rin ang publiko na kontrolado ang sitwasyon at walang kailangang ikatakot.

Iyon naman ay maiitindihan, ayaw natin ng kaguluhan. Magdudulot lamang ito ng karagdagang problema sa ating lipunan. Pero sana naman ay binigyang pansin ang tawag ng mga experto tungkol sa sakit.

Ang katotohanan ay hindi tayo handa. Ang katotohanan ay hindi sapat ang ating ginawa para mapigilan ang pagdaragsa ng sakit buong Pilipinas na ang nakakaranas. Masakit mang isipin pero sa kasalukuyang panahon wala nang makakatakas.

Eto ang katotohanan na dapat nating intindihin. Dapat nating pag-aralan at dapat nating seryosohin. Mga doktor, nurse, at mga tauhang medical, araw araw ang sakripisyo para lamang sa atin.

Pero ang masakit na katotohanan ay ang karamihan sa kanila ay napabayaan. Marami na ang namatay, pero hanggang ngayun, hustisya pa rin ay ipinaglalaban.

Masakit nga ang katotohanan, pero paano tayo makakatulong? Iyon dapat ang tanong natin sa ating sarili. Hindi bakuna ang dapat hanapin kundi tamang sistema. Dahil pag may tamang sistema susunod na ng mabilisan ang disiplina.

Masakit man ang katotohanan pero mahirap nang ibalik ang dati nating buhay. Subalit kailangan nating magkaisa para malabanan ang pandemya.

BASAHIN RIN: Wika Sa Lipunan – Mga Gamit At Kahalagahan Ng Wika Sa Komunidad

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