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Essay on India

India is the largest democratic country. It is a big country divided into 29 states and 7 union territories. These states and union territories have been created so that the government can run the country more easily. India also has many different kinds of physical features in different parts of the country that are spread over its states and union territories. India is a very diverse country as well, which means that the people around the country are different in many ways. Even though India is such a diverse place, it is united as one country. 

Political Divisions

India is the seventh-largest country and has the second-largest population in the world. Here is the map of India showing 29 states and 7 union territories. These political divisions are made so that the government can run the country more easily. Though we live in different states, everyone is an Indian first.

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Physical Features

The Indian subcontinent has many different physical features shared with its neighbours that are also in the subcontinent – Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. The physical features of India form six different natural regions. 

The Northern Mountains

The Northern Plains

The Great Indian Desert

The Southern Plateau

The Coastal Plains

The Island Regions

The Northern Mountains: These are the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. They form a natural boundary between India and a large part of Asia. Two neighbouring countries, Nepal and Bhutan are situated in these mountains. 

The Northern Plains: They are located to the south of the Himalayas. They extend into Pakistan in the west. Bangladesh is situated on the eastern part of the plains. 

The Great Indian Desert: The western part of India is a desert with less rainfall. This desert is called the Thar Desert. 

The Southern Plateau: This plateau region lies to the south of the Great Northern Plains and is called the Deccan Plateau. The Vindhya and Satpura ranges in the north, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats surround the Deccan Plateau. 

The Coastal Plains: The Eastern coastal plain lies between the Bay of Bengal and the Eastern Ghats. The western coastal plain lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.

The Island Regions: The island regions of India are two archipelagos on either side of Peninsula India. The Lakshadweep Islands are in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are in the Bay of Bengal. 

The Rivers of India

The Indian subcontinent has many rivers. Some important rivers are the Indus, Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Sutlej, the Narmada and Tapi rivers. 

These physical features and rivers link the people of India.

National Symbols

The National Flag of India is in the tricolour of deep saffron at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportions. The saffron stands for courage, sacrifice and the spirit of renunciation, the white for purity and the truth and the green for faith and fertility. In the centre of the white band, there is a wheel of law in the Sarnath Lion Capital.

The National Emblem of India is a replica of the Lion of Sarnath and symbolizes India’s reaffirmation of its ancient commitment to world peace and goodwill. 

The National Anthem of India is Jana Gana Mana and the National song is Vande Mataram.

The National Animal of India is Tiger, which symbolizes grace, strength and power.

The National Bird of India is Peacock, which symbolizes beauty, majesty and pride. 

The National Flower of India is Lotus, which symbolizes purity, wealth, richness, knowledge and serenity.

The National Tree of India is the Great Banyan Tree and because of its characteristics and longevity, the tree is considered immortal and sacred. It is an integral part of the myths and legends in India.

The National Fruit is Mango and it is the most cultivated fruit of the tropical world. 

Indian food is diverse. The geography of a region influences the food that people eat. The staple food of people is what grows in their regions. In North India, the staple food is Wheat. In East and South India, the staple food is Rice. In West India, the staple food is Millet. Daals are eaten in almost the entire country and prepared in different ways. 

Indians speak different languages. The Constitution of India mentions 22 languages. However, India has around 800 languages. Hindi is the official language of India. 

India is a country of many different religions and each has different festivals. Some important festivals are Baisakhi, Diwali, Eid, Ganesh Chaturthi, Dussehra and Christmas. 

Unity in Diversity

The people of India, their foods, festivals and languages – all these make India a very diverse country. However, there are also things that unite the people of India:

The National symbols like the Indian flag and the National Anthem.

The Constitution of India, which was written in the early years of our Independence. It unites the Indians because it has rules and laws that are the same for all people. 

The Constitution says that all Indians are equal in the eyes of the law.

All Indians who are over the age of 18 and have registered as voters can vote in elections.

FAQs on India Essay

Q1. Describe the National Flag of India.

Ans. The National Flag of India is in the tricolour of deep saffron at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportions. The saffron stands for courage, sacrifice and the spirit of renunciation, the white, for purity and the truth and the green for faith and fertility. In the centre of the white band, there is a wheel of law in the Sarnath Lion Capital.

Q2. What is the population of India?

Ans. The population of India is 1 billion 325 million. India has the second-largest population in the world.

Q3. What are the important Festivals Celebrated in India?

Ans. Some of the important festivals celebrated in India are Diwali, Dussehra, Eid and Christmas.

Q4. Why is India called the largest Democratic Country?

Ans. India is the largest democratic country because the citizens of India have the right to elect their representatives who form and run the government.

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Essay on India

Here we have shared the Essay on India in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on India in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams. 

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on India in 150 words

Essay on india in 200-300 words, essay on india in 500-1000 words.

India, a diverse and culturally rich country located in South Asia, is renowned for its vibrant festivals, ancient heritage sites, and diverse landscapes. With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is a melting pot of religions, languages, and ethnicities. It is a secular nation that upholds democracy and freedom. India has made significant contributions to art, literature, science, and philosophy. Despite challenges, it has achieved progress in various fields, including technology and economic growth. As the world’s largest democracy, India’s cultural richness, traditions, and hospitality attract tourists from around the world. With a young and dynamic workforce, India is emerging as a global player in innovation and entrepreneurship. India’s resilience, cultural heritage, and growing influence continue to captivate the world, making it an important player on the global stage.

India, known as the land of diversity, is a country of rich culture, history, and traditions. It is located in South Asia and is the seventh-largest country by land area. India is renowned for its vibrant festivals, ancient heritage sites, and diverse landscapes, ranging from the majestic Himalayas to the serene backwaters of Kerala.

With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is a melting pot of different religions, languages, and ethnicities. It is a secular country that upholds the principles of democracy and freedom. India has made significant contributions to art, literature, science, and philosophy throughout history.

Despite its challenges, India has achieved notable progress in various fields, including technology, space exploration, and economic growth. It is the world’s largest democracy and has a parliamentary system of government. India’s cultural richness, traditions, and hospitality attract millions of tourists from around the world each year.

In recent years, India has emerged as a global player, contributing to the world economy, science, and technology. It is home to a young and dynamic workforce that is driving innovation and entrepreneurship.

In conclusion, India is a country that embraces diversity, celebrates its rich cultural heritage, and strives for progress. With its vast landscapes, ancient history, and vibrant culture, India continues to captivate the world. The resilience and spirit of its people, coupled with its growing influence, make India a significant player on the global stage.

Title: India – A Tapestry of Diversity, Heritage, and Progress

Introduction :

India, a nation located in South Asia, is a land of rich cultural heritage, diverse traditions, and breathtaking landscapes. With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is known for its vibrant festivals, ancient history, and varied cuisines. This essay explores the multifaceted aspects of India, including its rich cultural tapestry, historical significance, economic growth, and contributions to the world. From the majestic Himalayas in the north to the serene backwaters of Kerala in the south, India’s beauty and diversity captivate the hearts of millions. Let us embark on a journey through the vibrant and enchanting land of India.

Cultural Heritage

India’s cultural heritage is as vast and diverse as its geographical expanse. It is a melting pot of religions, languages, and customs. The country is home to numerous religions, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Each religion has its own unique rituals, traditions, and festivals, contributing to the colorful tapestry of Indian culture. Festivals like Diwali, Eid, Holi, Christmas, and Durga Puja are celebrated with great enthusiasm and are a reflection of India’s religious diversity.

Historical Significance

India boasts a rich history that spans thousands of years. It has been the birthplace of several ancient civilizations, including the Indus Valley Civilization and the Maurya and Gupta Empires. The country has been the center of learning and trade for centuries, attracting scholars, explorers, and traders from around the world. The Mughal Empire, known for its architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal, left a lasting legacy on India’s history. The British colonial rule in India and the subsequent struggle for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi shaped the modern history of the nation.

Economic Growth

India has experienced significant economic growth in recent years. It is one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies and has become a prominent player on the global stage. The country has embraced economic liberalization, attracting foreign investments and fostering entrepreneurship. India’s information technology industry, pharmaceutical sector, and service industries have flourished, contributing to its economic prosperity. However, challenges such as poverty, income inequality, and unemployment persist, highlighting the need for inclusive growth and sustainable development.

Contributions to the World

India has made remarkable contributions to various fields, including science, literature, arts, and spirituality. Ancient Indian scholars made significant advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Indian literature, such as the Vedas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata, continues to inspire and influence people worldwide. Indian art forms like classical music, dance, and cinema have gained international recognition for their richness and beauty. Spiritual traditions like yoga and meditation have transcended borders, offering tools for holistic well-being.

Unity in Diversity

India’s strength lies in its unity amidst diversity. Despite its linguistic, religious, and cultural differences, the people of India have come together as a nation. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, upholds the principles of democracy, secularism, and unity. The diverse fabric of Indian society is reflected in its official languages, Hindi and English, and the recognition of regional languages. India’s unity in diversity is celebrated through cultural exchange, interfaith dialogue, and the promotion of national integration.

Future Challenges and Opportunities

India faces a range of challenges, including poverty, environmental degradation, healthcare disparities, and social inequality. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts in education, healthcare, sustainable development, and social welfare. However, India also presents immense opportunities for progress. With a young and dynamic workforce, a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit, and a growing middle class, India has the potential to achieve inclusive growth, technological advancements, and social transformation.

Conclusion :

India, with its diverse cultures, historical significance, economic growth, and contributions to the world, stands as a shining example of unity in diversity. The nation’s cultural heritage, ancient history, and rapid development reflect its resilience and potential. As India continues its journey toward progress and prosperity, it must embrace sustainable development, address societal challenges, and build an inclusive and equitable society. India’s beauty, traditions, and people leave an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of those who explore its captivating tapestry.

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Essay on India | India Essay for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Essay on India: India is the seventh-largest country by area and the second-most populous country in the world, situated in Asia. Three sides of India are surrounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and by the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh, and Myanmar to the east. The National animal of India is The Royal Bengal Tiger, National Bird of India is Peacock, National Fruit of India is Mango, National Flower of India is Lotus, and the name of the national anthem of India is Jana Gana Mana.

You can read more  Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on India for Students and Kids in English

We have provided a few sample essays on the topic India. There is one extended essay of 450-500 words; a short essay of 140-150 words; and ten lines on the subject of India.

Long Essay on India in English 500 words

Essay on India is usually helpful for students in classes 7, 8, 9, and 10. They can be asked to write these essays for assignments and exams.

India is the seventh-largest country by area and the second-most populous country in the world, situated in Asia. India got independence on 15th August 1947. Now, there are 29 States and 7 union territories in India and shares land with Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, and Myanmar. The national flag of India is horizontal in shape, and it is tricolored with deep saffron color at the top, white color in the middle and hard green color at the bottom, and an Asoka Chakrasituated in the middle of the white color.

The National animal of India is The Royal Bengal Tiger, National Bird of India is Peacock, National Fruit of India is Mango, National Flower of India is Lotus. India’s national anthem is Jana Gana Mana written by Rabindranath Tagore, and the national song is “Vande Mataram”, and national sports is hockey.

New Delhi city is the capital of India and the business capital of India is the city of Mumbai. The currency of India is Rupees. India’s largest state by area in Rajasthan and The smallest state is Goa. India has the largest coastline. India is the only country all over the world which is named after an ocean; India ocean. India also has two islands named Andaman and Nicobar island and Lakshadweep island. There are many languages spoken in India, but Hindi is the national language. Like the languages, India has a huge land diversity with the mountains, plateau, plains, delta, desert, rivers, and seas.

In India, one can see various types of culture, dresses, and people. The famous Himalaya mountain and the largest Ganges delta is situated in India. The peoples of different states eat different food, talk in different languages, and their culture is also different. Nature and temperature are also different, in the hilly area the temperature is low, in desert temperature are high, and in the plateau, plane, and seashore area the temperature is pleasant. The main occupation of India is agriculture. Almost 50 percent of people are involved in agriculture.

India has now become one of the fastest-growing economic countries in the world. India is a country with rich culture and heritage, and also known for its monuments and relics. The Taj Mahal, made by Shah Jahan, is one of the seven wonders of the world, Situated in India. There are also many heritages situated in India like Humayun’s Tomb, Jantar Mantar, Agra Fort, Khajuraho temple, Hampi, Ajanta, Ellora, the Sanchi Stupa, Chola temples, etc.

The Ajanta is a rock-cut Buddhist cave monument, and The Ellora Caves, The Sun Temple area wonderful example of Indian-rock cut architecture. India has so many dance styles. Some famous dances are Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Manipuri, Bhangra/ Gidda, Garba, Bihu, Ghoomar, etc. Even though there are many diversities in India, the people of India all live together in harmony.

Short Essay on India in English 150 words

Essay on India is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

The country India is situated in continent Asia is the seventh-largest country by area and the second-most populous country in the world. India got independence on 15th August 1947. India has 29 States and 7 union territories. The shape of the national flag of India is horizontal, and it is tricolored with deep saffron color at the top, white color in the middle and hard green color at the bottom, and an Asoka Chakra in the middle of the white color.

The capital of India is New Delhi. The National animal of India is The Royal Bengal Tiger, National Bird of India is Peacock, National Fruit of India is Mango, National Flower of India is Lotus. India’s national anthem is Jana Gana Mana written by Rabindranath Tagore, and the national song is “Vande Mataram” and national sports is hockey. We can see varieties of languages, food, cultures, lands, temperature in India. Even though there is so much diversity in India, the people of India all live together in harmony.

Read More: India Essay

10 Lines on Essay on India in English

• The country India is situated in continent Asia is the seventh-largest country by area and the second-most populous country in the world.
• India got independence on 15th August 1947.
• The shape of the national flag of India is horizontal, and it is tricolored with deep saffron color at the top, white color in the middle and hard green color at the bottom, and an Asoka Chakra in the middle of the white color.
• The National animal of India is The Royal Bengal Tiger, National Bird of India is Peacock.
• National Fruit of India is Mango; National Flower of India is Lotus.
• India’s national anthem is Jana Gana Mana.
• The national song of India is “Vande Mataram” and national sports is hockey.
• The main occupation of India is agriculture.
• India has now become one of the fastest-growing economic countries in the world.
• India is a country with rich culture and heritage, and also known for its monuments and relics.

Frequently Asked Questions on Essay on India

Question 1. When did India get independence?

Answer: India got independence on 15th August 1947.

Question 2. What is the National anthem of India?

Answer: India’s national anthem is Jana Gana Mana.

Question 3. Describe the National Flag of India?

Answer: The shape of the national flag of India is horizontal, and it is tricolored with deep saffron color at the top, white color in the middle and hard green color at the bottom, and an Asoka Chakra in the middle of the white color.

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World Map » India

Description: This map shows governmental boundaries of countries; states, union territories, state capitals and major cities in India. Size: 1400x1581px / 196 Kb Author: Ontheworldmap.com

You may download, print or use the above map for educational, personal and non-commercial purposes. Attribution is required. For any website, blog, scientific research or e-book, you must place a hyperlink (to this page) with an attribution next to the image used.

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About India

India is a country located in South Asia, ranks as the seventh-largest nation globally by land area and the second in population after China. It shares borders with Pakistan to the northwest, China and Nepal to the north, Bhutan to the northeast, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the south, the Indian Ocean surrounds it, providing a lengthy coastline.

New Delhi is the capital city, located in the northern part of the country. Other major urban centers include Mumbai , known for its financial and entertainment industry; Bangalore , acclaimed for its information technology sector; and Kolkata , which has historical and cultural significance.

Tourism plays a vital role in India's economy, with the country offering a diverse range of attractions. The Taj Mahal in Agra , a UNESCO World Heritage Site, stands as a symbol of love and is one of the most recognized globally. Rajasthan attracts visitors with its palaces and forts, depicting India's royal past. Kerala, known as "God's Own Country," provides a picturesque setting with its backwaters and lush green landscapes. Goa is known for its beaches and vibrant nightlife. The Himalayan region appeals to those interested in hiking, mountain climbing, and experiencing serene landscapes.

List of Largest Cities in India

• Visakhapatnam
• Pimpri-Chinchwad
• Kalyan-Dombivali
• Vasai-Virar
• Navi Mumbai

Main sights in India

• Jama Masjid
• Sri Harmandir Sahib
• Victoria Memorial
• The City Palace
• Mahabodhi Temple
• Lotus Temple
• Umaid Bhawan Palace
• Brihadeeswara Temple
• Konark Sun Temple
• Amber Palace
• Humayun’s Tomb
• Ellora Caves
• Mysore Palace
• Kanha Tiger Reserve
• Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)
• Hadimba Devi Temple
• Albert Hall Museum
• Jaisalmer Fort
• Mehrangarh Fort
• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
• Ajanta Caves
• Nahargarh Fort
• Valley of Flowers National Park
• Shree Siddhivinayak Temple
• Vaishno Devi
• Golconda Fort

States and Union Territories of India

States of India

Union Territories of India

Geography of India

India, positioned in South Asia, occupies 1.27 million square miles (3.28 million square kilometers), making it the world's seventh-largest country by land area. Its diverse geography ranges from the Himalayan mountain range in the north to the coastal plains along the Indian Ocean to the south. The country's northern borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Bhutan feature rugged terrains and high peaks, including Kanchenjunga, India's highest point at 28,169 ft (8,586 m).

The Ganges, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra rivers , significant for their cultural and spiritual importance, dominate the northern plains, fostering fertile agricultural lands. To the west, the Thar Desert presents arid landscapes, contrasting sharply with the lush Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats mountains that flank the narrow, fertile coastal plains along the eastern and western edges of the Indian peninsula, respectively.

The country's climate ranges from alpine in the Himalayan north to tropical in the southern peninsular region, accommodating a wide variety of ecosystems and biodiversity, including rich forest cover and diverse wildlife. The monsoon significantly influences India's climate, dictating agricultural patterns and water supply.

With over 4,700 miles of coastline , India hosts a variety of ecosystems, including beaches, coral reefs, and mangroves. The strategic location of India's peninsula facilitates significant maritime trade routes. This diverse geographical landscape not only supports a vast array of flora and fauna but also shapes the economic and cultural life of the nation.

Major Rivers of India

• Brahmaputra
• Subarnarekha
• Tungabhadra

The Highest Mountains in India

• Kangchenjunga (8,586m / 28,169ft)
• Nanda Devi (7,816m / 25,643ft)
• Kamet (7,756m / 25,446ft)
• Saltoro Kangri / K10 (7,742m / 25,400ft)
• Saser Kangri I / K22 (7,672m / 25,171ft)
• Mamostong Kangri / K35 (7,516m / 24,659ft)
• Saser Kangri II E (7,513m / 24,649ft)
• Saser Kangri III (7,495m / 24,594ft)
• Teram Kangri I (7,462m / 24,482ft)
• Jongsong Peak (7,462m / 24,482ft)
• K12 (7,428m / 24,370ft)
• Kabru N (7,412m / 24,318ft)
• Ghent Kangri (7,401m / 24,281ft)
• Rimo I (7,385m / 24,229ft)
• Teram Kangri III (7,382m / 24,219ft)
• Kirat Chuli (7,362m / 24,153ft)
• Mana Peak (7,272m / 23,858ft)
• Apsarasas Kangri (7,245m / 23,770ft)
• Mukut Parbat (7,242m / 23,760ft)
• Rimo III (7,233m / 23,730ft)
• Singhi Kangri (7,202m / 23,629ft)
• Hardeol (7,161m / 23,494ft)
• Chaukhamba I / Badrinath Peak (7,138m / 23,418ft)
• Nun-Kun (7,135m / 23,408ft)
• Pauhunri (7,128m / 23,385ft)
• Pathibhara / The Pyramid (7,123m / 23,369ft)
• Trisul I (7,120m / 23,359ft)
• Satopanth (7,075m / 23,212ft)
• Tirsuli (7,074m / 23,209ft)
• Chong Kumdang Ri (7,071m / 23,199ft)

Brief History of India

India's history commences with the emergence of the Indus Valley Civilization around 2500 BCE, known for its advanced urban planning and architecture. Following its decline, the Vedic Period introduced foundational elements of Indian culture, including Hinduism. By the 6th century BCE, the region experienced the rise of Jainism and Buddhism, challenging the prevailing social order.

The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) unified large parts of the Indian subcontinent under a single administration, highlighted by Ashoka's reign, who later embraced Buddhism. The Gupta Empire (4th–6th centuries CE) succeeded in establishing a classical age, propelling advancements in science, art, and literature.

The medieval period saw the spread of Islam, with the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire shaping the subcontinent's political and cultural landscape. The Mughal era peaked with remarkable architectural achievements, including the construction of the Taj Mahal.

European traders arrived in the 16th century, but by the 19th century, the British Crown had assumed control, heralding the colonial era . This period witnessed the rise of a nationalist movement, leading to India's independence in 1947, albeit partitioned with Pakistan.

Post-independence , India embraced democracy and embarked on significant economic and technological advancements, positioning itself as a regional power. It navigates contemporary challenges while preserving its rich heritage, affirming its role on the global stage.

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India is part of the continent of Asia. Most of India forms a peninsula, which means it is surrounded by water on three sides.

India is part of the continent of Asia. Most of India forms a peninsula, which means it is surrounded by water on three sides. The world's highest mountain range, the Himalaya, rises in the north. The southeast is bordered by the Bay of Bengal, and the southwest is bordered by the Arabian Sea.

India's terrain varies widely, from the Thar Desert in the west to jungles in the northeast. A fertile area called the Ganges Plain covers much of northern India. This formation was created from soil that was deposited by rivers running from the Himalaya. In some places, this layer of silt is over 25,000 feet (7,620 meters) deep.

Map created by National Geographic Maps

PEOPLE & CULTURE

Society throughout India is divided into social ranks, called castes. Caste is determined by birth and there is almost no way to change it. High castes include priests, landowners, and soldiers. So-called Untouchables have no caste and do the most menial jobs.

India is a very spiritual country. It has no official religion, but more than 80 percent of Indians are Hindu. About 13 percent are Muslim. Other religions include Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, which all began in India.

For thousands of years, since the Hindu religion first evolved, respect for animal life has been an important part of Indians' beliefs. Cows in particular are sacred and cannot be harmed. They are even allowed to wander through city streets, which often causes traffic jams!

India's varied climate zones support about 65,000 animal species, including elephants , pythons, river dolphins, and rhinos, and 12,000 types of flowering plants. It is the only country in the world with both lions and tigers . It's also a bird watcher's paradise.

On the coast of the Bay of Bengal is the Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest. Here, tigers swim in the same rivers as dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, and saltwater crocodiles. This unique landscape is constantly under threat as sea levels rise and humans hunt illegally and clear trees for firewood.

The Himalaya mountains provide a home for some of India's rarest animals and plants. The most elusive animal is the snow leopard. Bears and black buck live lower down, and in the northeast, the tiger and one-horned rhinoceros can be found.

GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

India's parliamentary government was inherited from the British. After independence in 1947, one party, the Congress Party, and one family, the Nehru family, dominated politics in India for decades. Now, however, many parties compete for elected positions.

India's economy is growing so fast that experts predict it will soon become one of the world's leading markets. Indians are hard workers. And though many are poorly educated, there are many others who are highly trained college graduates.

India's earliest known civilization arose about 5,000 years ago on the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. Archaeologists uncovered the remains of two huge cities with brick houses, piped water, and sewer systems. Nobody knows why, but these cities, called Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, were abandoned in 1700 B.C.

The Aryan people were farmers from Central Asia who arrived in India around 1500 B.C. They spoke Sanskrit, one of the world's oldest known languages. The Vedic Scriptures, writings that form the basis of the Hindu religion, were written during the Aryan reign.

In the 200-year reign of the Gupta Empire, starting in the fourth century A.D., arts, crafts, and sciences flourished. During this time, the Indian astronomer Aryabhatta determined that the Earth revolved around the sun. This was long before the Western world accepted the theory.

Beginning in the 16th century, following a series of invasions by Muslim forces, a Mongol leader named Babur founded the Mongol Empire. The Mongols oversaw a golden age of art, literature, and architecture in India between 1527 and 1707. They built roads, mosques, gardens, and enormous tombs, including the grand Taj Mahal.

In the late 1400s, Europeans arrived in India and began setting up trading companies. In 1757, Britain gained control over most of the country. Uprisings against British rule began in 1856. In 1920, the famous Mahatma Gandhi began nonviolent protests to push the British out. In 1947, India had independence.

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Essay on India in English for Children and Students

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Essay on India : India is the seventh-largest country and the most populous democracy in the world. It is located in South Asia and was officially declared the Republic of India after its independence from British rule. India has unique topographical features – plains of central India, rain forests of the northeast, icy cold Himalayan region, and dry arid desert in the west, among others. India’s cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity is as diverse as its geography.

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Indian culture differs from place to place and is a union of several different cultures spread across the length and breadth of the continent. Although there are 22 Languages imbibed in the Constitution of India, more than 1900 dialects or mother tongues are spoken throughout the nation. India’s huge cultural and linguistic diversity is one of its most distinguished features.

Long and Short Essay on India in English

India is one of the most famous countries in the world. Every citizen of India must know about its history, struggle, culture, and other important things.

Students are generally given this topic in their schools to write some paragraphs or full essays in the class tests or main exams.

Here we have given below long and short essays on India, which are well-written essays to help students under various word limits.

They can select anyone of these India essays according to the words limit:

Essay on India 100 words

India is a famous country all over the world. Geographically, our country is located to the south of the Asia continent. India is a high population country and well protected from all directions naturally. It is a famous country for its great cultural and traditional values all across the world. It contains a mountain called Himalaya, which is the biggest in the world.

Three big oceans surround it in three directions: the south with the Indian Ocean, the east with the Bay of Bengal, and the west with the Arabic sea. India is a democratic country that ranks second in its population. The national language of India is Hindi however, almost fourteen nationally recognized languages are spoken here.

Essay on India 150 words

India is a beautiful country and famous all over the world for its unique cultures and traditions. It is famous for its historical heritages and monuments. Citizens here are very polite and understanding in nature. It was a slave country earlier to 1947 under British rule.

However, after many years of hard struggles and sacrifices of the great Indian freedom fighters, India got freedom from British rule in 1947. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first Prime Minister, hoisted the Indian flag when India got freedom, and proclaimed, “When the world sleeps, India will wake to life and freedom.”

India is a democratic country where its public is authorized to take decisions for the betterment of the country. India is a famous country for the saying “Unity in Diversity” because people of many religions, castes, cultures, and traditions live together in unity. Most of the Indian heritages and monuments have been added to the world heritage sites.

Essay on India 200 words

India is my mother country, and I love it very much. The people of India are very honest and truthful in nature. People of various unique traditions and cultures live here together without any problem. The mother tongue of my country is Hindi however many languages are spoken here by people of different religions without any foundation. India is a great country of natural beauty where great people took birth from time to time and did great works. Indians are heart-touching in nature and heartily welcome guests from other countries.

In India, the Indian philosophy of life is called Sanatan Dharma and has become the main factor in maintaining unity in diversity here. India is a republic country where its citizens have the power to take decisions about the country.

There are many natural sceneries, places, monuments, historical heritage of ancient time, etc., which attracts people’s minds from every corner of the world. India is famous for its spiritual works, Yoga, martial arts, etc. A huge crowd of pilgrims and devotees come here to see and enjoy the beauty of famous places, temples, and other world heritage sites in India.

Essay on India 250 words

My country India is a land of Shiva, Parvati, Krishna, Hanuman, Buddha, Mahatma Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda, Kabir, etc. It is a country where great people took birth and did great work. I love my country very much and salute it. It is famous for its biggest democracy and oldest civilization in the world. It is the second most populous country in the world after the chain.

It is a country where courteous people of many religions and cultures live together. It is a country of great warriors such as Rana Pratap, Shivaji, Lal Bahadur Shashtri, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Lala Lajpat Rai, and so many.

It is a rich country where great people took birth in literature, art, and science, such as Rabindranath Tagore, Sara Chandra, Premchand, C.V. Raman, Jagadish Chandra Bose, APJ Abdul Kalama, Kabir Das, etc. Such great people of India were proud of my country. All the great leaders came from villages and led the country to go ahead.

They fought for many years and sacrificed their lives to make India an independent country from British rule. It is a country where famous rivers and oceans are run regularly, such as the Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, Narmada, Brahmaputra, Krishna, Kavery, Bay of Bengal, Arabic sea, etc. India is a beautiful country surrounded by the oceans from three sides. It is a country where people are very intellectual and spiritual and believe in God and Goddess.

Essay on India 300 words

India is my motherland country where I took birth. I love India and have proud of it. India is a big democratic country that ranks second in population after China. It has a rich and glorious past. It is considered the country of old civilization in the world. It is a land of learning where students from many corners come to study in the big universities.

It is famous for its various unique and diverse cultures and tradition of people of many religions. Some people abroad as well follow Indian culture and tradition because of being attracted to nature. Various invaders came and steal the glory and precious things of India. Some of them made it a slave country; however various great leaders of the country became successful in making my motherland free of Britishers in 1947.

The day our country got freedom means the 15 th of August is celebrated every year as Independence Day. Pt. Nehru became the first prime minister of India. It is a country rich in natural resources, yet the inhabitants here are poor. It is growing continuously in technology, science, and literature because of eminent people like Rabindra Nath Tagore, Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose, Sir C.V.Raman, Shri H. N. Bhabha, etc. It is a peace-loving country where people of many religions follow their own culture and tradition as well as celebrate their festivals without any interference.

There are many glorious historical buildings, heritages, monuments and sceneries which attract people mind from different countries every year. Taj Mahal is a great monument in India and a symbol of eternal love and Kashmir as the heaven on the earth. It is a country of famous temples, mosques, churches, Gurudwaras, rivers, valleys, fertile plains, highest mountain, etc.

Essay on India 400 words

India is my country, and I am proud to be an Indian. It ranks as the seventh largest country in the world as well as the second most populated country in the world. It is also known as Bharat, Hindustan, and Aryavart. It is a peninsula means surrounded by oceans on three sides as Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south. The national animal of India is a tiger, the national bird is a peacock, national flower is the lotus, and the national fruit is mango.

The flag of India has a tricolor, and saffron means purity (the uppermost), white means peace (the middle one having an Ashok Chakra), and green means fertility (the lowest one). Ashok Chakra contains equally divided 24 spokes. The national anthem of India is “Jana Gana Mana,” the national song is “Vande Mataram,” and the national sport is Hockey.

India is a country where people speak many languages, and people of different castes, creeds, religions, and cultures live together. That’s why India is famous for the common saying of “unity in diversity.” It is well known as the land of spirituality, philosophy, science, and technology. People of various religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism have lived together in ancient times.

It is a famous country for its agriculture and farming, which are the backbones from ancient times. It uses its own produced food grains and fruits. It is a famous tourist paradise because it attracts people from all over the world. It is rich in monuments, tombs, churches, historical buildings, temples, museums, scenic beauty, wildlife sanctuaries, places of architecture, etc., which are its source of revenue.

It is where Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, golden temple, Qutab Minar, Red Fort, Ooty, Nilgiris, Kashmir, Khajuraho, Ajanta and Ellora caves, etc., wonders exist. It is a country of great rivers, mountains, valleys, lakes, and oceans. The national language of India is Hindi. It is a country where 29 states and UTs. It has 28 states which again have many small villages.

It is a chief agricultural country famous for producing crops of sugarcane, cotton, jute, rice, wheat, cereals, etc. It is a country where great leaders (Shivaji, Gandhiji, Nehru, Dr. Ambedkar, etc.), great scientists (Dr. Jagadeeshchandra Bose, Dr. Homi Bhabha, Dr. C. V Raman, Dr. Naralikar, etc.) and great reformers (Mother Teresa, Pandurangashastri Alhavale, T. N. Sheshan) took birth. It is a country where diversity exists with strong unity and peace.

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India Essay in English 10 lines, 100 Words – For Students & Children

• Entrance Exams
• November 6, 2023

India Essay in English – India, often referred to as the “Land of Diversity,” is a country that boasts a rich and complex history, an astonishing variety of cultures, languages, and traditions, and a promising future as one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. India’s culture celebrates pluralism, with numerous languages and religions coexisting harmoniously.

Here you will find the India Essay in 10 lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words. This essay explores the multifaceted facets of India, from its geography and culture to its remarkable achievements and challenges. Despite challenges, India continues to evolve and thrive.

10 Lines About India Essay

India is a diverse and culturally rich nation known for its centuries-old history and traditions. With a population of over a billion people, it’s the world’s largest democracy. India is famous for its iconic landmarks like the Taj Mahal and vibrant festivals like Diwali and Holi. Here are some points about India in easy and understand way:

• India, located in South Asia, is known for its rich cultural heritage and history.
• The Indian flag consists of three colors: saffron, white, and green, with the Ashoka Chakra, a blue wheel, at its center.
• New Delhi serves as the capital city of India, while Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai are other major urban centers.
• India is the world’s second-most populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion people.
• Hindi and English are the official languages of India, but the country is incredibly linguistically diverse, with over 19,500 languages spoken.
• Indian cuisine is famous for its flavorful dishes, such as curry, biryani, and samosas, which are cherished worldwide.
• Cricket is the most popular sport in India, with a massive following among children and adults alike.
• India boasts an array of iconic landmarks, including the Taj Mahal, a symbol of eternal love, and the Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain range.
• Festivals like Diwali, Holi, and Eid are celebrated with great enthusiasm, featuring vibrant colors and lights.
• India has a rich historical and cultural legacy, with influential figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Lakshmibai, and Aryabhata leaving a lasting impact on the world.

Also See – Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav Essay in English – 10 Lines, 100 / 1000 Words

Short Essay about India in 100 Words

India, my beloved motherland, is a haven of honesty, diversity, and welcoming hearts. Its cultural tapestry weaves people of unique traditions and languages into a harmonious fabric. While Hindi is the mother tongue, countless languages flourish, fostering religious unity. India’s natural beauty and historic sites beckon the world, from the Himalayas to spiritual practices like Yoga. The philosophy of Sanatan Dharma upholds our unity in diversity. As a republic, India empowers its citizens to shape its destiny. Pilgrims from across the globe flock to experience the magnificence of temples and heritage sites. India’s heartwarming spirit and global significance make it a cherished treasure.

Essay on My country India in 500 Words

In this essay, we embark on a journey to explore the intricate tapestry of a nation known for its diversity, culture, and rich heritage. “My Country India” is not just a geographical entity; it’s an experience, a reflection of history, culture, and unity.

India: The Land of Unity in Diversity

India, my beloved homeland, is a tapestry of diversity, culture, and history. As the seventh-largest country in the world by land area and the second-most populous nation, it stands as a remarkable entity in the global landscape. India is not just a nation; it’s an experience, a journey through time and tradition.

The Bengal Tiger, a symbol of strength and beauty, serves as our national animal, representing the rich wildlife and natural beauty that grace our land. Every year, on the 15th of August, India celebrates its Independence Day, marking the hard-fought freedom from British colonial rule. The tricolored Indian flag, known as the Tiranga, adorns the occasion, with its saffron, white, and green bands and the Ashok Chakra in navy blue at its center.

The ‘Lion Capital of Ashoka’ stands as our national emblem, a relic from our illustrious past. The national motto, ‘Satyameva Jayate,’ meaning ‘truth alone triumphs,’ reflects the guiding principles that shape our nation.

On the 26th of January, India observes Republic Day, commemorating the day when our constitution came into effect in 1950. This marked a significant milestone, solidifying India’s status as a sovereign nation capable of self-governance.

India’s true strength lies in its diversity. With a population exceeding 1.3 billion people, it is a melting pot of languages, cultures, and religions. From Buddhism to Jainism, Islam to Hinduism, India embraces a wide array of faiths. The diverse cuisine and clothing styles that vary from one region to another beautifully exemplify the concept of ‘Unity in Diversity.’ Each region offers a unique blend of flavors and fabrics, a testament to the rich cultural tapestry that defines India.

India shares its borders with several countries, including Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. It also shares its maritime borders with Sri Lanka and the Maldives. This geographic diversity influences the nation’s way of life and culture, making it a dynamic and ever-evolving entity.

Saffron, white, and green harmoniously come together to form the Indian national flag, a symbol of unity in a country defined by diversity. The Ashok Chakra at the center is a navy blue 24-spoke wheel, symbolizing virtue and righteousness. This emblematic representation of India is a constant reminder of its heritage and values.

In conclusion, India is not merely a nation; it is a vibrant tapestry woven from diverse threads of culture, religion, and tradition. Its strength lies in its unity despite differences, and its resilience is evident in its journey from colonial rule to a thriving democracy. With its rich history, stunning natural landscapes, and a populace that embraces both its heritage and progress, India remains a source of inspiration for the world, a country where diversity is celebrated and unity prevails. India is more than just a country; it is a celebration of life itself.

Write an Essay on India

India, often referred to as the “Land of a Thousand Contrasts,” is a nation of unparalleled diversity and rich heritage. With a history dating back thousands of years, India has been a cradle of civilizations, the birthplace of different religions, various languages, cuisines, and traditions, all harmoniously coexisting.

Title: India – A Multifaceted Nation

Introduction:

India, a land of immense diversity and cultural richness, is a country that captivates the imagination of people worldwide. This essay explores the multifaceted aspects of India, with a focus on its geography, history, culture, society, and global presence.

Geographical Diversity:

• Geographic Extent: India is a vast subcontinent, stretching from the snow-capped Himalayan mountains in the north to the tropical coastlines in the south. It covers an extensive range of landscapes, from arid deserts to fertile plains and lush forests.
• Rivers and Water Bodies : India boasts a network of significant rivers, including the sacred Ganges, Brahmaputra, and many others. These rivers not only provide water for agriculture but also have cultural and religious significance.

Historical Significance:

• Ancient Civilizations: India’s history dates back thousands of years and includes the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived in the 3rd millennium BCE. It has been a cradle of various ancient civilizations and empires.
• Colonial Era: The British colonial rule from the 18th to the mid-20th century left an enduring impact on India’s political and social landscape, paving the way for the struggle for independence.
• Independence and Republic: India’s journey to independence, led by Mahatma Gandhi, culminated in the establishment of the Indian Republic on August 15, 1947.

Cultural Diversity:

• Linguistic and Religious Diversity: India is home to a multitude of languages, dialects, and religions. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and various other faiths coexist harmoniously.
• Festivals and Traditions: India celebrates a plethora of festivals such as Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, and regional celebrations, showcasing its rich cultural tapestry.
• Arts and Architecture: India is renowned for its classical and folk dance forms, music, art, and architectural marvels, with the Taj Mahal being an iconic symbol of India’s architectural heritage.

Society and Values:

• Family Values : Indian society places a strong emphasis on family values, and joint families, where multiple generations live together, are prevalent in many parts of the country.
• Hospitality and Respect: The Indian tradition of “Atithi Devo Bhava” (the guest is God) reflects the warmth, politeness, and respect for visitors in Indian culture.

National Anthem and Song

• National Anthem: “Jana Gana Mana” serves as India’s national anthem, uniting the nation with its evocative lyrics.
• National Song: “Vande Mataram,” a passionate ode to the motherland, resonates with the spirit of India.

National Symbols of India

Representing the Nation

• The Lion Capital of Ashoka: This sculpture serves as India’s national emblem, reflecting its historical heritage.
• National Motto: India’s guiding motto is “Satyameva Jayate,” which means “truth alone triumphs.”
• National Emblem: Lion of Sarnath (Symbolizes India’s commitment to peace and goodwill)
• National Animal: Tiger (Symbolizes grace, strength, and power)
• National Bird: Peacock (Symbolizes beauty, majesty, and pride)
• National Flower: Lotus (Symbolizes purity, wealth, richness, knowledge, and serenity)
• National Tree: Great Banyan Tree (Considered immortal and sacred, integral part of Indian myths and legends)

Global Presence:

• Economic Growth: India is one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies, with a thriving IT industry and a diverse industrial base.
• Diplomatic Relations: India’s international presence is influential as the world’s largest democracy, playing a vital role in global diplomacy, and maintaining relations with neighboring countries.

Challenges and Opportunities

Addressing Socioeconomic and Environmental Issues

• Socioeconomic Challenges: India faces issues such as poverty, income inequality, and limited access to healthcare and education.
• Environmental Concerns: Environmental challenges, including air pollution and deforestation, threaten sustainable development.

Natural Beauty and Landmarks

From the Taj Mahal to Serene Backwaters

• Iconic Monuments: India boasts world-famous landmarks like the Taj Mahal, a white marble mausoleum symbolizing love, and the Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain range.
• Natural Scenery: The country’s landscapes are diverse, from lush forests to serene backwaters, making it a visual paradise.

Spiritual and Philosophical Traditions

Exploring Spiritual Practices and Philosophy

• Spiritual Practices: India is renowned for its spiritual and philosophical traditions, including Yoga and meditation, which have gained global popularity.
• Contributions to Philosophy: Ancient Indian scholars like Aryabhata made significant contributions to fields like mathematics and astronomy.

Conclusion:

India, a multifaceted nation, is a land of unparalleled diversity, culture, history, and societal values. Its vast geographical extent, rich heritage, warm-hearted people, and global influence make it a unique and captivating country. As India continues to evolve, it remains a land of endless opportunities, growth, and enduring cultural richness.

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India Essay

India is the seventh-largest country and most populous democracy in the world. It is located in South Asia and was officially declared as the Republic of India after its independence from British rule. India has unique topographical features – plains of central India, rain forests of the north east, icy cold Himalayan region and dry arid desert in west, among others. The cultural, linguistic and religious diversity of India is as much diverse as its geography.

Indian culture differs from place to place and is a union of several different cultures, spread across the length and breadth of the continent. Although there are 22 Languages imbibed in the Constitution of India, there are more than 1900 dialects or mother tongues are spoken throughout the nation. This huge cultural and linguistic diversity of India is one of its most distinguished features.

Long and Short Essay on India in English

India is one of the famous countries of the world. Every citizen of India must know about it means its history, struggle, culture and other important things.

Students are generally given this topic in their schools to write some paragraphs or full essay in the class tests or main exams.

Here we have given below long and short essay on India, which are well written essay on India to help students under various word limits.

They can select anyone of these India essay according to the words limit:

India Essay 1 (100 words)

India is a famous country all over the world. Geographically, our country is located to the south of Asia continent. India is a high population country and well protected from all directions naturally. It is a famous country for its great cultural and traditional values all across the world. It contains a mountain called Himalaya which is biggest in the world.

It is surrounded by the three big oceans from three directions such as in south with Indian Ocean, in east with Bay of Bengal and in west with Arabic sea. India is a democratic country ranks second for its population. The national language of India is Hindi however almost fourteen nationally recognized languages are spoken here.

India Essay 2 (150 words)

India is a beautiful country and famous all over the world for its unique cultures and traditions. It is famous for its historical heritages and monuments. Citizens here are very polite and understanding in nature. It was a slave country earlier to the 1947 under the British rule.

However, after many years of hard struggles and sacrifices of the great Indian freedom fighters, India got freedom from the British rule in 1947. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India and hoisted the Indian flag when India got freedom and he proclaimed that “When the world sleeps, India will wake to life and freedom”.

India is a democratic country where its public are authorized to take decisions for the betterment of the country. India is a famous country for the saying “Unity in Diversity” because people of many religions, castes, culture and tradition live together with unity. Most of the Indian heritages and monuments have been added to the world heritage sites.

India Essay 3 (200 words)

India is my mother country and I love it very much. People of India are very honest and truthful in nature. People of various unique traditions and culture live here together without any problem. The mother-tongue of my country is Hindi however many languages are spoken here by the people of different religions without any boundation. India is a great country of natural beauty where great people took birth from time to time and did great works. Indians are very heart-touching in nature and they heartily welcome their guests from other countries.

In India Indian philosophy of life is followed which is called as Sanatan Dharma and has become the main factor to maintain unity in diversity here. India is a republic country where its citizens have power to take decision about country.

There are many natural sceneries, places, monuments, historical heritage of the ancient time, etc which attracts people’s mind from every corner of the world. India is very famous for its spiritual works, Yoga, martial arts, etc. A huge crowd of pilgrims and devotees come here to see and enjoy the beauty of famous places, temples and other world heritage sites in India.

India Essay 4 (250 words)

My country India is a land of Shiva, Parvati, Krishna, Hanuman, Buddha, Mahatma Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda, Kabir, etc. It is a country where great people took birth and did great works. I love my country very much and salute it. It is famous for its biggest democracy and oldest civilization of the world. It is the second most populous country of the world after the chain.

It is a country where courteous people of many religions and cultures lives together. It is a country of great warriors such as Rana Pratap, Shivaji, Lal Bahadur Shashtri, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bagat Singh, Lala Lajpet Rai and so many.

It is a rich country where great people took birth in the field of literature, art and science such as Rabindranath Tagore, Sara Chandra, Premchand, C.V. Raman, Jagadish Chandra Bose, APJ Abdul Kalama, Kabir Das, etc. Such great people of India were the proud of my country. All the great leaders of the country came from villages and led the country to go ahead.

They fought for many years and sacrificed their lives to make India an independent country from the British rule. It is a country where famous rivers and oceans are run regularly such as Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, Narmada, Brahmaputra, Krishna, Kavery, Bay of Bengal, Arabic sea, etc. India is a beautiful country surrounded by the oceans from three sides. It is a country where people are very intellectual and spiritual and believe in God and Goddess.

India Essay 5 (300 words)

India is my motherland country where I took birth. I love India and have proud of it. India is a big democratic country which ranks second in population after China. It has rich and glorious past. It is considered as the country of old civilization of the world. It is a land of learning where students from many corners of the world come to study in the big universities.

It is famous for its various unique and diverse culture and tradition of people of many religions. Some people in the abroad as well follow the Indian culture and tradition because of being attractive in nature. Various invaders came and steal the glory and precious things of India. Some of them made it a slave country however various great leaders of the country became successful in making my motherland free of biritshers in 1947.

The day our country got freedom means 15 th of August is celebrated every year as Independence Day. Pt. Nehru became the first prime minister of India. It is a country rich in natural resources yet inhabitants here are poor. It is growing continuously in the field of technology, science and literature because of the eminent people like Rabindra Nath Tagore, Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose, Sir C.V.Raman, Shri H. N. Bhabha, etc. It is a peace loving country where people of many religions follow their own culture and tradition as well as celebrate their festivals without any interference.

There are many glorious historical buildings, heritages, monuments and sceneries which attracts people’s mind from different countries every year. Taj Mahal is a great monument in India and symbol of eternal love and Kashmir as the heaven on the earth. It is a country of famous temples, mosques, churches, Gurudwaras, rivers, valleys, fertile plains, highest mountain, etc.

India Essay 6 (400 words)

India is my country and I proud to be an Indian. It ranks as the seventh largest country of the world as well as second most populated country of the world. It is also known as Bharat, Hindustan and Aryavart. It is a peninsula means surrounded by oceans from three sides such as Bay of Bengal in east, Arabian Sea in west and Indian Ocean in south. The national animal of India is tiger, national bird is peacock, national flower is lotus and national fruit is mango.

The flag of India has tricolor, saffron means purity (the uppermost), white means peace (the middle one having an Ashok Chakra) and green means fertility (the lowest one). Ashok Chakra contains equally divided 24 spokes. The national anthem of India is “Jana Gana Mana”, the national song is “Vande Mataram” and national sport is Hockey.

India is a country where people speak many languages and people of different castes, creeds, religions and cultures live together. That’s why India is famous for common saying of “unity in diversity”. It is well known as the land of spirituality, philosophy, science and technology. People of various religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism lives here together from the ancient time.

It is famous country for its agriculture and farming which are the backbones of it from the ancient time. It uses it own produced food grains and fruits. It is a famous tourist’s paradise because it attracts people’s mind from all over the world. It is rich in monuments, tombs, churches, historical buildings, temples, museums, scenic beauty, wild life sanctuaries, places of architecture, etc are the source of revenue to it.

It is the place where Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, golden temple, Qutab Minar, Red Fort, Ooty, Nilgiris, Kashmir, Kajuraho, Ajanta and Ellora caves, etc wonders exist. It is the country of great rivers, mountains, valleys, lakes and oceans. The national language of India is Hindi. It is a country where 29 states and UTs. It has 28 states which again have many small villages.

It is a chief agricultural country famous for producing sugarcane, cotton, jute, rice, wheat, cereals etc crops. It is a country where great leaders (Shivaji, Gandhiji, Nehru, Dr. Ambedkar, etc), great scientists (Dr. Jagadeeshchandra Bose, Dr Homi Bhabha, Dr. C. V Raman, Dr. Naralikar, etc) and great reformers (Mother Teresa, Pandurangashastri Alhavale, T. N. Sheshan) took birth. It is a country where diversity exists with strong unity and peace.

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A short history of India in eight maps

Understanding the breathtaking diversity of india and indians.

I N HIS DECADE in power Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister, has centralised the state to an unprecedented extent. Yet his ruling Bharatiya Janata Party has failed to attract many voters in the more prosperous south . The regional divergence is not unique to the BJP . Throughout India’s long history, rulers have tried and failed to unite the subcontinent under central authority. The chief reason is India’s diversity, summed up in clichés about dozens of cuisines, hundreds of languages and thousands of gods. The clichés may be trite, but they are also useful. A whirlwind tour through 2,500 years of Indian history helps explain why.

India, Hindi (the language), Hindu (a follower of the religion) and Hindustan (the country) all take their name from the Indus, the mighty river that flows from the Himalayas into the Arabian Sea. Outsiders typically used these names for the subcontinent and its people. A much older name is “Bharat”, used by the subcontinent’s people itself. Scholars believe it was first used in reference to a tribe called Bharata who populated northern India.

The history of pre-independence India is often divided into Hindu, Muslim and British periods. The first ruler to establish a pan-Indian empire, building on the work of his grandfather Chandragupta Maurya, was Ashoka (see map 1), but at unfathomable human cost. Also known as Ashoka the Great, he converted to Buddhism after reckoning with the brutality his territorial expansion had engendered. He remains a revered figure even today for uniting the country and for his largely benevolent rule after converting. His four-headed-lion capital (column head) is the official emblem of the Republic of India, and his “chakra”, or wheel, a Buddhist symbol, sits at the centre of the Indian flag.

The Mauryan Empire boosted economic activity across the subcontinent, but even 24 centuries ago it was clear that a unified idea of India could not be imposed on such a diverse population. Imperial edicts show that Ashoka’s administrators took into account local differences.

The empire broke apart soon after he died, in 232 BC . For well over a millennium, India was ruled by a huge variety of kings, chieftains and oligarchies. A new era started in 1192 when Muhammad Ghuri, a Muslim chieftain based in Afghanistan, defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, a Hindu king, near Delhi. Ghuri left behind a slave general, Qutbuddin Aibek, to govern the territories. Upon Ghuri’s death, Aibek declared himself sovereign and established the Delhi Sultanate. His majestic Qutb Minar, a soaring minaret, still stands in Delhi and is one of the symbols of the city.

Muslim empires rose and fell over the next three centuries—too many to include in a “short history”. But one merits mention. Muhammad bin Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty, who ruled from 1325 to 1351, expanded his empire to most of the subcontinent, the first ruler since Ashoka to manage the feat (see map 2). To achieve this he established a new capital, Daulatabad, in what is now the western state of Maharashtra, forcibly moving big chunks of his population from Delhi, and burning the houses of those who were slow to pack. Though Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded in expanding his territory, holding it was a different matter. He spent much of his rule trying to subdue rebellions and rival kings.

By the early 16th century, the subcontinent was once more a patchwork of kingdoms and mini-empires, both Hindu and Muslim (see map 3). In 1526 Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, a direct descendant of Tamerlane, an Uzbek ruler, on his paternal side and an indirect one of Genghis Khan via his mother, defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat near Delhi, marking an important turning-point in Indian history. He lived for just four years after taking Delhi—and in that time complained incessantly. He described India as “a country of few charms” and took issue with the quality of its melons. But he established one of the greatest empires the world has ever seen: the Mughal empire (see map 4).

Babur’s grandson, Akbar, took the empire to great heights and expanded it across the north. He invited scholars and sages from many religions—including Islam, Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism—to his court. His son, Jahangir, and grandson, Shah Jahan, were great patrons of the arts, the latter responsible for the Taj Mahal.

But Akbar’s great-grandson, Aurangzeb, was a puritanical Muslim with little time for syncretism. He imposed discriminatory taxes on Hindus and persecuted certain sects of Muslims. He too established a new provincial capital in today’s Maharashtra and spent the majority of his reign in expansionist mode. He became the third and last ruler of pre-independence India to conquer chunks of the south. After his death the Mughals started a long and ultimately terminal decline.

In 1757 the East India Company, a British corporation with an army, defeated the Nawab of Bengal and took over the province in India’s east. Over the next 100 years it expanded its control of the subcontinent (see map 5). In 1857, after a bloody uprising by disgruntled troops in Company pay and even bloodier reprisals by the eventually victorious British, control was transferred to the Crown, making India an official part of an expanding empire ruled from London.

Yet even this apparently single authority was substantially varied. The British ruled both directly and via subservient local kings. The quality of rule—and the degree of tyranny—varied enormously from place to place. Even in many places under direct British control, the new rulers left existing administrative structures in place, their main interest being the collection of revenue. Some writers attribute present-day disparities in income and wealth across India’s regions in part to the differing revenue-collection systems, which embedded varying degrees of incentives for administrative competence.

The subcontinent achieved independence in 1947. Yet the realisation of a long-standing dream came bundled with the horrors and lasting trauma of partition (see map 6). British India was divided into what is now the Republic of India and what became West and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). When the British departed, only 60% of what was left of India had been ruled directly by them. The remainder was under the rule of 565 kingdoms commonly referred to as “princely states”. Under the terms of partition, each princely state could accede to India, Pakistan or seek independence.

India’s founders, chief among them Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first home minister, worked night and day to cajole, persuade or threaten local kings into joining India. The Muslim ruler of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan but was run out of his kingdom after his mostly Hindu subjects rebelled. The Hindu king of mostly-Muslim Kashmir dithered, calling Delhi in a panic when Pakistan-backed militias invaded, leading to the first of four Indo-Pakistan wars. With the adoption of a new constitution in 1950, India became a republic, free of the last vestiges of British rule.

The new country was an administrative mess, a patchwork of states and provinces big and small and tiny, none of it remotely rational. India thus undertook the bold and risky project of reorganising state boundaries along linguistic lines (see map 7), both to give diverse peoples a sense of autonomy among their own kind and to tamp down the risk of secessionist movements. In 1961 the Indian army annexed Goa and other Portuguese territories, bringing present-day India close to its final shape as a single political entity (India seized control of Sikkim in 1973 and it formally acceded to the Union in 1975).

India’s internal borders continued to evolve in the decades that followed. In 2000, for example, three new states were created to ease administration, and in 2019 the government dissolved the state of Jammu & Kashmir into two separate “union territories”, which are administered by the centre (see map 8). Its external boundaries are also contested. Most notably, India and Pakistan both claim the entirety of Kashmir and routinely skirmish for territory. And Chinese and Indian troops recently faced off in brutal hand-to-hand combat in Ladakh in 2020, with India said to have lost slivers of territory.

The meaning of “India” has evolved continuously for thousands of years. It will continue to do so as long as its external boundaries remain unsettled. These are difficult problems, but they are also signs of India’s greatest strength: its diversity. The country’s wisest rulers have accommodated it, miraculously holding a vast, poor and improbably democratic country together for nearly 80 years.

Further reading “Baburnama: Journal of Emperor Babur”, Penguin Classics “India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765”, Richard M. Eaton “The Origin Story of India’s States”, Venkataraghavan Subha Srininavasan “Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300”, Romila Thapar “Delhi Darshan: The History and Monuments of India’s Capital”, Giles Tillotson

Editor’s note (April 16th): this piece has been updated to include mention of Bharat

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Indian Geography [UPSC Notes]

Geography is an important part of the UPSC syllabus, both for UPSC Prelims and UPSC Mains exams. In this article, you can read all about the Geography of India including its physical features for the IAS exam . Every year, many questions are based on Geography, particularly, Indian Geography both in the UPSC prelims and mains exams. So candidates should take Indian Geography and World Geography very seriously in their IAS preparation.

India – Size and Location

• Latitude – between 8°4′ N & 37°6′ N, from south to north.
• Longitude – between 68°7′ E & 97°25′ E, from west to east.

Image Source:- NCERT

• The Tropic of Cancer (23°30′ N) divides India into almost two equal parts. It passes through eight states – Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
• To the south-east of the mainland lies the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
• To the south-west of the mainland lies the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian sea.
• The southernmost part of India called “Indira Point” (Great Nicobar Island of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) got submerged under seawater in 2004 during the Tsunami.
• Area – 3.28 million square km.
• Its area is about 2.4 % of the total geographical area of the world.
• It is the 7th largest country in the world. (7 countries in the decreasing order of their size – Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia, India).
• Land boundary – approx. 15,200 km.
• Total length of the coastal line, including Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar islands –   7517 km.
• Both the longitudinal and latitudinal extent of the mainland is approx. 30°, despite the fact that the north-south extent seems to be larger than the east-west.
• The mainland of India extends from Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari in the south (3214 km) and Arunachal Pradesh in the east to Gujarat in the west (2933 km). The territorial limit of India extends towards the sea up to 12 nautical miles (~ 21.9 km) from the coast. (1 Nautical mile ~ 1.852 km).
• The southern part of the country lies within the Tropics and the northern part lies in the sub-tropical zone or the warm temperate zone. This location is responsible for large variations in landforms, climate, soil types and natural vegetation in the country.
• The Standard Meridian of India (82°30′ E) passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh and is taken as the standard time for the whole country (there is a time lag of 2 hrs from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh). Indian Standard Time is ahead of Greenwich Mean Time by 5 hours and 30 minutes. The Standard Meridian of India passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

India and the World

• India is located in the south-central part of the continent of Asia.
• India shares its land boundaries with seven countries – Pakistan and Afghanistan in the north-west, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. Among these, the longest border is shared by Bangladesh (4096.7 km) and the shortest by Afghanistan (106 km). Across the sea, the southern neighbours are Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar, and the Maldives islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep islands.

Physical Features of India – Indian Geography

The physiography of an area is the outcome of structure, process and stage of development. The land of India exhibits great physical variations. Geologically, the Peninsular Plateau constitutes one of the ancient landmasses and most stable land blocks on the earth’s surface. The Himalayas and the Northern Plains are the most recent landforms. The Himalayan mountains represent a very youthful topography with high peaks, deep valleys and fast-moving rivers. The Northern Plains are formed of alluvial deposits and the Peninsular Plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with gently rising hills and wide valleys.

Major Physiographic Divisions

The physical features of India can be grouped under the following physiographic divisions:

The Himalayan Mountains

The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world. These mountains are geologically young and structurally fold mountains. The approximate length of the Great Himalayan range, also known as the central axial range is 2500 km from east to west and their width varies from 400 km (Kashmir) to 150 km (Arunachal Pradesh).

The Himalayas consists of four mountain ranges (from north to south) namely

• The Trans Himalaya or the Tibetan Himalaya
• The Great or Inner Himalaya or Himadri
• The Lesser Himalaya or Himachal and
• The Shiwalik or the outer Himalaya.

a) The Trans Himalaya –

• It is located to the north of the Great Himalaya and consists of Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar and Kailash mountain ranges. It is also known as the Tibet Himalayan Region as most parts of these ranges lie in Tibet.

b) The Great or Inner Himalaya or Himadri –

• It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6000 metres.
• It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks and some of the highest peaks are:
• Mount Everest in Nepal – 8848 m.
• Kanchenjunga in India – 8598 m.
• Makalu in Nepal – 8481 m.
• Dhaulagiri in Nepal – 8172 m.
• Nanga Parbat in India – 8126 m.
• Annapurna in Nepal – 8078 m.
• Nanda Devi in India – 7817 m.
• Namcha Barwa in India – 7756 m.
• The folds of the Great Himalayas are asymmetric in nature. The core of this part of the Himalayas is composed of granite. It is perennially snowbound and a number of glaciers descend from this range.

c) The Lesser Himalaya or The Himachal –

• This range lies to the south of Himadri and is composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.
• The altitude varies from 3700 m and 4700 m and the average width is 50 km.
• The famous ranges are the Pir Panjal range (longest), the Dhaula Dhar and the Mahabharat ranges.
• The range consists of the beautiful valley of Kashmir, Kullu and Kangra valley in Himachal Pradesh. This range is well known for its hill stations.

d) The Shiwaliks or the outer Himalaya –

• The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. They extend over a width of 10 – 15 km and have altitudes varying between 900m & 100m. These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main ranges located farther north. These valleys are covered with thick gravel and alluvium.
• Between the Shiwaliks and the lesser Himalayas are longitudinal valleys called Duns. Some of the important Duns are Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun. Dehradun is the largest of all the duns with an approximate length of 35 – 45 km and a width of 22 – 25 km.

Besides the longitudinal divisions, the Himalayas have been divided on the basis of regions from west to east. These are as follows:

• Kashmir or North-Western Himalayas
• Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas
• Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas
• Arunachal Himalayas
• Eastern Hills and Mountains

a) The Kashmir or North-Western Himalayas –

• There are a series of ranges in this region such as Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar and Pir Panjal. The north-eastern part of the Kashmir Himalayas is a cold desert, which lies between the Greater Himalayas and the Karakoram range. Between the Greater Himalayas and the Pir Panjal lies the world-famous Kashmir valley.
• The Kashmir Himalayas are famous for Karewa formations which are used for the cultivation of saffron. Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines.
• Some of the important passes of this region are Khardung La on the Ladakh range, Zojila on the Great Himalayas, Banihal on the Pir Panjaj and Photu La on the Zanskar.
• The region is drained by the river Indus and its tributaries such as the Jhelum and the Chenab.
• The southernmost part of this region consists of longitudinal valleys called “Duns”, e.g, Jammu Dun and Pathankot Dun.

b) The Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas

• This part of the Himalayas lies between the Ravi in the west and the Kali (a tributary of Ghaghara) in the east. This region is drained by two important river systems of India – the Indus and the Ganga. The river Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj (tributaries of the Indus river) and Yamuna and Ghaghara (tributaries of Ganga) flow through this region.
• The three ranges of the Himalayas – The Great Himalayas (Himadri), the Lesser Himalayas (locally known as Dhaoladhar in Himachal Pradesh and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand), and the Shiwalik range from north to south are prominent in this region.
• Some of the important hill stations and health resorts are located in this region such as Dharamshala, Mussoorie, Shimla, etc. Important Duns like Dehra Dun are one of the distinguishing features of this region.

c) The Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas

• They are surrounded by Nepal Himalayas in the west and Bhutan Himalayas in the east. It is relatively small but an important part of the Himalayas. It is known for its fast-flowing rivers such as Tista.
• The region is important as it consists of high mountain peaks like Kanchenjunga (Kanchengiri) and deep valleys. Kanchenjunga (8598 m above sea level) is the third-highest mountain peak in the world.
• This region (along with Arunachal Himalayas) is marked by the absence of the Shiwalik formation. Instead, this region is important for “Duar formations” which have been used for tea plantations (introduced by the British).

d) The Arunachal Himalayas

• These extend from the east of the Bhutan Himalayas up to the Diphu pass in the east. Kangtu and Namcha Barwa are the important mountain passes of this region.
• These ranges are dissected by fast-moving rivers from north to south, forming a deep gorge after crossing Namcha Barwa. The Subansiri, the Kameng, the Dihang, the Dibang and the Lohit are some of the important rivers of this region. These rivers are perennial with a high rate of fall, therefore, having the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country.

e) The Eastern Hills and Mountains

• Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern boundary of India. They are known as the Purvanchal or the eastern hills and mountains. These hills running through the northeastern states are mostly composed of strong sandstones, which are sedimentary rocks. Covered with dense forests, they mostly run as parallel ranges and valleys.
• Purvanchal comprises the Patkai hills (Arunachal Pradesh), the Naga hills (Nagaland), the Manipur hills and the Mizo or Lushai Hills.

The Northern Plains

• The Great Plains of India lie south to the Shiwalik and represent a transitional zone between the Himalayas of the north and Peninsular India of the south. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of the Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra and their tributaries. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The Northern Plains are about 2400 km long and 240 – 320 km broad. With a rich soil cover combined with an adequate water supply and favourable climate, it is an agriculturally productive part of India.
• Northern India is broadly divided into three sections:
• The Punjab Plains – The western part of the Northern Plains is referred to as the Punjab Plains. It is formed by the Indus and its tributaries; the larger part of this plain lies in Pakistan.
• The Ganga Plains – It extends between the Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the states of Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, partly Jharkhand and West Bengal to its east.
• The Brahmaputra Plains – It lies mainly in Assam.
• According to the variation in relief features, the northern plains can be divided into four regions – Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar and Khadar
• Bhabar – The rivers after descending from the mountains deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying south to the slopes of Shiwaliks and is known as Bhabar. Due to the high porosity of this region, all the streams disappear in this Bhabar belt.
• Terai – To the south of the Bhabar is the Terai belt with an approximate width of 10 – 20 km where most of the streams and rivers re-emerge without having any properly demarcated channel, thereby creating marshy and swampy conditions known as the Terai. This region has a luxurious growth of natural vegetation and houses varied wildlife.
• Bhangar – It is the largest part of the northern plains and is formed of older alluvium. It lies above the floodplains of the rivers and presents a terrace-like feature. The soil in this region contains calcareous deposits, locally known as Kankar.
• Khadar – The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains are called Khadar. Tracts are enriched by fresh deposits of silt every year during the rainy season. This fertile region is ideal for intensive agriculture.

The Peninsular Plateau

The Peninsular upland forms the largest physiographic division of India. With a general elevation between 600 – 900 m, the region constitutes an irregular triangle. Delhi ridge in the northwest (extension of Aravallis), the Raj Mahal hills in the east, Gir range in the west and Cardamom hills in the south constitute the outer extent of the Peninsular plateau. The northeast extension is in the form of the Shillong and Karbi-Anglong plateau.

• The Peninsular Plateau is formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land and thus, makes it a part of the oldest and most stable landmass of India. It is composed of the old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
• Peninsular India is made up of a series of Patland plateaus such as the Hazaribagh plateau, the Palamu plateau, the Ranchi plateau, the Malwa plateau, the Coimbatore plateau and the Karnataka plateau.
• The region had undergone recurrent phases of upliftment and submergence accompanied by crustal faulting and fractures. These spatial variations have brought in elements of diversity in the relief of the Peninsular Plateau. The northwestern part of the plateau has a complex relief of ravines and gorges. The ravines of Chambal, Bhind and Morena are the important ones.
• One of the distinct features of the Peninsular Plateau is the black soil area known as the Deccan Trap. This is of volcanic origin and therefore, rocks are igneous. These rocks have denuded over time and are responsible for the formation of black soil.
• The Central Highlands
• The Deccan plateau
• The North-Eastern plateau

a) The Central Highlands –

• The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river, covering a major area of the Malwa plateau, is known as the Central Highlands. The Malwa Plateau is bordered by the Aravallis in the north and the Vindhyan range in the south. The Aravallis is one of the oldest folded mountains of the world (Its highest peak is Guru Sikhar, 1722 m in height). The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Satpura range in the south. This range forms the northernmost boundary of the Deccan plateau.
• The extension of the Peninsular plateau can be seen as far as Jaisalmer in the west, where it has been covered by longitudinal sand ridges and crescent-shaped sand dunes called barchans. This region has undergone metamorphic processes in its geological history, which can be corroborated by the presence of metamorphic rocks such as marble, slate, genesis, etc.
• The Central Highlands are wider in the west and narrower in the east. The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chotanagpur (which is a large reservoir of mineral resources) marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar river.

b) The Deccan Plateau –

• The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada. The Satpura range flanks its broad base in the north, while the Mahadev, the Kaimur Hills and the Maikal range form its eastward extensions. The Deccan Plateau is higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards. An extension of the plateau is also seen in the northeast, locally known as the Meghalaya, Karbi-Anglong Plateau and North Cachar Hills. It is separated by a fault from the Chotanagpur Plateau. Three hill ranges from west to east are the Garo, the Khasi and the Jaintia Hills.
• The Deccan Plateau is bordered by the Western Ghats in the west which runs parallel to the western coast for about 1600 km in the north-south direction from the Tapi river to Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin).
• Western ghats are locally known by different names such as Sahyadri in Maharashtra, Nilgiri Hills in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and Anaimalai Hills and Cardamom Hills in Kerala.
• The Western Ghats are comparatively higher in elevation and more continuous than the Eastern Ghats. Their average elevation is 900-1600 m as against 600 m of the Eastern Ghats and it increases from north to south. Anaimudi (2695 m) is the highest peak of the Peninsular Plateau which is located on the Anaimalai Hills of the Western Ghats followed by Dodabetta (2637 m) on the Nilgiri hills.
• Most of the peninsular rivers (Godavari, Krishna & Kaveri) have their origins in the Western Ghats.
• The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by facing the rain-bearing moist winds to rise along the western slopes of the Ghats.
• Hill stations like Lonavala, Khandala, Matheran, Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, etc. are located in this region.
• It is a World Heritage Site and one of the eight hottest hotspots (endangered species) of biological diversity in the world.
• Know more on the Western Ghats in the link.
• The Eastern Ghats form the eastern boundary of the Deccan Plateau.
• The Eastern Ghats comprises the discontinuous, irregular and low hills which are eroded by the rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Some of the important ranges include Javadi hills, the Palconda range, the Nallamala hills, the Mahendragiri hills (1,501 m which is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats).
• The eastern and western ghats meet each other at the Nilgiri hills.

c) The Northeastern Plateau

• It is an extension of the main peninsular plateau. It is believed that due to the force exerted by the north-eastward movement of the Indian plate at the time of the Himalayan origin, a huge fault was created between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau. Later this depression got filled up by the deposition activity of the numerous rivers. Now, the Meghalaya and Karbi-Anglong plateau stand detached from the main peninsular block.
• The Meghalaya plateau is subdivided into the Garo hills, the Khasi hills and the Jaintia hills named after the tribal groups inhabiting this region. An extension of this is also seen in the Karbi Anglong hills of Assam.
• The Meghalaya plateau, like the Chotanagpur plateau, is rich in mineral resources like iron ore, limestone, sillimanite and uranium. This region receives the maximum rainfall from the southwest monsoon. As a result, the Meghalaya plateau has a highly eroded surface. Cherrapunji displays a bare rocky surface devoid of any permanent vegetation cover.

The Great Indian Desert/Thar Desert

A desert is an arid land where the rate of evaporation is greater than the rate of precipitation. More than 60% of the Thar desert lies in Rajasthan.

• To the northwest of the Aravalli hills lies the Great Indian Desert/Thar Desert. It is a land of undulating topography dotted with longitudinal dunes and barchans (crescent-shaped dunes).
• The region receives very low rainfall (below 150 mm per year). It has an arid climate with low vegetation cover. Owing to these characteristic features, it is also known as Marusthali.
• It is believed that during the Mesozoic era, this region was under the sea. The evidence is available at the wood fossils park at Aakal and marine deposits around Brahmsar near Jaisalmer. The approximate age of the wood fossils is estimated to be 180 million years.
• The underlying rock structure of the desert is an extension of the Peninsular plateau but due to extreme arid conditions, its surface features have been carved by physical weathering and wind actions.
• Some of the prominent desert land features present in the Indian desert are mushroom rocks, shifting dunes and oases (mostly in its southern part).
• On the basis of orientation, the desert can be divided into two parts – the northern part, which is sloping towards Sindh and the southern part towards the Rann of Kachchh.
• The Luni is the only large river flowing in the southern part of the desert that reaches the Arabian Sea through the Rann of Kutch. There are some streams that disappear after flowing for some distance and present a typical case of inland drainage by joining a lake or playa. The lakes and playas have brackish water which is the main source of obtaining salt.

The Coastal Plains

The Peninsular plateau is flanked by a stretch of narrow coastal strips, running along the Arabian Sea on the west (Western Coastal Plains) and the Bay of Bengal in the east (Eastern Coastal Plains).

• The Western Coastal Plains sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is a narrow plain. The Western Coastal Plains are an example of submerged coastal plains. It is believed that the city of Dwarka, which once was part of the Indian mainland situated along the west coast is submerged under water. Because of its submergence, it is a narrow belt and provides natural conditions for the development of natural ports along the west coast. Some of the natural ports along the west coast are Kandla, Mazagaon, Mangalore, Cochin, etc.
• The Western Coastal plains extend from the Gujarat coast in the north to the Kerala coast in the south (approx. 1500 km).
• Kachch and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat.
• Kokan coast in Maharashtra.
• Goan coast in Karnataka.
• Malabar coast in Kerala.
• The western coastal plains are narrow in the middle and get broader towards the north and south. The rivers flowing through this coastal plain do not form a delta, instead form estuaries.
• Along the Malabar coast, there are numerous shallow lagoons and backwaters – “Kayals”. These lagoons are linked together to facilitate navigation through small country boats. Vembanad and Asthamudi are the important lagoons of the Malabar coast. The backwaters are important tourist spots and are of importance for inland navigation and fishing. Every year the famous Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (Boat Race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerala.
• The Eastern Coastal Plains lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It stretches along the coasts of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• The Eastern Coastal Plains are wider than the Western Coastal Plains and is an example of an emergent coast. The continental shelf extends up to 500 km into the sea, which makes it difficult for the development of good ports and harbours.
• The rivers flowing in this region fall into the Bay of Bengal and form well-developed deltas – the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri.
• The Northern Circar – These plains consist of deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna. These rivers have broken the Eastern Ghats in many places. The important feature of this plain is the Chilika Lake (Odisha, south of the Mahanadi delta), the largest saltwater lake in India.
• The Coromandel Coast – it extends from the delta of river Krishna to Kanyakumari.

The Islands (Indian Geography)

There are two major island groups in India – Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.

• Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of about 572 islands/islets. These are situated roughly between 6°N – 14°N (latitude) and 92°E – 94°E (longitude). The two principal groups of islets include Ritchie’s Archipelago and Labrynth Island.
• The Andaman group of islands is in the north and Nicobar is in the south. They are separated by a water body which is called the Ten Degree Channel (10° latitude passes between the Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands).
• It is believed that these islands are an elevated portion of submarine mountains. Barren Island in Nicobar is the only active volcano in India.
• The coastline of these islands has some coral deposits and are known for beautiful beaches. These islands receive conventional rainfall and have an equatorial type of vegetation.
• There is a great diversity of flora and fauna in this group of islands.
• Some of the important mountain peaks in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are Saddle Peak (North Andaman – 738m), Mount Diavolo (Middle Andaman – 515m), Mount Koyob (South Andaman – 460m) and Mount Thuiller (Great Nicobar – 642m).
• These are scattered between 8°N – 12°N latitude and 71°E – 74°E longitude.
• There are about 36 islands of which 11 are inhabited.
• Minicoy (southernmost) is the largest island with an area of 453 sq.km.
• These islands are located at a distance of 280 – 480 km southwest off the Kerala coast.
• Kavaratti Island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. This island group has a great diversity of flora and fauna. Pitti Island, which is uninhabited, has a bird sanctuary. The entire Lakshadweep is made up of coral deposits.

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10 Lines on India

India is a vast country with second largest population in the world. Despite of different cultures, traditions, religions and languages, people still live together which showcases the Indian culture of ‘Unity in Diversity’. From Kashmir to Kanyakumari whole India is united and believes in the culture of peace, unity and prosperity. India got independence on 15 th August 1947 and every year we celebrate the occasion with great pride by remembering the sacrifices of our great leaders. The progress and development in these years has been tremendous. India is competing with the world and on the path to achieve many more milestones.

Ten Lines on India in English

We have provided ten lines on India in English. After reading these lines you will know that in which continent does India lies and which countries are its neighbours, what is the position of India in size, where India stands in terms of population, what lies in the south, east and west of India, what lies in India’s north, which are the popular rivers in India, what is the national flag of India, what is the national emblem of India, what is the national anthem of India, what is the national song of India etc.

You can add these lines in your essay and paragraph writing competition in your exam and in school competitions. You can also use these lines in your speech during various occasions in your schools and impress your audience:

1) India or ‘Republic of India’ is a peninsular country in Asia i.e. it is surrounded by water from three sides.

2) India is the 7th largest country in the world in terms of total area (land and water).

3) India has 1st largest population in the world with 1.4286 billion population against 1.4257 billion of China.

4) In the western part there lies ‘Arabian Sea’, in the southern part there is ‘Indian Ocean’ and in the east there is ‘Bay of Bengal’.

5) The northern part of India is covered with mountains and one of the famous mountain range is ‘The Himalayas’.

6) There are a number of small and big rivers which flow in India, namely, Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Godavari, Cauvery etc.

7) The national flag of India is a rectangular tri-coloured flag having saffron on the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom having ‘Ashoka Chakra’ in the centre.

8) The national emblem of India is ‘Lion Capital of Ashoka’ at ‘Sarnath’ and at bottom it is written “Satyamev Jayate” meaning truth alone triumphs.

9) National anthem of India is “Jana Gana Mana” which was composed by Rabindranath Tagore.

10) National song of India is “Vande Mataram” which was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

10 Lines and Sentences on India

1) India is a country having different religions, languages, cultural patterns.

2) India is a collection of 29 states and 7 union territories.

3) The national capital of India is New Delhi and metropolitan cities namely are Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai.

4) The largest state of India in terms of area is Rajasthan and the smallest state is Goa.

5) The state of India having largest population is Uttar Pradesh and Sikkim is the lowest populated state.

6) Hindi is the official language of India although Indian constitution recognizes 21 other languages also and there are 1652 dialects in India.

7) The major religions of India are Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism and Jainism.

8) The major festivals are Holi, Diwali, Durga puja, Eid, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Christmas etc.

9) Indian government is divided into 3 parts viz. Legislative is the parliament, Executive is the government and Judiciary is the court of law.

10) Administration of India is run through the centre by the Prime Minister and the states government by Chief Ministers.

5 Lines on India

1) India is a developing country.

2) It is a democratic country.

3) People follow different religions.

4) Hindi is the official language of India.

5) India celebrates different fairs and festivals.

20 Lines on India

1) India is the world’s largest democracy with huge cultural and religious diversity.

2) India is a single unitary country with a union of 29 states and seven Union Territories.

3) India also has huge geographical variations – mountain ranges to arid deserts and evergreen forests.

4) Rich in wildlife India is home to Asiatic lions, Bengal tigers, elephants and various other species.

5) Cherrapunji in the north eastern state of Meghalaya receives highest annual rainfall in India.

6) The deserts of Jaisalmer in the north western state of Rajasthan receive little or no rainfall at all.

7) Every state in India has its own ethnicity as well as cultural and linguistic heritage.

8) Despite witnessing invasions for centuries, India doesn’t lose its culture and values.

9) The Bandra-Worli sea link in Mumbai has steel wire measuring up to the circumference of the earth.

10) India had been home to Indus valley civilization, one of the world’s oldest civilizations.

11) The name of the country ‘India’ is derived from very ancient river Indus.

12) India is the land of villages where more than 60 percent of population live in rural area.

13) India has the second largest agricultural land after United States and majority of people are employed in agriculture.

14) It is the country where great scientists, spiritual gurus, mathematicians took birth and did the great work.

15) India is the nation of diversified cultures, customs, traditions and languages.

16) India is the country which taught the entire world about the philosophy of life popularly known as Sanatan Dharma.

17) India’s ISRO is fifth largest space organization after the space organization of America, Russia, China and Europe.

18) India has the third largest army after United States and China.

19) It has around 600 wild life sanctuaries and is home to 1400 species of birds.

20) India has many famous and ancient historical buildings, heritages and monuments which attract millions of tourists around the world.

India became a democratic republic nation by adopting its own constitution and every year 26 th January is celebrated in India as ‘Republic Day’. India is though a developing country but recently it has surpassed France and became 6 th largest economy of the world.

India is the land of brave hearts that’s why we are world’s third largest military. India is facing some issues of poverty, corruption and other problems but in spite of these issues India is still vibrant and progressing to achieve overall growth and development.

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Incredible India Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on incredible india.

India represents “Unity in Diversity” . Our country is a mixture of cultures, regions, traditions, diversity in food, languages, etc. Our people of India are so polite, understanding and helping in nature. The national bird of India is Peacock and is very beautiful. India is so incredible and is full of colors and has the tiger as its national animal, hockey as its national game, etc. the national language or mother tongue of our country is Hindi. Indians are also so talented and have shown very high growth. The I.T. sector of our country shows accelerating growth due to intelligent software engineers.

India As a Country

India is the seventh-largest country by its geographical area and is located in South Asia. The beauty surrounds our country from each and every aspect. India is also known by two other names Bharat and Hindustan and the people of India are known as Indians. The national anthem of our country is “ Jan Gan Man ” and the national song of our country is “Sare Jahan Se Achcha”.

India is a Democratic country where people themselves choose their leader and live with freedom i.e. they can do anything they wish to within the limits of the law. If any citizen of India tries to harm any other person, there are also rules and regulations to punish him in order to make him realize his mistake.

Our country is also incredible because of its beautiful mountains, lakes, forests , seas, oceans, etc. Many foreigners each year visit India to see the beauty of our country that is its rich historical temples, its traditions, its language, its heritage, etc.

Different Regions of India

North region.

North Region consists of the most incredible thing in the world that is The Himalayas which is the highest mountain in the world. This region also consists of the beautiful Kashmir covered with mountains. It consists of Uttar Pradesh which is mainly known as the land of Krishna, land of Rama, etc. This region also consists of one of the wonders of the world i.e. Taj Mahal which people come to visit across the world.

Southern Region

This is the “Land of Nawabs”. It is famous for its festivals, food, and languages. The place is famous for its rice dishes. This region consists of cities like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, etc.

East Region

East part of  India consists of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha,  etc. The capital of West Bengal, Kolkata is the largest city of this section and is the metropolitan city and is the third’s largest city in the country. Kolkata is known for its sweetness and festival.

West Region

The West part of the country is really incredible as it is covered with sands and deserts. Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra are the three most amazing places in this region. The culture, the language, the traditions and the clothes of this region are incredible and you will love to visit this region.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Indian Culture and Religion

India’s culture is among the world’s oldest; civilization in India began about 4,500 years ago. India has 29 states with different culture and civilizations and one of the most populated countries in the world. The Indian culture, often labeled as a mixture of several various cultures.

India gave birth to Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and other religions. They are now collectively known as Indian religions. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the third and fourth-largest religions respectively of the world. Although India is a secular Hindu-majority country, it has a large Muslim population.

India, being a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. Major festivals include Diwali, Durga puja, Holi, Ganesh puja, Navratri, Rath yatra, etc are there round the year.

Indian food is a cosmopolitan cuisine that has so many ingredients. It is as diverse as India. Indian recipes use numerous ingredients, deploy a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques, and culinary presentation. Thus the tastes of same food like salads, sauces, vegetables, meat, desserts vary from region to region.

We are proud of our cultural distinctiveness. We are proud to be the inhabitants of India. It is our duty to maintain its unique feature. We have to think beyond the petty interests and work for the broader goals of bringing prosperity and progress in society.

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• School Education /

I Love My India Essay: 100 and 500+ Words in English for School Students

• Updated on  
• Apr 22, 2024

My country, India, is known for its rich cultural diversity, scenic locations, and beautiful monuments and is home to one of the oldest human civilizations; the Indus Valley Civilizations. As proud Indians, we constantly aspire to the wonders that this vast and diverse nation offers us. From its rich cultural heritage to its remarkable achievements and unique charm, India keeps on captivating people from all walks of life. Let us delve deep into some fascinating and inspiring culture, traditions and developments via our I Love My India Essay, to learn more about this unique nation. 

Table of Contents

• 1 I Love My India Essay 100 Words
• 2.1 Contribution and Celebration For the World 
• 2.2 Aiming for the 3rd Largest Economy
• 2.3 Caring For a Bright Future
• 2.4 Conclusion

I Love My India Essay 100 Words

Also Read: Essay on Good Habits for Children: List of Healthy Habits

I Love My India Essay 500+ Words

India, the land of diversity and unity, holds a special place in my heart. As a proud Indian, I deeply love my country, which has shaped my identity and built me a sense of pride and responsibility. Since ancient civilizations, the country has been a constant source of inspiration and affection. 

Moreover, the global community is the world´s largest democracy. Further, it has championed the values of pluralism, non-violence and peaceful coexistence worldwide.

Contribution and Celebration For the World 

India is a land of remarkable history and wisdom. India’s vibrant festivals and age-old cultural values attract a large number of tourists from all over the world. India gave ‘Zero’ to the world of science and mathematics and is the largest exporter of petroleum products.

Gautam Buddha, Vardhamana Mahavira, Ashoka the Great, and several other great scholars were born on Indian soil. Today, Indian thinkers, scientists, and innovators have also pushed the boundaries of human knowledge and capabilities. From advancements in space technology to the fields of information technology and medicine, the nation transformed into a prominent player on the global stage. 

Also Read: Essay on Viksit Bharat

Aiming for the 3rd Largest Economy

As of 2022, India’s nominal GDP is $3.93 trillion. It stands at fifth place in the list of global GDPs. However, the Indian government is determined to make India the third-largest economy in the next five years. This was because of the rapid industrialisation after independence and the introduction of Liberalisation, Globalisation and Privatisation in 1991-92.

Caring For a Bright Future

As a resident of the country, I look forward to the future with lots of hope and excitement for achieving the paths that India will chart. Our young people, who are the future and the driving force behind the nation’s progress, are prepared to take India to new heights. 

Initiatives like Skill India and Start-Up India are empowering the next generation to become their leaders, innovators, and change-makers. They are equipped with the tools and resources that they need to thrive.

Further, I am particularly passionate about the people of India regarding their socio-economic backgrounds, access to quality education and healthcare and the opportunities for personal as well as professional growth. 

By investing in the well-being and development of our citizens, we can step ahead into a more equitable and inclusive society. This will further help people chase their dreams and contribute towards the nation’s collective progress. 

My love for the nation is deep and deep-rooted. I admire the country for its incredible history, the liveliness of its present, and the boundless potential of its future. As I reflect on the journey of this remarkable country, I am filled with pride, gratitude and commitment to being a responsible and engaged citizen. 

Together we all can build on the legacy of our ancestors, embrace the diversity that makes us strong, and work towards a future where India will shine with the hope of progress, unity and global influence. 

Also Read: Essay on Indian Heritage for Students 

Ans: India is a country with diversity in South Asia. It has a rich cultural heritage and stunning natural beauty. 2. The country is special because of its world´s largest democracy, with over 1.3 billion people. This makes the country the second-largest population in the world. 3. India is rich with 22 official languages and its leadership in technology and innovation.  4. The country has many monuments in UNESCO heritage sites like the Taj Mahal, Ancient Cave Paintings, and towering monuments. All these monuments are perfect examples of architecture and historical wonders. 5. Indian cuisine is well-known for its various flavours according to the region, spices, and tradition of cooking. 6. The landscapes of India range from snow-capped mountains in the north to tropical beaches in the south. 7. India faces challenges like poverty and environmental issues. With such adversity, India remains inspiring and dedicated to progress. 8. Many travellers explore India, for its deep spirituality, through yoga, meditation, and ancient traditions. 9. India plays a major role in the global economy with its growing middle class and consumer market and attracts significant foreign investment. 10. Overall, India is a remarkable and popular country that attracts people from all over the world with its ancient history and modern elements.

Ans: India is very special because of its multiple languages, incredible history, wonderful architecture and natural landscapes.

Ans: India has 22 officially recognised languages in the world. 2. India is the second largest producer of tea after China.  3. India is the home of the Taj Mahal, which is one of the most recognisable monuments in the world. 4. The Indian startup scene is incredible and has produced over 100 unicorn companies.  5. India is the birthplace of yoga, ayurveda, and medicine. 

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This was an essay on I love my India. For more interesting topics on essays, visit our essay writing page and follow Leverage Edu.

Deepika Joshi

Deepika Joshi is an experienced content writer with educational and informative content expertise. She has hands-on experience in Education, Study Abroad and EdTech SaaS. Her strengths lie in conducting thorough research and analysis to provide accurate and up-to-date information to readers. She enjoys staying updated on new skills and knowledge, particularly in the education domain. In her free time, she loves to read articles, and blogs related to her field to expand her expertise further. In her personal life, she loves creative writing and aspires to connect with innovative people who have fresh ideas to offer.

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Uttar Pradesh

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Uttar Pradesh , the most populous and fourth largest state of India . It lies in the north-central part of the country.

Uttar Pradesh is bordered by the state of Uttarakhand and the country of Nepal to the north, the state of Bihar to the east, the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast, the state of Madhya Pradesh to the south, and the states of Rajasthan and Haryana and the national capital territory of Delhi to the west. On January 26, 1950, when India became a republic, the state was given its present name, Uttar Pradesh (literally, “Northern State”). Its capital is Lucknow , in the west-central part of the state. Area 93,933 square miles (243,286 square km). Pop. (2011) 199,581,477.

The state can be divided into two physiographic regions: the central plains of the Ganges (Ganga) River and its tributaries (part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain ) and the southern uplands. The vast majority of Uttar Pradesh lies within the Gangetic Plain , which is composed of alluvial deposits brought down from the Himalayas to the north by the vast Ganges network. Most of that area is a featureless, though fertile, plain varying in elevation from about 1,000 feet (300 metres) in the northwest to about 190 feet (60 metres) in the extreme east. The southern uplands form part of the highly dissected and rugged Vindhya Range , which rises generally toward the southeast. The elevation of that region rarely exceeds 1,000 feet.

The state is well drained by a number of rivers originating in either the Himalayas to the north or the Vindhya Range to the south. The Ganges and its main tributaries—the Yamuna , the Ramganga, the Gomati , the Ghaghara , and the Gandak rivers—are fed by the perpetual snows of the Himalayas. The Chambal , the Betwa , and the Ken, originating from the Vindhya Range, drain the southwestern part of the state before joining the Yamuna. The Son , also originating in the Vindhya Range, drains the southeastern part of the state and joins the Ganges beyond the state borders (in Bihar).

Much of the area of Uttar Pradesh is covered by a deep layer of alluvium spread by the slow-moving rivers of the Ganges system. Those extremely fertile alluvial soils range from sandy to clayey loam. The soils in the southern part of the state are generally mixed red and black or red-to-yellow.

The climate of Uttar Pradesh is the tropical monsoon type, with warm weather year-round. Average high temperatures in Lucknow range from about 70 °F (low 20s C) in January to over 100 °F (38 °C) in May and June. High temperatures of about 120 °F (50 °C) have been recorded at Gonda , northwest of Faizabad .

Annual rainfall in the state ranges from 40–80 inches (1,000–2,000 mm) in the east to 24–40 inches (600–1,000 mm) in the west. About 90 percent of the rainfall occurs during the southwest monsoon, lasting from about June to September. With most of the rainfall concentrated during that four-month period, floods are a recurring problem and can cause fatalities and heavy damage to crops and property, particularly in the eastern part of the state. Periodic failure of monsoons results in drought conditions.

The vegetation of Uttar Pradesh consists mostly of scrub. Forests are generally concentrated in the southern uplands. Animals of the region include tigers, leopards, elephants, wild boars, and crocodiles, as well as pigeons, doves, wild ducks, partridges, peafowls, blue jays, quails, and woodpeckers. Several species, such as lions from the Gangetic Plain, have become extinct. To preserve its wildlife, the state has established several game sanctuaries.

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India. In the early 21st century it had an overall population density of more than twice the national average. The Gangetic Plain supports the overwhelming majority of the state’s population.

Some one-fifth of the state’s people are classified officially as Scheduled Castes (formerly called “ untouchables ”; groups that officially occupy a low position within the caste system). A much tinier proportion of the people are officially classified as Scheduled Tribes (generally applied to indigenous peoples who fall outside the predominant Indian social hierarchy ). The vast majority of the people, including members of all levels of the caste hierarchy, are Hindus . Muslims are the largest religious minority. There also are relatively small groups of Sikhs, Christians, Jains, and Buddhists. Hindi is an official language of the state and the mother tongue of most of the people. Urdu , additionally an official state language, is primarily spoken by Muslims. The vernacular Hindustani is widely understood.

The majority of the state’s population lives in rural areas. The rural settlements are characterized by compact villages in the western part of the state, groupings of hamlets in the eastern part, and a combination of the two in the central part. A traditional village in Uttar Pradesh is a cluster of mud huts with roofs made of thatch (such as straw) or clay tiles and few amenities of modern living. Villages near the cities, however, are likely to have cement-plastered homes, paved roads, and electricity.

Most urbanites live in cities with populations of more than 100,000. Among the largest cities of Uttar Pradesh are Kanpur , Lucknow , Agra , Varanasi , Meerut , and Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad). Kanpur, located in the central portion of the state, is the premier industrial city of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow, the state capital, is about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Kanpur. Agra, in the western part of the state, is the site of the Taj Mahal , a mausoleum built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (ruled 1628–58) in memory of his wife; it is the most famous tourist attraction in India. Varanasi, the city most sacred to Hindus, is one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities. Meerut, northeast of Delhi , is an important centre of transportation, trade, and industry. Prayagraj (on the site of the ancient holy city of Prayag), located at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, is another city sacred to Hindus.

The population of Uttar Pradesh continues to grow at a high rate. Because of that high growth rate and a substantial reduction in infant mortality in the 20th century, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of young adults and children. The sex ratio also has improved and since the early 21st century has exceeded 900 females per 1,000 males. Toward the end of the 19th century, dire poverty and the promise of better opportunities forced many people of the region to emigrate to distant lands, such as South Africa , Mauritius , Fiji , and the West Indies . More recently, however, out-migration from Uttar Pradesh has been mainly to other parts of India, particularly to large cities such as Kolkata , Mumbai , and Delhi.

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Sharpening India’s anti-tuberculosis fight Premium

With the availability of game-changing new treatments, india must recast its tb-elimination programmes.

Updated - August 29, 2024 02:12 am IST

Published - August 29, 2024 12:08 am IST

‘India bears over a quarter of the global TB burden’ | Photo Credit: Getty Images

The omnipresence of tuberculosis (TB) in the pages of history and literature is testimony to how the disease has plagued generations across the world and continues to be a major problem even today. India bears over a quarter of the global TB burden. Political will in India has helped drive a great deal of progress in the fight against the disease. For example, in 2023, addressing the big challenge of ‘missed’ TB cases, 25.1 lakh patients were diagnosed in India as having TB, highlighting strengthened case finding efforts. However, as we work toward the goal of TB elimination — the Prime Minister has urged citizens to work towards TB elimination — we must look to innovate and deploy proven technologies and tools at our disposal.

Regimens and issues

The first low-hanging fruit that I believe must be invested in urgently is new shorter regimens for drug-resistant TB. It has been encouraging to learn that India will soon introduce the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended shorter regimen for drug-resistant TB. The current regimens on offer are long and arduous, requiring patients to consume nearly 13 to 14 tablets every day if they are on the shorter nine to 11-month regimen, or four to five tablets every day if they have been put on the 18 to 24 month longer regimen. The treatment is physically and psychologically draining and has severe side effects, such as loss of hearing, and even psychosis.

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Moreover, a problem with such an extended treatment regimen that requires regular visits to a TB clinic for nearly two years is loss of employment, driving many families into poverty.

In 2022, WHO recommended the shorter, safer and more effective regimens called BPaL/M for all drug-resistant TB patients, and there is a lot of recent data that show this regimen to be more effective with better compliance. With only three to four tablets every day, patients can complete their treatment within six months, with minimal side effects. The success rates of this regimen are also reported to be higher — 89% as compared to the 68% treatment success rate reported in the country in the 2023 India TB Report. Given its efficacy, close to 80 countries around the world have already procured the BPaL/M regimen and about 20 of the highest burden countries are already rolling it out.

Research indicates that savings from implementing this regimen will be between 40% to 90% of the cost of current treatment regimens, and that an immediate transition to BPaL/M could result in an annual saving of approximately $740 million (or approximately ₹6,180 crore) for health systems globally. This is a more effective and safer solution to treat drug-resistant TB and we must work on expediting access to this regimen to all eligible patients across the country.

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Karnataka’s TB prevalence to notification ratio far higher than national average

Making the best use of new treatments

The next question is this. How do we go about diagnosing more people with TB so that they can benefit from these game-changing new treatments? The answer lies in making sure that we are screening and testing quickly and efficiently to reduce delays in accurate diagnosis. For this, a proactive approach is essential. It is time we modernised and used health datasets, which include GIS mapping, to identify vulnerable populations such as those with comorbidities (for example, malnutrition, diabetes and HIV), former COVID-19 patients, and at-risk communities in slums, prisons, or those who are homeless. Targeted multi-disease focused screening drives can then be conducted to detect TB cases early, even among those without typical symptoms.

In fact, recent evidence highlights that a significant number of people with pulmonary (i.e., lung) TB may not exhibit recognisable symptoms such as cough, fever, weight loss, or night sweats. The National TB Prevalence Survey (2019-21) highlights the importance of chest X-rays, which detected 42.6% of cases that would have otherwise been missed. Leveraging advancements in technology, portable X-ray machines equipped with AI-driven tools can significantly reduce diagnostic delays, especially in remote and under-resourced areas.

Further, there is a critical need to expand the use of rapid molecular tests over less sensitive microscopy methods for faster detection and drug resistance profiling. This shift is crucial in promptly identifying TB cases and determining appropriate treatment options. In short, by proactively identifying at-risk populations and investing in and leveraging advanced/innovative diagnostic technologies, we can improve TB detection rates, reduce delays, and enhance treatment outcomes.

As we look to eliminate tuberculosis and and make our country TB-free, prioritising these essential areas will be critical as these will be an investment in a healthier future for all of us.

Dr. Randeep Guleria is the Chairman of the Institute of Internal Medicine and Respiratory and Sleep Medicine at Medanta, Gurugram, and a former Director of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

Related Topics

tuberculosis / India / health treatment / India / Prime Minister Narendra Modi / prescription drugs / health / employment / poverty / personal data collection / technology (general) / population / diabetes / AIDS / nutrition and diet / Coronavirus / prison / pulmonary disease / Artificial Intelligence / politics

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