essay on freedom in india

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Essay on Freedom Fighters of India - 100, 200, 500 Words

India saw some brave and audacious freedom fighters who fought relentlessly to free their country from the British rule. India's freedom was largely attributed to the contributions of its heroes, Bhagat Singh, Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Laxmi Bai, Subhash Chandra Bose, to name some of them. Every freedom fighter contributed something unique to make India a lovely country to live in. Here are a few sample essays on ‘Indian Freedom Fighters’.

100 Words Essay On Freedom Fighters

India attained independence on August 15, 1947, as a result of the valiant freedom struggle led by its great warriors. Our freedom fighters contributed to fighting a number of conflicts, movements, battles, and upheavals.

Significant contributions have been made by outstanding liberation fighters like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dr Rajendra Prasad, Dr Lal Bahadur Shastri, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, and Mahatma Gandhi.

Freedom fighters not only battled to protect their country, but also for everyone who suffered in silence and lost their family, freedom, or even the right to live independently. The people of the country have a great deal of respect for the freedom fighters.

200 Words Essay On Freedom Fighters

India owes its freedom to its valiant freedom fighters. They are the reason why we can take the privilege of celebrating an Independence Day. They were revolutionaries, and some of them employed non-violence as a tool to combat the British. Because of the effort made by our freedom fighters to achieve independence, India finally attained independence on August 15, 1947.

My Favourite Freedom Fighters

Mahatma Gandhi, popularly known as the 'Father of the Nation', is someone I adore dearly and is one of my favourite freedom fighters. He chose the path of non-violence and achieved liberation using just the truth and peace, not any weapons.

Another great freedom fighter was Rani Lakshmi Bai, a strong woman who had a lot to teach by example. Despite facing so many challenges, she battled for the nation. The mother never abandoned her nation for the sake of her kid; rather, she took him to the front lines of the war against injustice.

After a century of revolution, bloodshed, and wars, we were able to take back our freedom from the British. We live in a democratic, independent country because of these outstanding leaders. Numerous freedom fighters struggled to defend the people from British injustice, exploitation, and cruelty. It was their sheer love and dedication for the country and its people that they took India back from the British.

500 Words Essay on Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters are individuals who dedicate their lives to fighting for the freedom of their people. They are willing to put their own lives on the line in order to bring about change and to stand up for what is right.

Learnings From Freedom Fighters

One of the most important lessons that can be learned from freedom fighters is the importance of standing up for what you believe in. Freedom fighters are not afraid to speak out against injustice and oppression, even when it means putting themselves in harm's way. They show us that it is possible to make a difference in the world, even when the odds are against us.

Another important lesson is the power of perseverance. Freedom fighters are often fighting against powerful and entrenched systems of oppression, and they know that the road to freedom is long and difficult. But they do not give up. They continue to fight, even when the going gets tough, because they know that their cause is just and that freedom is worth fighting for.

Freedom fighters also teach us the importance of empathy and compassion. They understand the suffering of others and they are willing to put themselves in harm's way in order to alleviate that suffering. They show us that it is possible to be selfless and to work for the greater good, even in the face of adversity.

Lastly, freedom fighters remind us of the power of unity. They know that they cannot fight for freedom alone. They rely on the support and solidarity of others in order to achieve their goals. They remind us that when we come together and stand united, we are stronger and more effective in fighting for what is right.

My Experience

I was working as a journalist in a war-torn country when I met a freedom fighter named Ahmed. He was a young man who had dedicated his life to fighting for the freedom of his people. I was immediately drawn to his passion and conviction.

I spent time with Ahmed and his group, learning about their cause and the harsh realities of the war they were fighting. I saw firsthand the atrocities committed by the ruling regime, and the bravery and sacrifice of those who fought against it.

Through Ahmed, I came to understand the true meaning of freedom and the importance of standing up for what is right, even in the face of overwhelming odds. His courage and selflessness inspired me to become more involved in the fight for freedom and to use my platform as a journalist to raise awareness about the struggle.

Meeting Ahmed changed my life in many ways. It opened my eyes to the suffering of others and taught me the power of empathy and compassion. It also made me realise the importance of taking action to make a difference in the world. I will always be grateful for the time I spent with Ahmed and his group, and I will continue to fight for freedom in their honour.

Also Read: Republic Day Speech in English for Students

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Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

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Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India | Indian Freedom Struggle Essay “, We will read about the overview of the Indian Freedom Struggle as an Essay in detail. So…

Let’s Start…

Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India In 500+ Words

Introduction the indian freedom struggle has great importance in the history of india . the people of entire india fought a lot to get the country freedom from the slavery of the british..

For the sake of freedom, our great freedom fighters sacrificed their lives by laughing without worrying about their lives.

If, at that time, the countrymen had not raised their voice against the British, then perhaps even today the country would have been slavery to the British.

The Arrival Of British In India

Initially, the British came to India in the year 1600 with the objective of doing business under the name of East India Company .

Under the guise of silk, tea, and the cotton trade , he started spreading chaos in India and gradually made the country his slave.

And after that, the British took the rule of the entire country into their hands and started persecuting the Indians.

And due to this, gradually the demand for freedom started arising in the country.

The Revolt Of 1857

Fed up with the dictatorship of the British, the countrymen decided to end British rule.

And in the year 1857, the first freedom struggle was started by an Indian soldier Mangal Pandey .

This struggle was a great event against British rule.

This struggle was not accidental but a result of the discontent of the entire century. A great plan was made and implemented for this.

The revolt of 1857 which began with the revolt of military personnel in Meerut soon spread throughout India and posed a serious challenge to British rule.

Along with soldiers, common citizens, large princely states of the country also participated in this struggle.

Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi fought a glorious war against the British and led her forces.

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Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs , and all other brave sons of India fought against the British and resolved to remove British rule from the country.

This revolution was controlled by the British rule within 1 year which started in Meerut on 10 May 1857 and ended in Gwalior on 20 June 1858.

Indian Freedom Struggle During 1857-1947

The British rule gradually began to falter due to the revolution of 1857. One after the other, many movements were started against the British.

During that time, there were many such movements that played an important role in securing independence for India.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was also one of these major movements that were started against the British monopoly on salt.

It was started in 1930 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , which started with Gandhiji’s famous Dandi March.

Meanwhile, Bhagat Singh is hanged for his country at the age of just 23.

The death of Lala Lajpat Rai encouraged him to fight against the British.

Bhagat Singh avenged this by killing Officer John Sanders and he was also prosecuted for the Lahore Conspiracy.

And on the night of 23 March 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged along with Sukhdev and Rajguru . After this, the Quit India Movement started in 1942.

This movement showed a ray of hope to the people of India, but despite difficult struggles, this movement was not so successful. But it shook the roots of British rule.

Similarly, many freedom fighters like Subhash Chandra Bose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, etc . struggled a lot to make the country independent.

Soon the British rulers signed an agreement and decided to leave India and India got independence on 15 August 1947 .

In this way, the country got independence after a stiff struggle of Indian soldiers as well as freedom fighters . And with this, many freedom fighters had sacrificed their lives.

Conclusion (Essay On Freedom Struggle Of India)

The history of the Indian freedom struggle is very vast.

Many such incidents like the Rowlatt Act, Simon Commission, Jallianwala Bagh massacre , etc  which played an important role in the independence of India.

All of us should also take inspiration from the struggle for independence and the spirit of dedication towards the country should always be kept in mind.

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Essay on Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters in India are heroes who dedicated their lives to liberating our country from colonial rule. In this essay, we will delve into their inspiring stories and the significant impact they had on shaping India’s history.

Defining Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters were individuals who valiantly opposed British colonial rule in India. They used various methods, from nonviolent resistance to armed struggle, to fight for the nation’s independence. Their unwavering commitment and bravery set the stage for a free India.

The Importance of India’s Independence

India’s struggle for independence was one of the most significant movements in world history. Statistics show that it played a pivotal role in ending colonialism and inspiring other nations to seek freedom. India’s independence served as a beacon of hope for oppressed people worldwide.

Mahatma Gandhi :The Father of the Nation

Mahatma Gandhi, often referred to as the “Father of the Nation,” was a prominent freedom fighter known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance. Experts agree that his leadership and principles played a crucial role in India’s independence.

Subhas Chandra Bose: The Spirited Leader

Subhas Chandra Bose, a charismatic and determined leader, believed in a more direct approach to freedom. His efforts to mobilize the Indian National Army (INA) inspired many. Experts recognize his role in strengthening the fight against British rule.

Jawaharlal Nehru – The Visionary Statesman

Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, was not only a freedom fighter but also a visionary leader. He played a significant role in shaping India’s future as a democratic nation. Experts credit his leadership in steering India towards progress.

Sardar Patel :The Unifier

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, known as the “Iron Man of India,” played a crucial role in uniting the princely states to form a unified India after independence. Experts acknowledge his contributions to national integration.

Role of Women Freedom Fighters

Women freedom fighters, such as Sarojini Naidu and Rani Lakshmibai, played essential roles in the struggle for independence. Their dedication and courage inspired countless others to join the fight.

Legacy of India’s Freedom Fighters

The legacy of India’s freedom fighters lives on in the hearts of its citizens. They serve as a source of inspiration, reminding us of the importance of freedom, unity, and perseverance.

Conclusion of Essay on Freedom Fighters

In conclusion, India’s freedom fighters were true champions of independence. Their dedication, courage, and leadership paved the way for a free and democratic India. Their legacy continues to inspire us to value and protect the hard-earned freedom we enjoy today. India’s history is a testament to the power of determination and unity, as demonstrated by these remarkable individuals. As we remember their sacrifices, let us carry forward their spirit of patriotism and work towards building a better, inclusive, and progressive India.

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Essay on Freedom in 100, 200 and 300 Words

• Updated on  
• Nov 15, 2023

Before starting to write an essay on freedom, you must understand what this multifaceted term means. Freedom is not just a term, but a concept holding several meanings. Freedom generally refers to being able to act, speak or think as one wants without any restrictions or hindrances. Freedom encompasses the ability to make independent decisions and express your thoughts without any fear so that one can achieve their goals and aspirations. Let’s check out some essays on freedom for more brief information.

Table of Contents

• 1 Essay on Freedom in 100 Words
• 2 Essay on Freedom in 200 Words
• 3 Essay on Freedom in 300 Words

Also Read: English Essay Topics

Also Read: How to Write an Essay in English

Also Read: Speech on Republic Day for Class 12th

Essay on Freedom in 100 Words

Freedom is considered the essence of human existence because it serves as the cornerstone on which societal developments and individual identities are shaped. Countries with democracy consider freedom as one of the fundamental rights for every individual to make choices and live life according to their free will, desires and aspirations. This free will to make decisions has been a driving force behind countless movements, revolutions and societal progress throughout history.

Political freedom entails the right to participate in governance, express dissent, and engage in public discourse without the threat of censorship or retribution. It is the bedrock of democratic societies, fostering an environment where diverse voices can be heard.

Also Read: In Pursuit of Freedom- India’s Journey to Independence From 1857 to 1947

Essay on Freedom in 200 Words

Freedom is considered the lifeblood of human progress and the foundation of a just and equitable society. It is a beacon of hope that inspires individuals to strive for a world where every person can live with dignity and pursue their dreams without fear or constraint. Some consider freedom as the catalyst for personal growth and the cultivation of one’s unique identity, enabling individuals to explore their full potential and contribute their talents to the world.

• On a personal level, freedom is synonymous with autonomy and self-determination . It grants individuals the liberty to choose their paths, make decisions in accordance with their values, and pursue their passions without the shackles of external influence.
• In the political sphere, it underpins the democratic process, allowing individuals to participate in governance and express their opinions without retribution.
• Socially, it ensures equality and respect for all, regardless of differences in race, gender, or beliefs.

However, freedom comes with the responsibility to exercise it within the bounds of respect for others and collective well-being. Balancing individual liberties with the greater good is crucial for maintaining societal harmony. Upholding freedom requires a commitment to fostering a world where everyone can live with dignity and pursue their aspirations without undue restrictions.

Also read: Essay on Isaac Newton

Essay on Freedom in 300 Words

Freedom is considered the inherent right that lies at the core of human existence. It encompasses the ability to think, act and speak without any restrictions or coercion, allowing individuals to pursue their aspirations and live their lives according to their own values and beliefs. Ranging from personal to political domains, freedom shapes the essence of human dignity and progress.

• In the political sphere, freedom is the bedrock of democratic societies, fostering an environment where citizens have the right to participate in the decision-making process, voice their concerns, and hold their leaders accountable.
• It serves as a safeguard against tyranny and authoritarian government , ensuring that governance remains transparent, inclusive, and responsive to the needs of the people.
• Social freedom is essential for fostering inclusivity and equality within communities. It demands the eradication of discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or any other characteristic, creating a space where every individual is treated with dignity and respect.
• Social freedom facilitates the celebration of diversity and the recognition of the intrinsic worth of every human being, promoting a society that thrives on mutual understanding and cooperation.
• On an individual or personal level, freedom signifies the autonomy to make choices, follow one’s passions, and cultivate a sense of self-worth. It encourages individuals to pursue their aspirations and fulfil their potential, fostering personal growth and fulfilment.
• The ability to express oneself freely and to pursue one’s ambitions without fear of reprisal or oppression is integral to the development of a healthy and vibrant society.

However, exercising freedom necessitates a responsible approach that respects the rights and freedoms of others. The delicate balance between individual liberty and collective well-being demands a conscientious understanding of the impact of one’s actions on the broader community. Upholding and protecting the principles of freedom requires a collective commitment to fostering an environment where everyone can thrive and contribute to the betterment of humanity.

Freedom generally refers to being able to act, speak or think as one wants without any restrictions or hindrances. Freedom encompasses the ability to make independent decisions and express your thoughts without any fear so that one can achieve their goals and aspirations.

Someone with free will to think, act and speak without any external restrictions is considered a free person. However, this is the bookish definition of this broader concept, where the ground reality can be far different than this.

Writing an essay on freedom in 100 words requires you to describe the definition of this term, and what it means at different levels, such as individual or personal, social and political. freedom comes with the responsibility to exercise it within the bounds of respect for others and collective well-being.

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Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Essay on Freedom Fighters for Students and Children

500+ words essay on freedom fighters.

Freedom fighters were people who sacrificed their lives selflessly for the freedom of their country. Every country has its fair share of freedom fighters . People look up to them in terms of patriotism and love for one’s country. They are considered the epitome of patriotic people.

Freedom fighters made sacrifices which one cannot even imagine of doing for their loved ones, leave alone the country. The amount of pain, hardships, and opposite they have endured cannot be put into words. The generations after them will always be indebted to them for their selfless sacrifices and hard work .

Importance of Freedom Fighters

One cannot emphasize enough on the importance of freedom fighters. After all, they are the ones because of whom we celebrate Independence Day . No matter how small a role they played, they are very much significant today as they were in those times. Moreover, they revolted against the colonizers so as to stand up for the country and its people.

Furthermore, most of the freedom fighters even went to war to safeguard the freedom of their people. It did not matter that they had no training; they did it for the pure intention of making their country free. Most of the freedom fighters sacrificed their lives in the war for independence.

Most importantly, freedom fighters inspired and motivated others to fight injustice. They are the pillars behind the freedom movement. They made people aware of their rights and their power. It is all because of the freedom fighters that we prospered into a free country free from any kind of colonizers or injustice.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

My Favourite Freedom Fighters

Secondly, Rani Lakshmi Bai was a great freedom fighter. I have learned so many things from this empowering woman. She fought for the country despite so many hardships. A mother never gave up her country because of her child, instead took him to the battlefield to fight against injustice. Moreover, she was so inspiring in numerous ways.

Next, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose comes in my list. He led the Indian National Army to show the power of India to the British. His famous line remains to be ‘give me your blood and I will give you freedom.’

Finally, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was also one of the greatest leaders. Despite being from a rich family, he gave up the easy life and fought for India’s freedom. He was imprisoned a number of times but that did not stop him from fighting against injustice. He was a great inspiration to many.

In short, freedom fighters are what made our country what it is today. However, we see nowadays people are fighting for everything they stood against. We must come together to not let communal hatred come between and live up to the Indian dream of these freedom fighters. Only then will we honor their sacrifices and memory.

FAQ on Freedom Fighters

Q.1 Why were freedom fighters important?

A.1 Freedom fighters made our country independent. They gave up their lives so we could have a bright future free from colonization.

Q.2 Name some of the Indian freedom fighters.

A.2 Some of the famous India freedom fighters were Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

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Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation

• 1. Religious freedom, discrimination and communal relations

Table of Contents

• The dimensions of Hindu nationalism in India
• India’s Muslims express pride in being Indian while identifying communal tensions, desiring segregation
• Muslims, Hindus diverge over legacy of Partition
• Religious conversion in India
• Religion very important across India’s religious groups
• Near-universal belief in God, but wide variation in how God is perceived
• Across India’s religious groups, widespread sharing of beliefs, practices, values
• Religious identity in India: Hindus divided on whether belief in God is required to be a Hindu, but most say eating beef is disqualifying
• Sikhs are proud to be Punjabi and Indian
• 2. Diversity and pluralism
• 3. Religious segregation
• 4. Attitudes about caste
• 5. Religious identity
• 6. Nationalism and politics
• 7. Religious practices
• 8. Religion, family and children
• 9. Religious clothing and personal appearance
• 10. Religion and food
• 11. Religious beliefs
• 12. Beliefs about God
• Acknowledgments
• Appendix A: Methodology
• Appendix B: Index of religious segregation

Indians generally see high levels of religious freedom in their country. Overwhelming majorities of people in each major religious group, as well as in the overall public, say they are “very free” to practice their religion. Smaller shares, though still majorities within each religious community, say people of other religions also are very free to practice their religion. Relatively few Indians – including members of religious minority communities – perceive religious discrimination as widespread.

At the same time, perceptions of discrimination vary a great deal by region. For example, Muslims in the Central region of the country are generally less likely than Muslims elsewhere to say there is a lot of religious discrimination in India. And Muslims in the North and Northeast are much more likely than Muslims in other regions to report that they, personally, have experienced recent discrimination.

Indians also widely consider communal violence to be an issue of national concern (along with other problems, such as unemployment and corruption). Most people across different religious backgrounds, education levels and age groups say communal violence is a very big problem in India.

The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 remains a subject of disagreement. Overall, the survey finds mixed views on whether the establishment of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan alleviated communal tensions or stoked them. On balance, Muslims tend to see Partition as a “bad thing” for Hindu-Muslim relations, while Hindus lean slightly toward viewing it as a “good thing.”

Most Indians say they and others are very free to practice their religion

The vast majority of Indians say they are very free today to practice their religion (91%), and all of India’s major religious groups share this sentiment: Roughly nine-in-ten Buddhists (93%), Hindus (91%), Muslims (89%) and Christians (89%) say they are very free to practice their religion, as do 85% of Jains and 82% of Sikhs.

Broadly speaking, Indians are more likely to view themselves as having a high degree of religious freedom than to say that people of other religions are very free to practice their faiths. Still, 79% of the overall public – and about two-thirds or more of the members of each of the country’s major religious communities – say that people belonging to other religions are very free to practice their faiths in India today.

Generally, these attitudes do not vary substantially among Indians of different ages, educational backgrounds or geographic regions. Indians in the Northeast are somewhat less likely than those elsewhere to see widespread religious freedom for people of other faiths – yet even in the Northeast, a solid majority (60%) say there is a high level of religious freedom for other religious communities in India.

Most people do not see evidence of widespread religious discrimination in India

Most people in India do not see a lot of religious discrimination against any of the country’s six major religious groups. In general, Hindus, Muslims and Christians are slightly more likely to say there is a lot of discrimination against their own religious community than to say there is a lot of discrimination against people of other faiths. Still, no more than about one-quarter of the followers of any of the country’s major faiths say they face widespread discrimination.

Generally, Indians’ opinions about religious discrimination do not vary substantially by gender, age or educational background. For example, among college graduates, 19% say there is a lot of discrimination against Hindus, compared with 21% among adults with less education.

Within religious groups as well, people of different ages, as well as both men and women, tend to have similar opinions on religious discrimination.

However, there are large regional variations in perceptions of religious discrimination. For example, among Muslims who live in the Central part of the country, just one-in-ten say there is widespread discrimination against Muslims in India, compared with about one-third of those who live in the North (35%) and Northeast (31%). (For more information on measures of religious discrimination in the Northeast, see “ In Northeast India, people perceive more religious discrimination ” below.)

Among Muslims, perceptions of discrimination against their community can vary somewhat based on their level of religious observance. For instance, about a quarter of Muslims across the country who pray daily say there is a lot of discrimination against Muslims (26%), compared with 19% of Muslims nationwide who pray less often. This difference by observance is pronounced in the North, where 39% of Muslims who pray every day say there is a lot of discrimination against Muslims in India, roughly twice the share among those in the same region who pray less often (20%).

Most Indians report no recent discrimination based on their religion

The survey also asked respondents about their personal experiences with discrimination. In all, 17% of Indians report facing recent discrimination based on their religion. Roughly one-in-five Muslims (21%) and 17% of Hindus say that in the last 12 months they themselves have faced discrimination because of their religion, as do 18% of Sikhs. By contrast, Christians are less likely to say they have felt discriminated against because of their religion (10%), and similar shares of Buddhists and Jains (13% each) fall into this category.

Nationally, men and women and people belonging to different age groups do not differ significantly from each other in their experiences with religious discrimination. People who have a college degree, however, are somewhat less likely than those with less formal schooling to say they have experienced religious discrimination in the past year.

Within religious groups, experiences with discrimination vary based on region of residence and other factors. Among Muslims, for instance, 40% of those living in Northern India and 36% in the Northeast say they have faced recent religious discrimination, compared with no more than one-in-five in the Southern, Central, Eastern and Western regions.

Experiences with religious discrimination also are more common among Muslims who are more religious and those who report recent financial hardship (that is, they have not been able to afford food, housing or medical care for themselves or their families in the last year).

Muslims who have a favorable view of the Indian National Congress party (INC) are more likely than Muslims with an unfavorable view of the party to say they have experienced religious discrimination (26% vs. 15%). Among Northern Muslims, those who have a favorable view of the INC are much more likely than those who don’t approve of the INC to say they have experienced discrimination (45% vs. 23%). (Muslims in the country, and especially Muslims in the North, tend to say they voted for the Congress party in the 2019 election. See Chapter 6 .)

Hindus with less education and those who have recently experienced poverty also are more likely to say they have experienced religious discrimination.

In Northeast India, people perceive more religious discrimination

Less than 5% of India’s population lives in the eight isolated states of the country’s Northeastern region. This region broadly lags behind the country in economic development indicators. And this small segment of the population has a linguistic and religious makeup that differs drastically from the rest of the country.

According to the 2011 census of India, Hindus are still the majority religious group (58%), but they are less prevalent in the Northeast than elsewhere (81% nationally). The smaller proportion of Hindus there is offset by the highest shares of Christians (16% vs. 2% nationally) and Muslims (22% vs. 13% nationally) in any region. And based on the survey, the region also has a higher share of Scheduled Tribes than any other region in the country (25% vs. 9% nationally), and half of Scheduled Tribe members in the Northeast are Christians.

Indians in the Northeast are more likely than those elsewhere to perceive high levels of religious discrimination. For example, roughly four-in-ten in the region say there is a lot of discrimination against Muslims in India, about twice the share of North Indians who say the same thing (41% vs. 22%).

Much of the Northeast’s perception of high religious discrimination is driven by Hindus in the region. A slim majority of Northeastern Hindus (55%) say there is widespread discrimination against Hindus in India, while almost as many (53%) say Muslims face a lot of discrimination. Substantial shares of Hindus in the Northeast say other religious communities also face such mistreatment.

The region’s other religious communities are less likely to say there is religious discrimination in India. For example, while 44% of Northeastern Hindus say Christians face a lot of discrimination, only one-in-five Christians in the Northeast perceive this level of discrimination against their own group. By contrast, at the national level, Christians are more likely than Hindus to see a lot of discrimination against Christians (18% vs. 10%).

People in the Northeast also are more likely to report experiencing religious discrimination. While 17% of individuals nationally say they personally have felt religious discrimination in the last 12 months, one-third of those surveyed in the Northeast say they have had such an experience. Northeastern Hindus, in particular, are much more likely than Hindus elsewhere to report recent religious discrimination (37% vs. 17% nationally).

Most Indians see communal violence as a very big problem in the country

Most Indians (65%) say communal violence – a term broadly used to describe violence between religious groups – is a “very big problem” in their country (the term was not defined for respondents). This includes identical shares of Hindus and Muslims (65% each) who say this.

But even larger majorities identify several other national problems. Unemployment tops the list of national concerns, with 84% of Indians saying this is a very big problem. And roughly three-quarters of Indian adults see corruption (76%), crime (76%) and violence against women (75%) as very big national issues. (The survey was designed and mostly conducted before the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.)

Indians across nearly every religious group, caste category and region consistently rank unemployment as the top national concern. Buddhists, who overwhelmingly belong to disadvantaged castes, widely rank unemployment as a major concern (86%), while just a slim majority see communal violence as a very big problem (56%).

Sikhs are more likely than other major religious groups in India to say communal violence is a major issue (78%). This concern is especially pronounced among college-educated Sikhs (87%).

Among Hindus, those who are more religious are more likely to see communal violence as a major issue: Fully 67% of Hindus who say religion is very important in their lives consider communal violence a major issue, compared with 58% among those who say religion is less important to them.

Indians in different regions of the country also differ in their concern about communal violence: Three-quarters of Indians in the Northeast say communal violence is a very big problem, compared with 59% in the West. Concerns about communal violence are widespread in the national capital of Delhi, where 78% of people say this is a major issue. During fieldwork for this study, major protests broke out in New Delhi (and elsewhere) following the BJP-led government’s passing of a new bill, which creates an expedited path to citizenship for immigrants from some neighboring countries – but not Muslims.

Indians divided on the legacy of Partition for Hindu-Muslim relations

The end of Britain’s colonial rule in India, in 1947, was accompanied by the separation of Hindu-majority India from Muslim-majority Pakistan and massive migration in both directions. Nearly three-quarters of a century later, Indians are divided over the legacy of Partition.

About four-in-ten (41%) say the partition of India and Pakistan was a good thing for Hindu-Muslim relations, while a similar share (39%) say it was a bad thing. The rest of the population (20%) does not provide a clear answer, saying Partition was neither a good thing nor a bad thing, that it depends, or that they don’t know or cannot answer the question. There are no clear patterns by age, gender, education or party preference on opinions on this question.

Among Muslims, the predominant view is that Partition was a bad thing (48%) for Hindu-Muslim relations. Fewer see it as a good thing (30%). Hindus are more likely than Muslims to say Partition was a good thing for Hindu-Muslim relations (43%) and less likely to say it was a bad thing (37%).

Of the country’s six major religious groups, Sikhs have the most negative view of the role Partition played in Hindu-Muslim relations: Nearly two-thirds (66%) say it was a bad thing.

Most Indian Sikhs live in Punjab, along the border with Pakistan. The broader Northern region (especially Punjab) was strongly impacted by the partition of the subcontinent, and Northern Indians as a whole lean toward the position that Partition was a bad thing for Hindu-Muslim relations (48%) rather than a good thing (39%).

The South is the furthest region from the borders affected by Partition, and Southern Indians are about twice as likely to say that Partition was good as to say that it was bad for Hindu-Muslim relations (50% vs. 26%).

Attitudes toward Partition also vary considerably by region within specific religious groups. Among Muslims in the North and West, most say Partition was a bad thing for Hindu-Muslim relations (55% of Muslims in both regions). In the Eastern and Central parts of the country as well, Muslim public opinion leans toward the view that Partition was a bad thing for communal relations. By contrast, Muslims in the South and Northeast tend to see Partition as good for Hindu-Muslim relations.

Among Hindus, meanwhile, those in the North are closely divided on the issue, with 44% saying Partition was a good thing and 42% saying it was a bad thing. But in the West and South, Hindus tend to see Partition as a good thing for communal relations.

Poorer Hindus – that is, those who say they have been unable to afford basic necessities like food, housing and medical care in the last year – tend to say Partition was a good thing. But opinions are more divided among Hindus who have not recently experienced poverty (39% say it was a good thing, while 40% say it was a bad thing). Muslims who have not experienced recent financial hardship, however, are especially likely to see Partition as a bad thing: Roughly half (51%) say Partition was a bad thing for Hindu-Muslim relations, while only about a quarter (24%) see it as a good thing.

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Essay on “The Misinterpretation and Misuse of Freedom in India” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

The Misinterpretation and Misuse of Freedom in India

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the indisputable proponent of the freedom struggle against the alien rulers declared: “Freedom is my birthright, and I shall have it”. This idea emanated when our great motherland was endeavouring to dislodge the British rule from every speck of land of India and thereby reincarnated a feeling of profound motivation and colossa’ pride in the hearts of the countrymen. He had hardly fancied hat his under laid definition of freedom would be jettisoned and discarded within a span of a few years. Freedom for Tilak had a meaning, it was a divine message from the almighty, to a carve his motherland into an Elysium. Contrarily, in the present context the world has derogated its meaning and substance, the basic essence of the notion has been shamelessly liquidated and has been given a ‘modern’ definition. Freedom, today stands explicitly as a tool to carve and maximise personal expedience and shun the rights and interests of one’s counterparts.

What are the ground realities that we face today? It is common knowledge that freedom in India—as distinct from freedom for India—has been steadfastly abused through misinterpretation and misuse. At times, it has been gagged and suppressed. Although we have given unto ourselves a Welfare State, have we been able to live up to the promises enshrined in our Constitution? Are we truly socialist, secular and democratic—both in word and deed? This certainly calls for introspection.

Articles 19-22 of the Constitution of India deal with the rights of freedom that are flexible and broad-based. Although reasonable restrictions may be placed on the six fundamental freedoms in public interest, there is no ambiguity that may lead to their misinterpretation and misuse. In addition, the much-needed and expected Government bodies—an impartial judicial system and the police force—have acted as bulwarks against any curbs on freedom.

It goes without saying that recourse to law and the judicial system is a long-drawn process in India and the police force have, time and again, failed to do their duty to the common man. The police is by and large, inefficient and corrupt besides being terribly under-staffed. This puts our freedom in cold storage. These Government agencies have, time and again, thrown cold water on the lofty ideals of freedom cherished by all of us and enshrined in our Constitution; they have often been reduced to pious utterances.

The most important factor, however, for misinterpreting the ideal of freedom is the bulk of our population that is illiterate. It is the people’s ignorance of their rights and duties that leads to the misinterpretation and misuse of freedom. People tend to use and exploit their sense of freedom in a reckless manner by airing partial, personal and ambiguous views on every subject under the sun in the guise of freedom of expression, thus making a caricature of this Fundamental Right. Participation in public affairs can be effective only when the citizens are adequately educated and can distinguish between the right and the wrong. Their ignorance has spread to almost all areas of human activity. Education helps make democracy a success. Sadly enough, this has not happened in this country so far.

 This also explains the plight of women in our society. The rate of female literacy is much lower than male literacy. Although a few women have made their mark in their chosen areas of work, most of our womenfolk are treated as second-class citizens and deprived even of basic human rights. They are treated like dumb-driven cattle. They keep on bearing children because, on account of lack of adequate education and awareness that it generates, they keep on adding to the country’s population. The knowledge of contraception is woeful, if not altogether lacking.

The most lethal misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India, however, comes from the elite and privileged few. They are a law unto themselves. Our political leaders and their progeny, the industry mughals, the highly placed officials and the nouveu rich are the culprits in this regard. They flaunt their power and pelf shamelessly. They feel—and in this, they are often right—that they can get away with anything they do because they have the right connections to flout every established norm and convention of civilised society. They have caused the maximum damage to the system. They have a one-point agenda—self-aggrandisement at the cost of everyone and everything else. This is how they misinterpret and misuse freedom. What further emboldens is the lack of an educated, aware and enlightened citizenry. Plato has defined the real tragedy of life as: “We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of lights.”

Ironically, the mahouts of our nation—the politicians and the bureaucrats—are in cahoots to scuttle our fundamental freedoms. That a politician-bureaucrat nexus exists and flourishes in our country is an oft-repeated altruism. This nexus has misinterpreted and misused our freedom all through and done it an irreparable harm. Added to it is the failure of the masses to visualise every fundamental right accompanied with a fundamental duty that has led to the present state of affairs where freedom has been thoroughly misinterpreted, misused and abused by the powers that be. Democracy in India is a sad mockery of Abraham Lincoln’s famous description as “the government of the people, by the people and for the people”. Our freedom is not true freedom as the common people are not allowed to lead from the front because they do not realise that “freedom is the biggest responsibility”. Our Constitution may describe an ideal state of freedom as mainly people-oriented, liberal as well as flexible. Our rulers have, however, twisted and transformed it into something that strangulates the very concept. The concept of freedom may be Utopian, but we must all nurture it with honesty, integrity and dedication. We must be all committed to the realisation of the goal of freedom. Once that is done, there would be no scope for its misinterpretation and misuse.

The need of the hour is that the teachings of Gandhiji should reverberate in our minds. He used to say that freedom means freedom of the individual. As long as the individual does not learn to discipline himself, as long as he does not limit his needs, and as long as he does not imbibe a sense of social responsibility, he cannot be said to be free and so long as the individual is not free, the country is not free, political freedom notwithstanding.

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Reporting in India ‘too difficult’ under Modi, says departing Australian journalist

Despite eventual visa backflip by authorities, ABC’s south-Asia correspondent Avani Dias left after being made to ‘feel so uncomfortable’

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The south-Asia correspondent for Australia’s national broadcaster, Avani Dias, has been forced out of India after her reporting fell foul of the Indian government, in a sign of the increasing pressure on journalists in the country under Narendra Modi .

Dias, who has been based in Delhi for the ABC since January 2022, said she felt the government had made it “too difficult” for her to continue to do her job, claiming it blocked her from accessing events, issued takedown notices to YouTube for her news stories, and then refused her a standard visa renewal.

Dias was told by the Indian government that her visa, which was due for renewal, would be blocked, she says in the final episode of her podcast, Looking for Modi.

The decision came after the Indian government issued a takedown notice to YouTube for an episode of Foreign Correspondent, the ABC’s flagship international news program, that she reported.

Sign up for Guardian Australia’s free morning and afternoon email newsletters for your daily news roundup

The episode covered the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar , a Sikh separatist, in Canada last year. Canada accused the Indian government of being involved in his murder, straining relations between the two nations .

Dias says a ministry official called to inform her of the decision regarding her visa.

“He specifically said it was because of my Sikh separatist story, saying it had gone too far,” she said.

Australia lobbied India on Dias’ behalf, and less than 24 hours before Dias and her partner were due to leave the country, the Indian government overturned its decision and renewed her visa for two months.

However, Dias said that by this point it was clear that it would be too difficult for her to stay and continue her work as an independent journalist. She returned to Australia on the weekend.

“It felt too difficult to do my job in India. I was struggling to get into public events run by Modi’s party, the government wouldn’t even give me the passes I need to cover the election and the ministry left it all so late, that we were already packed up and ready to go,” she said in her podcast.

“It’s all by design. The Narendra Modi government has made me feel so uncomfortable that we decided to leave. There’s always a feeling of unease that this sort of backlash could come your way as a journalist in India, I’ve felt it the whole time I’ve been here, so have my colleagues from other publications.”

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Since Modi came to power in 2014, foreign correspondents in India have faced increasing pressure from the government over their reporting. Foreign journalists have been given shorter visas after publishing stories critical of the Modi government and they have faced reprimands from government figures for coverage deemed negative. Those on foreign journalist visas also have restricted access to large swathes of the country, including the restive region of Kashmir.

Last year, the offices of the BBC were raided in Delhi and Mumbai by the Indian tax authorities after the broadcast of a documentary that examined Modi’s role in the 2001 Gujarat riots in which almost 800 Muslims were killed and took place when he was chief minister. The government also invoked emergency laws to ban the documentary being shared online.

Several foreign journalists who were working in India under OCI status, a special residency card given to those of Indian origin or who are married to Indians, have also had their permission to work as journalists revoked after they produced critical reports.

In January, Vanessa Dougnac, a French journalist who had lived in India for 22 years, said she left the country after the government denied her permission to work as a journalist and said they intended to cancel her OCI card, because her reports created a “biased negative perception of India”.

The managing director of the ABC, David Anderson, said: “The ABC fully backs and stands by the important and impactful reporting by Avani Dias during her time as ABC correspondent in India. Avani joins the Four Corners team as a reporter in coming weeks. The ABC believes strongly in the role of independent journalism across the globe, and freedom of the press outside Australia.”

Avani Dias and the Indian ministry of external affairs were contacted for comment.

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Essay on Freedom

The freedom essay portrays the meaning of freedom, the Indian freedom struggle and its importance. Freedom is one of the essential values in our society. It sets us apart from other countries, and it has been our main goal since we were born. For some, freedom means different things. It is the opportunity to voice your opinion without fear. For others, it can be obtaining a higher level of education and knowledge than what is available to the general public. There are many different definitions of freedom, and no two people will have the same interpretation or experience of this word. However, one common idea that unites them is that freedom means having unrestricted rights and privileges.

Freedom is something that humans desire to have. We want to do what we please without any restrictions because it gives us a sense of power. It makes us feel like we are in control. However, freedom can be very challenging. When people are forced to face their challenges due to a lack of choices, they often develop coping mechanisms. An essay on freedom helps the little ones understand the value of freedom and write a better essay.

Indian Freedom Movement

The Indian freedom movement was a mass movement that led to the end of British rule in India and the establishment of an independent nation. The campaign was started by Indian nationalists demanding independence from Britain. This short essay on freedom in English is an excellent way to help kids learn about Indian independence.

India had an active freedom movement that started in the late 19th century. The Indian freedom movement was a significant movement to gain independence from the colonial rule. It started in the early 1800s and led to the Independence of India in 1947. The freedom movement was led by Indian nationalist leaders who wanted to free the country from British rule . These leaders wanted to create an independent and democratic state.

Bhagat Singh, Uddham Singh, Tantia Tope, Mahatma Gandhi and others are the most popular Indian leaders. Among them, Mahatma Gandhi started a nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement against the British Empire.

Importance of Freedom

Freedom is a fundamental human right and an essential element of individual liberty. The value of freedom is the intangible worth of making decisions without outside interference. From the perspective of people who enjoy freedom, there may be no good reason why others should not be free from control or domination.

Freedom is one of the most valuable things people can have. It allows them to do what they want and how they want. This is more valuable than many might think. It also has many benefits for those who have it and those around them.

Teach kids to write the freedom essay by perusing BYJU’S essay on freedom. You can also find more essays, poems, short stories, worksheets, etc., on the website.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who are some of the renowned freedom fighters of india.

Bhagat Singh, Uddham Singh, Tantia Tope, Mahatma Gandhi and others are some of the most popular Indian freedom fighters.

When did the Indian freedom movement begin?

The Indian freedom movement began in the late 19th century.

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Guest Essay

The Freedom Caucus Started Believing in the Myth of Its Own Power

By Brendan Buck

Mr. Buck worked for two Republican speakers of the House.

On Saturday the House of Representatives approved the most consequential legislation of this Congress, a foreign aid package for American allies. More Democrats than Republicans voted in favor of the measure that allowed the package to pass. And once again the speaker’s job is at risk.

This is just the latest example of how this House of Representatives has become unmoored from the normal practices of a body that has long relied on party unity to function. The speaker, Mike Johnson, holds his role only because a few hard-line Republicans ousted the previous speaker for being too dismissive of their demands. But since the moment they threw their support behind Mr. Johnson, these hard-liners have encountered the reality that they’re irrelevant to the governance of the House of Representatives.

For all its rank partisanship, the House right now is functionally and uneasily governed by a group of Republicans and Democrats. The House is led by a conservative speaker, but for any matter of lawmaking, he cannot count on a Republican majority. Instead, a coalition has emerged that is willing to do what is necessary to save the House from itself. But still we must wonder how long a G.O.P. speaker can sustain a position he owes to Democrats. It is no small thing for any speaker to rely on the opposition party to govern.

In the past year, the House has averted a catastrophic debt default, passed foreign military aid when it seemed hopeless and funded the government when a shutdown seemed all but inevitable. Should we expect more from Congress? Of course. But the critical items are getting done in a more bipartisan manner than would seem possible in this era of negative partisanship.

The most conservative voices are getting shut out, and the House Freedom Caucus, ironically, has made sure of it. The sustainability of it all will be decided by whether Mr. Johnson continues down a path of realistic policymaking or feels the urge to now appease the discontents who have worked to stymie him from the start.

To understand how broken down the normal power structures have become — and how, in the process, the hard-liners have removed themselves from lawmaking — consider the basic procedures with which the business of the House is done.

The job of the Rules Committee, often referred to as the speaker’s committee, is to bring the agenda of the majority to the floor and set terms of debate on legislation. It is not a high-profile panel, but its work is critical to the operation of the House. It has long been the responsibility of the majority party to carry the votes on these agenda-setting rules. One of the few things stressed to new members of the House is to never vote against their party on a rule.

Members of the Freedom Caucus, however, now see themselves as watchmen of the floor. They set conservative policy demands that are impossible to achieve with Democrats controlling the Senate and White House. And when these demands are inevitably not met, they routinely hijack the process to stop legislation before it can even get an up-or-down vote, no matter if a measure has the overwhelming support of the Republican conference or the House.

Seven times in the past year an effort to bring a bill up for a vote through the rules process has failed, primarily defeated by conservatives. Before this Congress, it had been more than two decades since a rule had been voted down. A party unable to bring its agenda to the floor for a vote is no longer a functional majority.

But the business of the House must go on somehow, and Mr. Johnson has been forced to go around the blockades. When he reached a bipartisan agreement for funding the government this year, he took the extraordinary step of considering the bill under fast-track procedures that limit floor debate , bar amendments and require a two-thirds vote for passage. This process, typically reserved for noncontroversial measures, is how we’re funding the entire government.

Another procedural abnormality was necessary for last week’s foreign aid package. Despite it being obvious that the House overwhelmingly supports aid for Ukraine, the Freedom Caucus vowed to block consideration of the bill. Democrats were forced to carry the rule teeing up the vote, providing more votes than Republicans.

As a result, Mr. Johnson now waits for Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene, the anti-Ukraine Freedom Caucus member from Georgia, to follow through on threats to force a vote to remove him from the speakership. She claims it is he who has betrayed Republicans, not the conservatives who continually undermine their own colleagues.

Some Democrats have expressed at least an openness to helping Mr. Johnson retain his speakership if it is threatened for doing what they viewed as the right thing in passing Ukraine assistance. An overwhelming bipartisan repudiation of Ms. Greene’s speaker-removal tactic would be the single best thing the House could do to regain its credibility as a deliberative body.

The Freedom Caucus’s power stems from its willingness to take out the speaker. When that tool is removed, its threats quickly become more bark than bite.

The potential for a bipartisan rejection of the effort to oust Mr. Johnson has spawned hope for a new era of comity in the House. But this is not fairy-tale politics. There will be no sweeping compromise on immigration or the federal deficit.

A coalition works only as long as both sides are getting something from the deal. Mr. Johnson’s survival as speaker for the remainder of this Congress is aided by the fact there is very little that the House must do before the elections. But he will no doubt feel extraordinary pressure to take actions to get back in the good graces of conservatives.

Kevin McCarthy, the previous speaker, lost his job because Democrats had lost faith in him as an honest broker. Mr. Johnson is not immune from a similar erosion of trust. It could happen if he were to abandon the spending agreement put in place last year by President Biden and Mr. McCarthy. He similarly may not be able to count on Democrats again if he tries to impeach the president.

The speakership seems to have given Mr. Johnson, who himself rose to the job from the ranks of the discontented conservatives, a new perspective on the hard-liners, who simply cannot be counted on. And the past week has demonstrated that governance is still possible in the House if, as the speaker said last week, you “ do the right thing .”

Whether it’s Mr. Johnson or Mr. McCarthy or the two previous Republican speakers for whom I worked, it has not been the Republican leadership that cut out the Freedom Caucus. The Freedom Caucus, by believing in the myth of its own power, made itself irrelevant to legislative outcomes.

Brendan Buck is a communications consultant who previously worked for the Republican speakers of the House Paul D. Ryan and John Boehner.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Students are often asked to write an essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

The birth of a leader.

Mahatma Gandhi was born in India in 1869. He studied law in England before returning to India. He later moved to South Africa, where he first used nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s Philosophy

Gandhi believed in ‘Satyagraha’, or truth-force. He thought peaceful protests were the best way to resist unfair laws. This was a new idea in the fight for freedom.

Gandhi and India’s Freedom Struggle

Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He led the Indian National Congress, guiding India towards independence. He organized nonviolent protests against British rule.

Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi’s nonviolent methods inspired many, and India gained independence in 1947. His ideas continue to influence people worldwide.

250 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Introduction.

Mahatma Gandhi, fondly referred to as the ‘Father of the Nation,’ played an instrumental role in India’s struggle for independence. He employed non-violent civil disobedience methods, setting a unique paradigm for freedom struggles worldwide.

Non-Violent Approach

Gandhi’s primary weapon in the struggle was non-violence or ‘Ahimsa.’ His philosophy was grounded in the belief that moral superiority could not be achieved through violent means. This approach resonated with the masses and enabled widespread participation, thereby intensifying the struggle against the British Raj.

Mass Mobilization

Gandhi’s leadership was marked by his ability to mobilize the masses. His simple lifestyle and empathetic nature helped him connect with the common people. He initiated campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, which saw mass participation unprecedented in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Championing Swaraj

Gandhi’s concept of ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule was not just political independence but also economic and social self-reliance. He advocated for the boycott of British goods and promoted indigenous industries, enhancing India’s economic independence and providing a blueprint for post-colonial economic development.

Mahatma Gandhi’s role in India’s freedom struggle was transformative. His non-violent approach, ability to mobilize the masses, and vision for Swaraj were instrumental in shaping the course of India’s freedom struggle. His philosophies have left an indelible mark on India’s ethos and continue to inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the globe.

500 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, famously known as Mahatma Gandhi, played a pivotal role in the Indian freedom struggle against British rule. His unique approach of ‘Satyagraha’ (insistence on truth) and ‘Ahimsa’ (non-violence) left an indelible mark on the world and significantly contributed to India’s independence.

Advent of Satyagraha

Gandhi’s principle of Satyagraha was a revolutionary method in the fight for freedom. It was a non-violent resistance against the oppressor, where the oppressed demonstrated their moral superiority. The first significant application of Satyagraha was in South Africa, where Gandhi led the Indian community against racial discrimination. This laid the foundation for his future endeavors in India.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress from an elitist party into a mass movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was the first large-scale initiative against British rule under his leadership. Gandhi called for a complete boycott of British goods and services, which included schools, courts, and government services. The movement stirred the nation, uniting Indians across regions, religions, and classes. Despite its abrupt end due to the Chauri Chaura incident, the movement marked the beginning of a nationwide struggle for freedom.

Civil Disobedience Movement

The Civil Disobedience Movement, initiated with the Dandi March in 1930, was another milestone in India’s struggle for freedom. Gandhi and his followers marched about 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi, where they made salt, defying the British salt laws. This act was a symbolic defiance of the British monopoly and a peaceful protest against their oppressive regime.

Quit India Movement

In 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, demanding an end to British rule in India. His call for ‘Do or Die’ resonated with the masses, leading to widespread protests across the country. The movement was a significant blow to the British, shaking the foundations of their rule in India.

Gandhi’s Philosophy and Its Impact

Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and truth was not merely a strategy for the freedom struggle, but a way of life. His principles of simplicity, self-reliance, and communal harmony continue to inspire millions around the world. His innovative methods of civil resistance have influenced numerous freedom struggles globally, including the civil rights movement in the U.S. led by Martin Luther King Jr.

Mahatma Gandhi’s role in the Indian freedom struggle was monumental. His non-violent resistance against British rule united the diverse Indian population and instilled in them a sense of national pride. His principles and methods, though criticized by some, proved to be effective in achieving India’s independence. Gandhi’s legacy continues to influence and inspire movements for civil rights and social change worldwide, making him a global icon for peace and justice.

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Freedom for the Wolves

Neoliberal orthodoxy holds that economic freedom is the basis of every other kind. That orthodoxy, a Nobel economist says, is not only false; it is devouring itself.

A ny discussion of freedom must begin with a discussion of whose freedom we’re talking about. The freedom of some to harm others, or the freedom of others not to be harmed? Too often, we have not balanced the equation well: gun owners versus victims of gun violence; chemical companies versus the millions who suffer from toxic pollution; monopolistic drug companies versus patients who die or whose health worsens because they can’t afford to buy medicine.

Understanding the meaning of freedom is central to creating an economic and political system that delivers not only on efficiency, equity, and sustainability but also on moral values. Freedom—understood as having inherent ties to notions of equity, justice, and well-being—is itself a central value. And it is this broad notion of freedom that has been given short shrift by powerful strands in modern economic thinking—notably the one that goes by the shorthand term neoliberalism , the belief that the freedom that matters most, and from which other freedoms indeed flow, is the freedom of unregulated, unfettered markets.

F. A. Hayek and Milton Friedman were the most notable 20th-century defenders of unrestrained capitalism. The idea of “unfettered markets”—markets without rules and regulations—is an oxymoron because without rules and regulations enforced by government, there could and would be little trade. Cheating would be rampant, trust low. A world without restraints would be a jungle in which only power mattered, determining who got what and who did what. It wouldn’t be a market at all.

Nonetheless, Hayek and Friedman argued that capitalism as they interpreted it, with free and unfettered markets, was the best system in terms of efficiency, and that without free markets and free enterprise, we could not and would not have individual freedom. They believed that markets on their own would somehow remain competitive. Remarkably, they had already forgotten—or ignored—the experiences of monopolization and concentration of economic power that had led to the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914). As government intervention grew in response to the Great Depression, Hayek worried that we were on “the road to serfdom,” as he put it in his 1944 book of that title; that is, on the road to a society in which individuals would become subservient to the state.

Rogé Karma: Why America abandoned the greatest economy in history

My own conclusions have been radically different. It was because of democratic demands that democratic governments, such as that of the U.S., responded to the Great Depression through collective action. The failure of governments to respond adequately to soaring unemployment in Germany led to the rise of Hitler. Today, it is neoliberalism that has brought massive inequalities and provided fertile ground for dangerous populists. Neoliberalism’s grim record includes freeing financial markets to precipitate the largest financial crisis in three-quarters of a century, freeing international trade to accelerate deindustrialization, and freeing corporations to exploit consumers, workers, and the environment alike. Contrary to what Friedman suggested in his 1962 book, Capitalism and Freedom , this form of capitalism does not enhance freedom in our society. Instead, it has led to the freedom of a few at the expense of the many. As Isaiah Berlin would have it: Freedom for the wolves; death for the sheep.

I t is remarkable that , in spite of all the failures and inequities of the current system, so many people still champion the idea of an unfettered free-market economy. This despite the daily frustrations of dealing with health-care companies, insurance companies, credit-card companies, telephone companies, landlords, airlines, and every other manifestation of modern society. When there’s a problem, ordinary citizens are told by prominent voices to “leave it to the market.” They’ve even been told that the market can solve problems that one might have thought would require society-wide action and coordination, some larger sense of the public good, and some measure of compulsion. It’s purely wishful thinking. And it’s only one side of the fairy tale. The other side is that the market is efficient and wise, and that government is inefficient and rapacious.

Mindsets, once created, are hard to change. Many Americans still think of the United States as a land of opportunity. They still believe in something called the American dream, even though for decades the statistics have painted a darker picture. The rate of absolute income mobility—that is, the percentage of children who earn more than their parents—has been declining steadily since the Second World War. Of course, America should aspire to be a land of opportunity, but clinging to beliefs that are not supported by today’s realities—and that hold that markets by themselves are a solution to today’s problems—is not helpful. Economic conditions bear this out, as more Americans are coming to understand. Unfettered markets have created, or helped create, many of the central problems we face, including manifold inequalities, the climate crisis, and the opioid crisis. And markets by themselves cannot solve any of our large, collective problems. They cannot manage the massive structural changes that we are going through—including global warming, artificial intelligence, and the realignment of geopolitics.

All of these issues present inconvenient truths to the free-market mindset. If externalities such as these are important, then collective action is important. But how to come to collective agreement about the regulations that govern society? Small communities can sometimes achieve a broad consensus, though typically far from unanimity. Larger societies have a harder go of it. Many of the crucial values and presumptions at play are what economists, philosophers, and mathematicians refer to as “primitives”—underlying assumptions that, although they can be debated, cannot be resolved. In America today we are divided over such assumptions, and the divisions have widened.

The consequences of neoliberalism point to part of the reason: specifically, growing income and wealth disparities and the polarization caused by the media. In theory, economic freedom was supposed to be the bedrock basis for political freedom and democratic health. The opposite has proved to be true. The rich and the elites have a disproportionate voice in shaping both government policies and societal narratives. All of which leads to an enhanced sense by those who are not wealthy that the system is rigged and unfair, which makes healing divisions all the more difficult.

Chris Murphy: The wreckage of neoliberalism

As income inequalities grow, people wind up living in different worlds. They don’t interact. A large body of evidence shows that economic segregation is widening and has consequences, for instance, with regard to how each side thinks and feels about the other. The poorest members of society see the world as stacked against them and give up on their aspirations; the wealthiest develop a sense of entitlement, and their wealth helps ensure that the system stays as it is.

The media, including social media, provide another source of division. More and more in the hands of a very few, the media have immense power to shape societal narratives and have played an obvious role in polarization. The business model of much of the media entails stoking divides. Fox News, for instance, discovered that it was better to have a devoted right-wing audience that watched only Fox than to have a broader audience attracted to more balanced reporting. Social-media companies have discovered that it’s profitable to get engagement through enragement. Social-media sites can develop their algorithms to effectively refine whom to target even if that means providing different information to different users.

N eoliberal theorists and their beneficiaries may be happy to live with all this. They are doing very well by it. They forget that, for all the rhetoric, free markets can’t function without strong democracies beneath them—the kind of democracies that neoliberalism puts under threat. In a very direct way, neoliberal capitalism is devouring itself.

Not only are neoliberal economies inefficient at dealing with collective issues, but neoliberalism as an economic system is not sustainable on its own. To take one fundamental element: A market economy runs on trust. Adam Smith himself emphasized the importance of trust, recognizing that society couldn’t survive if people brazenly followed their own self-interest rather than good codes of conduct:

The regard to those general rules of conduct, is what is properly called a sense of duty, a principle of the greatest consequence in human life, and the only principle by which the bulk of mankind are capable of directing their actions … Upon the tolerable observance of these duties, depends the very existence of human society, which would crumble into nothing if mankind were not generally impressed with a reverence for those important rules of conduct.

For instance, contracts have to be honored. The cost of enforcing every single contract through the courts would be unbearable. And with no trust in the future, why would anybody save or invest? The incentives of neoliberal capitalism focus on self-interest and material well-being, and have done much to weaken trust. Without adequate regulation, too many people, in the pursuit of their own self-interest, will conduct themselves in an untrustworthy way, sliding to the edge of what is legal, overstepping the bounds of what is moral. Neoliberalism helps create selfish and untrustworthy people. A “businessman” like Donald Trump can flourish for years, even decades, taking advantage of others. If Trump were the norm rather than the exception, commerce and industry would grind to a halt.

We also need regulations and laws to make sure that there are no concentrations of economic power. Business seeks to collude and would do so even more in the absence of antitrust laws. But even playing within current guardrails, there’s a strong tendency for the agglomeration of power. The neoliberal ideal of free, competitive markets would, without government intervention, be evanescent.

We’ve also seen that those with power too often do whatever they can to maintain it. They write the rules to sustain and enhance power, not to curb or diminish it. Competition laws are eviscerated. Enforcement of banking and environmental laws is weakened. In this world of neoliberal capitalism, wealth and power are ever ascendant.

Neoliberalism undermines the sustainability of democracy—the opposite of what Hayek and Friedman intended or claimed. We have created a vicious circle of economic and political inequality, one that locks in more freedom for the rich and leaves less for the poor, at least in the United States, where money plays such a large role in politics.

Read: When Milton Friedman ran the show

There are many ways in which economic power gets translated into political power and undermines the fundamental democratic value of one person casting one vote. The reality is that some people’s voices are much louder than others. In some countries, accruing power is as crude as literally buying votes, with the wealthy having more money to buy more votes. In advanced countries, the wealthy use their influence in the media and elsewhere to create self-serving narratives that in turn become the conventional wisdom. For instance, certain rules and regulations and government interventions—tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, deregulation of key industries—that are purely in the interest of the rich and powerful are also, it is said, in the national interest. Too often that viewpoint is swallowed wholesale. If persuasion doesn’t work, there is always fear: If the banks are not bailed out, the economic system will collapse, and everyone will be worse off. If the corporate tax rate is not cut, firms will leave and go to other jurisdictions that are more business-friendly.

Is a free society one in which a few dictate the terms of engagement? In which a few control the major media and use that control to decide what the populace sees and hears? We now inhabit a polarized world in which different groups live in different universes, disagreeing not only on values but on facts.

A strong democracy can’t be sustained by neoliberal economics for a further reason. Neoliberalism has given rise to enormous “rents”—the monopoly profits that are a major source of today’s inequalities. Much is at stake, especially for many in the top one percent, centered on the enormous accretion of wealth that the system has allowed. Democracy requires compromise if it is to remain functional, but compromise is difficult when there is so much at stake in terms of both economic and political power.

A free-market, competitive, neoliberal economy combined with a liberal democracy does not constitute a stable equilibrium—not without strong guardrails and a broad societal consensus on the need to curb wealth inequality and money’s role in politics. The guardrails come in many forms, such as competition policy, to prevent the creation, maintenance, and abuse of market power. We need checks and balances, not just within government, as every schoolchild in the U.S. learns, but more broadly within society. Strong democracy, with widespread participation, is also part of what is required, which means working to strike down laws intended to decrease democratic participation or to gerrymander districts where politicians will never lose their seats.

Whether America’s political and economic system today has enough safeguards to sustain economic and political freedoms is open to serious question.

U nder the very name of freedom, neoliberals and their allies on the radical right have advocated policies that restrict the opportunities and freedoms, both political and economic, of the many in favor of the few. All these failures have hurt large numbers of people around the world, many of whom have responded by turning to populism, drawn to authoritarian figures like Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, Vladimir Putin, and Narendra Modi.

Perhaps we should not be surprised by where the U.S. has landed. It is a country now so divided that even a peaceful transition of power is difficult, where life expectancy is the lowest among advanced nations, and where we can’t agree about truth or how it might best be ascertained or verified. Conspiracy theories abound. The values of the Enlightenment have to be relitigated daily.

There are good reasons to worry whether America’s form of ersatz capitalism and flawed democracy is sustainable. The incongruities between lofty ideals and stark realities are too great. It’s a political system that claims to cherish freedom above all else but in many ways is structured to deny or restrict freedoms for many of its citizens.

I do believe that there is broad consensus on key elements of what constitutes a good and decent society, and on what kind of economic system supports that society. A good society, for instance, must live in harmony with nature. Our current capitalism has made a mess of this. A good society allows individuals to flourish and live up to their potential. In terms of education alone, our current capitalism is failing large portions of the population. A good economic system would encourage people to be honest and empathetic, and foster the ability to cooperate with others. The current capitalist system encourages the antithesis.

But the key first step is changing our mindset. Friedman and Hayek argued that economic and political freedoms are intimately connected, with the former necessary for the latter. But the economic system that has evolved—largely under the influence of these thinkers and others like them—undermines meaningful democracy and political freedom. In the end, it will undermine the very neoliberalism that has served them so well.

For a long time, the right has tried to establish a monopoly over the invocation of freedom , almost as a trademark. It’s time to reclaim the word.

This article has been adapted from Joseph E. Stiglitz’s new book, The Road to Freedom: Economics and the Good Society .

​When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. Thank you for supporting The Atlantic.

Support for this project was provided by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.

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FirstCry set to withdraw IPO papers after Sebi scrutiny: Report

Brainbees, the parent company of firstcry, had filed draft ipo papers with sebi last december. it would have been one of the country’s biggest this year..

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FirstCry is set to withdraw its documents for an initial public offering (IPO) worth up to $500 million as soon as next week after facing scrutiny from the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi).

Sebi has raised questions related to key metrics the baby and kids products retailer disclosed to investors, reported news agency Reuters quoting three sources familiar with the matter.

BrainBees, the parent company of FirstCry, had filed draft IPO papers with Sebi in December . It would have been one of the country’s biggest this year.

The company had filed to raise about $215 million via a fresh issue of shares, but plans to raise $300 million more via sale of existing shares, added the sources.

But in recent weeks, Sebi told the company that it had not complied with Indian regulations that mandate an IPO-bound company to share all key business m

FirstCry and Sebi have not yet issued any official comment.

Sebi implemented this regulation in 2022, intensifying scrutiny on companies seeking to go public.

This move followed widespread criticism regarding perceived leniency in oversight concerning large loss-making companies that had received high valuations.

FirstCry's Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) include metrics such as average order value, annual transacting customers, and the number of orders, as per the IPO papers.

The company will retract its IPO papers, implement revisions, and resubmit them in the forthcoming months, sources told the news agency. This postponement would impact the divestment of shares by investors, some of whom have held their investments for up to a decade.

Based on its draft papers, for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2023, FirstCry witnessed a sixfold increase in losses, amounting to $57.6 million.

However, its total income more than doubled, reaching $684 million during the same period. Published By: Koustav Das Published On: Apr 25, 2024