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The Third Space in Higher Education: A Scoping Review

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• Published: 24 August 2024

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• Clare Thorpe   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0974-4087 1 &
• Helen Partridge   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8365-870X 2  

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The idea of a third space, positioned between academic and professional domains, has proven useful in examining the evolving nature of higher education work. The continuing disruptions in higher education worldwide highlight the importance of the third space and the need for further exploration. A scoping review of third space work in the higher education literature from 2000 to 2022 was conducted. More than 2870 articles retrieved from nine databases were screened based on title, abstract, and keywords, resulting in 54 papers for analysis. Data were extracted to summarise the literature, including method, participant characteristics, and theoretical framing, implications. The articles revealed that the third space is an emerging area of study which, while valuable, is yet to influence policy and practice at the institutional or national level. Thus, third space presents a fertile space for more analytical and empirical investigations that go beyond descriptive case studies.

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Introduction

In 2008, Celia Whitchurch introduced the concept of third space to the field of higher education. Grounded in the work of Bhabha ( 1994 ), it refers to the space where two cultures intersect, ultimately giving rise to "something different, something new and unrecognizable, a new area of negotiation of meaning and representation" (Rutherford, 1990 , 211). Applying the concept to higher education, Whitchurch ( 2008b ) explored the work of individuals “who do not fit conventional binary descriptors such as those enshrined in ‘academic’ or ‘non-academic’ employment categories” ( 2015 , 79). She observed the emergence of a new space sitting at the intersection of academic and professional domains. In the third space, professional and academic staff cross into the others’ domain, or are engaged in activities that encompass both academic and professional activities. Whitchurch ( 2008b ; 2010 ; 2015 ) concluded that the third space enables discussion and recognition of individuals' contributions to academia in ways not clearly defined in position descriptions or organizational charts. It offers a framework for acknowledging the diverse ways people contribute to higher education outside their official roles and responsibilities. However, the third space is ambiguous and uncertain both as a concept and as an organisational construct, and those situated within it may encounter paradoxes and dilemmas. In the past two decades, the concept of the third space has been widely adopted as a metaphor for the ways academic and professional staff work together through crossing and transcending the organisational boundaries of their roles and identities (Veles and Danaher, 2024 ).

Whitchurch ( 2009 ) proposed four typologies of identity within and around the third space , describing bounded, cross-boundary, unbounded and blended roles. Bounded workers remain within the existing structural binary. Cross-boundary and unbounded workers span or work across boundaries to build relationships and institutional capacity. Blended workers have dedicated appointments which straddle professional and academic work. Whitchurch ( 2008b ) argued that the third space, and third space workers are the future of higher education with new forms of third space work likely to emerge. Higher education institutions should take advantage of the contributions these third space workers bring to the academic environment (Whitchurch, 2008b ). Whitchurch’s work has informed scholars worldwide, generating literature that has explored the nature of the third space in higher education. Interest in, and the importance of, the third space in higher education has not diminished. McIntosh and Nutt ( 2022 ) argued that there is still much to discover regarding the changing nature of the concept. They specifically emphasized the need to understand the evolving roles and identities of individuals who act as ‘disrupters’, working in ways that bring substantial benefits to the structural order of traditional higher education institutions, even if these approaches challenge conventional views of the academy (p. 6). This view is shared by Whitchurch ( 2022 ) who argued that more people are likely to work in some form of third space . Consequently, “a greater understanding of third space , by both individuals and managers, would be helpful in optimising its potentials for both individuals and their institutions” (Whitchurch, 2022 ).

To advance the empirical knowledge base and leverage the potential of the third space in higher education, it is timely to assess the current state of scholarly inquiry published during the past two decades. This article presents a scoping review to address the question: What is known about the third space work and third space workers in the higher education literature?

Scoping reviews examine the current state of knowledge in a particular field according to research volume, nature and characteristics (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005 ). They are undertaken to gain insight into the subject matter when the available literature is vast and diverse, or there is little literature due to the field’s newness (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005 ). The scoping review for this study was implemented using the stages suggested by Arkey and O’Malley ( 2005 ), and Levack et al. ( 2010 ): (i) formulating a research question; (ii) identifying relevant studies; (ii) selecting studies; (iv) charting the data; and (v) collating, summarising and reporting results.

Formulating the Research Question

As per Arksey and O’Malley’s ( 2005 ) methodology, the research question is deliberately broad to generate breadth of coverage and seeks to identify what is known about third space work or third space workers in higher education. The review has three main aims. The first is to map the range, nature and extent of empirical research conducted on the third space in higher education. This will allow the field to advance in a systematic, evidence-based manner increasing the protentional for review findings to inform higher education practice, policy and research. The second aim is to disseminate what is known about the third space in higher education. This may enhance the role of third space work in higher education, improving the ways in which the third space can contribute to the higher education goals and priorities. The final aim is to identify gaps in the existing knowledge base that may be used to guide future research into the third space in higher education in a systematic manner.

Identifying Relevant Studies

To identify relevant studies nine databases were searched: SCOPUS; EBSCOHost (Academic Search Complete, Education Source, Library and Information Science Source, Library and Information Science and Technology Abstracts); ProQuest (ERIC, Education Database, Library Science Database, Social Science Database). A tension for any scoping review occurs between the feasibility of doing the review and its breadth. Comprehensive mapping of the field needs to be balanced against practicalities so that it can be conducted in a way that meets the review’s purpose and aims in a timely manner (Levac et al., 2010 ). The selected databases were chosen as they index research in the education and social science disciplines, to identify relevant articles while minimising duplication.

In November 2022, each database was searched for peer-reviewed, English language articles published between 2000 and 2022 using the search string: (“higher education” OR university OR college) AND “third space” AND (work* OR staff OR practitioner OR professional OR academic). The search was limited to the last two decades due to the radical changes in the higher education context during this time period, such as the massification of higher education and the exponential growth of digital technologies. To ensure currency a second search of each database was conducted using the same strategy on the 24th February 2024.

Following the database searches, the reference lists of identified articles were reviewed and additional articles were added to the dataset (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005 ). While Whitchurch applied the term third space to higher education in 2008, the idea of work spanning professional and academic domains existed before that date. Articles published prior to 2008 were identified via citation lists and added to the results to include relevant research published since 2000, including research that informed Whitchurch’s own investigations.

Selecting Studies

Articles were selected using the criteria presented in Table 1 to focus on understanding the current state of knowledge regarding Whitchurch's conceptualization of third space work and third space workers in higher education. While there is a growing body of work exploring the roles, identities, and experiences of professional staff (e.g. Gander et al., 2019 ) and academic staff (e.g. Dashper and Fletcher, 2019 ) in higher education, only contributions grounded in the concept of third space are included. To identify gaps for future research, the review exclusively incorporates peer-reviewed journal articles, excluding book chapters and conference papers due to challenges in ensuring a blind peer review process. This aligns with the scoping review's emphasis on maintaining the reliability and quality of the dataset. It is acknowledged that, with this exclusion criteria, a small number of books published in recent years discussing the third space in higher education were omitted from the dataset, including works by Bossu and Brown ( 2018 ), McIntosh and Nutt ( 2022 ) and Veles ( 2022 ). Literature and systematic reviews were also excluded to focus on empirical research methodologies.

The initial database searches returned 2574 articles. After removing duplicates, 2534 articles remained. Titles, Abstracts and Keywords were reviewed for relevance by one of the research team who sorted the results into Yes/No/Maybe lists based on the inclusion criteria (Table 1 ). A second team member reviewed the lists to ensure agreement. Items marked as Maybe were discussed and a consensus reached. Both team members reviewed the full text of all remaining papers to ensure they addressed the topic of interest. 30 articles satisfied the criteria at the end of stage 1. For stage 2 the articles’ citation lists were considered using the same inclusion-exclusion criteria. This added a further 13 articles. The second database search returned 303 articles, and using a similar process of review resulted in an additional 11 articles. This gave a final dataset of 54 articles.

Fifty-four articles were included in the final data set for analysis, as displayed in the PRIMSA diagram in Figure 1 . The PRISMA diagram displays illustrates the screening and selection process for this review, including the removal of duplicates, addition of articles from reference lists, leading to the identification of the final dataset as shown in Tables 2  and 3 .

Article selection process

Charting the Data

Metadata from the final list of articles were extracted into a spreadsheet with links to the full text of each article. Information for each article included full bibliographic reference, abstract, keywords and location of study.

Collating, Summarising and Reporting the Results

The final list of articles was collated, synthesised and summarised in response to the research question and the review’s aims. The 54 articles were evenly distributed between the two researchers. Each researcher independently read and summarized their assigned articles, including method, participant characteristics, theoretical framing, findings, implications and recommendations for future research (Arkey and O’Malley, 2005 ). The researchers met regularly to discuss concepts and emerging questions. Throughout the analysis process, both researchers read all articles multiple times to confirm the summaries, results and emerging themes. The analysis was a dialogic process.

Characteristics of the Included Articles

The majority of articles reported studies that were qualitative in nature (n = 45, 83%), with interviews the dominate data collection technique. Twenty-two articles relied exclusively on interviews. Many of the articles referred to analysis using some type of coding for example “thematic coding” (Collinson, 2006 ; Allen Collinson, 2009 ), “pattern coding” (Denny, 2021 ), or “meaning generation” (Oliver, 2002 ). Details of the analysis or coding framework used to synthesis interview data was unspecified or unclear in 18 articles (40%) (e.g., Takagi, 2015 ; 2018 ; Graham, 2013 ; Whitchurch, 2008a , b , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2023 ). Four articles (Graham, 2012 , 2013 ; Livingston and Ling, 2022 ; Perini, 2016 ) indicated that interviews were conducted as part of a case study approach, and two studies (Efilti and Gelmez, 2023 ; Savage, 2018 ) used a phenomenographic approach. One study used an email survey (Berman and Pitman, 2010 ) while two studies combined interviews with surveys (Efilti and Gelmez, 2023 ; Whitchurch, 2010 ).

Three articles complemented the interview data collection technique with website or document analysis (Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2019 ; Denney, 2021 ; Behari-Leak and le Roux, 2018 ). Three articles (7%) reported qualitative case studies drawing on interviews supported with a combination of observation, document analysis, focus groups (McKay and Robson, 2023 ; White and White, 2016 ; White et al., 2021 ) and one article presented an ethnography (Birds, 2015 ) using interviews, focus groups and observation.

Alternative qualitative data collection techniques used included reflective diaries (Dollinger et al., 2021 ), autoethnography or personal narrative (Aguilar and Rutti-Joy, 2023 ; Bennett et al., 2016 ; Carroll and Burwell, 2023 ; Kensington-Miller et al., 2015 ; Obexer, 2022 ; Seymour, 2022 ; Moran and Misra, 2018 ; Hunter, 2020 ; Bickle et al., 2021 ; Aguilar and Rütti-Joy, 2023 ), reflective journals or case studies (Smith et al., 2021 ; Stoltenkamp et al., 2017 ), and workshops (Dunleavy et al., 2019 ).

Seven articles (13/%) reported studies that were quantitative in nature. An online survey with descriptive statistics was the most frequently used quantitative methodology (Fraser and Ling, 2014 ; Wohlmuther, 2008 ; Green and Little, 2016 ; Kallenberg, 2020 ; Leece and Jaquet, 2017 ). Documentary analysis via a coding template was used in a job advertisement study (Healy et al., 2022 ). One study used regression based analytical technique on longitudinal government data (Baltaru, 2019 ). Two studies used mixed methods, gathering quantitative and qualitative data using interviews, survey and document analysis (Shelley, 2010 ; Marquina et al., 2021 ).

Regarding geographical coverage, the majority were conducted in the UK (n = 19, 35%) or included the UK within a broader set of countries or regions (n = 46, 11%). Australia emerged as the second most frequently studied location, with a total of 14 studies, of which 9 were exclusively focused on Australia. The USA was the third most studied location, with eight (15%) research studies of which 4 were exclusive focussed on the USA. Investigations have also extended to Hungary, New Zealand, Switzerland, South Africa, Ireland, India, Japan, the Netherlands, Denmark, Austria, Canada, Argentina, Turkey, Sweden, and Hong Kong.

What is Third Space Work and Who are Third Space Workers in Higher Education?

Over half (n=25, 58%) the articles studied staff employed under professional contracts. Whitchurch’s ( 2008a ; 2008b ; 2009 ) foundational research was based on interviews with professional staff employed in faculty management, human relations, finance, audit and research management roles. This review found that third space was often used as a synonym for non-traditional roles, with some researchers (n=17, 31%) starting from an assumption that professional or academic staff working in centralised service units already engaged in work in the third space . This approach was observed in articles that investigated a discrete role or area of responsibility, such as career development (Healy et al., 2022 ), research administration (Dunleavy et al., 2019 ; Lightowler and Knight, 2013 ; Shelley, 2009 ), learning development (Stoltenkamp et al., 2017 ; Livingston and Ling, 2022 ; Oliver, 2002 ; Bickle et al., 2021 ; Carroll and Burwell, 2023 ), instructional design (Mancilla and Frey, 2023 ), academic integrity (Ahuna et al., 2023 ), academic advising (Dollinger et al., 2021 ), facilitation (Smith et al., 2021 ), student engagement (Leece and Jaquet, 2017 ), internationalisation and industry liaison (Ryttberg, 2022 ; Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2017 ; 2019 ) and quality assurance (Marquina et al., 2022 ). Four studies (7%) sought to understand how professional roles contributed to the university’s strategic priorities, including learning technology implementation (Graham, 2013 ), research data management strategies (Verbaan and Cox, 2014 ), equity and inclusion initiatives (Balturu, 2019 ) and student success outcomes (Graham, 2012 ). One article studied both professional and academic managers responding to a regulatory policy change (McKay and Robson, 2023 ). Two studies investigated the experiences of professional staff who had, or were studying, a doctoral qualification (Berman and Pitman, 2010 ; Moran and Misra, 2018 ).

Ten articles (20%) explored the reframing of academic or professional roles beyond their historical responsibilities (Wohlmuther, 2008 ; Takagi, 2015 ; Kallenberg, 2020 ), within a newly established work unit (Birds, 2015 ), or in the context of a discrete role or responsibility, such as educational or academic development (Behari-Leak and le Roux, 2018 ; Fraser and Ling, 2014 ; Green and Little, 2016 ; Kensington-Miller et al., 2015 ). One study (Obexer, 2022 ) reflected on the multiple roles held by the author throughout their career in third space work.

Eight (14%) articles focussed exclusively on staff employed on academic contracts. These studies examined a discrete role or responsibility, such as academic development (Bennett et al., 2016 ; Hunter, 2020 ), international education (Takagi, 2018 ), librarians in academic tenured roles (Pernini, 2016 ), pathways educators (Balloo et al., 2023 ), research assistants (Efilti and Gelmez, 2023 ) and associate tutors (Livingston and Ling, 2022 ). Two studies investigated the experiences of staff transitioning from a professional role to a traditional academic role within an academic unit (e.g. faculty or college) (Savage, 2018 ; Seymour, 2022 ). Five articles did not specify the type of contract that the participants were employed under (Whitchurch, 2010 ; Bennett et al., 2016 ; Ahuna et al., 2023 ; Carroll and Burwell, 2023 ; Mancilla and Frey, 2023 ).

Whitchurch ( 2008c ) originally conceived third space work as work that occurs when staff come together from different parts of the university, from both parts of the academic and non-academic binary to undertake projects with a common goal for a short- or medium-term timeframes. These multi-function teams existed beyond temporal and spatial parameter, where roles and responsibilities “blend” or cross into each other’s territory, so that third space work was likely to occur in spite of, rather than because of, formal structures (Whitchurch, 2008c , 28). The articles reviewed extended the third space concept to a variety of roles in institutions, including professional positions in academic work units or academic appointments in centralised/non-faculty work units. Only two articles, both by Steven White and Su White, described studies of teams that potentially met the project characterisation, (White and White, 2016 ; White et al., 2020 ) studying learning designers and educators developing a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC).

Fifty-two articles were mapped to Whitchurch’s ( 2009 ) four typologies of professional identity. Two articles by Whitchurch ( 2008a ; 2008b ) were excluded as they described the typology. Eight articles (15%) self-identified the roles examined as either blended (Whitchurch, 2010 ; Kensington-Miller et al., 2015 ; Perini, 2016 ; Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2017 ; Moran and Misra, 2018 ; Obexer, 2022 ; Aguilar and Rütti-Joy, 2023 ) or unbounded (Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2019 ; Balloo et al., 2023 ). The remaining articles were assigned a typology during analysis. Twenty-six (50%) were classified as cross-boundary, four (10%) as bounded, four (7%) as unbounded and eleven (21%) as blended. Seven studies (14%) spanned multiple typologies, including Graham ( 2013 ) which reported on all four categories.

What is Known About Third Space Work and Third Space Workers in Higher Education?

Only six studies (11%) referred to theoretical approaches beyond that of the third space. Theoretical lenses included identity work (Prus, 1996 ), social practice (Bordieu, 1977 ), occupational sub-cultures and jurisdiction (Abbott, 1988 ; Hofstede, 1998 ), socio-technical interaction networks (Kling et al., 2003 ), structuration theory (Giddens, 1984 ), legitimacy (Suchman, 1995 ), monstrous theory (Cohen, 1996 ), invisible labour (Poster et al, 2016 ), misrecognition (Althusser, 1971 ) and Mode 3 knowledge (Carayanni and Campbell, 2012 ). In many cases, theory was used more as brief references than as a clearly stated and developed theoretical approach.

Whitchurch described the third space in higher education as a new conceptual space between academic and professional activity. Subsequent researchers identified and described the concept’s application to those who work in the third space , the ways in which they do their work, and their evolving professional identity. While a scoping review does not seek to synthesise or aggregate the findings (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005 ), it is appropriate to thematically organise the literature to map findings and reveal gaps for future investigations. The charted data and summaries revealed five key insights into third space work in higher education.

Occupational Identity and Visibility

Whitchurch ( 2008b ) described the “outsider status” of third space workers who experienced a lack of credibility and belonging within the higher education institution. However, her subsequent work acknowledged both the challenges and creative aspects of third space work (Whitchurch, 2010 ). Negative perceptions of occupational identity regularly featured in the data with third space roles perceived to be marginal, with little or no authority (Oliver, 2002 ), and situated in no man’s land (Allen-Collinson, 2009 ). Variable levels of recognition and visibility were reported (Collinson, 2006 ; Whitchurch, 2012 ; Bennett et al., 2016 ; Smith et al., 2021 ; Mancilla and Frey, 2023 ). Roles and identities were contested when compared to and perceived as less than traditional academic roles (Lightowler and Knight, 2013 ; Kensington-Miller et al., 2015 ; Behari-Leak, and le Roux, 2018 ; Savage, 2018 ; Carroll and Burwell, 2023 ; McKay and Robson, 2023 ) or rendered invisible through exclusion (Allen-Collinson, 2009 ). Professional staff with research qualifications were perceived as operating like academics (Berman and Pitman, 2010 ) playing within “the rules of the game” to gain recognition, build capital and expand boundaries (Shelley, 2010 ). The descriptive language used by others in the institution influenced how third space workers constructed their identity (Leece and Jaquet, 2017 ). Third space work was described as embodying a multiplicity of roles which could lead to conflicting tensions (Balloo et al., 2023 ; Elfiti and Gelmez, 2023 ).

Perceived Impact and Value

Third space workers contributed in both practical and scholarly ways to the university’s business (Leece and Jaquet, 2017 ) and added value through work that drove the institution’s success (Ryttberg, 2022 ). Roles were described as flexible (Collinson, 2006 ), diverse (Shelley, 2010 ), creative (Obexer, 2022 ) and varied (Lightowler and Knight, 2013 ). Responsibilities overlapped with academic activities (Collinson, 2006 ; Allen-Collinson, 2009 ) with third space workers undertaking professional and academic tasks (Lightowler and Knight, 2013 ). However, these hybrid roles created an environment of ambiguity and uncertainty (Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2017 ; Bickle et al., 2021 ; Aguilar and Rütti-Joy, 2023 ). Where roles were clearly defined, third space workers saw themselves as experts who brought unique skills and added value across multiple domains (Balloo et al., 2023 ; Oliver, 2002 ; Takagi, 2018 ), with freedom to shape their own role and identity (Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2017 ), recognised and valued in their roles and functions (Marquina et al., 2022 ), with flexibility, autonomy and agency (McKay and Robson, 2023 ) and able to increase collaboration across the institution (Dollinger et al., 2021 ).

Relationship Capital and Influence

Whitchurch ( 2008a ) positioned third space workers as those who were able to cross-boundaries within an institution, facilitate perspectives and understanding between different work units. Researchers observed the benefits of building networks, goodwill, understanding and respect through close working relationships between academic and non-academic staff (Oliver, 2002 ; Wohlmuther, 2008 ; Birds, 2015 ; Dollinger et al., 2021 ; Marquina et al., 2022 ). Third space workers collaborated and facilitated partnerships, acting as translators between the different parts of the institution (Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2017 ; Aguilar and Rütti-Joy, 2023 ) or as hubs in the centre of complex projects (White et al., 2021 ). Third space workers were able to exert influence across the institution without the baggage of discipline norms (Denney, 2021 ; McKay and Robson, 2023 ) however the onus was on those in the third space to promote the value of their work (Whitchurch, 2023 ). Boundary crossing was considered enabling (Ryttberg, 2022 ) and constraining (Livingston and Ling, 2022 ) with work required to establish credibility and legitimacy with academic and professional staff in traditional roles (White et al., 2021 ). The success of cross-boundary relationships required a currency of worth to establish authority and legitimacy, sometimes defined by higher degree qualifications or accumulated, academic-equivalent knowledge and experience (Behari-Leak, 2018 ; Smith et al., 2021 ; Obexer, 2022 ). Negative experiences of boundary crossing saw third space workers feel othered (Collinson, 2006 ), seen to be intruding in the academic space (Carroll, and Burwell, 2023 ; Aguilar and Rütti-Joy, 2023 ) or not taken seriously (Livingston and Ling, 2022 ). Third space work occurred in ill-defined spaces with few rules (Birds, 2015 ) or through subversion to reframe power dynamics within the academy (Oliver, 2002 ; Smith et al., 2021 ). Building trust with stakeholders was key to the success of third space projects (Ryttberg and Geschwind, 2017 ) however trust relationships built in the third space were easily undermined, difficult to maintain (Stoltenkamp et al., 2017 ) or interpreted differently among occupational sub-cultures across the institution (Verbaan and Cox, 2014 ).

Reward and Recognition

With third space workers operating outside the academic/professional binary, researchers explored how to reward third space staff for their performance (Berman and Pitman, 2010 ). As the third space exists only as a social construct in higher education, organisational structures, role descriptions and employment classifications placed limits on third space work, professional development and career mobility (Perini, 2016 ; Savage, 2018 ; Ahuna et al., 2023 ). White and White ( 2016 ) pointed to a variety of constraining institutional and external forces, including disciplinary norms and politics. Third space workers employed for projects from either side of the professional/academic divide were dependent on external or time-limited funding and experienced job insecurity, with few professional development or promotion opportunities (Lightowler and Knight, 2013 ; Dunleavy et al., 2019 ). Applying conventional academic hiring practices to project-based staff limited their career progression, constrained collaboration and hindered their upskilling (Takagi, 2018 ). Some researchers saw third space work as a training ground for academic roles (Takagi, 2018 ) as “academics in waiting” (Seymour, 2022 , 1). The attainment of a PhD was seen as one way to leave the third space (Savage, 2018 ), conferring legitimacy to third space workers (Ryttberg, 2022 ) and adding intangible value to non-academic roles (Berman and Pitman, 2010 ).

Technology as a Driver

While Whitchurch ( 2008b ) framed third space projects around people-centred initiatives, such as widening participation and graduate employability, subsequent researchers investigated projects driven by technological innovation which pushed professional and academic staff into the third space, blurring boundaries between roles (Graham, 2012 ). Examples included research data management (Verbaan and Cox, 2014 ) and the development of a MOOC (White et al., 2021 ). Work in the third space was further driven by the expansion of online- and technology-enabled approaches in teaching, research and administration during the COVID-19 pandemic (Livingston and Ling, 2022 ; Whitchurch, 2023 ).

The scoping review reveals how the third space concept in experienced within contemporary higher education. Articles published before Whitchurch ( 2008a ) co-opted the concept of third space from sociology, flagged changing responsibilities and identities (Oliver, 2002 ; Collinson, 2006 ; Wohlmuther, 2008 ). The articles published after Whitchurch ( 2008a , b , 2009 , 2012 ) applied the concept of the third space to various activities and roles within higher education (see Verbaan and Cox, 2014 ; Perini, 2016 ; Stoltenkamp et al., 2017 ). Researchers were inspired by Whitchurch’s typologies of cross-boundary, unbounded and blended roles, applying the third space concept to their institutional context or role. In 2016, Veles and Carter suggested that discussions about the third space were maturing. The findings of this scoping review suggest it remains a developing area of research. The evidence presents foundational findings which are valuable in their exploration of the concept, but do not yet appear to have translated into policy or practices which might define or enshrine the third space within institutions. Thus, research about the third space presents an opportunity for future empirical investigations which move beyond descriptive case studies of the third space as a social or identity construct.

Half the articles (n = 26) reported on cross-boundary roles with a strong focus on collaboration between professional and academic staff. While collaboration is a hallmark of the third space and the typologies proposed by Whitchurch ( 2009 ), collaboration as a defining characteristic appears frequently in the dataset (Savage, 2017 ; Dollinger et al., 2021 ; Marquina et al., 2022 ) with two case studies of collaboration presented as third space work (Verbaan and Cox, 2014 ; Savage, 2018 ). Future research could explore how the third space exists beyond a construct where academic and professional staff engage in collaborative and innovative partnerships (Veles and Danaher, 2024 ) and whether it is possible to tangibly define the third space in higher education structures.

Thirty-five articles (64%) in the dataset were investigations conducted by researchers working in similar roles to those being studied (e.g. Fraser and Ling, 2014 ; Perini, 2016 ; Dunleavy et al., 2019 ; Smith et al., 2021 ). As Whitchurch ( 2015 , 80) noted “the third space appears to be well recognised (even seized upon) as a locale by those who inhabit it, this is not necessarily the case by those who do not”. Bossu, Brown and Warren ( 2018 ) observed that professional staff in engaged in the scholarship of teaching and learning are likely to be overrepresented in the literature. Whitchurch’s ( 2008b ) initial application of the third space concept reflected how people viewed themselves, their identities and their self-perception of their place in their institution. Consequently, this review’s findings suggest that staff who self-identify as third space inhabitants have driven the research agenda, establishing third space theory as “a somewhat defensive framework that can be applied to certain types of work across professional, student, and academic relationships” (Hall, 2022 , 27), rather than as a phenomenon that is observable by others outside the third space . To advance research about the third space and third space work, there may be value in intentionally inviting researchers from outside the third space to observe the phenomenon of the third space and how third space workers exist within the higher education environment.

The scoping review findings did not identify any organisational frameworks, employment models or cultures that have legitimised the third space as a delineated category in the higher education workforce. Whitchurch’s conceptual framework does not yet appear to have been applied to real-life settings in any clear-cut way (Takagi, 2015 ). The formal categorisation of the existing academic and professional staff binary remains dominant in countries such as Australia (Croucher, 2023 ) and New Zealand (Kierstead and Johnston, 2023 ). Cross-boundary and unbounded work occurs around, or in spite of, persistent structural constraints (Birds, 2015 ; Stoltenkamp et al., 2017 ; Ryttberg, 2022 ; Livingston and Ling, 2022 ). However, the findings suggest that if institutions can address the structure and nature of third space work, recognise and use the skills and capabilities of all staff, then they may be more likely to achieve their strategic objectives (Whitchurch, 2010 ; Graham, 2013 ).

While multiple authors identified challenges around career pathways, professional learning, reward and recognition for people employed in third space roles (Whitchurch, 2012 ; Lightowler and Knight, 2013 ; Takagi, 2018 ; Livingston and Ling, 2022 ; Obexer, 2022 ), no models have been tested to solve the dilemmas. In her doctoral research, Veles ( 2022 ) suggested a conceptual framework that legitimises third space work as a continuum of professional experience, rather than a structural organisational change. Veles et al. ( 2023 ) have subsequently proposed the development of flexible matrix structures rather than a new third-space higher education worker classification, suggesting that formal industrial framework could increase tensions between staff on each side of the academic/professional binary. Research that moves beyond considerations of identity construction and tests the implications of such frameworks may benefit the sector.

Technology as an omnipresent driver of interactions in the third space also deserves more attention in the post-pandemic higher education environment (Veles, 2022 ).

Directions for Future Research

The purpose of scoping reviews is to examine the breadth and nature of research activity to identify research gaps in the existing literature (Arkey and O’Malley, 2005 ). This scoping review highlights areas for further research about third space work in higher education. While the articles reviewed reveal the value of applying the third space concept to higher education, improving our understanding of staff dynamics and boundary-crossing interactions, the literature reviewed also highlights the potential and necessity for more research to deepen and broaden our understanding of third space dynamics within academia. To advance the empirical knowledge base and leverage the potential of the third space , this scoping review identifies areas warranting further investigation, such as research that:

Moves beyond considerations of identity construction and tests the implications of conceptual frameworks.

Evaluates organisational frameworks, employment models or cultures that have legitimised the third space as a defined and applied category in the higher education workforce.

Examines the third space holistically, considering the staff experience collectively, rather than researching professional or academic roles in isolation.

Examines the alignment of the third space concept with the mission and values of higher education, further exploring the skills and competencies required to empower contemporary teaching, learning and research practices.

Explores experiences beyond individual roles or specific institutions, embracing inter-institutional and/or national contexts to examine broader perspectives within and between institutions.

Involves researchers from outside the third space to evaluate whether and how the third space phenomenon in the higher education environment.

Uses a broader range of research methods and approaches, beyond qualitative and especially autoethnography, to allow different questions to be investigated and more nuanced insights to be revealed.

Limitations

Scoping reviews are not without their limitations (Pham et al., 2014 ), requiring a balance between capturing as much relevant scholarship as possible and gathering a manageable and meaningful dataset. This review was conducted in nine databases that were deemed by the researchers as most relevant to the phenomenon under investigation. The researchers limited eligible publications to peer-reviewed empirical research and chose to exclude commentaries, discussion papers, conference papers, book chapters, theses, and grey literature. These choices will mean potentially relevant sources were excluded from the review. Articles in languages other than English were not included, thus interpreting findings should be done with caution recognising the potential for national and cultural biases. Scoping reviews do not necessarily assess the quality of research (Levac et al., 2010 ) as such the researchers avoided judging the empirical validity of any research in the dataset. Instead, the aim was to first consolidate the research base.

With narratives about the third space increasing (Veles et al., 2023 ), this scoping review of research about the third space in higher education presents a timely consolidation of the existing literature and identifies opportunities for future research. The articles reviewed exhibited a focus on describing those who work in the third space , the ways in which they work, their lived experience and professional identity in the third space . The research gaps identified articulate a call to action for meso- or macro-level research that studies institutions and policies rather that individual experiences, and applies Whitchurch’s ( 2008b ) conceptual framework in practice. There is value is progressing the conversation started by Whitchurch to determine whether the interstitial third spaces inhabited by professional and academic staff in universities are shared or contested, and what cooperative arrangements could be implemented in the higher education sector through projects, policies, and organisational structures for staff who wish to build a career that includes a mix of ‘academic’ and ‘professional’ activities (Whitchurch, 2009 , 2023 ). More research in the third space may ensure that the higher education sector has the staffing profile, processes and organisational cultures to respond to current and emerging challenges.

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Space tourism: What are the pros and cons?

Space tourism has its fans — and its critics.

Private companies are offering many opportunities to make the leap off Earth , ranging from a quick suborbital hop to a multi month stay on the International Space Station (ISS). But the advent of the space tourism industry has spurred a vigorous debate: Is it helping to propel humanity to the stars , or is it just letting rich people have a little fun while providing no real value?

Here's a look at the pros and cons of space tourism.

Related: How SpaceShipOne's historic launch 20 years ago paved the way for a new space tourism era

The pros of space tourism

A handful of private individuals, colloquially known as space tourists,  managed to purchase tickets to the ISS or Russia's Mir station. However, with the end of the space shuttle program in 2011, NASA canceled any further opportunities. That picture changed with the emergence of private spaceflight companies headed by various billionaires, including Elon Musk's SpaceX , Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin and Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic .

Of the three, only Virgin Galactic has a stated long-term goal of promoting space tourism, offering quick suborbital flights just above the Kármán line — the arbitrary but internationally recognized edge of space. Paying customers can get a similar experience with Blue Origin, but that company hopes to pivot to orbital industries. With SpaceX, you can get a multiday stay in orbit, but you'll have to bid against numerous government contracts for the opportunity.

Promoters of space tourism have suggested various benefits of the industry. For example, many space tourists are actively running and participating in experiments, such as examining the effects of microgravity on human health , plant growth and material properties. This is real science that needs to be done to propel humanity to the stars.

There's also financial propulsion, with hundreds of millions of dollars of investment going into the newfound industry. Companies are developing new equipment, techniques, technologies and more so they can offer tickets to space. And the more we invest in space in general, the better off our shared ventures will be.

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The frequent launches of space tourists, including celebrities such as William Shatner , have caught the media by storm. This, in turn, fuels more public interest, which can lead to more discussion, more awareness and more funding.

The cons of space tourism

On the other hand, critics of space tourism point out that the industry is catering solely to exceptionally wealthy individuals. Ironically, this can lead to a sense of public disillusionment with space: Instead of opening it up to everyone, it might cause people to roll their eyes at the inaccessibility. Basically, it's just rich people doing rich-people things.

Because of the enormous cost of a ticket — anywhere from hundreds of thousands to tens of millions of dollars — it's hard for most people to see the value in space tourism as an industry. They simply don't get to participate in it. 

And while some space tourists have conducted experiments during their expeditions, those experiments haven't exactly been revolutionary or consisted of anything that couldn't be done by astronauts on the ISS. So space tourism isn't really advancing human spaceflight in any significant way.

Lastly, space tourism is a niche business. While some companies have developed technologies that are specific to this industry, those technologies will not necessarily transfer to other space-related activities, like industrial or scientific applications. We could be spending all this time, money and resources on a business venture that never grows significantly and never leads to anything else.

The bottom line

The bottom line is that space is hard — it's difficult to get to space, and it's difficult for humans to remain in space for any length of time. Most space tourism companies have folded well before their first attempted launch, and it's not clear that this business niche will grow all that much. Only roughly 60 people have been to space as tourists, and the vast majority of them have gone only on quick suborbital joyrides with a few minutes of weightlessness. 

There are only a few launches, at most, every year dedicated to space tourism, and a peek at planned launch schedules reveals that this number will not change much over the coming years.

— Do space tourists really understand the risk they're taking?

— The rise of space tourism could affect Earth's climate in unforeseen ways, scientists worry

— Most Americans expect routine space tourism by 2073, but few would actually try it  

Most people will never get the opportunity to become a space tourist; it will likely remain a niche industry serving a select set of very wealthy individuals. It's not a game changer in any direction. It will continue to be a component of the overall human interest in space but not a major driver of innovation or expansion.

But hey, if you're ever given the chance, go for it!

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute in New York City. Paul received his PhD in Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2011, and spent three years at the Paris Institute of Astrophysics, followed by a research fellowship in Trieste, Italy, His research focuses on many diverse topics, from the emptiest regions of the universe to the earliest moments of the Big Bang to the hunt for the first stars. As an "Agent to the Stars," Paul has passionately engaged the public in science outreach for several years. He is the host of the popular "Ask a Spaceman!" podcast, author of "Your Place in the Universe" and "How to Die in Space" and he frequently appears on TV — including on The Weather Channel, for which he serves as Official Space Specialist.

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• GregB03 In its early days aviation was something that only the rich could afford to do. It took a while for it to reach prices that were affordable to the general population . It's early days for commercial space travel. Reply
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Humans have always been curious about what lies beyond our planet. Space exploration is the process of exploring the universe and learning about it. It involves sending spaceships, satellites, and other spacecraft into space to collect information and conduct experiments.

Benefits of Space Exploration

There are many benefits to space exploration. It helps us learn more about the universe, our place in it, and the origins of life. Space exploration also has practical benefits, such as developing new technologies that can be used on Earth. For example, satellites help us with weather forecasting, communication, and navigation.

Challenges and Risks of Space Exploration

Space exploration is a challenging and risky endeavor. Space is a vast and hostile environment, and there are many hazards that can threaten spacecraft and astronauts. These hazards include radiation, extreme temperatures, and microgravity.

Future of Space Exploration

Despite the challenges, space exploration continues to progress. In recent years, there have been several major milestones in space exploration, including the landing of the first humans on the Moon, the discovery of water on Mars, and the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope. These milestones have opened up new possibilities for space exploration and given us a glimpse of the incredible potential that lies beyond our planet.

250 Words Essay on Space Exploration

Space exploration: a journey beyond our planet, why do we explore space.

There are many reasons why we explore space. One reason is to learn more about the universe. We want to know how it began, how it works, and what else is out there. Another reason is to search for life beyond Earth. We want to know if there are other planets that can support life, and if so, what kind of life might exist there.

Space exploration has many benefits. It has helped us to develop new technologies that have improved our lives on Earth. For example, satellites are used for communication, navigation, and weather forecasting. Space exploration has also inspired us and made us think about our place in the universe.

Challenges of Space Exploration

Space exploration is challenging. It is expensive, dangerous, and requires a lot of time and effort. But despite the challenges, we continue to explore space because it is important for our future. We need to learn more about the universe so that we can better understand our place in it.

Space exploration is a fascinating and important field of study. It has the potential to teach us so much about the universe and our place in it. We can only imagine what discoveries we will make in the years to come.

500 Words Essay on Space Exploration

Space exploration: a journey beyond earth, the enthralling cosmos.

From the dawn of human history, we have gazed up at the night sky and wondered what lies beyond our Earth, wondering if we are alone in the universe. Space exploration is the answer to our insatiable curiosity, a quest to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos that surround us.

Exploring the Solar System

Space exploration began with our own solar system. Scientists have sent spacecraft to explore the planets, moons, and asteroids that orbit our Sun, gathering valuable information about their geology, composition, and potentially habitable environments. From the scorching landscapes of Venus to the icy rings of Saturn, each celestial body offers clues to the formation and evolution of our solar system.

Venturing into the Unknown

Beyond our solar system lies the vast expanse of the Milky Way galaxy and beyond. Space exploration missions have ventured out to study distant stars, galaxies, and other cosmic phenomena. The Hubble Space Telescope, among other powerful observatories, has revolutionized our understanding of the universe’s immense size and complexity, unveiling breathtaking images and insights into the universe’s origins.

Searching for Life Beyond Earth

A fundamental question in space exploration is whether life exists beyond Earth. Scientists are diligently searching for signs of life on other planets, moons, and celestial bodies. Missions like Mars rovers and the search for water on icy moons like Europa and Enceladus aim to identify environments capable of supporting life.

Space exploration is not just about satisfying our curiosity. It has tangible benefits for life on Earth as well. Satellites orbiting our planet provide us with essential services like communication, weather forecasting, and navigation. Space-based technologies have also led to advancements in medicine, materials science, and renewable energy sources.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Space exploration is a challenging endeavor, fraught with technical difficulties and risks. Extreme temperatures, radiation exposure, and the vast distances between celestial bodies pose significant hurdles for spacecraft and astronauts. However, these challenges drive innovation and technological advancements that benefit humankind in many ways. As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration, we anticipate even greater discoveries and a deeper understanding of our place in the universe.

In conclusion, space exploration is a thrilling adventure that fulfills our innate curiosity about the cosmos, expands our knowledge, and inspires us to dream big. As we continue to explore, the possibilities are limitless, and the future of space exploration holds endless promise for generations to come.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Why space exploration is always worthwhile

Your guide to advocating for space in a complicated world.

Most people who love space and believe in exploration have probably heard this once or twice: “We shouldn’t waste money on space exploration when there are problems to deal with here on Earth.”

While public health concerns, social injustices, climate change, and other urgent issues are important to address, solving these problems doesn’t depend on defunding space programs.

This can be a difficult conversation to navigate, so we’ve outlined a few ideas here that you can share when advocating for space.

Space research isn’t as expensive as people think

Many countries around the world invest in space science and exploration as a balanced part of their total federal budget. Public opinion research has shown that people estimate NASA to take up as much as a quarter of the U.S. federal budget, but in fact,  NASA’s budget only represents about 0.5% of the total federal budget and the proportion is even smaller for other spacefaring nations . The correct information may go a long way to reassuring critics that space spending isn’t eating up as many public resources as they think.

The United States government spent approximately $6.6 trillion in fiscal year 2020, of which just 0.3% ($22.6 billion) was provided to NASA. In this chart, shades of blue represent mandatory spending programs; shades of orange are discretionary programs that require annual appropriations by Congress. "Defense and related" includes both the Department of Defense and Veterans Affairs. Source: Office of Management and Budget Historical Tables 8.5 and 8.7.

Space spending pays off

If someone is arguing that public funds should be spent on solving the world’s problems, they should know that money spent on NASA positively impacts the U.S. economy . We get the same kind of payoff for space spending in other countries. Spending on space supports highly skilled jobs, fuels technology advancements with practical applications, and creates business opportunities that feed back into the economy. This in turn grows the pool of public money that can be spent on solving the world’s most pressing problems.

Space research directly impacts Earthly problems

When people apply themselves to the challenges of exploring space, they make discoveries that can help the world in other ways too. Studying how we might grow food in orbit or on Mars yields insights into growing food in extreme conditions on Earth , generating knowledge that can help mitigate the impacts of climate change. Medical research conducted on the International Space Station helps us understand the human body in new ways, helping save lives and improve quality of life .

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Studying space helps us understand our own world

Studying the cosmos gives us an important perspective shift. When we learn about what lies beyond Earth, it gives us context for understanding our own planet. Studying the other worlds of our solar system and beyond makes it clear that Earth is a precious oasis for life. When we sent spacecraft to Venus we saw how a runaway greenhouse effect turned the world from a habitable planet to an absolute hellscape. When astronauts travel into space they see just how thin and tenuous Earth’s atmosphere is, appreciating the fragile balance in which we live . A cosmic perspective underscores the importance of protecting our planet’s habitability and encourages investment in that effort.

Studying space may one day save us all

All the social and environmental progress in the world won't help us if an asteroid impacts the Earth. We have to explore space to find and study the asteroids and comets in our cosmic neighborhood if we want to make sure we can  defend our planet  if an object ever heads our way.

Space is inspiring

Not every child who dreams of becoming an astronaut will get that opportunity. This is a sad truth that many of us know from experience. But to be inspired to aim for something so grand gives kids the motivation to study hard and gain skills in science, engineering, medicine, or other fields that benefit humanity and directly help overcome problems that we face as a species.

And inspiration isn’t just for kids. When we marvel at the beauty of Jupiter’s clouds or the mystery of Enceladus’ oceans , we get an opportunity to appreciate the wonder and majesty of this cosmos that we inhabit. The idea that life might exist elsewhere in the universe reminds us that we might not be the only planet struggling to achieve balance, justice, and sustainability. And even in the bleakest of times, there’s something beautiful about still striving to achieve something great and discover something that could change how we see ourselves and our cosmos forever.

There’s plenty of room at the table

There’s no denying that there are many important issues facing humanity that need fixing. But to deal with those problems doesn’t mean we have to stop looking up, stop exploring, and stop making discoveries.

Human civilization has astonishing capacity, and we can do more than one important thing at a time. If someone thinks that a particular issue should get more attention and investment, they can and should advocate for that. The problems we face don’t persist because we’re spending money on space science and exploration. And there’s no reason to pit our aspirations against one another.

The Time is Now.

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Essay on Space Exploration

• Updated on  
• Jun 11, 2022

For scientists, space is first and foremost a magnificent “playground” — an inexhaustible source of knowledge and learning that is assisting in the solution of some of the most fundamental existential issues concerning Earth’s origins and our place in the Universe. Curiosity has contributed significantly to the evolution of the human species. Curiosity along with the desire for a brighter future has driven humans to explore and develop from the discovery of fire by ancient ancestors to present space explorations.  Here is all the information you need and the best tips to write an essay on space exploration.

What is Space Exploration?  

Space Exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. While astronomers use telescopes to explore space, both uncrewed robotic space missions and human spaceflight are used to explore it physically. One of the primary sources for space science is space exploration, which is similar to astronomy in its classical form. We can use space exploration to validate or disprove scientific theories that have been created on Earth. Insights into gravity, the magnetosphere, the atmosphere, fluid dynamics, and the geological evolution of other planets have all come from studying the solar system.

Advantages of Space Exploration 

It is vital to understand and point out the advantages of space exploration while writing an essay on the topic.

New inventions have helped the worldwide society. NASA’s additional research was beneficial to society in a variety of ways. Transportation, medical, computer management, agriculture technology, and consumer products all profit from the discoveries. GPS technology, breast cancer treatment, lightweight breathing systems, Teflon fibreglass, and other areas benefited from the space programme.

It is impossible to dispute that space exploration creates a large number of employment opportunities around the world. A better way to approach space exploration is to spend less and make it more cost-effective. In the current job market, space research initiatives provide far too much to science, technology, and communication. As a result, a large number of jobs are created.

Understanding

NASA’s time-travelling space exploration programmes and satellite missions aid in the discovery of previously unknown facts about our universe. Scientists have gained a greater understanding of Earth’s nature and atmosphere, as well as those of other space entities. These are the research initiatives that alert us to impending natural disasters and other related forecasts. It also paves the way for our all-powerful universe to be saved from time to time.

Disadvantages of Space Exploration

Highlighting disadvantages will give another depth to your essay on space exploration. Here are some important points to keep in mind.

Pollution is one of the most concerning issues in space travel. Many satellites are launched into space each year, but not all of them return. The remnants of such incidents degrade over time, becoming debris that floats in the air. Old satellites, various types of equipment, launch pads, and rocket fragments all contribute to pollution. Space debris pollutes the atmosphere in a variety of ways. Not only is space exploration harmful to the environment, but it is also harmful to space.

A government space exploration programme is expensive. Many people believe that space mission initiatives are economical. It should be mentioned that NASA just celebrated its 30th anniversary with $196.5 billion spent.

Space exploration isn’t a walk in the park. Many historical occurrences demonstrate the dangers that come with sad situations. The Challenger space shuttle accident on January 28, 1986, must be remembered. The spacecraft exploded in under 73 seconds, resulting in a tremendous loss of life and property.

Conclusion 

There are two sides to every coin. To survive on Earth, one must confront and overcome obstacles. Space exploration is an essential activity that cannot be overlooked, but it can be enhanced by technological advancements.

Space Exploration Courses

Well, if your dream is to explore space and you want to make a career in it, then maybe space exploration courses are the right choice for you to turn your dreams into reality.

Various universities offering space exploration courses are :

• Arizona State University, USA
• Bachelor of Science in Earth and Space Exploration
• Earth and Space Exploration (Astrobiology and Biogeosciences)
• Earth and Space Exploration (Astrophysics)
• University of Leicester, UK
• Space Exploration Systems MSc
• York University
• Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) in Space Engineering

Tips to write an IELTS Essay  on Space Exploration

• The essay’s word count should be at least 250 words. There is no maximum word count. If you write less than 250 words, you risk submitting an incomplete essay. The goal should be to write a minimum of 250-words essay.
• There will be more than one question on the essay topic. The questions must be answered in their entirety. For example, for the topic ‘crime is unavoidable,’ you might see questions like 1. Speak in favour of and against this topic, 2. Give your opinion, and 3. Suggest some measures to avoid crime. This topic now has three parts, and all of them must be answered; only then will the essay be complete.
• Maintain a smooth writing flow. You can’t get off track and create an essay that has nothing to do with the issue. The essay must be completely consistent with the question. The essay’s thoughts should be tied to the question directly. Make use of instances, experiences, and concepts that you can relate to.
• Use a restricted number of linking phrases and words to organise your writing. Adverbial phrases should be used instead of standard linking words.
• The essay should be broken up into little paragraphs of at least two sentences each. Your essay should be divided into three sections: introduction, body, and conclusion. ( cheapest pharmacy to fill prescriptions without insurance )
• Don’t overuse complicated and long words in your essay. Make appropriate use of collocations and idioms. You must be able to use words and circumstances effectively.
• The essay must be written correctly in terms of grammar. In terms of spelling, grammar, and tenses, there should be no mistakes. Avoid using long, difficult sentences to avoid grammatical problems. Make your sentences succinct and to-the-point.
• Agree/disagree, discuss two points of view, pros and disadvantages, causes and solutions, causes and effects, and problem-solution are all examples of essay questions to practise.
• Make a strong beginning. The opening should provide the reader a good indication of what to expect from the rest of the article. Making a good first impression and piquing your attention starts with a good introduction.
• If required, cite facts, figures, and data. It’s best to stay away from factual material if you’re not sure about the statistics or stats. If you’re unsure about something, don’t write it down.
• The essay’s body should be descriptive, with all of the points, facts, and information listed in great detail.
• The conclusion is the most noticeable part. Your IELTS band is influenced by how you end your essay.
• Make sure there are no spelling errors. If you’re not sure how to spell something, don’t use it. It is preferable to utilize simple, everyday terms.
• Do not include any personal or casual remarks. It is strictly forbidden.
• Once you’ve finished drafting your essay, proofread it. It enables you to scan for minor and large grammar and spelling problems.

This was the Essay on Space Exploration. We hope it was helpful to you. Experts at Leverage Edu will help you out in writing your essays for IELTS, SOPs and more!

Sonal is a creative, enthusiastic writer and editor who has worked extensively for the Study Abroad domain. She splits her time between shooting fun insta reels and learning new tools for content marketing. If she is missing from her desk, you can find her with a group of people cracking silly jokes or petting neighbourhood dogs.

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Why explore space?

Why should we explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent researching something with apparently so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth?

Perhaps the best answer lies in our history. What made our ancestors move from the trees onto the plains? Did a wider distribution of our species offer a better chance of survival?

Nearly all successful civilisations have been willing to explore. In exploring, the dangers of surrounding areas may be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, these dangers have the ability to harm us. With knowledge, their effects or consequences may be lessened.

While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows new resources to be created. Resources translate into success at survival. Resources may be more than physical assets.

Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general population.

Techniques may be medical applications, such as new drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity or the quality of time lived. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside that culture.

ESA’s space programme is a strategic asset. ESA does what individual European nations cannot do on their own.

Scientists from European nations can function at world-class level in their specialist fields, in co-operation rather than competition.

By studying alien worlds, such as Venus, Mars or Saturn’s moon Titan, we can place our own world in context. ESA’s exploration of the Solar System is focused on understanding the Earth’s relationship with the other planets, essential stepping stones for exploring the wider Universe.

While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The chance of a large asteroid or comet hitting the Earth is small. But given time, it will happen.

Some explanations for extinctions and evolution include strikes by asteroids or comets. Our technology is reaching the point where we can detect such a threat and might be able to do something about it.

The dangers exist and knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.

Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, but our ability to adapt could eventually allow us to inhabit other planets and moons.

Our lifestyles would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Space allows us to expand and succeed.

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The Importance of Space Exploration

The Importance of Space Exploration Research Paper

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Literature review, support of the argument, counter argument, works cited.

Space travel is real and a dream come true for most individuals. When one puts themselves into the mindset of a space explorer, their perspective on space exploration changes forever. Arguably, space has been considered a vital element that has encompassed human actions of investigating the universe beyond the atmosphere with the help of crewed and un-crewed spacecraft.

Historically, space exploration originated over 50 years ago when the first human-made satellite Sputnik 1 was launched into outer space. For instance, space technology and developments have marked the incredible journey to space, revealing the new exploration page currently at its peak. This paper will primarily focus on the analysis and fundamental elements of space exploration.

An analysis of the physical and psychological effects of space exploration on humans will be discussed, in addition to spaceflight technology, and spacecraft technology. The main argument of this work is that space exploration is a necessity, while also being a personally and socially beneficial practice. It allows participants to acquire a unique set of competencies and experience emotions unlike any other.

To understand the subject of space exploration, it is necessary to cover it in more detail. In his article, Agha analyzes space exploration, particularly surgical insights, and future perspectives. The review aimed to investigate vital elements of space exploration processes. Agha’s discussion encompassed critical topics, including microgravity, risks, operating environment, astronauts, and prospects for future space exploration (Agha 265). The author adopted peer review techniques to carry out the analysis. Further, the findings indicated that space exploration has significantly improved technological adoption and advances.

As a result of space exploration, numerous scientific innovations have emerged to sustain the human need to explore the universe. The study has also found that aspects of life such as business, hygiene, medicine, computers, and technology are positively impacted by space exploration. It was further revealed that numerous nations have institutional programs to support space exploration and to meet the desires attributed to the same. As for the future implications, the article pointed out a series of risks that were associated with the venture of exploring the universe. However, there were considerable benefits that had a wide range and implications for the life of human beings.

Therefore, despite the risks and uncertainties within space exploration, technology, and innovation should be channeled to majorly focus on risk management and reduction to enhance the success of the space exploration exercise. Since the future relies on how thriving technology can be instituted to understand the universe better. Therefore, the study implies that effectiveness in coordination with critical elements such as industrial development, medical, and computerized technology would primarily result in desirable outcomes for space exploration.

Continuing the theme of technological advancement space technology, Maiwalk et al., divulge deeper into the intricacies of space technology. Space exploration technology is considered a function of space research and experimental studies. Maiwald et al., (1) discuss supporting sustainable development with spaceflight technology in this article. It is evident in the study that spaceflight was the most instrumental element that acted as the driving force and backbone of the exploration processes to the orbital surface.

Peer review techniques are used to effectively evaluate the technology used in spaceflight while analyzing the subsequent improvement since the first development of the spacecraft. The article postulated a series of findings in support of the same.

Firstly, it touched upon the efficacy of computers and power generation. It was revealed that computers played an instrumental role in pivoting the spacecraft operation. It was found that spaceflight technology was heavily reliant on computerized technology, which consistently improved since its first evolution. Secondly, the article revealed how aerospace developments developed modern technology to support spaceflights. It further pointed out the sustainable impact of aerospace engineering on the earth’s development.

Furthermore, the findings indicated how the current application had impacted the existing technologies on the earth. As part of the observable areas, the article focused on the use associated with favorable space, ground, and resources utilized in the research, mainly on closed-loop technology.

An article by Maiwalk et al. has especially important future implications, and its examination is capable of deepening one’s understanding of the aerospace sphere. Further, this work was crucial as it revealed sectorial development, especially in the technology and aerospace engineering industry. Such would rapidly form engaging factors that would drive future improvement and innovation in aerospace and technology.

The article had future implications as its applicability was limited to aerospace development and enhancement of the earth’s sustainability through aerospace. Therefore, the field of spaceflight as a result of aerospace would likely result in major development within the Earth hence improving the cause of Earth as a sustainable body. As a result, the article connects aviation and industries that mainly rely on the earth.

Observations have indicated that space exploration has increased instances of human interaction with strange matters in space. A study by Pagel and Chouker (1450) mainly relies on vital elements of isolation and confinement attributed to space exploration on human beings as they were seen to be detached from their loved ones while in outer space. As part of the analysis, the article adopted a peer review methodology which provided inferences for the work as a whole.

Secondly, the article’s findings revealed that the sense of loneliness resulting from physical isolation impacted the astronauts mentally as it was considered a form of exclusion, hence punishment. Further, the findings indicated that isolation and seclusion had worsening impacts on individuals’ stress levels and could result in diseases. The findings were essential in initiating corrective action to overcome uncalled-for scenarios.

Therefore, the article’s future implications are influential since it can be adopted as a mechanism of change, particularly in the training component of astronauts on stress management. Further, the article can be implicated to provide inferences on best practices to be instituted by the aerospace department to improve the comfort of astronauts whenever they are lonely in space. Such would significantly improve the welfare and success of astronauts’ missions simultaneously.

The efficacy of space exploration has manifested in several areas. For instance, it has attracted limitless studies on the life and sustainability of the life of astronauts while in space. In support of space life, a survey on heavy-ion carcinogenesis and human space exploration aimed to investigate the link between carcinogenesis of heavy ions and human exploration and its impacts on human health (Durante and Cucinotta 465).

The study was instrumental in focusing on astronauts and their actions in space missions. For instance, before the commencement of the astronaut’s missions, scientists must extensively examine and accurately estimate and minimize the risks of cancer and exposure to other diseases. The study adopted a peer review analysis methodology to gather adequate information and interpretation. The findings revealed that radiation in space was more harmful than the earth’s radiation, hence pointing out the need to protect the astronauts from the radiation impacts actively.

In addition, the findings revealed that the high degree and intensity of radiation in space were highly associated with two types of heavy ions, including heavy nuclei and high-energy protons. Due to the attained findings, a resolution on radiation controls has been instituted to improve the efficiency of space visits and enhancement of healthy lifestyle of the explorers.

Most importantly, the study is instrumental in initiating deeper insight into radiobiology, especially cancer, to better support space exploration. Furthermore, the paper can be effectively adopted in place of the expedition on space-related cancer and mechanisms to manage the same. However, despite significant insights into space-related cancer, space cancer’s degree of impact on human health has yet to be thoroughly examined.

Moreover, vital studies have been conducted on deep space exploration (Weiren 6). The article primarily focused on the impoverishment of human civilization due to space exploration. This would rapidly result in the improvement of the space exploration program. In support of space improvement, the paper investigated how the process of space exploration has resulted in an increased understanding of the universe.

The study adopted a peer review methodology in which limitless research was previewed to gather analysis insights. As part of the findings, it was revealed that space exploration has been in progress over the last 50 years. The duration has been a factor of continuous improvement, which has evolved. Further, the study revealed that humankind had made important achievements, mainly attributed to increased invention and innovation.

As a nation, China has been revealed to have been prosperous in its journey to space exploration. Recent observation has indicated its progress in space technology, where it successfully tested heavy thrust carrier rocket and deep space TTC network. Such indicators have significantly improved human capacity to enter and explore space actions that have enhanced basic disciplines for mechanics, astronomy and physics, material building, and information. Such has been perceived to be instrumental in spearheading space exploration.

Also, the findings have revealed that the increase in space exploration has significantly driven technological innovations and scientific discoveries targeted at enhancing the space exploration experience. As part of future implications, engagement in space exploration has definitive impacts such as enhancement of expertise through equipping humankind with the ability to solve technology-related problems. Secondly, the study directly contributed to improving the Chinese economy. Finally, such involvement implies an improved future of space exploration as a form of civilization for mankind.

Astronauts have different experiences when they do space exploration. White (73) in his study focused on answering the question of why human beings should explore space. The findings revealed that astronauts entail different philosophies, which are functions of perceptions. The results suggested that many astronauts believed that the space experience altered their consciousness and feelings. The results further revealed that activities in space such as exercise, clouds, and weightlessness highly contributed to the astronauts’ feelings and perception of space.

Nevertheless, every experience was found to leave a stronger impression on the astronaut’s body. As a result, direct impact on their actions. It was evident that space exploration laid the foundation of human society in the external environment away from Earth (White 73). This article will be crucial, particularly on improving astronomy and astronauts’ experience whenever in space. With all of the presented arguments, the article will avail adequately on the reader’s perspective regarding space experience.

This article aimed to investigate health risks associated with space exploration, particularly from the perspective of biological features embedded in spaceflight. The study by (Afshinnekoo et al. 1165) focused on the fundamental biological features of spaceflight. The study adopted a peer review methodology as part of its analysis. The findings revealed the existence of six features of spaceflight biology. As part of the future implications, the article has resulted in a practical understanding of molecular changes within the scope of space travel. The experience will effectively improve the organism’s analysis of damage, allowing possible solutions as part of space exploration.

However, it is important to note that some sources highlight the potential dangers and detriments of space travel. Costs, in particular, are a high concern, along with the proposed effects space exploration may have on the human mind. Pagel and Chouker (1450) proposed that loneliness and isolation negatively affect the mental well-being of astronauts. Spending prolonged periods without human contact can potentially be detrimental to one’s ability to exist in society.

The study found that space exploration harmed the astronauts, particularly their social life and ability to interact effectively. The research indicated that space exploration directly impacted an individual’s social behavior. Being a vital component of human relations, it can be understood as beneficial to human survival. Significant indulgence in space exploration negatively affected individual capabilities to express themselves socially. Several studies have been conducted on space exploration and settlement.

Makaya et al. (5) focused on investigating the properties of materials needed for most ambitious space missions and described the adopted design and testing or incomes before incorporation into the exercises. The analysis adopted an analytical methodology to evaluate the respective materials effectively.

The findings indicated that due to the scarcity in the attainment of materials for spaceship production, the sustainability of astronauts was highly jeopardized. Similarly, it was revealed that an insufficient supply of the materials for spaceship production limited the continuity of space exploration as only a limited number of vessels could be produced. Further, the study revealed that space exploration resulted in emissions that directly altered the environment and sustainability of the astronaut’s life. High emissions from spacecraft technology resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer while endangering the Earth as a result threatening the existence of species on the Earth.

To control the adversity associated with space exploration there is a need to improve the technology for the spacecraft. Future spacecraft propulsion systems are other aspects of space exploration under study that should be revisited equitably. In their book, Czysz and Claudio (284) focused on investigating the appropriate enabling technology for space exploration. The text adopted a pragmatic approach to effectively analyze a series of technologies adopted in the future to facilitate space travel.

The findings indicated the visible expansion in technology and advance in rocket engines and rocket propulsion technology, which were limited to technological uncertainties that negatively impact the capability to develop sophisticated spacecraft systems. This aspect posed a more remarkable change in the progression of space exploration.

Hypersonic could be highly instrumental in space exploration, the inability to incorporate the technology in spacecraft limits the ability and continuity of space exploration. In addition, the findings showed a flaw in multidisciplinary integration between the spectrums of hypersonic vehicles’ orbital capabilities and propulsion systems.

Space exploration is an important part of the modern world, bringing with it several technological and social benefits. The review provided the importance of space exploration concerning the earth and the environment, especially in the global economy. In addition, the examined works indicated spaceflight technology’s various qualities, with the ability to affect the lives of astronauts being chief among them. While certain issues exist, particularly regarding the deterioration of interpersonal skills and costs, space exploration undoubtedly produces more benefits. With the proper introduction of sustainable systems, as well as mental safeguards for astronauts, it is possible to make space exploration far less strenuous.

Adequate understanding and materializing of the spacecraft in terms of materials used proved vital. It enhanced the security of human lives and the success of the actual space exploration process. This study was objective in that it provided inferences for further research. The direct repercussions of the importance attributed to the radical change in space exploration would significantly enhance the emergence of space travel agencies to the benefit of the whole population.

Afshinnekoo, Ebrahim, et al. “Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration.” Cell , vol. 183, no. 5, 2020, pp. 1162-1184.

Agha, Riaz. “Space exploration – Surgical insights and future perspectives.” International Journal of Surgery , vol. 3, no. 4, 2005, pp. 263-267.

Czysz, Paul A., and Claudio Bruno. Future Spacecraft Propulsion Systems: Enabling Technologies for Space Exploration . Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.

Durante, Marco, and Francis A. Cucinotta. “Heavy ion carcinogenesis and human space exploration.” Nature Reviews Cancer , vol. 8, no. 6, 2008, pp. 465-472.

Maiwald, Volker, et al. “From space back to Earth: supporting sustainable development with spaceflight technologies.” Sustainable Earth , vol. 4, no. 1, 2021.

Makaya, Advenit, et al. “Towards out of earth manufacturing: overview of the ESA materials and processes activities on manufacturing in space.” CEAS Space Journal , 2022.

Pagel, J. I., and A. Choukèr. “Effects of isolation and confinement on humans-implications for manned space explorations.” Journal of Applied Physiology , vol. 120, no. 12, 2016, pp. 1449-1457.

White, Frank. “The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, Second Edition.” 1998.

Wu, WeiRen, et al. “Investigation on the development of deep space exploration.” Science China Technological Sciences , vol. 55, no. 4, 2012, pp. 1086-1091.

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Reasons Why Space Exploration Is Important

Space exploration is pivotal for enhancing our understanding of the cosmos and driving technological innovation, as well as fostering global collaboration. It is a testament to human curiosity and ingenuity, providing practical benefits that permeate various aspects of our daily lives.

At a Glance

• Unlocks secrets of the universe, broadening our scientific horizons.
• Spurs technological innovation with breakthroughs stemming from aerospace research.
• Improves daily life through technologies originally developed for space missions.
• Encourages global cooperation , as nations collaborate for common space goals.
• Boosts economic growth by creating new industries and job opportunities.
• Promotes STEM education and inspires the next generation of scientists and engineers.
• Prepares humanity for potential future challenges, like asteroid impacts.
• Advances medical research through unique space-based experiments.
• Offers a planetary perspective , deepening our understanding of Earth’s place in the cosmos.
• Nurtures human spirit and the relentless pursuit of knowledge and exploration.

1. Unveiling Cosmic Mysteries and Enhancing Knowledge

Embarking on space missions has been a game-changer in expanding our scientific knowledge about what lies beyond Earth. These explorations have led to remarkable achievements that have deepened our grasp of the vast universe we’re a part of.

Discoveries of new planets and exotic cosmic phenomena through various missions have provided invaluable insight into the complex machinery of the cosmos. By venturing into space, human beings have managed to collect data that sheds light on age-old cosmic mysteries , such as the origins and the fabric of the universe itself. Each milestone reveals a new layer of understanding, propelling our knowledge and curiosity to even greater heights.

Here are key highlights from the realm of space exploration:

• Identification of exo-planets that orbit stars beyond our solar system, raising questions and hopes about life elsewhere in the universe.
• Observations of distant celestial events, such as supernovae and black holes, providing clues about the life cycle of stars and the gravitational forces at work.
• Study of cosmic background radiation to enhance our comprehension of the Big Bang and the early stages of the universe’s expansion.
• Sending probes like the Voyager spacecraft beyond our solar system, turning them into interstellar messengers that carry information about human civilization.

2. Technological Advancements and Practical Benefits

Space exploration is not just a journey through the cosmos; it’s a catalyst for technological advancements that trickle down into our everyday lives. The drive to create new inventions to withstand the harsh conditions of space had led to breakthroughs that benefit various sectors, from health care to environmental management.

Advances in medicine, such as improved imaging techniques and robotic surgery devices, were developed with space technology. Likewise, space-based environmental monitoring systems have become pivotal in managing Earth’s resources and tackling climate issues, providing real-time data on deforestation, pollution, and resource depletion. These technologies equip us with the means to make more informed decisions about our planet’s health and future.

Not to mention, the space industry has developed systems that may one day protect us from potential asteroid threats , ensuring our planet’s safety from celestial hazards. The same technological capabilities that promise to monitor asteroids also contribute to a deeper understanding of climate change , as satellites give us a comprehensive view of Earth’s changing climate patterns.

Here’s how space-derived technology has impacted our world:

• Health improvements : Innovations such as advanced diagnostics, telemedicine, and enhanced fitness monitoring systems originate from space research.
• Environmental monitoring : Satellite data is crucial for tracking natural disasters, managing agriculture, and studying climate change.
• Resource management : Technologies designed for space help in searching for raw materials and sustainable energy sources on Earth.
• Asteroid aversion : Techniques to deflect or study near-Earth objects are key in planetary defense strategies.

3. Global Collaboration and Societal Impact

The realm of space exploration transcends the boundaries of nations, promoting international cooperation and camaraderie. Countries often come together, pooling their intellectual and financial resources to embark on ambitious space missions that single nations could find challenging to realize. This collaboration not only fosters peace among participating nations but also reinforces national security through shared technology and mutual interests in outer space.

Moreover, the space sector has become a significant driver of economic growth . The creation of jobs and the inspiration for new markets have contributed to a thriving space economy, encompassing everything from satellite communication to space tourism. Companies and governments alike invest in space-related ventures, recognizing the enormous potential for innovation and profit.

The societal influence of space exploration is equally impressive. It appeals to our inherent curiosity and yearning for discovery. As humans look up at the night sky or follow the latest space mission updates, inspiration is ignited across generations, inviting everyone to dream big and pursue their aspirations.

Impact of space exploration on global society:

• International relations : Space missions create a platform for diplomatic engagement and mutual technological developments.
• Inspiration for society : Astronomical discoveries and space travel achievements captivate imaginations, encouraging a sense of wonder and possibility.
• Economic vitality : Investments in the space industry stimulate technological markets, leading to job creation and economic diversification.
• Existential exploration : Pursuing knowledge in space helps humanity in grappling with and answering big questions about existence and our place in the universe.

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Essay Curve

Essay on Space Exploration – 10 Lines, 100 to 1500 Words

Essay on Space Exploration: Space exploration has always been a fascinating topic for scientists, researchers, and the general public alike. The idea of venturing beyond our planet and discovering the mysteries of the universe has captured the imagination of generations. In this essay, we will delve into the importance of space exploration, the advancements it has brought to technology and science, and the potential benefits it holds for the future of humanity. Join us on this journey through the cosmos as we explore the wonders of space exploration.

Table of Contents

Space Exploration Essay Writing Tips

1. Start with a strong introduction that grabs the reader’s attention and provides background information on space exploration. You can begin with a quote, statistic, or anecdote to engage the reader.

2. Provide a brief history of space exploration, highlighting key milestones such as the launch of Sputnik, the Apollo moon landings, and the International Space Station. This will give the reader context and show the progression of space exploration over time.

3. Discuss the benefits of space exploration, such as technological advancements, scientific discoveries, and international cooperation. Explain how space exploration has led to innovations in areas such as medicine, communications, and environmental monitoring.

4. Address the challenges and risks associated with space exploration, such as the high cost, technical difficulties, and potential dangers to astronauts. Consider ethical concerns, such as the impact of space debris on Earth’s orbit and the potential for space tourism to exacerbate environmental issues.

5. Explore the future of space exploration, including upcoming missions to Mars, the Moon, and beyond. Discuss the potential for commercial space travel, space mining, and the colonization of other planets.

6. Consider the role of government agencies, such as NASA and the European Space Agency, as well as private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin, in advancing space exploration. Discuss the importance of international collaboration in achieving common goals in space exploration.

7. Address any counterarguments or criticisms of space exploration, such as the argument that funds could be better spent on solving problems on Earth or concerns about the militarization of space. Provide evidence to support your position and offer a balanced perspective on the issue.

8. Conclude your essay by summarizing the key points and reiterating the importance of space exploration for the future of humanity. Consider ending with a call to action or a thought-provoking question to leave a lasting impression on the reader.

9. Proofread your essay carefully to check for spelling and grammar errors, as well as to ensure that your arguments are clear and well-supported. Consider asking a friend or teacher to review your essay for feedback before submitting it.

Essay on Space Exploration in 10 Lines – Examples

1. Space exploration involves the discovery and exploration of outer space using spacecraft and other technologies. 2. It allows scientists to study planets, moons, stars, and other celestial bodies in our solar system and beyond. 3. Space exploration has led to important discoveries about the origins of the universe and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. 4. It has also provided valuable information about the effects of space travel on the human body. 5. Space exploration has inspired technological advancements in areas such as robotics, materials science, and communication systems. 6. It has also sparked international cooperation and collaboration among countries with space programs. 7. The exploration of space has the potential to lead to new resources and opportunities for economic growth. 8. Space exploration has captured the imagination of people around the world and inspired future generations of scientists and engineers. 9. Challenges in space exploration include the high costs, technical difficulties, and risks associated with sending humans and equipment into space. 10. Despite these challenges, space exploration continues to be a priority for many countries and organizations as we seek to expand our understanding of the universe.

Sample Essay on Space Exploration in 100-180 Words

Space exploration is a fascinating and important endeavor that allows us to learn more about the universe beyond our planet. By sending spacecraft and astronauts into space, we can study other planets, stars, and galaxies, as well as gain a better understanding of our own planet and its place in the cosmos.

Exploring space also has practical benefits, such as developing new technologies and materials that can be used to improve life on Earth. Additionally, space exploration can inspire people to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, and can foster international cooperation and collaboration.

However, space exploration is not without its challenges and risks, including the high cost of missions, the dangers of space travel, and the ethical implications of potentially contaminating other planets with Earth-based organisms. Despite these challenges, the benefits of space exploration far outweigh the risks, and it is essential that we continue to push the boundaries of our knowledge and understanding of the universe.

Short Essay on Space Exploration in 200-500 Words

Space exploration has always been a topic of fascination for mankind. The idea of venturing into the unknown, discovering new worlds, and unraveling the mysteries of the universe has captivated the minds of scientists, researchers, and the general public alike. Over the years, space exploration has made significant advancements, with numerous missions to the moon, Mars, and beyond.

One of the primary reasons for space exploration is the quest for knowledge. By studying celestial bodies, scientists can gain a better understanding of the universe and its origins. For example, the Mars Rover missions have provided valuable insights into the geology and climate of the red planet, helping scientists piece together its history and potential for supporting life. Similarly, missions to the moon have helped us learn more about the Earth’s satellite and its impact on our planet.

Space exploration also plays a crucial role in technological advancements. Many of the technologies developed for space missions have found applications in everyday life, such as satellite communication, GPS systems, and medical imaging devices. The challenges of space travel have pushed scientists to innovate and develop new technologies that have far-reaching benefits for society.

Furthermore, space exploration has the potential to open up new opportunities for humanity. As resources on Earth become increasingly scarce, the idea of mining asteroids or establishing colonies on other planets has gained traction. By expanding our presence beyond Earth, we can ensure the survival of our species and potentially unlock new avenues for economic growth and development.

Despite the many benefits of space exploration, there are also challenges and ethical considerations to consider. The cost of space missions is often exorbitant, with budgets running into billions of dollars. Additionally, there are environmental concerns associated with space travel, such as space debris and the potential for contamination of other planets.

In conclusion, space exploration is a fascinating and important endeavor that has the potential to expand our knowledge, drive technological advancements, and open up new opportunities for humanity. While there are challenges and ethical considerations to navigate, the benefits of space exploration far outweigh the risks. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible in space, we will undoubtedly uncover new discoveries and pave the way for a brighter future for humanity.

Essay on Space Exploration in 1000-1500 Words

Space exploration has always been a fascinating topic for humanity. The idea of venturing into the unknown, discovering new worlds, and expanding our understanding of the universe has captivated the minds of scientists, researchers, and the general public for centuries. In recent years, space exploration has become more prominent with advancements in technology and the increasing interest in exploring beyond our own planet. In this essay, we will explore the importance of space exploration, the benefits it brings to society, and the challenges that come with it.

One of the main reasons why space exploration is important is that it allows us to expand our knowledge of the universe. By sending spacecraft and probes to different planets, moons, and asteroids, scientists can gather valuable data that helps us understand the origins of the universe, the formation of planets, and the possibility of life beyond Earth. For example, the Mars rover missions have provided valuable information about the geology and climate of the red planet, as well as the potential for microbial life to exist there. This knowledge not only enhances our understanding of the universe but also helps us appreciate the complexity and diversity of the cosmos.

Furthermore, space exploration has practical benefits for society. The technologies developed for space missions have led to numerous innovations that have improved our daily lives. For example, satellite technology has revolutionized communication, weather forecasting, and navigation systems. The development of lightweight materials, advanced propulsion systems, and life support systems for astronauts has also led to advancements in various industries, such as healthcare, transportation, and energy. Additionally, space exploration has inspired a new generation of scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs who are pushing the boundaries of innovation and creating new opportunities for economic growth.

In addition to the scientific and technological benefits, space exploration also has the potential to address some of the pressing challenges facing humanity. For example, the study of asteroids and comets can help us develop strategies to protect Earth from potential impact events. By understanding the composition and trajectory of these celestial bodies, scientists can develop methods to deflect or destroy them before they pose a threat to our planet. Furthermore, space exploration can also help us address environmental issues on Earth by providing new insights into climate change, resource depletion, and pollution. By studying other planets and moons, we can learn more about sustainable practices and technologies that can help us protect our own planet for future generations.

Despite the numerous benefits of space exploration, there are also challenges and risks associated with venturing into space. One of the main challenges is the high cost of space missions. Building and launching spacecraft, maintaining communication networks, and supporting astronauts in space all require significant financial resources. This has led to debates about the allocation of funding for space exploration, especially when there are competing priorities such as healthcare, education, and poverty alleviation. Additionally, the long duration and distance of space missions pose risks to the health and safety of astronauts. Exposure to radiation, microgravity, and isolation can have negative effects on the human body and mind, leading to concerns about the long-term sustainability of human space exploration.

Another challenge of space exploration is the ethical and legal implications of exploring new worlds. As we venture further into space and potentially encounter other forms of life, we must consider how our actions may impact these alien civilizations. Questions about planetary protection, resource exploitation, and cultural preservation arise as we explore new planets and moons. Additionally, the issue of space debris and pollution poses a threat to the sustainability of space exploration. The accumulation of defunct satellites, rocket stages, and other debris in Earth’s orbit can hinder future missions and pose a risk to operational spacecraft.

In conclusion, space exploration is a fascinating and important endeavor that has the potential to expand our knowledge of the universe, benefit society, and address pressing challenges facing humanity. By investing in space missions, developing new technologies, and inspiring future generations, we can continue to explore the cosmos and unlock the mysteries of the universe. However, we must also be mindful of the challenges and risks associated with space exploration, and work together to address them in a responsible and sustainable manner. Only by working together as a global community can we fully realize the potential of space exploration and ensure a bright future for humanity in the cosmos.

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• Table Of Contents

In the decades following the first Sputnik and Explorer satellites, the ability to put their instruments into outer space gave scientists the opportunity to acquire new information about the natural universe , information that in many cases would have been unobtainable any other way. Space science added a new dimension to the quest for knowledge, complementing and extending what had been gained from centuries of theoretical speculations and ground-based observations.

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After Gagarin’s 1961 flight, space missions involving human crews carried out a range of significant research, from on-site geologic investigations on the Moon to a wide variety of observations and experiments aboard orbiting spacecraft . In particular, the presence in space of humans as experimenters and, in some cases, as experimental subjects facilitated studies in biomedicine and materials science . Nevertheless, most space science was, and continues to be, performed by robotic spacecraft in Earth orbit, in other locations from which they observe the universe, or on missions to various bodies in the solar system . In general, such missions are far less expensive than those involving humans and can carry sophisticated automated instruments to gather a wide variety of relevant data.

In addition to the United States and the Soviet Union , several other countries achieved the capability of developing and operating scientific spacecraft and thus carrying out their own space science missions. They include Japan , China , Canada , India , and a number of European countries such as the United Kingdom, France , Italy , and Germany , acting alone and through cooperative organizations, particularly the European Space Agency . Furthermore, many other countries became involved in space activities through the participation of their scientists in specific missions. Bilateral or multilateral cooperation between various countries in carrying out space science missions grew to be the usual way of proceeding.

Scientific research in space can be divided into five general areas: (1) solar and space physics, including study of the magnetic and electromagnetic fields in space and the various energetic particles also present, with particular attention to their interactions with Earth, (2) exploration of the planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and dust in the solar system, (3) study of the origin, evolution , and current state of the varied objects in the universe beyond the solar system, (4) research on nonliving and living materials, including humans, in the very low gravity levels of the space environment , and (5) study of Earth from space.

The first scientific discovery made with instruments orbiting in space was the existence of the Van Allen radiation belts , discovered by Explorer 1 in 1958. Subsequent space missions investigated Earth’s magnetosphere , the surrounding region of space in which the planet’s magnetic field exerts a controlling effect ( see Earth: The magnetic field and magnetosphere ). Of particular and ongoing interest has been the interaction of the flux of charged particles emitted by the Sun, called the solar wind , with the magnetosphere. Early space science investigations showed, for example, that luminous atmospheric displays known as auroras are the result of this interaction, and scientists came to understand that the magnetosphere is an extremely complex phenomenon.

The focus of inquiry in space physics was later extended to understanding the characteristics of the Sun , both as an average star and as the primary source of energy for the rest of the solar system, and to exploring space between the Sun and Earth and other planets ( see interplanetary medium ). The magnetospheres of other planets, particularly Jupiter with its strong magnetic field, also came under study. Scientists sought a better understanding of the internal dynamics and overall behaviour of the Sun, the underlying causes of variations in solar activity, and the way in which those variations propagate through space and ultimately affect Earth’s magnetosphere and upper atmosphere. The concept of space weather was advanced to describe the changing conditions in the Sun-Earth region of the solar system. Variations in space weather can cause geomagnetic storms that interfere with the operation of satellites and even systems on the ground such as power grids.

To carry out the investigations required for addressing these scientific questions, the United States, Europe, the Soviet Union, and Japan developed a variety of space missions, often in a coordinated fashion. In the United States, early studies of the Sun were undertaken by a series of Orbiting Solar Observatory satellites (launched 1962–75) and the astronaut crews of the Skylab space station in 1973–74, using that facility’s Apollo Telescope Mount. These were followed by the Solar Maximum Mission satellite (launched 1980). ESA developed the Ulysses mission (1990) to explore the Sun’s polar regions. Solar-terrestrial interactions were the focus of many of the Explorer series of spacecraft (1958–75) and the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory satellites (1964–69).

In the 1980s NASA , ESA, and Japan’s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science undertook a cooperative venture to develop a comprehensive series of space missions, named the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Program, that would be aimed at full investigation of the Sun-Earth connection. This program was responsible for the U.S. Wind (1994) and Polar (1996) spacecraft, the European Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO; 1995) and Cluster (2000) missions, and the Japanese Geotail satellite (1992).

Among many other missions, NASA has launched a number of satellites, including Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED, 2001); the Japanese-U.S.-U.K. collaboration Hinode (2006); and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO, 2006), part of its Solar Terrestrial Probes program. The Solar Dynamics Observatory (2010); the twin Van Allen Probes (2012); and the Parker Solar Probe (2018), which made the closest flybys of the Sun, were part of another NASA program called Living with a Star. A two-satellite European/Chinese mission called Double Star (2003–04) studied the impact of the Sun on Earth’s environment.

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Space Exploration Arguments

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Published: Mar 20, 2024

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Economic benefits, scientific benefits, ethical implications.

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Space Exploration Task 2 IELTS Essay: Tips and Samples

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Updated on 28 June, 2024

Akansha Semwal

Study abroad expert.

International English Language Testing System  (IELTS) is one of the world’s leading English language tests that evaluates the English language proficiency among non-native speakers. Writing test task 2 of the IELTS exam is a descriptive essay-type question based on topics related to the general interest. The word limit is a minimum of 250 words, and the task duration is 40 minutes. This article discusses ‘ space exploration, a commonly asked topic for IELTS essays, to help test takers prepare well for the test. Here are the tips for writing the best essay and two samples ‘space exploration’ essays that you can follow.

The IELTS writing task 2 requires you to write an essay on the given topic. The space exploration IELTS essay is one such common topic where students struggle to present a clear, well-organized, and relevant argument in a formal style. 

Based on my discussion with several IELTS aspirants, going through space exploration task 2 IELTS essays and having some tricks up your sleeve can help you secure a good band. 

Here, I have compiled some samples of space exploration essays and tips to write a winning essay, helping you to achieve your  study abroad goals.

Table of Contents

Word limit for the essay, time duration, type of question, essay topics.

• Sample 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Space Exploration

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• Essay sample 2:
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Applicants will have to write an essay in IELTS task 2 in response to a statement. The minimum word limit should be 250 words. There is no upper word limit. Make sure you are not writing less than 250 words, or it will be counted as an incomplete task. 

The time duration allotted for the writing task 2 essay is 40 minutes. You need to manage your time, so make sure you plan and write the essay within the stipulated time. Appear for mocks to work on your writing speed. 

In IELTS Essay writing, applicants need to write an essay while responding to a particular premise, statement, or argument. It is an informal descriptive essay, where the applicants need to prepare a 250-word write-up based on opinion, facts, arguments, and experiences. All the parts of the question need to be answered in the essay. 

The essay topics are based on general interest and academic modules. It is important to practice essay writing in common genres like art, education, crime, space, culture, tradition, social problems, and environment. 

Samples on Space Exploration Essay IELTS

The  space exploration task 2 in the IELTS examination demands you to write on topics related to space exploration as given in the examination. A  space exploration IELTS essay should be such that it hooks the user through the entire time and covers both the negative and positive aspects of it.

Sample 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Space Exploration 

Space exploration is the detailed exploration of space, the solar system, and the universe. It is explored by robotic spacecraft and spaceflights. Earlier ‘Space Race’ was only popular between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union achieved many milestones in its early days. It is a huge part of American history. On 20th July 1969, Neil Armstrong along with Buzz Aldrin won the space race. Yet, there are many advantages and disadvantages of space exploration. Many opine that the space program costs high, and some take it as an invention.

Advantages of Space exploration

Inventions:

The global society has benefited through new inventions. The additional research conducted by NASA helped to benefit society in different ways. The discoveries benefit transportation, medicine, computer management, agriculture technology, and consumer goods. The space program helped in GPS technology, breast cancer treatment, lightweight breathing systems, Teflon fiberglass, etc. 

Employment:

One cannot deny the fact that space exploration generates numerous jobs globally. Spending less and making it more cost-effective is a better way to approach space exploration. Space research programs add too much to science, technology, and communication in the present unemployment scenario. And this results in a massive employment generation. 

Understanding: 

Time to time-space exploration programs and satellite missions by NASA help unravel the undiscovered facts about our universe. Scientists better understand the nature, atmosphere of Earth, and other space bodies. These are the exploration programs that make us aware of future natural disasters and other related predictions. It also paves the path to save our almighty universe from time to time. 

Conclusion: Every coin has two sides. To sustain on Earth, one has to face the challenge and overcome it. Space exploration is a vital activity that cannot be neglected but can be improved with technology.

Disadvantages of Space exploration

Pollution is one of the alarming concerns in space exploration. Every year, many satellites are launched in space, and not all of them return. Over time, the remains of such instances become debris and float in the air. Old satellites, different types of equipment, launching pads, pieces of rockets are all adding to pollutants. Space debris pollutes space in many ways. Space exploration is not only harming the environment but also space.  

A national space exploration program costs high. Many individuals argue that space mission programs are cost-effective. It must be noted that NASA in the recent program, celebrated its 30th anniversary with an expenditure of $196.5 billion.

Space exploration is not a bed of roses. Many historical events prove the danger associated with tragic incidents. One must focus on the incident on January 28, 1986, with the Challenger space shuttle. Within just 73 seconds, the shuttle exploded and resulted in a massive loss of life and property. 

Moreover, there are different opinions on the advantages of space exploration with more innovations and improved technologies.

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Essay sample 2: 

The first man to walk on the moon claimed it was a step forward for humankind. However, it has made little difference in most people’s lives.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

A greater number of people believe that space exploration has not made enough contribution to the lives of people. It has not made a sufficient impact if the expenses associated with it are justified. As per my understanding, various questions arise out of this, but if considered on an overall basis, the scientific impact is very encompassing. 

A man to the moon and expensive satellites and telescopes had no impact on the life of an average wage earner or the one without proper meals a day. A large population is still vulnerable and facing various economic challenges. Many enjoy watching the man traveling to the moon, or the NASA videos, but there is no justification for the huge amount of money that was spent over the years for space exploration. It could have made a lot of difference if these investments were directed towards employment, medicine, education, infrastructure, and culture. 

Nonetheless, the impacts are directly related to science and culture. A man on the moon was a moment of utilitarian concern. It was a powerful incident that encouraged countless lives to attain achievements. Space exploration has led to concrete and fruitful innovations. For example, new aspects of entertainment, microchip, the internet, and countless other discoveries. From small to huge, there are several discoveries, and the most important one can be staying connected throughout the globe. We are truly indebted to the funding of space exploration for all of these innovations and discoveries. 

Far from being utter waste, as some belief it to be, space exploration has been the reason for the progress of humankind. It must receive more support and advancement.

Sample 3: Spending Money on Space Exploration

Space exploration is a front that has been challenging humans for centuries. While the secrets of space amaze mankind and increase its curiosity to explore more and more each day, the question arises is all this investment worth it?

Are human beings actually advancing in space exploration or is it just the tiny dot that we are able to see until now? With opinions that go for and against this topic,  this essay explores the justification for the spending of money on space exploration programs and examines its technological, economic, and inspirational impacts.

Firstly, considering the technological aspects of science exploration, technology has driven significant advancements to uncover major secrets in the field of science. Moreover, as the exploration of spaces demands cutting-edge technology, it pushes the limits of mankind to come up with new technological aspects and advance in the field ultimately. 

Secondly, space exploration also helps in providing economic growth and opportunities. Since space exploration demands bright brains and the human power to carry out many aspects, it generates job opportunities at a large scale. 

Moreover, investments in space also promote the development of other related sectors including telecommunications, geospatial analytics, etc. Additionally, space exploration attracts private investments and helps grow new companies focused on space tourism, asteroid mining, space colonization, and other similar concepts.

Thirdly, space exploration also plays a major role in inspiring young minds and instilling a feeling of curiosity in them. It helps develop interest in science in young minds and explore technology, engineering, and mathematics. 

Moreover, a record of our past achievements in science exploration, like the Apollo mission, NASA’s landing on the moon, and other similar yet great achievements, serve as a strong motivator for young generations and foster a sense of curiosity to carry the legacy of mankind ahead.

Moreover, science exploration also gives a gist of our overall scientific progress as a community to people who remain unaware of the latest updates, scientific news, and achievements of humans.

Lastly, science exploration also helps humans address global challenges in various ways. Some major examples include satellites monitoring environmental changes, tracking natural disasters, and managing resources remotely from space, which help humans trace useful insights and information needed.  

For instance, the website from space tracks the deforestation rate of the earth and updates us about the current status of rainforests and other environmental changes.

Additionally, a global view from space also fosters collaboration among nations to come together and overcome various challenges that hinder our progress in exploring space.

To conclude, investing in space exploration is something human beings must constantly focus on. While some might consider it a waste of capital for a nation, it has its own unexplored pros. Though this fact cannot be denied that the immediate benefits of scientific exploration might not be visible, it will undoubtedly yield fruitful results for future generations.

Sample 4: Contacting Aliens Essay

Ever since human beings have started to explore the depths of space, the concept of life existing somewhere in the dimensions of space apart from the Earth has been in the limelight. We, as human beings, refer to foreign bodies existing in space (if any) as aliens.

Despite the fact that the existence of aliens might act as a threat to the human race on Earth, the curiosity to make the first contact with aliens still persists among scientists. This has been the main reason scientists constantly send wave signals in space, expecting to receive responses from people like us existing somewhere unknown in the mysterious spatial dimension.

This essay explores the complexities involved in contacting aliens and the constant efforts put in by scientists to find life somewhere in space apart from our Earth.

Science has reached a stage where scientists use various techniques to detect signals traveling in space from other civilizations. Researchers constantly strive through radio telescopes to scan the cosmos for unidentified and unusual signs that might confirm the existence of intelligent life somewhere in the cosmic world. These efforts to find alien civilizations are solely carried with the assumption that there are civilizations in the world that are far more advanced than ours and would preferably use radio waves to communicate with other spatial bodies.

When trying to contact aliens, a major question is what methods of contact scientists should use. Here are some methods that might be used to contact aliens:

• Radio and Optical Signals: This technology sends radio signals to specific stars, planetary systems, or other potential locations where scientists believe life can exist.
• Physical Probes: Launching probes that contain information about the existence of life on Earth and other information related to space with the hope that aliens existing in some corner of the universe will ultimately find it and establish contact with our planet.
• Interstellar Messaging: Interstellar messaging involves creating encoded messages that include mathematical, scientific, and cultural information. These messages are so designed that they can be universally understood by any potential intelligent life who receives them.

With all these technological ways, humans expect to contact aliens in space someday. However, contacting aliens comes with some potential risks. These risks include revealing our existence to potential aliens who might be stronger, more advanced, and much more powerful than us. As a result, showcasing our existence might lead to alien organizations trying to eliminate our potential competitors.

Other risks include the moral responsibility to be prepared for the consequences of our actions. Contacting alien organizations can ultimately threaten human existence, which may last for ages.

Overall, contacting aliens is necessary to silence our curiosity and thirst for exploring space. However, as human beings, we must take all the necessary steps to ensure our safety and privacy while exploring the untouched dimensions of the universe.

Tips to write a winning IELTS essay 

   Here are some common tips to consider that can help you write a winning space exploration essay IELTS :

• Allocate around 40 minutes to your writing task 2 to ensure that you have enough time to write a well-structured essay.
• Do not jump straight into writing. Rather, consider reading the question twice or thrice to understand its needs and what it actually expects you to do.
• Outline your response prior to writing your answer. This means creating a blueprint for your essay before starting to actually write it.
• Once you are done with the writing part, ensure to proofread your essay. This will help you overcome any potential mistakes, grammatical errors, and other negative aspects of the essay.
• Maintain the flow in writing. You cannot derail your thoughts and write an essay that is not relevant to the topic. The essay should be in complete sync with the question. The ideas in the essay should be directly related to the question. Use examples, experiences, and ideas that you can connect well with. 
• Organize your essay using linking phrases and words in a limited manner. Avoid using normal linking words, and go for adverbial phrases.
• The entire essay should be divided into small paragraphs with a minimum of two sentences each. There should be three parts to your essay, introduction, body, and conclusion. 
• Do not fill your essay with too many complicated and long words. Use collocations and idioms correctly. You must have a clear idea of using words and contexts.
• The essay should be grammatically correct. There should not be errors in terms of spelling, punctuation, and tenses. To avoid grammatical errors, avoid long and complicated sentences. Write short and crisp sentences. 
• Practice various essay questions like to agree/ disagree, discuss two opinions, advantages & disadvantages, causes, and solutions, causes and effects, and problem- solution. 
• Write a good introduction. The introduction should offer a clear idea about the rest of the content. An introduction is an important part of creating an impression and developing interest. 
• Use facts, statistics, and data if necessary. If you are unsure about the data and numbers, it is better to avoid any factual information. Do not write anything that you are not very sure about. 
• The body of the essay should be descriptive and contain all the points, facts, and information in a detailed manner. 
• The conclusion is prominent. The way you conclude your essay plays an important role in boosting your IELTS band. 
• Take care of the spelling mistakes. Do not write complicated spellings that you are not sure of. It is better to use simple and common words. 
• Do not write any informal or personal comments. It is not permitted strictly. 
• Proofread your essay once you are done writing. It helps you to scan minor and major issues in terms of grammatical and spelling errors. 

With all these tips in check, you can expect to write a winning essay in your writing  task 2 on space exploration .

In conclusion, attempting the space exploration task 2 requires a good strategy, backed by thorough preparation and clear understanding of the task requirements. 

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Akansha Semwal is a content marketer at upGrad and has also worked as a social media marketer & sub-editor. Experienced in creating impressive Statement of Purpose, Essays, and LOR, she knows how to captivate the attention of Admissions Committee. Her research-driven;study-abroad articles helps aspirants to make the prudent decision. She holds a bachelor's & master's degree in Literature from the University of Delhi.

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Top Destinations

Masters programs.

• MBA in Germany, IU
• MIM in Germany, IU
• MS in CS in Germany, IU
• MS in Data Analytics in USA, Clark University
• MS in Project Management in USA, Clark University
• MS in IT in USA, Clark University
• MS in Data Analytics & Visualization in USA, Yeshiva University
• MS in Artificial Intelligence in USA, Yeshiva University
• MS in Cybersecurity, Yeshiva University

Study Abroad Important Blogs

• Cost of Study:
• Cost of Studying in Canada
• Cost of Studying in Ireland
• Cost of Studying in Australia
• Cost of living:
• Cost of living in UK
• Cost of living in Australia
• Cost of living in Germany
• Cost of living in Ireland
• Cost of living in Canada
• Cost of Living in Singapore
• Cost of Living in Netherlands
• Career Opportunities:
• Career Opportunities in Australia
• Career Opportunities in Germany
• Job Opportunities in After MS in Canada
• Job Opportunities After MBA in Australia
• Job Opportunities After MS in UK
• IELTS Exam Resources:
• Academic IELTS
• IELTS Band Score
• IELTS Writing Task 2
• IELTS Slot Booking
• IELTS Band Score Chart
• IELTS Score for UK
• IELTS Score for USA
• Validity of IELTS Score
• IELTS Speaking Topics
• IELTS Reading Tips
• How to Prepare for IELTS at Home Without Coaching
• Types of IELTS Exam
• IELTS Academic vs General
• IELTS Exam Pattern
• IELTS Essay
• IELTS Exam Dates
• Top Streams:
• Fashion Designing Courses in Australia
• Accounting Courses in Canada
• Management Courses in Canada