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Ielts writing task 2 sample 517 - global warming is one of the most serious issues, ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay:, global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today. what are the causes of global warming and what measures can governments and individuals take to tackle the issue  .

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• Global Warming Essay

IELTS Global Warming Essay

This model answer is for an  IELTS global warming essay .

You are asked in the question to discuss the causes of global warming and possible solutions for individuals and the government.

Here is the question:

Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today.

What are the causes of global warming and what measures can governments and individuals take to tackle the issue?

Three Tasks

You must answer these three things in order to fully answer it:

• What are the causes of global warming?
• What can governments do about it?
• What can individuals do about it?

This essay has been divided into two paragraphs. However, you could write a separate paragraph about each of the above points if you wanted.

Take a look at the model answer and examine how it has been organized.

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

IELTS Global Warming Essay - Model Answer

Probably the most worrying threat to our planet at the present time is global warming. This essay will examine the reasons why global warming is occurring and discuss some possible solutions.

The predominant factors resulting in the warming of the earth are the emissions of CO2 and deforestation. CO2, which damages the ozone layer, comes from several sources, but the most problematic are those coming from the burning of fossil fuels from power plants. This releases thousands of tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere every year. Another cause of these emissions is the burning of gasoline for transportation, which continues to grow because of our demand for cars and also our increasing worldwide consumption, resulting in an escalating need to transport goods. Also, forests store large amounts of carbon, so deforestation is causing larger amounts of CO2 to remain in the atmosphere.

Nevertheless, there are potential ways to solve these problems, or at least reduce the effects. Firstly, governments need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and promote alternatives. Plant-derived plastics, biodiesel, wind power and solar power are all things that are a step in the right direction, but governments need to enforce the limits on CO2 emissions for the polluting industries in their countries for these to be effective. Also, individuals can play a part by making lifestyle changes. People should try to buy cars with the best fuel economy, and only use their car when really necessary. They can also switch to energy companies that use renewable energy rather than fossil fuels. Finally, small things like buying energy efficient light bulbs, turning off electricity in the house, and planting trees in the garden can help.

To conclude, although global warming is a serious issue, there are steps that governments and individuals can take to reduce its effects. If we are to save our planet, it is important that this is treated as a priority for all concerned.

(320 Words )

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IELTS Writing Task 2 Analysis (Global Warming) – Band 7

Let us find out what band score a candidate deserves by doing complete analysis of his IELTS writing task 2 below.

Global warming is increasing day by day. What are the causes of global warming and what can be done to eradicate this global problem.

Candidate’s Response:

Nowadays, existance of human being is threatened by a serious environmental cause know as global warming. The causes of global warming are multifactorial, thus needs a systematic approach from government organizations and individuals to tackle the issue.

To begin with, the important causes of current globalwarming are, firstly, the industrial revolution in the modern times has led to an increased release of gases into the atmosphere like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, to name a few, these gases are known to increase the temperature of the atmosphere by trapping ultraviolet rays into the earth’s atmosphere. Moreoover, population explosion has resulted in excessive dependence on fossil fuels for cars, public transport and railways, these machines emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

In addition, deforestation done by the humans for their habitat and agriculture has resulted in huge loss of trees who are the cleaners of combustion gases from the atmosphere. Furthermore, ozone layer is depleted from many parts of earth, thus allowing harmful rays of sun to enter the earth’s surface. The measures that government needs to take to solve or to reduce the global warming are, first of all, conserving the forest area by implementing strict norms and encouraging to plant more tree in the cities. Secondly, release of gases from industries should be reduced by instaling pollution control filters. Thirdly, discouraging use of fossil fuels for vehicles and promoting usage of renewable source of energy such as solar energy, tidal power and wind power.

To conclude, global warming is a very serious issue, which needs to be addressed at the priority. The government and all the individuals should join hands to reduce this eminent threat and save earth and future generations.

Let us try now do thorough analysis of the IELTS writing task 2 response as below:

Introduction

Paraphrasing of question is written well along with good use of vocabulary (multifactorial, systematic approach, tackle).

Corrected Erroneous Statement:

“existance” should be “existence”, “know as” should be “known as”, “thus needs a” can be “and thus it needs a”

Body Para 1

Sentence connectors (to begin with, moreover) are used, complex structures are used with good use of vocabulary (industrial revolution, excessive dependence) and causes are well explained.

“globalwarming” should be “global warming”, “like” can be written as “such as”, “these gases are known” should be “which are known”, “increase the temperature of the atmosphere” should be “increase the temperature of atmosphere”, “moreoover” should be “moreover”, “these machines emit” should be “which emit”

Body Para 2

Sentence connector (In addition, furthermore, secondly etc.) are used with good sign of coherence and solutions are also listed well.

“who are”should be “which are”, “earth, thus allowing” should be “earth, thus, allowing”, “instaling” should be “installing”, “discouraging use of fossil fuels” should be “discouraging the use of fossil fuels”, “and wind power” should be extended further to complete sentence as “and wind power can be the possible solutions”

Sentence connector (to conclude) is used, vocabulary (addressed, eminent threat) usage is good.

“save earth and future generations” should be “save earth as well as future generations”

Expected Band Score: Band 7

The candidate is writing free from errors of grammar or tense. But there are some mistakesof spelling, punctuation and others, to name a few.

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IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample Essay: The Impact of Climate Change on Global Migration Patterns

Climate change is a pressing global issue that affects various aspects of our lives, including migration patterns. This topic has gained significant attention in recent IELTS exams and is likely to appear more frequently in future tests. Let’s explore a sample IELTS Writing Task 2 question related to climate change and global migration, along with two model essays for different band scores.

Table of Contents

• 1 Analyzing the Question
• 2 Sample Essay for Band 8-9
• 3 Sample Essay for Band 6-7
• 4.1 For Band 8-9:
• 4.2 For Band 6-7:
• 5 Key Vocabulary to Remember
• 6 Conclusion

Analyzing the Question

Let’s examine the following IELTS Writing Task 2 question:

Climate change is causing people to migrate from their home countries to other parts of the world. What are the causes and effects of this trend? What solutions can you suggest to address this issue?

This question falls under the category of causes, effects, and solutions. It requires you to:

• Discuss the causes of climate-induced migration
• Explain the effects of this migration trend
• Propose solutions to address the issue

Sample Essay for Band 8-9

Here’s a high-quality essay that would likely score in the Band 8-9 range:

Climate change has emerged as a significant driver of global migration in recent years, forcing people to leave their homes and seek refuge in other parts of the world. This essay will examine the causes and effects of this trend, as well as propose potential solutions to mitigate its impact.

The primary cause of climate-induced migration is the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Rising sea levels, prolonged droughts, and intense storms are making many areas uninhabitable, particularly in coastal regions and low-lying islands. For instance, countries like Bangladesh and the Maldives are at risk of losing substantial portions of their land to rising seas, compelling residents to relocate. Additionally, desertification in parts of Africa and the Middle East is rendering agricultural land infertile, forcing farmers to abandon their livelihoods and seek opportunities elsewhere.

The effects of this migration trend are multifaceted and far-reaching. On a societal level, it leads to the disruption of communities and cultural identities , as people are uprooted from their ancestral homes. Economically, it places a strain on both the countries of origin and destination. Host countries may struggle to accommodate large influxes of climate refugees, potentially leading to social tensions and resource scarcity. Conversely, countries losing populations may face brain drain and economic decline , further exacerbating their vulnerability to climate change.

To address this complex issue, a multi-pronged approach is necessary. Firstly, global efforts to mitigate climate change must be intensified through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the transition to renewable energy sources. Secondly, vulnerable communities should be supported in developing resilience and adaptation strategies , such as implementing flood defenses or drought-resistant agriculture techniques. Lastly, international cooperation is crucial in establishing legal frameworks to protect climate refugees and ensure their rights are respected.

In conclusion, climate-induced migration is a growing challenge that requires immediate attention and collaborative action. By addressing the root causes of climate change and supporting vulnerable populations, we can work towards a more sustainable and equitable future for all.

(Word count: 309)

Sample Essay for Band 6-7

Here’s an essay that would likely score in the Band 6-7 range:

Climate change is making many people move from their home countries to other parts of the world. This essay will look at the causes and effects of this trend and suggest some solutions.

One of the main causes of climate-related migration is extreme weather. Floods, droughts, and storms are happening more often because of global warming. This makes it hard for people to live in some areas. For example, some islands might disappear under the sea, so people have to leave. Also, in some places, it’s getting too hot to grow food, so farmers can’t work anymore and have to find new jobs elsewhere.

This migration has several effects. When people move to new countries, it can cause problems. The new country might not have enough jobs or houses for everyone. This can lead to conflicts between local people and newcomers. Also, the countries that people leave might lose important workers, which can hurt their economy.

To solve this problem, we need to do a few things. First, we should try to stop climate change by using less fossil fuels and more clean energy like solar and wind power. Second, we should help people in danger areas to prepare for climate change. This could mean building stronger houses or teaching new farming methods. Finally, countries should work together to make rules about how to help climate refugees.

In conclusion, climate change is making people move to new places, which causes problems for both the people who move and the countries they go to. We need to work together to stop climate change and help people affected by it.

(Word count: 262)

Writing Tips for Different Band Scores

For band 8-9:.

Vocabulary : Use sophisticated and precise vocabulary related to climate change and migration. For example:

• “climate-induced migration”
• “desertification”
• “brain drain”
• “resilience and adaptation strategies”

Grammar : Employ a wide range of complex structures accurately. For instance:

• Conditional sentences: “If global temperatures continue to rise, more people will be forced to migrate.”
• Passive voice: “Vulnerable communities should be supported in developing resilience strategies.”

Coherence and Cohesion : Use a variety of linking devices and organize ideas logically. Example:

• “Firstly… Secondly… Lastly…”
• “Conversely…”
• “To address this complex issue…”

Task Response : Fully address all parts of the question with well-developed ideas and relevant examples.

For Band 6-7:

Vocabulary : Use a mix of common and some less common vocabulary related to the topic. For example:

• “extreme weather”
• “global warming”
• “climate refugees”

Grammar : Use a combination of simple and complex sentences with generally good control. For instance:

• “Climate change is making many people move from their home countries.”
• “When people move to new countries, it can cause problems.”

Coherence and Cohesion : Use basic linking words and organize ideas into paragraphs. Example:

• “One of the main causes…”
• “Also…”
• “To solve this problem…”

Task Response : Address all parts of the question, but some points may be more fully developed than others.

Key Vocabulary to Remember

Climate refugee (noun, /ˈklaɪmət ˌrefjʊˈdʒiː/): A person forced to leave their home due to sudden or gradual changes in the environment related to climate change.

Desertification (noun, /dɪˌzɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/): The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

Resilience (noun, /rɪˈzɪlɪəns/): The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.

Mitigation (noun, /ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn/): The action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.

Adaptation (noun, /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/): The process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

Displacement (noun, /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/): The forced movement of people from their locality or environment.

Vulnerability (noun, /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/): The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.

Sustainability (noun, /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/): The ability to maintain at a certain rate or level, especially regarding ecological balance.

Climate change and its impact on global migration patterns is a complex and increasingly relevant topic for IELTS Writing Task 2. By understanding the causes, effects, and potential solutions, you can craft a well-structured and informative essay. Remember to practice writing essays on similar topics, such as:

• The economic impacts of climate-induced migration on host countries
• The role of international organizations in addressing climate refugee crises
• The cultural consequences of large-scale climate migration

To improve your writing skills, try composing an essay based on the question provided in this article and share it in the comments section. This practice will help you refine your approach to IELTS Writing Task 2 and receive valuable feedback.

For more information on related topics, you might find these articles helpful:

• How Climate Change Affects Agriculture Production
• The Impact of Climate Change on Fisheries
• How Climate Change Affects Wildlife
• IELTS essay samples
• Sample Essay
• Vocabulary List

Mastering IELTS Writing Task 2: The Importance of Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth

IELTS Writing Task 2: How Globalization Affects Educational Systems – Sample Essays and Analysis

IELTS Writing Task 2: How to Protect Endangered Species from Extinction – Sample Essays and Analysis

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Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Person – IELTS Writing Task 1

Updated On Nov 06, 2023

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Table of Contents

Steps to remember.

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The Writing module of IELTS is divided into two parts – Task 1 and Task 2. You will be expected to write a paragraph on a visual representation or a diagram for IELTS Writing Task 1 in the IELTS Academic. Line graphs may be one of several graphical forms. Here, we will write a report based on a line graph that shows average carbon dioxide emissions per person.

Before going through the sample answer to learn the way the answer is written for a line graph, go through tips and sample questions to solve this type of question.

Writing a report in the IELTS exam requires a structured approach to effectively present information and analysis. Here are the steps to write a report for IELTS Writing Task 1:

Step 1: Understand the Question Prompt

Carefully read the essay prompt to ensure you understand the topic, the specific question being asked, and any instructions or guidelines provided.

Step 2: Plan Your Response

Take a few minutes to brainstorm and plan your essay. Consider the key points you want to include in your report and the overall structure of your essay.

Step 3: Write the Introduction

Begin your essay with a clear and concise introduction. Start with a brief overview of the topic or issue you will be addressing. Include the purpose of your report and a preview of the main points you will discuss.

Step 4: Present the Information

In the body of your report, present the information in a logical and organized manner. Use headings and subheadings to divide the content into sections. Provide detailed information, facts, data, or findings related to the topic. Use clear and concise language to convey the information.

Step 5: Analyze the Information

Analyze the information you’ve presented in the report. Identify patterns, trends, or relationships within the data. Draw conclusions or make recommendations based on your analysis.

Step 6: Write the Conclusion

Summarize the key findings or points from your report. Restate the purpose of the report and any conclusions or recommendations you’ve made. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.

Step 7: Proofread and Edit

Carefully review your report for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and clarity. Ensure that the information is well-organized and follows a logical flow.

Take a look at the IELTS sample line graph and see how it has been organised.

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task .

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Sample Answer

The line graph illustrates the average carbon dioxide emissions that people in four different nations – the United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy and Portugal – between 1967 and 2007 generated.

Overall , average CO2 emissions from people in the U.K. and Sweden decreased, but emissions from residents in Italy and Portugal dramatically increased . Despite the continuous decline, U.K. common emissions during these 40 years were the highest.

Nearly 11 metric tonnes were emitted per person on average in 1967 in the U.K. However , by 2007, that had decreased to about 9 metric tonnes. Comparatively , in 1967, Sweden’s average CO2 emissions per person were close to 9 metric tonnes. Although the emissions peaked in 1977 at around 11 metric tonnes, they then steadily decreased until they reached just 5.5 metric tonnes in 2007.

On the other hand , between 1967 and 2007, carbon dioxide emissions per person rose in Portugal and Italy. Starting at slightly over 4 metric tonnes in 1967 and finishing at almost 8 metric tonnes four decades later, Italy’s CO2 emissions nearly doubled . Meanwhile , Portugal’s CO2 emissions almost doubled. While in 1967, the average per person was only 1.5 metric tonnes, in 2007, the emissions matched Sweden’s average at 5.5 metric tonnes.

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• Illustrates (Verb)

Meaning: To show or demonstrate something clearly.

Eg: The line graph illustrates the changes in CO2 emissions over the years.

• Emissions (Noun)

Meaning: The release or discharge of gases or substances, often into the atmosphere.

Eg: Carbon dioxide emissions have a significant impact on global warming.

• Dramatically (Adverb)

Meaning: In a sudden, striking, or remarkable manner.

Eg: The cost of renewable energy has dramatically decreased in recent years.

• Decline (Noun)

Meaning: A decrease or reduction in quantity or quality.

Eg: There has been a significant decline in the use of fossil fuels.

• Steadily (Adverb)

Meaning: In a regular, even, and continuous manner.

Eg: The company’s profits have been steadily increasing.

• Per capita (Phrase)

Meaning: For each individual or person.

Eg: Carbon emissions per capita vary widely between countries.

• Peaked (Verb)

Meaning: Reached the highest point or maximum level.

Eg: The demand for the product peaked during the holiday season.

• Matched (Verb)

Meaning: Corresponded or equaled in value or quantity.

Eg: Portugal’s CO2 emissions in 2007 matched Sweden’s average levels.

Looking for more insights on the Writing Task 1?

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Have you got a quick report in your mind for the question we discussed?

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IELTS Daily Essay Topic: Some people believe that global warming is today’s most pressing environmental problem.

• Updated on  
• May 8, 2024

Brainstorming Ideas

Refer to the following brainstorming ideas to get a better understanding of the answer.

Reasons for global warming is the most pressing issue:

• The impact of the emission of greenhouse gases is extensive and potentially irreversible.
• Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity and forest fires.

Reasons for deforestation being the most pressing issue:

• It causes Soil erosion, loss of habitat for millions of species, and disruption of water cycles.

Q. Some people believe that global warming is today’s most pressing environmental problem. At the same time, some consider deforestation to have the most devastating impact on the world. Discuss both views and give your opinion on the same. You should write at least 250 words for this task.

Ans . Today’s environment is grappling with various challenges, with global warming and deforestation being two of the most pressing issues. While some individuals argue that global warming is the most critical environmental problem, others believe deforestation has a more devastating impact on the world. In my opinion, global warming is the most pressing environmental issue due to its urgency and potential for catastrophic impacts. 

On one hand, global warming, characterised by the gradual rise in the Earth’s average temperature, is an urgent environmental concern. Its primary cause lies in the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, largely stemming from human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Its impacts are extensive and potentially irreversible. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity are among its dire consequences. Moreover, global warming exacerbates other environmental issues; for instance, the heightened frequency and severity of wildfires, such as those witnessed in Australia and California, can be directly attributed to this phenomenon. These fires not only devastate forested areas but also contribute to the release of stored carbon dioxide, perpetuating the cycle of warming.

On the other hand, deforestation, characterised by the large-scale removal of forests, is often viewed as having the most destructive impact on the planet. It serves as the root cause of soil erosion, loss of habitat for millions of species, and disruption of water cycles. For instance, the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the ‘lungs of the Earth,’ is rapidly shrinking due to deforestation, leading to the loss of biodiversity and disruption in the global carbon cycle. Additionally, forests play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide, which would otherwise remain in the atmosphere. Therefore, their destruction exacerbates the problem of global warming.

In conclusion, both global warming and deforestation are significant environmental issues that require urgent action. However, given the widespread and profound impacts of global warming, it is, in my view, the most pressing environmental problem being faced today. 

Paraphrased Statement: Today’s environment is grappling with various challenges, with global warming and deforestation being two of the most pressing issues. While some individuals argue that global warming is the most critical environmental problem, others believe deforestation has a more devastating impact on the world. 

Thesis Statement:  In my opinion, global warming is the most pressing environmental issue due to its urgency and potential for catastrophic impacts. 

Body Paragraph 1-Topic Sentences: On one hand, global warming, characterised by the gradual rise in the Earth’s average temperature, is an urgent environmental concern. Its primary cause lies in the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, largely stemming from human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Its impacts are extensive and potentially irreversible. 

Body Paragraph 1- Supporting Reasons and Explanations:    Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity are among its dire consequences. Moreover, global warming exacerbates other environmental issues; for instance, the heightened frequency and severity of wildfires, such as those witnessed in Australia and California, can be directly attributed to this phenomenon. These fires not only devastate forested areas but also contribute to the release of stored carbon dioxide, perpetuating the cycle of warming.

Body Paragraph 2- Topic sentence: On the other hand, deforestation, characterised by the large-scale removal of forests, is often viewed as having the most destructive impact on the planet. It serves as the root cause of soil erosion, loss of habitat for millions of species, and disruption of water cycles. 

Body Paragraph 2- Supporting Reasons and Explanations:  For instance, the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the ‘lungs of the Earth,’ is rapidly shrinking due to deforestation, leading to the loss of biodiversity and disruption in the global carbon cycle. Additionally, forests play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide, which would otherwise remain in the atmosphere. Therefore, their destruction exacerbates the problem of global warming.

Conclusion: In conclusion, both global warming and deforestation are significant environmental issues that require urgent action. However, given the widespread and profound impacts of global warming, it is, in my view, the most pressing environmental problem being faced today. 

Vocabulary in Use

Linkers and Connectors Used

Following are the linkers and connectors used:

• While 
• On one hand
• For instance
• On the other hand
• In my opinion
• Furthermore
• In conclusion

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Environment Essay Titles

Below are examples of IELTS Environmental writing task 2 questions.

Human activity has had a negative impact on plants and animals around the world. Some people think that this cannot be changed, while others believe actions can be taken to bring about a change. Discuss both and give your opinion. (Reported 2017, Academic Test)

It is often said that governments spend too much money on projects to protect wildlife, while there are other problems that are more important? Do you agree or disagree? (Reported 2017, GT Test)

Some people think the best way to solve global environmental problems is to increase the cost of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (Reported 2017, Academic Test)

Some people think an international car-free day is an effective way to reduce air pollution. Others think there are more effective ways do to this. Discuss both sides and give your opinion. (Reported 2017, Academic Test)

While some people consider global warming to be the most pressing environmental problem which we have at the moment, others believe that deforestation has a more devastating impact on our world. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

The government should reduce the amount of money spent on local environmental problems and instead increase funding into urgent and more threatening issues such as global warming. To what extent do you agree?

With increasing populations and ever growing urban centers, many countries are losing their natural beauty spots. What benefits are there to protecting places of natural beauty? How can this be solved?

Although many people value their public parks, this space could be better used for other purposes such as residential areas for the ever growing population or to develop business and boost economies. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this?

With deforestation, urban development and illegal hunting, many animal species are becoming endangered as they lose their habitat and some are even threatened to the point of extinction. Do you think it is important to protect animals? What measures can be taken to deal with this problem?

Global warming is one of the biggest threats to our environment. What causes global warming? What solutions are there to this problem?

Both governments and individuals are spending vast amounts of money protecting animals and their habitat. This money could be better spent dealing with fundamental issues in society such as poverty and health care. To what extent do you agree?

As a result of growth in some urban centers, the environment in those cities is deteriorating. How could this issue be tackled by both the government and individuals?

Some people think that current environmental issues are global problems and should therefore be dealt with by the government while others believe that these problems can only be tackled by individuals. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

Global environmental issues are the responsibility of rich nations not of poorer nations. Do you agree with this opinion?

Many people believe that global environmental problems should be dealt with internationally rather than domestically. What is your opinion?

 Many animals are being hunted to the brink of extinction in order to fulfil the demand and greed of mankind for decorative purposes as well as for other reasons, such as traditional medicine. How can this issue be tackled?

Restricting air travel is the only way to prevent air pollution. Do you agree?

Reported essay questions are from students who have taken their IELTS test. These questions may vary slightly in wording from the original question. 

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Study English S1 Ep5: Global Warming

ABC Education

• X (formerly Twitter)

In this episode we will be looking at ways of brainstorming, taking notes and developing ideas. Our topic will be global warming and the environment.

Hello. I’m Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation.

Today we’re going to look at a topic you’ve probably heard a lot about – global warming and the environment.

First we’re going to look at ways of brainstorming, taking notes and developing ideas.

Watch while we play some vision that contains ideas about the causes and effects of global warming…

While you watch, try to note down some of your ideas about what global warming is.

OK so you saw some ideas, and perhaps took some notes, during that clip. What were some of the ideas you saw?

What has caused global warming?

We saw gases in the air, cars, factory waste, and people cutting trees down.

So if you made those notes, you’d get an idea that these were the things causing global warming.

Now let’s listen to someone talk about the causes…

Heat-trapping gases are building up in the atmosphere.

Heat-trapping gases are building up in the atmosphere. What else?

So what is global warming? It's the result of billions of decisions. It’s caused by decisions made by individuals – like driving big cars rather than small cars. And it’s caused by decisions made by corporations and nations, like dumping waste into the atmosphere.

Global warming is caused by about people using big cars, and people dumping waste into the atmosphere …

OK, so you’ve looked at the vision, and listened to the speaker, and you’ve made notes about some of the causes of global warming.

Now let’s look for some of the effects …

So after watching that, you might be thinking that global warming is having an effect on weather patterns, and on nature.

Listen to the speaker …

Nature is already responding to global warming. There have been changes in global weather patterns. Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills.

So there’s been weather changes, and changes to the ways trees, birds and butterflies behave.

So we have a list of causes, and list of effects. You might have identified those things from a text you’ve read, or from listening to someone speak. This is how you can take notes.

Once you’ve got your notes, you need to be able to link those causes and effects in sentences.

Let’s look at a couple of different ways.

The first and most basic way is just making a sequence of statements. This can sometimes be a powerful way of making a connection between things. Listen.

Heat-trapping gases are building up in the atmosphere. Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier, and butterflies are moving up hills.

From the sequence of information, we realise that birds are laying their eggs earlier because gases are making the earth warmer.

So a simple list of statements can show a cause and effect relationship.

But there are other ways too.

You can use the language of cause and effect. We can say:

X causes Y.

Driving cars causes air pollution. 

There are many other word choices as well.

Driving cars leads to air pollution.

Driving cars results in air pollution.

Notice you can also turn the sentence around…

'Air pollution is caused by driving cars'.

'Air pollution is the result of driving cars'.

'Air pollution is due to driving cars'.

Listen to an example here …

There have been changes in global weather patterns. Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills. So what is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

He’s talking about global warming. 

Global warming is the result of billions of decisions.

Global warming is due to billions of decisions.

And remember we can turn the sentence around, and change the phrase:

Billions of decisions cause global warming.

Billions of decisions result in global warming.

Billions of decisions lead to global warming.

When you’re writing about causes and effects, make sure you use a variety of these kinds of phrases. There are many to choose from. You should make lists of cause and effect language, and the kinds of vocabulary you can use to describe cause and effect relationships.

Now listen to another clip.

Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills. So what is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

When you’re writing up your notes using cause and effect language, you’ll need to be able to follow or track the subject of the text. 

Let’s look at that now. 

“What is global warming?  It is the result of billions of individual decisions”.

The word ‘it’ here is called a referent.  We use referents to identify and track subjects through a conversation or a piece of writing.

If you repeat the subject too many times, your work will sound boring. 

Listen to this:

The woman came into the room. The woman sat down. The woman drank her tea.

Look at how we use referents:

The woman came into the room. She sat down. She drank her tea.

When you are reading, you’ll need to be able to understand referents, and follow the subject through the text. 

Other referents are this, that, these, those.

Here’s the clip again. Listen to the way the referents are used.

What is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

The word it here refers to global warming.

What is global warming? Global warming is the result of billions of decisions.

And here’s another referent.

What is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions. You can’t manage that at the scale of the individual.

You can’t manage that at the scale of the individual. 

You can’t manage global warming at the scale of the individual.

But notice how the subject changes here.

What is global warming? It’s the result of billions of individual decisions. You can’t manage that at the scale of the individual. Managing the atmosphere has to take place at a global level.  That’s why it needs international agreements.

Managing the atmosphere has to take place at a global level. 

The subject of this sentence is ‘managing the atmosphere'. 

That’s why it needs international agreement.

So the 'it' here no longer refers to global warming. Now ‘it’ is referring to 'managing the atmosphere'.

That’s why managing the atmosphere needs international agreement.

When reading and writing, you must be very careful to notice when subjects change, and to be clear about which subject is being referred to. This can be quite tricky sometime.

Next time you see a paragraph, try to highlight all the referents like:

it, this, that, these, those, he, she, they. 

Then try to work out what subject they are all referring back to. 

It’s a great exercise, and it will help your reading, writing and speaking skills.

And that’s all for today. Hope you keep enjoying your English studies and Study English. I’ll see you next time. 

• Study English S1 Ep5: Global Warming Study Notes
• Study English S1 Ep5: Global Warming Activity Sheet

Thumbnail credit - Flickr CC: Iirneasia

Study English Series 1

Study English S1 Ep6: Greenhouse Gases

Study English S1 Ep7: Enviro-Loo

IELTS writing vocabulary: the environment

Home  »  IELTS vocabulary  » IELTS writing vocabulary: the environment

Learning new words for your exam is important so we've compiled a list of new terms to help you broaden your vocabulary for your IELTS exam .

Collocations and examples sentences

Political issue :  There are many political issues in America such as women’s rights and immigration.

Climate crisis : There are many political issues in America such as women’s rights and immigration.

Global warming : Global warming is causing polar bears in the north and deep south to die.

Green consumer : Becoming a green consumer can help fix the climate crisis in the world.

Carbon emissions : Reducing our carbon emissions can slow down the effects of global warming on our planet.

Historical average : The temperatures have risen and beaten the historical average.

Current levels : The current levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are dangerously high.

Carbon footprint : Every person must reduce their carbon footprint by mindfully treating the environment better.

Climate solutions : There are many climate solutions that can help our planet, but we all must do our part to make a change.

5 questions eliciting the collocations:

1. What does Al Gore suggest we can do about the climate crisis?

2. How are cars and trucks contributing to climate change in a negative way?

3. What does it mean to be a green consumer?

4. How does Al Gore think you can be a catalyst of change as an individual?

5. Why isn’t climate change a political issue according to Gore?

Video: Listen to the topic vocabulary in use

Task 2 sample essay - with collocations removed (gap fill task).

People are creating more waste and garbage today and it is negatively affecting our planet by causing _______ ______ of carbon dioxide emissions to rise and the _______ ______ to get worse. We must fix this issue with _______ _________ that will reduce our personal waste and, in turn, reduce our ______ __________.

Firstly, we must stop creating so much garbage by becoming _____ _________ . We have to be mindful of our use and learn to be more environmentally friendly. Studies show that the __________ _______ of temperatures has been exceeded and this is related to our amount of waste. We need to recycle more and emit less. Otherwise, our ______ _________ will continue to increase.

Secondly, we need to fix the climate crisis on a personal level. We cannot consider ______ _______ a _________ _____, because we all need to participate in making a change. Scientists agree that in order to make a difference and reduce our garbage, we need to drive our cars less, stop drinking bottled water, and recycle and throw away our trash. With each person making these small changes, we can make a big difference in the world when it comes to climate change.

In conclusion, the amount of garbage we put out in the world is affecting us negatively and causing climates to rise. We must make changes and make them fast in order to fix this issue. Together, we can make a difference.

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