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Camera view of BANNER: Brett Miller, Ph.D. Child Development and Behavior Branch, NICHD | Being able to work with your employer—work with your school in order to, you know, have the resources necessary so that you can optimally achieve are going to be some of the key things that’ll allow you to make transitions. |
(Edit/camera cut) on camera. | And so, for—particularly for individuals that might need greater supports, we would want to think about ways of continuing to structure the environment so that it facilitates their ability to succeed. |
(Edit/camera cut) on camera. | So we do it in software development; you can do it in terms of design for your office; you can do it in a range of ways. And—but the more general point of this is that—you know, thinking about the supports that you need over time in order to succeed—and that this is likely to be something that you’re going to need to think about over your life course. |
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Camera view of BANNER: Brett Miller, Ph.D. Child Development and Behavior Branch, NICHD | There are a number of resources now that individuals with learning disabilities have available to them to help support their learning. So there are some groups that do auditory books. So you can imagine a couple of different ways of doing it. So there’s approaches where the software reads the book to you. |
(Edit/camera cut) on camera. | There’s also efforts to have individuals read text and record it. |
(Edit/camera cut) on camera. | For individuals with learning disabilities, the software tools are helpful in that you can often adjust the rate that the tools read to you. So if you’re an individual that can have it read more quickly to you, you can adjust it up, so they can work through more text that way. |
(Edit/camera cut) on camera. | And in the case of writing, there’s also systems that are developed that will facilitate your ability to generate sentences, to generate paragraphs, and to generate larger, you know, pieces of text for classrooms, because production is oftentimes a real challenge for those individuals. And there’s ways and—ways to kind of structure information and ways that these systems are set up to facilitate this sort of generative process in writing, to help children and to help adolescents and adults be able to write more productively. |
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Many children have trouble reading, writing, or performing other learning-related tasks at some point. This does not mean they have learning disabilities. A child with a learning disability often has several related signs, and they don’t go away or get better over time. The signs of learning disabilities vary from person to person.
Please note that the generally common signs included here are for informational purposes only; the information is not intended to screen for learning disabilities in general or for a specific type of learning disability.
Common signs that a person may have learning disabilities include the following:
A child with a learning disability also may have one or more of the following 1 :
These signs alone are not enough to determine that a person has a learning disability. Only a professional can diagnose a learning disability .
Each learning disability has its own signs. A person with a particular disability may not have all of the signs of that disability.
Children being taught in a second language may show signs of learning problems or a learning disability. The learning disability assessment must take into account whether a student is bilingual or a second language learner. In addition, for English-speaking children, the assessment should be sensitive to differences that may be due to dialect, a form of a language that is specific to a region or group.
Below are some common learning disabilities and the signs associated with them:
People with dyslexia usually have trouble making the connection between letters and sounds and with spelling and recognizing words. 2
People with dyslexia often show other signs of the condition. These may include 3 , 4 :
A child who has trouble writing or has very poor handwriting and does not outgrow it may have dysgraphia. This disorder may cause a child to be tense and twist awkwardly when holding a pen or pencil. 5
Other signs of this condition may include 5 :
Signs of this disability include problems understanding basic arithmetic concepts, such as fractions, number lines, and positive and negative numbers.
Other symptoms may include 6 :
Researchers do not know all of the possible causes of learning disabilities, but they have found a range of risk factors during their work to find potential causes. Research shows that risk factors may be present from birth and tend to run in families. 1 In fact, children who have a parent with a learning disability are more likely to develop a learning disability themselves. 2 To better understand learning disabilities, researchers are studying how children’s brains learn to read, write, and develop math skills. Researchers are working on interventions to help address the needs of those who struggle with reading the most, including those with learning disabilities, to improve learning and overall health.
Factors that affect a fetus developing in the womb, such as alcohol or drug use, can put a child at higher risk for a learning problem or disability. Other factors in an infant’s environment may play a role, too. These can include poor nutrition or exposure to lead in water or in paint. Young children who do not receive the support they need for their intellectual development may show signs of learning disabilities once they start school. 3
Sometimes a person may develop a learning disability later in life due to injury. Possible causes in such a case include dementia or a traumatic brain injury (TBI) . 4
Learning disabilities are often identified once a child is in school. The school may use a process called “response to intervention” to help identify children with learning disabilities. Special tests are required to make a diagnosis.
Response to intervention usually involves the following 1 :
Students who are struggling in school can also have individual evaluations. An evaluation can 2 :
A full evaluation for a learning disability includes the following 3 :
Usually, several specialists work as a team to do the evaluation. The team may include a psychologist, a special education expert, and a speech-language pathologist. Many schools also have reading specialists who can help diagnose a reading disability. 4
School psychologists are trained in both education and psychology. They can help diagnose students with learning disabilities and help the student and his or her parents and teachers come up with plans to improve learning. 5
All speech-language pathologists are trained to diagnose and treat speech and language disorders. A speech-language pathologist can do a language evaluation and assess the child’s ability to organize his or her thoughts and possessions. The speech-language pathologist may evaluate the child’s learning skills, such as understanding directions, manipulating sounds, and reading and writing. 6
Learning disabilities have no cure, but early intervention can lessen their effects. People with learning disabilities can develop ways to cope with their disabilities. Getting help earlier increases the chance of success in school and later in life. If learning disabilities remain untreated, a child may begin to feel frustrated, which can lead to low self-esteem and other problems. 1
Experts can help a child learn skills by building on the child’s strengths and finding ways to compensate for the child’s weaknesses. 2 Interventions vary depending on the nature and extent of the disability.
Learn tips for managing a learning disability in adulthood.
Children diagnosed with learning disabilities can receive special education services. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that public schools provide free special education supports to children with disabilities. 3
In most states, each child is entitled to these services beginning at age 3 years and extending through high school or until age 21, whichever comes first. The rules of IDEA for each state are available from the Early Childhood Technical Assistance Center.
IDEA requires that children be taught in the least restrictive environment appropriate for them. This means the teaching environment should meet a child’s needs and skills while minimizing restrictions to typical learning experiences.
Children who qualify for special education services will receive an Individualized Education Program, or IEP. This personalized and written education plan 4 :
To qualify for special education services, a child must be evaluated by the school system and meet federal and state guidelines. Parents and caregivers can contact their school principal or special education coordinator to find out how to have their child evaluated. Parents can also review these resources:
Below are just a few of the ways schools help children with specific learning disabilities.
Computers. A child with dyscalculia can use a computer for drills and practice.
Children with learning disabilities may be at greater risk for certain conditions compared to other kids. Recognizing and treating these conditions can help a child be more successful.
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs more frequently in children with learning disabilities compared to children without learning disabilities. A child with a learning disability who also has ADHD may be distracted easily and find it harder to concentrate.
An NICHD-supported study on reading disorders found that it is important to treat both the ADHD symptoms and reading problems. The findings show that although both disorders need separate treatments, these interventions can be done effectively at the same time.
A child with a learning disability may struggle with low self-esteem, frustration, worry, and other problems. Mental health professionals can help the child understand these feelings, learn ways to cope with them, and learn how to build healthy relationships.
Support from schools can improve elementary and secondary students’ math, reading, and other language skills. But how can people with learning disabilities prepare for the demands of university or working life?
Dr. Brett Miller directs the Reading, Writing, and Related Learning Disabilities Program within NICHD’s Child Development and Behavior Branch . In the video series below, he talks about tools, tips, and approaches that can help people manage their learning disabilities as adults.
It's important to know and speak up for what you need. Understand your learning challenges, identify possible solutions, and ask for the resources that will allow you to reach your goals.
Read the Manage Your Learning Disability: Be Your Own Advocate text alternative .
Work with your school or employer to create a supportive learning environment, such as access to software that will help you succeed now and in the future.
Read the Manage Your Learning Disability: Ensure Your Surroundings Facilitate Success text alternative .
Use computer tools customized to your own pace and needs that can read text aloud, help you articulate your thoughts, and provide structure to your writing.
A Case Studies Companion Guide
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Front matter, medical student cases, the student with a learning disability: clarissa connors, a medical student with undiagnosed adhd and a learning disability.
The student with a learning disability: mee sook smith, a nursing student with a learning disability in an associate degree program.
The student using medical marijuana.
Editors and affiliations.
Leslie Neal-Boylan
Lisa M. Meeks
Leslie Neal-Boylan, PhD, APRN, CRRN, FAAN
Solomont School of Nursing
University of Massachusetts
Lowell, MA, USA
Lisa M. Meeks, PhD, MA
Department of Family Medicine
The University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Book Title : Disability as Diversity
Book Subtitle : A Case Studies Companion Guide
Editors : Leslie Neal-Boylan, Lisa M. Meeks
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55886-4
Publisher : Springer Cham
eBook Packages : Medicine , Medicine (R0)
Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Softcover ISBN : 978-3-030-55885-7 Published: 01 November 2020
eBook ISBN : 978-3-030-55886-4 Published: 31 October 2020
Edition Number : 1
Number of Pages : XIV, 158
Number of Illustrations : 1 b/w illustrations, 1 illustrations in colour
Topics : Health Administration , General Practice / Family Medicine
Policies and ethics
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Meet 16 year old Justina (Juzzy). Juzzy loves singing, Benidorm (TV show), being sociable, dancing with whoever and riding her new trike!
Justina has complex physical health needs alongside a diagnosis of a learning disability. Justina has had several procedures throughout her life which can make her anxious about accessing hospital settings.
Justina required treatment and investigations whilst under a general anaesthetic. Justina’s primary procedure would be dental treatment and secondary treatments would include outstanding vaccinations, spinal x-ray (scoliosis monitoring), blood tests, and PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) feeding change/sizing.
On Justina’s first attendance for the above planned procedures, she was extremely anxious and subsequently very distressed. Justina displayed her anxiety through dropping to the floor, screaming, attempting to run away, grabbing, and pulling her PEG out. The procedure was cancelled due to the extent of Justina’s distress and staff feeling that the time was not right to proceed.
Following the first visit, plans were made alongside the wider MDT (multidisciplinary team, including lead anaesthetist) about how to successfully administer the general anaesthetic to Justina safely, whilst supporting her anxieties. A plan was made and shared with Mum. This plan involved; a very quick transition from Mum’s car and straight into anaesthetic room (with all appropriate checks completed with Mum outside of the hospital), a member of the team met Justina outside of the main hospital to maintain consistency of supporting staff, pictures of Benidorm characters were displayed in the anaesthetic room for staff to utilise distraction, favourite songs were played from Mum’s phone to which all staff sang/danced to which further aided distraction. We ensured there were continuous dynamic assessments taking place throughout this period – checking in with Mum throughout.
Justina had a very positive experience with limited distress and Mum felt relieved and grateful for the support given.
Following Justina’s procedure, she had her iPad ready to watch Benidorm (as you can see!).
Justina proceeded to shout, ‘Adios Lads!’ on leaving the department – to which clinicians felt proud and relieved at a successful visit.
All information and pictures provided within this case study has been consented to by Justina’s Mum.
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Julie, a 17-year-old white female, lived in a large, urban, midwestern city with her parents. She had received special education services since first grade, where she attended a special school for students with physical and learning disabilities. During seventh grade, Julie transferred to an accessible regular junior high.
The cardinal object of the present study was to investigate the learning disability among 10 th students. The present study consisted sample of 60 students subjects (30 male students and 30 female students studying in 10th class), selected through random sampling technique from Balasore District (Odisha).
Case Studies for using strengths and interests. Case Study One: Grace has a diagnosis of dyslexia. She has trouble with visual scanning, processing, and working memory. She also has difficulties with spelling and sequencing for problem solving. She has strong verbal skills and is artistic abilities. She learns well with color and when her hands ...
Dyscalculia is a form of math-related disability that involves difficulties with learning math-related concepts (such as quantity, place value, and time), memorizing math-related facts, organizing numbers, and understanding how problems are organized on the page. People with dyscalculia are often referred to as having poor "number sense.".
Therefore, the present study aims to discuss ways to identify learners with Learning disabilities and provide multi-tiered support and Response to Intervention (RTI) to minimize their disability and boost their confidence. The study adopted a One-shot Case Study Research Design which is a subtype of experimental research design. The dependent ...
In this paper, the authors review life stories in learning disability research and practice since the 1960s. Although there is consistent evidence of their value in giving people a voice and an identity beyond the service label, they are not widely used in the provision of health and social care.
In this exploratory case study, the researchers conducted a descriptive, qualitative microanalysis of the tutoring of two eighth grade students with learning disabilities while solving algebra problems. The researchers analyzed the participants' problem solving tendencies and interventions that helped the students succeed.
Historically, the emotional lives and mental health needs of adults with learning disabilities received scant attention, especially when the policy of institutionalisation was at its zenith in the UK. 1.2 Materials and Methods. This case study employed biographical narrative interviews based on a psychosocial approach.
Experiences of Students with Learning Disabilities in Higher Education: A Scoping Review. Indian J Psychol Med. 2024;46(3):196-207. Address for correspondence: Anekal C Amaresha, Dept. of Psychiatric Social Work, Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health (LGBRIMH), Tezpur, Assam 784001, India. E-mail: [email protected].
This case study chronicles the development of reading and writing in an eight-year-old student identified as learning disabled. The study is rooted in the forms of multiple theoretical perspectives of literacy, including cognitive science, sociohistorical, and developmental (emergent literacy). The central focus is on the changes in the forms ...
Fifty years ago, the US federal government, following an advisory committee recommendation (United States Office of Education, 1968), first recognized specific learning disabilities (SLD) as a potentially disabling condition that interferes with adaptation at school and in society.Over these 50 years, a significant research base has emerged on the identification and treatment of SLD, with ...
Dyslexia: Dyslexia is the most common learning disability, accounting for 80% of all learning disability cases. It is a language processing disorder characterized by difficulty with speaking, reading, writing, or understanding words. This can cause the person's vocabulary to develop at a slower pace and lead to issues with grammar, reading comprehension, and other language skills.
The purpose of this paper is to present one child with learning difficulties writing process in multigrade rural elementary school in México. It presents Alejandro's case. This boy lives in a rural area. He shows special educational needs about learning. He never had specialized attention because he lives in a marginalized rural area. He was integrated into regular school, but he faced some ...
Students with disability tend to report lower levels of school engagement. To date, research has focused on building students' extrinsic motivation and self-regulation with limited consideration of the impact of instructional barriers. In this mixed-methods study, we investigated the effect of teachers' participation in the Accessible Pedagogies™ Program of Learning on the classroom ...
plexity of that issue. The vicarious experience of the case studies may even cause you to rethink and rewrite your philosophy. CASE STUDY FIVE—ATTENTION DEFICIT/ HYPERACTIVE DISORDER: GABE SILVA (PART I) Susan Sovinski's third year of teaching the second grade was, in her own view, going quite well. Her classroom was quiet, organized, and neat.
Since the term was first used by Samuel Kirk (1962), definitions of learning disabilities (LD) and methods for diagnosing it have been controversial and a source of much debate among psychologists (Fletcher & Miciak, 2019).There have been widespread calls for professional consensus on assessment and criteria for diagnosing LD (Fletcher & Miciak, 2019; Lyon et al., 2001; Taymans & Kosaraju, 2012).
John has a learning disability which affects auditory processing. Like many students with invisible disabilities, such as learning and psychological impairments, he is sensitive to the attitudes and perceptions of fellow classmates and instructors regarding his need for a notetaker in class. He is reluctant to announce this need among his ...
Case studies. We know that the transforming care programme is making a difference to people's lives. Our projects are: improving people's health, quality of care and quality of life. Our case studies tell you how services are changing to make this happen and how real people are having their lives and care transformed.
ning learning disabilities disabilities and are well established [7] [7]. Current case work included included two two types types of of treatment treatment modalities modalities i.e. i.e. remedial rem. dial training training and and cognitive cognitive retraining. retraining. The The aim aim of of the the case case work work was was to work on ...
Video/ Graphics Audio; TITLE SLIDE: Manage Your Learning Disability Take Advantage of Assistive Technology HHS and NIH/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development logos, and photo of a man smiling near a computer. Camera view of Dr. Brett Miller. BANNER: Brett Miller, Ph.D. Child Development and Behavior Branch, NICHD
For this case study, I analyzed a seventh grade student who has been given the pseudonym Mary. Mary has been diagnosed with a Specific Learning Disability (SLD). SLD is one of the most common diagnoses in public school, thus this case study provides an opportunity to shed light on a disability that most new teachers will encounter.
This book of case studies is the perfect companion to Meeks' and Neal-Boylan's recently-published book Disability as Diversity. It contains ten cases related to medicine and nursing but with significant relevance to other health professions. Each case is preceded by an introduction with instructions onhow to use it.
The Acute Liaison Learning Disability and Autism Spectrum Condition team are a small team, working within Alder Hey Children's Hospital since 2017. The aim of the team is to support and promote reasonable adjustments for children/young people accessing the acute site. Meet 16 year old Justina (Juzzy). Juzzy loves singing, Benidorm (TV show ...
learning experience and fostering critical, creative, and collaborative thinking about assigned tasks. These findings underscore the far- reaching benefits of inclusive education for all students. Establishing an inclusive environment for the children in the case study is a challenging yet fulfilling undertaking requiring a deliberate and all-encompassing strategy.