what are the educational requirements of a pharmacist

How to Become a Pharmacist

What is a pharmacist, how to become a pharmacist.

• Responsibilities
• Salary Info
• Career Outlook
• CE Requirements

Pharmacists are medication experts who specialize in the safe and effective use of pharmaceuticals. If your doctor has ever prescribed you a medication, there’s a good chance you met a community pharmacist during pick-up at your hospital or local drugstore. But what we really want to dive into is how to become a pharmacist.

Pharmacists’ roles have expanded beyond simply counting and dispensing pills. If you desire to work as part of a healthcare team, are interested in learning about medications, and enjoy educating others about leading a healthier life, becoming a pharmacist might be an excellent career for you.

This article will cover everything you need to know about becoming a pharmacist, including what they do, how to become one, career outlook, salary information, and everything else you need to get started in an exciting career as a pharmacist!

We Found The Following Schools with Online Pharmacy Technician Programs

Pharmacists are highly respected members of the public health community with expertise in preparing, dispensing, storing, and using medications. 

Pharmacists also educate patients on all aspects of their prescriptions, including:

• Biochemical makeup of medications
• Drug interactions
• Drug dosages for safe patient use
• Potential side effects
• How to store medicines to maintain efficacy
• How to properly use medications

>> Related: How to Become a Pharmacy Technician

To become a pharmacist, you need to complete the following steps:

1. Earn a Bachelor’s Degree

Pharmacy students must complete a bachelor’s degree in a science-related field or at least two years of undergraduate pre-pharmacy preparatory classes. 

Check with your desired pharmacy program to see what requirements you will need for entry. Pharmacy schools also usually require a minimum grade point average of 3.0 or higher and an emphasis on biology, physics, and chemistry courses.

2. Take the PCAT

Take the Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT) . Most pharmacy schools currently require the PCAT as part of their admissions process.

The PCAT has sections that test verbal ability, chemistry, biology, reading comprehension, quantitative ability, and writing skills.

3. Enroll in a Pharmacy Program

Earn a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, or Pharm.D, from a pharmacy program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) . These programs usually take four years to complete, though some schools offer expedited programs that take three years.

Pharmacy school will include training in a healthcare setting and include coursework in several topics, including:

• Pharmaceuticals
• Non-Perscription Therapies
• Compounding and Calculations
• Metabolism and Cell Biology
• Pharmacy Law
• Community Practice
• Pharmacology and Body Systems
• Hospital and Community Practice
• Oncology Medications
• Infectious Diseases

How Long Does It Take To Become A Pharmacist?

In general, you will need to obtain your undergraduate degree, which will take two to four years. At this time, you only need to have a two-year degree in order to apply and be accepted to pharmacy school. Then, you'll complete a pharmacist degree, which takes four years.

So, how long does it take to become a pharmacist? It can take anywhere from six to eight years to become a pharmacist.

What Do Pharmacists Do?

Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who safely dispense medications to patients with the help of pharmacy technicians . They perform several tasks regularly, such as:

• Receiving prescriptions from physicians
• Dispensing medications and other drug therapies
• Counseling patients about their prescriptions
• Ensuring safety by reviewing prescriptions for interactions with other drugs patients and patient allergies
• Advising patients on over-the-counter medications
• Conducting health screenings
• Giving immunizations, such as COVID-19 vaccines, flu shots, or other vaccinations
• Communicating with physicians and other healthcare professionals
• Process insurance claims and complete paperwork to ensure payment from insurance providers

Most pharmacists work in hospitals or community pharmacies. But you will also find pharmacists working in a variety of areas that require medication dispensing, including:

• Outpatient and ambulatory care clinics
• Drug stores
• Compounding pharmacies
• Retail settings
• Nursing homes
• Online dispensing pharmacies
• Pharmaceutical companies
• Government agencies

Pharmacists’ specific duties depend on the type of pharmacy practice they perform and their work environment. For example, hospital pharmacists ensure safe medication distribution for inpatient use. Hospital pharmacists will also meet with patients to review medications, interactions, side effects, and correct usage instructions upon discharge.

Some pharmacists work in the pharmaceutical industry or for government agencies. In this role, they assist with developing and improving new medications while ensuring safety and effectiveness.

Pharmacist Salary

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the median annual salary for pharmacists is $132,750, or $63.82 per hour.

Highest Paying States for Pharmacists

The top-paying states for pharmacists are:

• California - $72.73 per hour | $151,280 per year
• Alaska - $70.39 per hour | $146,400 per year
• Oregon - $68.00 per hour | $141,440 per year
• Washington - $66.63 per hour | $138,580 per year
• Minnesota - $65.84 per hour | $136,950 per year

Pharmacist Salary by Place of Work

Where a pharmacist works also impacts salary potential. The BLS states that in 2022 the top median wages for pharmacists per workplace were:

• General merchandise retailers: $139,680
• Ambulatory healthcare: $138,720
• Hospitals: $137,440
• Pharmacies and drug stores $129,920

Pharmacist Salary Factors

Many additional factors impact annual income, including years of experience, education level, geographical area, and if a pharmacist works full-time or part-time. Also, some pharmacists own their own pharmacy and work for themselves, while others work as employees.

Many pharmacists also receive paid time off, sick leave, personal days, health insurance, tuition reimbursement, bonuses, and more.

>> Related - How to Become a Nutritionist

4. Pass Your State Pharmacy Licensure Exam

Once the pharmacy school curriculum is complete, students will need to pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam (NAPLEX) and the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE) or an exam specific to the state in which they will work.

What is the Career Outlook for Pharmacists?

Though pharmacists are essential workers in the healthcare setting, the BLS anticipates a 3% increase in the need for pharmacists between 2022 and 2032. 

Several reasons for this include a low number of anticipated pharmacist retirements, an 85% increase in pharmacy graduates, and increases in pharmaceutical automation. 

However, until 2032, there will still be a need for 13,400 pharmacists each year to work in hospitals, ambulatory care centers, government agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and other healthcare settings.

What are the Continuing Education Requirements for Pharmacists? 

Every U.S. state requires pharmacists to complete continuing education. However, each state has its own specific requirements for the number of credit hours, the frequency of renewal, and specific course requirements.

Standard continuing education topic requirements include pharmacy and drug law, medication errors, patient safety, HIV/AIDS, and opioid abuse.

Where Can I Learn More About Becoming a Pharmacist?

There are professional resources available, including:

• American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP)
• Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
• American Pharmacists Association (APhA)
• American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)

Pharmacist FAQs

How many years does it take to become a pharmacist.

• The road to becoming a pharmacist takes five to eight years, depending on the type of program you choose. While some programs only require two years of pre-pharmacy education, others require a bachelor's degree for admission. Pharmacy school then takes 3-4 years to complete.

Is a pharmacist a doctor?

• A pharmacist is not a medical doctor. However, they must earn a doctorate in pharmacy degree or Pharm.D.

Is becoming a pharmacist hard?

• Becoming a pharmacist requires a significant investment of time, and pharmacy school is highly competitive. Candidates will need to demonstrate expertise in chemistry, biology, physics, and other science and math courses.

 Is a pharmacist still a good career?

• Pharmacists help to make a positive impact on the lives of patients and communities. It is a well-compensated, highly respected career that provides the opportunity to work in many different industry types.

 Do pharmacists go to medical school?

• Pharmacists do not attend medical school. They go to specialized pharmacy schools to earn a doctorate in pharmacy.

  How many hours do pharmacists work?

• Most pharmacists work full-time, which is 40 hours a week. Those who own their pharmacies may be required to work many more hours.

What skills do you need to be a pharmacist?

• In addition to extensive knowledge of medication, pharmacists must have strong science and math skills.  They also must have excellent communication, enjoy educating others, and desire lifelong learning about healthcare trends and innovations in medicine.

Terri Heimann Oppenheimer is a freelance writer and editor who is driven by details. She loves to dive into research, ensuring that the information she provides educates, engages and illuminates. Before starting her own business she spent years working in advertising and raising three kids. Today she lives in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, where her she and her husband enjoy travel, the Jersey Shore, and spoiling their grandchildren.

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How to Become a Pharmacist: Education, Job Description & Salary

In-depth guide to everything you need to know to become a pharmacist.

Are you ready to embark on a rewarding and fulfilling career path that combines healthcare, science, and leadership? Becoming a pharmacist might be the perfect choice for you.

In this comprehensive guide on how to become a pharmacist, we will walk you through the steps to become a pharmacist, from education and licensure to finding the right career path and staying up-to-date in this ever-evolving field.

Short Summary

• Pathway to becoming a pharmacist typically requires completion of undergraduate coursework in related fields such as biology, chemistry, physics and math.
• Licensure and certifications are required to practice pharmacy. NAPLEX & CPJE Exams must be passed for state licensure.
• Pharmacy is a highly sought after profession with a strong job outlook & six figure median salary. Continuing education & professional development necessary for optimal care provision.

Pharmacy Education Pathway

The journey to becoming a pharmacist begins with the right education. As an aspiring pharmacist, you must complete coursework in areas such as biology, chemistry, physiology, and math, typically in 2-3 years. A bachelor’s degree is not required.

Some high school students, who are prospective students for colleges and universities, can even gain an early advantage by taking Advanced Placement classes in these subjects.

Undergraduate Coursework

Once you have decided to pursue a career in pharmacy, it is essential to complete your undergraduate coursework, which generally takes 2-3 years. During this time, you will study subjects such as chemistry, anatomy, biology, mathematics, statistics, and microbiology, all of which are crucial components of a pharmacy degree.

These courses will provide you with a strong foundation in the sciences and prepare you for the rigorous pharmacy school curriculum that awaits you.

Choosing a Pharmacy School

After completing your coursework, the next step is to choose a pharmacy school. It is crucial to consider factors such as accreditation, cost, location, and curriculum when selecting a school. Additionally, visiting campuses and comparing programs can help you find the best fit for your needs, as most pharmacy schools have their own unique offerings.

Pharmacy School Experience

Pharmacy school typically takes three to four years to complete, during which you will engage in a combination of coursework, clinical rotations, and residencies. This experience will immerse you in various aspects of pharmacy practice, from learning about drug interactions and medication management to developing patient care skills.

The hands-on experiences gained during pharmacy school will be invaluable in your future career as a pharmacist.

Licensure and Certification

To become a licensed pharmacist, you must pass two pharmacist licensure exams and fulfill the pharmacist licensure requirements established by the state in which you will practice. Obtaining licensure and optional certifications in specialized areas is crucial for ensuring your competency and expertise in the field of pharmacy. To become a pharmacist, dedication and commitment to your studies and professional development are essential.

These certifications demonstrate your knowledge and skills in areas such as pharmacology, drug therapy, and more.

NAPLEX and MPJE/CPJE Exams

The NAPLEX (North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination) and MPJE (Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination) are two essential exams for obtaining a license to practice pharmacy. The NAPLEX evaluates your understanding of pharmacy practice, while the MPJE assesses your knowledge of federal and state-specific pharmacy laws (California has its own law exam, the CPJE).

Passing these exams demonstrates your readiness to provide safe and effective pharmaceutical care to patients.

State Licensure

Obtaining state licensure after passing the NAPLEX and MPJE/CPJE exams is the final step in becoming a pharmacist. State licensure requirements may vary, but generally include possessing a PharmD degree, passing the NAPLEX and MPJE/CPJE exams, and fulfilling any other requirements specified by the state board of pharmacy.

Once licensed, you will be able to practice pharmacy and provide essential healthcare services to your community.

Optional Certifications

In addition to licensure, pharmacists may choose to pursue optional certifications in specialized areas such as critical care, pediatrics, psychiatric pharmacy, oncology, nutrition, and infectious disease. These certifications allow you to further develop your expertise and distinguish yourself in the field of pharmacy, ultimately leading to improved patient care and potential career advancement opportunities.

By obtaining certifications, pharmacists can demonstrate their commitment to the profession and their dedication to providing quality care.

Pharmacy Career Paths

Once you have completed your education and obtained licensure, you can explore various pharmacy career paths, including retail pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, and many non-traditional pharmacy roles.

Each career path offers unique work environments and responsibilities, allowing you to find the perfect fit for your interests and skills.

Community Pharmacy

Community pharmacy involves working in community/retail pharmacies, dispensing medications, and counseling patients on proper medication use. Many community pharmacists are also involved in providing vaccinations and helping monitor patients’ blood sugar and blood pressure. This career path allows you to interact directly with patients and play an important role in ensuring their health and well-being.

In a community pharmacy setting you may also be responsible for managing inventory, processing insurance claims, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to optimize patient care. Some pharmacists work for large chain pharmacy employers, some work for smaller independent pharmacies, and some own their own pharmacy.

Hospital Pharmacy

Hospital pharmacy focuses on medication management within hospital settings, collaborating with healthcare teams to optimize patient care. In this role, you will be responsible for dispensing medications, communicating with healthcare providers, managing potential drug interactions, and ensuring patients receive the correct medication and dosage in a timely manner.

Hospital pharmacists may also be involved in clinical trial management and quality improvement initiatives. Pharmacists with additional training, such as a residency or a fellowship, are often involved in managing the medications of the patients, working closely as part of the healthcare team to optimize the care of all patients in their hospital.

Specialty Pharmacy

Specialty pharmacy involves working in specialized areas such as oncology, nuclear pharmacy, or specialty medications, providing expert knowledge and care in specific fields. This career path allows you to focus on a particular area of interest and develop a deep understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities within that specialty.

Ambulatory Care is an important part of the pharmacy profession, where pharmacists who have advanced training (such as a residency or a fellowship), work in medical clinics to help manage patients’ medications, avoid or treat side effects, and help patients improve their ability to take their medications on their own.

With specialized knowledge and skills, you can provide exceptional care to patients with complex medical conditions.

Pharmacy Job Outlook and Salary

The pharmacy job outlook and salary expectations show strong demand for pharmacists, with six-figure median salaries and various work settings available. This rewarding career path offers opportunities for growth and advancement, as well as the chance to make a meaningful difference in the lives of patients.

Pharmacists are in high demand, and the job outlook is positive. With a median salary of $128,710. ( https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/pharmacists.htm )

Job Outlook

There is growth for Pharmacy careers, with an estimated 7,700 job openings projected from 2021 to 2031. Additionally, normal turn-over in pharmacists (such as those retiring or moving into management) call for around 13,600 new pharmacists each year. The demand for pharmacists is expected to increase across a multitude of healthcare settings, including hospitals and clinics, due to the growing complexity of medication therapy and the need for accurate drug selection, dosing, monitoring, and management.

Pharmacists are expected to play an increasingly important role in the healthcare system, providing patient-centered care alongside pharmacy technicians, also known as pharmacy tech professionals.

Salary Expectations

Salary expectations for pharmacists vary depending on factors such as geographical area, work environment, and years of experience. The median annual salary for pharmacists in the United States is $128,710.

Factors such as location, experience level, and the particular workplace in which they are employed can all influence a pharmacist’s salary.

Continuing Education and Professional Development

Continuing education and professional development are essential for pharmacists to maintain licensure and stay current in the field. By participating in ongoing learning opportunities, you can ensure you are providing the highest level of care to your patients.

These opportunities can include attending conferences, taking courses, and participating in webinars.

State Requirements

State requirements for continuing education vary, but typically include topics such as drug law and patient safety, with specific credit hours needed to maintain licensure.

Staying up-to-date on these requirements is crucial for maintaining your pharmacist license and ensuring you are providing the best possible care to your patients.

Professional Organizations and Resources

Professional organizations and resources, such as the American Pharmacists Association and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, provide support and opportunities for networking and professional development. By joining these organizations, and/or their state-level affiliates, and taking advantage of their resources you can continue to grow and develop professionally, ultimately enhancing your career and the care you provide to patients.

These organizations offer a variety of resources, such as continuing education courses, conferences, and publications.

In conclusion, becoming a pharmacist is a rewarding and fulfilling career path that combines healthcare, science, and patient care. From the necessary education and licensure to the various career paths and continuing education opportunities, this comprehensive guide has provided you with the information you need to pursue your dream of becoming a pharmacist. With dedication, hard work, and a passion for helping others, you can make a meaningful difference in the lives of patients and contribute to the ever-evolving field of pharmacy.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the shortest time to become a pharmacist.

It typically takes four years to become a pharmacist, but accelerated programs may allow students to finish in three years.

How many years does it take to become a pharmacist in California?

Through accelerated programs a PharmD degree can be completed in 3 years in addition to all prerequisites.

What are the steps to becoming a pharmacist?

Becoming a pharmacist requires completing undergraduate coursework, selecting a pharmacy school, gaining hands-on experience during pharmacy school, passing the NAPLEX and MPJE/CPJE exams, and obtaining state licensure.

Each of these steps requires dedication and hard work. Undergraduate coursework should include classes in biology, chemistry, and other sciences. Selecting a pharmacy school requires researching the school’s curriculum, faculty, and accreditation. During pharmacy school, students should gain hands-on experience through internships and rotations.

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Becoming a Pharmacist

Gone are the days of a family pharmacist completing solely distributive tasks behind a counter. Today's pharmacist is a highly skilled professional who is a key member of the interdisciplinary health care team in either the community setting or hospital setting.

A pharmacist's role is multifaceted, but to be a trusted medication expert, you must go through a comprehensive and rigorous Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) curriculum. After completion of Pharm.D. course work, pharmacists can pursue additional elective postgraduate training to focus on a specialty designation.

Preparing for pharmacy school

A well-rounded education in science and math is essential in preparation for pharmacy school. High school classes introduce students to the advanced sciences and math courses necessary for a Pharm.D. degree.

Courses in biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics ease the transition for many students, and additional classes in communication, literature, economics and government create a solid foundation.

The Pharm.D. degree requires at least two years of undergraduate college study followed by four academic years of professional study. However, with programs becoming increasingly competitive, many students enter the professional program with three or more years of college and may even have a prior bachelor's degree.

Prerequisite courses for pharmacy schools are often similar, but each program has individual requirements. You are encouraged to review  pharmacy school admissions  content from the  American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) . This website contains up-to-date information about each school, including specifics about admission requirements, costs and other applicant considerations.

Also, it is a good idea to review the websites of schools that interest you to gather additional information and find answers to your questions.

Select applicants for admission are chosen for on-campus interviews in order to assess oral and written communication skills, group interaction dynamics, knowledge of the profession, and ability to solve problems.

Internships and practice experiences

Internships.

Once accepted into pharmacy school, students are further introduced to the profession by completing an internship and introductory pharmacy practice experience.

These training experiences allow the student to interact with interdisciplinary health care workers, consumers and pharmacist-mentors in a variety of health care settings. Additionally, under appropriate supervision and as permitted by state and federal regulations, the student may be allowed to assume direct patient care responsibilities.

Internships are typically completed in the first or second year of the pharmacy school curriculum. Internships vary in length and setting and may be accompanied with a stipend.  Pharmacy internships at Mayo Clinic  provide a comprehensive educational experience and in-depth exposure to pharmaceutical services to help you explore pharmacy as a career.

Introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE)

Similar to internships, IPPEs are usually done in the first or second year of the pharmacy school curriculum and are arranged by a college of pharmacy. These unpaid experiences focus on the integration of didactic content with experiential activities. Internships and IPPEs also serve to further develop important professional skills and abilities.

Advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE)

APPEs are a component of a Pharm.D. curriculum that allow student pharmacists to gain high-level experience, apply knowledge and skills, and gain professional competence and confidence under the tutelage of a preceptor. APPEs typically occur in the final year of schooling and are commonly referred to as "rotations."

These rotations allow students to implement knowledge learned in school to real-world practice. Once APPEs are complete, the student is eligible for graduation and subsequent licensure as a pharmacist.

Find information on APPE rotations at Mayo Clinic:

• Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) Hospital/Inpatient (Arizona)
• Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) (Florida)
• Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) (Minnesota)

Postgraduate residency training

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) accredits postgraduate residency training programs for pharmacists. Postgraduate training is elective, though this yearlong experience allows you to apply the knowledge and skills learned in pharmacy school to real patients, situations and settings.

A postgraduate year one (PGY-1) residency prepares graduate pharmacists for clinical practice and offers countless advantages, including a competitive advantage in the job market, networking contacts and professional mentors, and direction for future career opportunities.

A postgraduate year two (PGY-2) is an additional yearlong training program that builds on the skills from a PGY-1 residency. The PGY-2 residency is often referred to as a "specialty" residency due to the training focus — such as critical care, oncology or infectious diseases — and may be offered in combination with other programs, such as a master's degree or a fellowship.

Unlike pharmacy school, a residency is a paid position and usually includes employee benefits. Mayo Clinic offers both  PGY-1 and PGY-2 residencies  at multiple locations across the U.S.

Students must begin preparing their residency applications during pharmacy school. You can find general information, answers and insights about residency training on the ASHP website .

The selection process is extremely competitive, though the knowledge acquired and confidence built prepares residency graduates to practice at an extremely high level.

Why choose pharmacy?

Pharmacists have countless career opportunities available. The expansion of the health care industry and an aging population has resulted in increased reliance on highly trained and skilled pharmacists.

How to become a pharmacist

Is becoming a pharmacist right for me.

The first step to choosing a career is to make sure you are actually willing to commit to pursuing the career. You don’t want to waste your time doing something you don’t want to do. If you’re new here, you should read about:

Still unsure if becoming a pharmacist is the right career path? Take the free CareerExplorer career test to find out if this career is right for you. Perhaps you are well-suited to become a pharmacist or another similar career!

Described by our users as being “shockingly accurate”, you might discover careers you haven’t thought of before.

How to become a Pharmacist

Becoming a pharmacist involves a combination of education, training, and licensure. Here's a guide on how to pursue a career as a pharmacist:

• Educational Prerequisites: Ensure you have a high school diploma or equivalent with a strong foundation in science and mathematics. Enroll in a college or university and complete the necessary pre-pharmacy coursework, including biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and humanities. Some schools may have specific prerequisites.
• Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT): The Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) is a standardized exam often required for admission to pharmacy programs. Check with individual pharmacy schools for their specific admission requirements.
• Pharmacy School Admission: Apply to Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Pharm.D. programs typically take four years to complete. Successfully complete the Doctor of Pharmacy program, which includes both classroom coursework and experiential training in clinical settings.
• Pharmacy Licensure: Pass the NAPLEX: After graduation, you must pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX), a standardized exam that tests the knowledge and skills necessary to practice pharmacy.
• State Licensure: Obtain a state license by passing the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE), which assesses knowledge of pharmacy law and regulations specific to the state in which you want to practice.
• Optional Residencies or Fellowships: While not mandatory, completing a postgraduate residency or fellowship can provide additional specialized training and opportunities for advancement in specific areas of pharmacy practice.
• Optional Board Certification: Consider obtaining board certification in a specialty area, such as pharmacotherapy, critical care, or ambulatory care. Board certification can enhance your professional standing and open up advanced practice opportunities.
• Job Search and Networking: Start searching for job opportunities in various settings, including community pharmacies, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, or research institutions. Attend professional conferences, join pharmacy organizations, and network with other healthcare professionals to enhance your career opportunities.

Certifications There are several certifications available for pharmacists to demonstrate their expertise and specialized knowledge in different areas of pharmacy practice. The specific requirements for each certification vary, but generally involve a combination of education, training, and experience, as well as passing a certification exam. Some of the most common certifications for pharmacists include:

• Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist (BCPS) - This certification is offered by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS) and demonstrates a pharmacist's ability to manage and optimize drug therapy for patients with various medical conditions.
• Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist (BCACP) - This certification demonstrates a pharmacist's expertise in managing and optimizing drug therapy for patients in outpatient settings.
• Board Certified Geriatric Pharmacist (BCGP) - This certification demonstrates a pharmacist's expertise in managing and optimizing drug therapy for older adults.
• Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacist (BCPP) - This certification demonstrates a pharmacist's expertise in managing and optimizing drug therapy for patients with mental health conditions.
• Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE) - This certification demonstrates a pharmacist's expertise in managing and optimizing drug therapy for patients with diabetes, as well as providing education and support to help patients manage their condition.
• Certified Anticoagulation Care Provider (CACP) - This certification demonstrates a pharmacist's expertise in managing and optimizing anticoagulation therapy for patients.

These are just a few examples of the many certifications available for pharmacists. Pharmacists can also pursue certifications in areas such as oncology, infectious diseases, nutrition support, and more.

Associations There are several professional associations for pharmacists that offer resources, education, networking opportunities, and advocacy for the profession. Some of the most well-known associations for pharmacists include:

• American Pharmacists Association (APhA) - APhA is the largest professional association for pharmacists in the United States, with over 62,000 members. APhA provides education, advocacy, and practice tools to help pharmacists improve patient care.
• National Community Pharmacists Association (NCPA) - NCPA represents the interests of independent community pharmacists, with over 22,000 members. NCPA provides education, advocacy, and business resources to help community pharmacists succeed.
• American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) - ASHP represents pharmacists who practice in hospitals, health systems, and other institutional settings. ASHP provides education, advocacy, and resources to help pharmacists optimize medication use and improve patient outcomes.
• Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) - AMCP represents pharmacists who practice in managed care settings, such as health plans and pharmacy benefit management companies. AMCP provides education, advocacy, and resources to help pharmacists navigate the complex world of managed care.
• International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) - FIP is a global organization that represents pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists from around the world. FIP provides education, advocacy, and resources to help pharmacists improve patient care on a global scale.

How to Become a Pharmacist

Both social skills and aptitude in science are necessary for a career as a pharmacist, experts say.

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A four-year Doctor of Pharmacy is mandatory to qualify to begin a career as a pharmacist.

If you're intrigued by the prospect of advising patients about different drugs and prescriptions and helping patients combat and prevent disease, a career as a pharmacist may be right for you, according to experts in the field.

"Individuals that enjoy science, want to be part of the evolving health care team or are interested with any part of drug discovery, drug development, drug pricing, population health or precision medicine should seriously consider pharmacy," wrote James Dalton, dean and professor of pharmaceutical sciences with the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy , the No. 3 U.S. News Best Pharmacy School , in an email.

"Pharmacy is much more than it appears from the surface," Dalton adds. A Doctor of Pharmacy degree can prepare someone "to advise patients and physicians with medication therapy, immunize against disease, participate in drug discovery and development and/or work in nonprofit or federal agencies to improve population health," he says.

Donald Klepser, an associate dean for academic affairs and associate professor of pharmacy practice and science with the University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy , says the first step is getting admitted to an accredited pharmacy school. While in the past it was possible to become a pharmacist with only a bachelor's degree in pharmacy, a four-year Doctor of Pharmacy is now mandatory to qualify to begin a career as a pharmacist.

Klepser says pharmacy schools vary in their entrance requirements and academic expectations. Typically, pharmacy schools are eager to enroll students who have all of the following qualities: competence in science, time-management abilities, teamwork experiences and people skills, he says. "If all you've ever done is sit in the library and work on your academics and (you) have never interacted with people ... that probably doesn't lend itself very well to the profession," he says. Admissions officials look for individuals who are comfortable interacting and working with others, Klepser says.

Rabia Atayee, a professor of clinical pharmacy and associate dean for admissions and outreach with the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at University of California—San Diego, says some pharmacy schools require bachelor's degrees, while others only require prerequisite courses. Pharmacy schools that do mandate bachelor's degrees aren't usually particular about candidates' college majors , she says. Atayee notes that pharmacy schools vary in whether they require candidates to submit entrance exam scores from the Pharmacy College Admission Test.

Rhonda Waskiewicz, dean of the College of Health and Pharmacy at Husson University in Maine, says that pharmacy schools usually have significant academic prerequisites. "Most schools of pharmacy require a strong background in biology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology, and math prior to entering the professional program," she wrote in an email. "While there are variations to this list, a pharmacist is a medication expert and as such must have an in-depth understanding of the chemical and biological functions of the body and how the drugs being prescribed contribute to positive outcomes."

Waskiewicz notes that there are several types of pharmacist positions, including not only community pharmacists who work in drug stores and serve the general public, but other types as well. "Hospital pharmacists work in hospital pharmacies servicing the medical and surgical medication needs of the hospital clientele," she says. "Acute care pharmacists work with the medical teams on the floors of hospitals and work directly with patients. Finally, primary care pharmacists work with medical teams that help clients manage chronic diseases in ... out-patient settings."

Thomas E. Menighan, the CEO and executive vice president of the American Pharmacists Association, says the pharmacy school admissions process is competitive. "Experiences in volunteer work that show a caring attitude can be helpful," Menighan wrote in an email. "One must be a good communicator, with good language skills and empathy for patient care." He adds that pharmacy school applicants who have experience as pharmacy technicians are especially compelling candidates.

Nancy Aldape, a student at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy and the 2018-2019 secretary of the university's Mexican-American Pharmacy Student Association, adds that one way for someone to gauge whether they'd enjoy work as a pharmacist is by working or volunteering at a pharmacy. "You will be able to understand the role and expectations of a pharmacist," she wrote in an email. "Additionally, this will also provide you with insight on how the pharmacy operates."

Olivia Buncher, the associate director of admissions and recruitment at the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , which is the No. 2 U.S. News Best Pharmacy School, says aspiring pharmacists should aim to speak with as many practicing pharmacists as possible to assess whether the job is a good fit.

"Shadowing is a great way to see what a day in the life of a pharmacist looks like, but many health systems are limiting these opportunities due to concerns about patient privacy," Buncher wrote in an email. "We've seen prospective students have great success with arranging informational interviews with pharmacists when shadowing is not accessible."

Behind the Window: What Pharmacists Do

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How to Become a Pharmacist

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• Career Overview
• Steps to Become
• Education Options
• Licensure and Certification

Are you ready to earn your online nursing degree?

How Long to Become 4-6 years

Degree Required BS in related field Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)

Job Outlook 2% Growth from 2021-2031 (for all RNs)

Pharmacists play an integral role in improving the health of their patients. As medication experts, they help others understand dosage information, administration methods, detrimental side effects, and drug interactions. The services they provide are an essential component in advancing the welfare of others.

This guide gives an overview of the responsibilities of a pharmacist, the steps on the journey of how to become a pharmacist, and the job outlook for those who pursue the role.

What Is a Pharmacist?

A pharmacist is a healthcare professional with expert knowledge of the storage, handling, preparation, distribution, and use of medication. They play a crucial role in educating patients on the uses and outcomes of their prescribed medication.

Pharmacists also ensure patients receive an accurate dosage, and avoid negative side effects.

While pharmacists can work in retail drug stores, they also work in hospitals, specialty clinics, mental health facilities, addiction centers, nursing homes, and poison control centers.

Their specific responsibilities vary based on these settings, leading to different types of pharmacists, including:

Community pharmacists

These pharmacists work in retail pharmacies. They are primarily responsible for dispensing and educating patients regarding prescribed and over-the-counter medication.

Clinical Pharmacists

You can find clinical pharmacists in healthcare settings such as hospitals and clinics, where they provide direct patient care.

Consultant Pharmacists

A consultant pharmacist works with medical facilities and insurance providers to determine ways to improve pharmacy services

Pharmaceutical Pharmacists

These pharmacists are involved with the research and development of new medications.

Steps to Becoming a Pharmacist

Before becoming a pharmacist, you must meet certain academic and professional criteria. While specific requirements regarding education and licensure may differ depending on the institution and state, the basic prerequisites are similar from one place to the next.

The fundamental requirements prospective pharmacists must meet include earning an undergraduate, passing the pharmacy college admissions test (PCAT), earning a graduate degree, and completing a state licensure exam.

Earn a Bachelor’s Degree in a Related Field

Prospective pharmacists must first earn a bachelor’s degree in an appropriate field. Students should complete a science-related degree that provides courses in anatomy, physiology, biology, and chemistry.

Programs that introduce material in biochemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, and toxicology can benefit students pursuing a career as a pharmacist.

Typical bachelor programs take four years to complete. While there are pre-pharmacy non-degree programs you can complete in two years, most graduate schools prefer applicants who have earned a bachelor’s degree.

Pass the Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT)

Some pharmacy schools require applicants to have passed the PCAT, which the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy offers. The exam assesses the skills and abilities needed to succeed in a pharmacy program. See which schools require the exam .

The PCAT includes sections on writing, biological and chemical processes, critical reading, and quantitative reasoning. Each section is multiple-choice, except for the writing portion. The writing section consists of one prompt that identifies a problem and requires test-takers to address the issue and propose a solution.

Earn a Pharm.D. from an Accredited Pharmacy School

After passing the PCAT, prospective pharmacists must earn their doctor of pharmacy degree (Pharm.D.) to be eligible for state licensure. These programs take around four years to complete.

Some pharmacy schools provide 0-6 programs. These programs admit students directly after high school, allowing them to complete two years of pre-pharmacy study, followed by four years of professional study.

To receive the best education, prospective Pharm.D. students should select a program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Most ACPE-accredited programs focus on pharmaceutical practices, such as dispensing medication and educating patients. The programs also cover business principles, as pharmacists are often responsible for managing the staff/department.

Pharm.D. programs require candidates to take courses in areas such as pharmaceutical chemistry (study of designing and evaluating drugs), pharmacognosy (study of drugs derived from plants and animals), and pharmacology (study of the effects of drugs on the human body).

Pharmacist Education

When deciding how to become a pharmacist, there are two main educational paths. Both paths require completing a Pharm.D. program.

Prospective pharmacists can either complete a four-year bachelor’s program before applying to a graduate program, or enroll in a direct-entry/0-6 program.

Earning a bachelor’s degree and a doctorate often takes eight years — 4 for each program. A 0-6 program provides students with the information they would learn in an undergraduate program during the first two years, allowing them to earn their degree in six rather than eight.

Other educational paths exist, such as completing a non-degree pre-pharmacy program, or entering graduate school after two years of undergraduate study. However, many Pharm.D. programs and employers prefer people who have earned a bachelor’s degree.

Doctor of Pharmacy Degree

Regardless of their path, people must acquire their Pharm.D.to become licensed pharmacists . The program provides them with the necessary background knowledge and clinical skills to successfully pass the licensing exams and fulfill the role of a pharmacist.

Whether looking to work directly with patients, or in the research and development of medications, all prospective pharmacists must complete this crucial step.

Admission Requirements

Two years of undergraduate study (bachelor’s preferred), science and math prerequisites (varies from program to program), average 3.0 GPA, interview, letters of recommendation

Program Curriculum

Pharmaceutical calculations, biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, anatomy and physiology, drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical law and ethics, health care system, public health, applied practice

Time to Complete

Skills learned.

Attention to detail, communication, interpersonal, management, advocacy, multitasking, mathematical and scientific aptitude

Pharmacist Licensure and Certification

Pharmacists need a license to practice in any state. To be eligible for licensure, they need to earn a bachelor’s degree in a science-related field and complete a Pharm.D. program, the latter of which includes completing a formal internship.

After completing the academic requirements, prospective pharmacists must then pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam and either the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam or a jurisprudence exam specific to the licensing state.

To renew their license, most states require pharmacists to complete 30 hours of continuing education through the ACPE every two years.

While not required, pharmacists have the option of obtaining certification in a variety of specializations, many of which are offered by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties . Options include:

• Cardiology — experts on medications specifically designed for people who have or are at risk for heart problems
• Oncology — provide direct patient care for those managing cancer
• Pediatrics — specialize in understanding the impact of medications on children from birth to age 18

Working as a Pharmacist

According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS), pharmacists earn an average annual salary of $128,570. There are a variety of factors that can impact the pay of a pharmacist, resulting in yearly compensation ranging from $76,840 for the bottom 10% to $164,590 for the top 10%.

Practice setting and geographic location greatly influence a pharmacist’s pay. The top-paying industries for pharmacists include scientific research and development centers (average annual wage: $159,490), outpatient care centers (average annual wage: $150,710), and company and enterprise management (average annual wage: $141,200).

Geographically, U.S. pharmacists earn the most in California, with an average annual wage of $146,140, followed by Alaska at $145,910, and Oregon with an average annual wage of $136,520.

While pharmacists benefit from a high earning potential, the BLS projects that employment will rise only 2% by 2031. BLS also predicts approximately 13,600 pharmacist openings yearly.

Frequently Asked Questions About Becoming a Pharmacist

How many years does it take to become a pharmacist.

The amount of time it takes to become a pharmacist depends upon the academic path. The typical path takes eight years to complete — four to earn an undergraduate degree and four to earn a doctorate. However, direct-entry programs, which take six years to complete, are also common.

What is the quickest way to become a pharmacist?

The fastest ways to become a pharmacist include completing a two-year pre-pharmacy program followed by a four-year Pharm.D. program, or a direct-entry six-year program. Many employers prefer the latter option.

How hard is it to become a pharmacist?

Becoming a pharmacist can be demanding, given the various topics they need to study and the continuous evolution of new medications and medical technology. Pharmacy programs require students to understand a variety of scientific and mathematical concepts while gaining the ability to translate that information to the patients they encounter. Despite these demands, pharmacists often feel a great sense of pride in helping those in need of medical care.

Do pharmacists get paid well?

According to the BLS , pharmacists earn significantly above the average annual pay for all occupations in the United States. Pharmacists earn an average salary of $128,570, compared to the $45,670 average for all other occupations. The top 10% of pharmacists earn $164,590, which is over $100,000 more than the national average for all other jobs.

Last Reviewed By: August 18, 2022

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Medication and prescriptions are often an essential link to a patient’s recovery and well-being. A record-breaking 6.7 billion prescriptions were dispensed in 2022 in the United States. However, according to the Kaiser Foundation, nearly 30 percent of older adult patients do not adhere to their prescriptions.

Pharmacists are often the last person a patient interacts with before taking medication and they can improve patient outcomes by building relationships and being an accessible part of the healthcare system. They have extensive knowledge about medicines, how medications interact within the body, and state and federal regulations. They also must be skilled communicators who can assess a patient’s knowledge of medication and convey enthusiasm and trust for a prescribed course of treatment.

In addition to direct work with medication and patients, pharmacists often help file insurance forms, manage staff within pharmacies, and administer vaccines. 

Education requirements for pharmacy licensure include completing a PharmD degree. These programs generally take four years to complete and don’t require an undergraduate degree for admission. A career in pharmacy can be quite lucrative as the median wage is $132,750 per year. However, reliance on pharmacy techs and mail-order prescriptions are increasing, so the number of positions for pharmacists is projected to grow 3 percent between 2022 and 2032 ( BLS 2023). 

The following guide gives an overview of the pharmacist profession. Included are THE steps to becoming a pharmacist, profiles of top pharmacy schools, typical job duties, and licensure requirements. 

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Pharmacist specializations & degree types.

Pharmacists are required to complete a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree. This is usually done in a four-year program at a pharmacy school. 

There are numerous specializations that can be pursued either through studies or after completing a PharmD degree, including critical care, compounding, nuclear, oncology, pediatrics, infectious disease, and academic pharmacy. Many schools also offer dual degrees so students can complete a PharmD degree alongside an MBA, MPH, or even a PhD.

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Admissions Requirements for Pharmacist Programs

Most PharmD programs require that students have completed extensive prerequisite coursework prior to applying for admission. These courses include biology, microbiology, physics, math, statistics, and chemistry. While it is not necessary to have completed an undergraduate degree, most pharmacy schools are looking for at least two or three years of completed undergraduate coursework. Many pharmacy schools also require prospective students to take the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) and submit their test scores. 

Pharmacist Program Accreditation

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) is the leading body for accrediting pharmacy schools. They have accredited over 120 programs across the US and guarantee those schools meet the highest standards in pharmacy education. 

On-Campus Pharmacist Degree Programs

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill – Eshelman School of Pharmacy

The Eshelman School of Pharmacy has been ranked the number one pharmacy school in the nation by U.S. News & World Report (2023). This highly competitive and outstanding program features a rigorous curriculum that emphasizes hands-on experiences instead of long lectures. Early on in their education students are part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team that works directly in patient care. 

Students in this program also receive a well-rounded education that not only trains them with discipline-specific knowledge but also cultivates critical thinking, strong communication skills, and team players. 

Admissions requirements include at least 72 undergraduate credits, extensive prerequisite courses mostly in science and math, PCAT score submission, and proof of immunizations. Interviews are also a required part of the admissions process and must be attended in person. 

• Location : Chapel Hill, NC
• Duration : Four years
• Accreditation : Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
• Tuition : $46,900 per year

University of Michigan – College of Pharmacy

With competitive tuition prices, high student satisfaction, and excellent graduation rates the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy is an excellent program. Ranked third among the pharmacy programs in the US by U.S. News & World Report , this program trains well-rounded pharmacists. Experiential learning is at the core of this program and students complete over 1,900 hours of hands-on learning during their four years of study. 

Prospective students are required to submit their application materials including transcripts, PCAT scores, and references through the Pharmacy College Application Service (PharmCAS). A supplemental questionnaire is also required and is available through PharmsCAS. All students applying to the program are also required to attend an on-site interview. 

• Location : Ann Arbor, MI
• Tuition : $39,384 per year

Oregon State University – College of Pharmacy

At Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, students can complete their PharmD degree in four years. This program emphasizes anatomy, pathophysiology, and physiology to understand the mechanism of drug delivery, potential side effects, and how to spot potential drug interactions. Taught in conjunction with Oregon Health & Science University, graduates of this program are eligible for licensure in any state. 

To help students apply for admission, OSU offers admissions workshops. At these workshops, students will get individual help with their applications including how to prepare personal statements, what should be included in a letter of recommendation, and how to apply for the program. Program ambassadors are also available to help applicants navigate the admissions process. 

• Location : Corvallis, OR
• Tuition : $14,640 per term

University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy

The PharmD curriculum at the University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy is patient-centric and grounded in scientific thinking. Because the field of pharmacy is ever-evolving, students in this program are trained in progressive learning, where they develop the skills to learn instead of simply memorizing information. Faculty that teach at this school are experts in their field with extensive professional and academic experience. 

Outstanding on-campus clubs, activities, and organizations allow PharmD students to pursue extracurricular interests as well as have ample networking opportunities. Some of the student organizations focus on providing care in the community through health fairs, so this can also be an excellent way to gain additional hands-on experience. 

• Location : San Francisco, CA
• Tuition : $70,053 per year

University of Kentucky – College of Pharmacy

For over 100 years, the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy has been providing top-tier pharmacy education. Their PharmD program is ranked number sixth in the country by US News & World Report. Critical thinking and community involvement are core tenets of this program and graduates are well prepared to enter work in a pharmacy or continue their education and training with a residency or additional schooling. 

Over 29 percent of the PharmD students at UK completed a portion of their studies abroad. Overseas sites include the United Kingdom, Japan, and Western Europe. Studying abroad allows students to learn how pharmacies run in other countries and take those practices back to the US. 

• Location : Lexington, KY
• Tuition : $55,287.50 per year

Online or Hybrid Pharmacist Degree Programs

Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine – School of Pharmacy

One of the few online PharmD degree programs in the country is offered at Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine. As a pharmacy school that is part of the osteopathic program, there is an increased emphasis on holistic patient care. This program combines classroom learning with hands-on experience to train students to provide patient-centered care for the best outcome possible. Students participate in six Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPE), which are six-week rotations in communities and clinics. 

The four-year distance learning program affords students the ability to pursue their PharmD degree without having to move to campus. The program is full-time and students are expected to dedicate a significant amount of time to their studies. Each summer, students are required to travel to the Bradenton, FL campus to complete lab work, casework, and presentations. While this program does not require the PCAT there are extensive course prerequisite requirements and the completion of at least 54 credits from a regionally accredited US college or university. 

• Location : Bradenton, FL
• Tuition : $31,210 per year

Creighton University – School of Pharmacy and Health Professions

Graduates of Creighton University’s School of Pharmacy and Health Professions PharmD online degree program are well poised for employment in a variety of healthcare settings, including government agencies, hospitals, and clinics. With up to date curriculum in pharmacy practices, this program trains students in not only pharmaceutical care but also disease prevention, patient wellness, and disease management. 

Creighton also offers its PharmD students the option to pursue a dual degree in either an MBA or a master’s of science in pharmaceutical sciences. This program is completely online allowing students the flexibility to pursue their education wherever they may live. Students are required to complete at least 63 semester-credits (or 95 quarter-credits) prior to applying for admission. Many of those courses must fulfill the prerequisite course requirements. The PCAT test is not required for admission. 

• Location : Omaha, NE
• Tuition : $39,514 per year

St. John Fisher College – Wegmans School of Pharmacy

The St. John Fisher College Wegmans School of Pharmacy online PharmD program prepares graduates to be highly professional and competent pharmacists. Over 30 percent of the curriculum for this degree is experiential. Also called rotations, the experiential learning exposes students to a wide variety of pharmaceutical settings including hospitals, long-term care facilities, and retail. Students can complete their rotations at pharmacies in their community, but will be required to travel to campus for six immersion courses. 

Applicants only need two years of college education or the equivalent number of credits. A bachelor’s degree is not required. Other admission requirements include letters of recommendation and official transcripts. The PCAT is optional at this time but may be required in the future. 

• Location : Rochester, NY
• Tuition : $23,547 per semester

D’Youville College – School of Pharmacy

The online PharmD degree at D’Youville College School of Pharmacy can be completed in just three years of full-time study. This accelerated program also offers a five-year option for students who only have a high school diploma and have not completed any college coursework. Classes are offered in trimesters that are 14 weeks long. By condensing the required courses, students complete the same classes as the on-campus students at a quicker pace. 

Graduates of the PharmD program have an outstanding 95 percent employment rate. Online students are well supported in their job search to ensure they find work as quickly as possible post-graduation. The faculty and staff who teach in the online school are the same ones who teach the in-person classes, so students receive the same high-quality education even through remote learning.  

• Location : Buffalo, NY 
• Duration : Three years
• Tuition : $19,500 per trimester 

Duquesne University – School of Pharmacy

With six concentrations and over 25 electives, students in the online PharmD program at Duquesne University School of Pharmacy have the opportunity to truly tailor their education. Concentrations include entrepreneurship, health economics, community practice, ambulatory care, geriatrics, and acute care. The first three years of this distance learning program do require on-campus visits, while the fourth year consists of in-person clinical experiences near the student’s home. 

To be eligible for admission to this program, students must have at least two years of college or the equivalent number of completed credits. Students must ensure that the classes they take meet the prerequisite coursework requirements. PCAT scores are also required.  

• Location : Pittsburg, PA
• Tuition : $1,750 per credit

How Long Does it Take to Become a Pharmacist?

Students who know they want to pursue a career in pharmacy can complete their degree and obtain licensure in as little as six years after graduating from high school. Some states require internship hours prior to licensure which can extend this timeline.

How To Become a Pharmacist – Step-by-Step Guide

Step 1: graduate from high school or complete a ged (four years).

The first step to pursuing a career in pharmacy is completing high school. Students with aspirations to become pharmacists should take courses in chemistry, anatomy, physics, and math in preparation for undergraduate studies. Many undergraduate institutions and pharmacy schools accept IB or AP test scores for credit, so taking advanced classes and sitting for the tests can save students both money and time in the long run. 

Step 2: Complete Some Undergraduate Coursework (Two to Three Years)

Graduating from an undergraduate institution is not a requirement for most pharmacy programs, but they all require between two to three years of prerequisite courses. 

Students should carefully examine the requirements for the program they wish to attend in order to be sure they take the correct courses, but most schools require courses in chemistry, anatomy, biology, math, statistics, and microbiology. Students should ensure they are attending a regionally accredited institution as most pharmacy schools will not accept credits from unaccredited schools. 

Step 3: Take the PCAT Test (Based on State, Timeline Varies)

Many pharmacy schools require students to take the PCAT test in order to be considered for admission. Students should take the test at least six months before they plan on starting pharmacy school.  

Step 4: Travel to a Campus For an Interview (Based on College, Timeline Varies)

Interviews are a common component to the admissions process for pharmacy schools. Most schools require an in-person interview prior to admission. Students typically attend interviews while still completing their prerequisite courses.

Step 5: Attend Pharmacy School (Three to Four Years)

Pharmacy school takes four academic years to complete, but there are accelerated tracks that condense it to three calendar years by scheduling summer courses. Students learn about patient care, how drugs work and interact in the body, and how medicine is made. 

Step 6: Apply for Eligibility to Take the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) and the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE) (Timeline varies)

Prior to taking the NAPLEX and the MPJE, students must prove to their state board that they have met the eligibility requirements. This is either done through the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) for some states or directly through the local board. Requirements vary by state and students should contact their state’s board to ensure they meet the requirements. 

Step 7: Take the NAPLEX Exam (Timeline Varies)

Once a student’s eligibility has been verified they are able to schedule and take the NAPLEX test. This exam measures a student’s knowledge of pharmacy.

Step 8: Take the MPJE (Based on Jurisdiction, Timeline Varies)

All but five jurisdictions require students to also take the MPJE test. This test evaluates a student’s knowledge of federal and state-specific laws regarding pharmacy. 

Step 9: Complete State Internship Hours (Based on State, Timeline Varies)

Step 10: apply for state licensure (timeline varies).

Once a student has met all of the state licensing requirements and passed the required tests with high enough scores, they can apply for a pharmacy license from their state licensing board.

What Do Pharmacists Do?

While most pharmacists work in pharmacies, many work in other healthcare settings such as hospitals and long-term care facilities. Some pharmacists even work for corporations or public or government agencies. Typical duties for pharmacists include:

• Dispensing medication according to a physician’s instructions
• Verifying that the medication being dispensed won’t interact with other medications the patient is already taking
• Counseling patients on how to take their medications and ensure they understand the physician’s instructions
• Warning patients about side effects and adverse reactions
• Administering vaccinations  
• Advising patients on general health issues such as stress or diet
• Recommending over-the-counter medications for basic health issues such as a cold, headache, or allergies
• Maintaining patient health records
• Filing insurance claims
• Overseeing other pharmacy staff such as pharmacy technicians and interns

Pharmacist Certifications & Licensure

All pharmacists in the United States are required to have a PharmD degree. Licensure is done individually by state pharmacy boards, and requirements vary. Typical requirements for licensure include:

• A PharmD degree from an ACPE-accredited school.
• A number of experience hours as determined by the state
• Successful completion of the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam (NAPLEX)
• Passing the Multi-State Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE) 
• Completing a background check

The Board of Pharmacy Specialties offers 13 additional certifications that board-licensed pharmacists can pursue. Specializations range from ambulatory care to geriatric to transplant pharmacy and more.

How Much Do Pharmacists Make?

According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics ( BLS May 2022)—the latest data available as of October 2023—pharmacists earn $129,410 per year on average with the following percentiles:

• ​​10th percentile: $79,950
• 25th percentile: $123,020
• 50th percentile (median):$132,750
• 75th percentile: $147,750
• 90th percentile: $164,230

Pharmacist Career Alternatives

Here are some alternatives to a career as a pharmacist. 

Become a Physician Assistant

Physician assistants are considered physician extenders. They can provide many of the same services a physician can but must work under supervision. In most states physician assistants can prescribe medications, assist with surgery, and make diagnoses as well as many other duties.  

• Typical Education: Master’s of physician assistant studies (MPAS), a master’s of health services (MHS), or a master’s of medical science (MMSc)
• Licensing or Certifying Organization: National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA)

Become a Pathologists’ Assistant 

In many morgues and pathology laboratories, the bulk of the work is performed by pathologists’ assistants . They can collect samples, analyze tissue, perform post mortem exams, and write detailed reports. However, all work they person is under the supervision of a pathologist. 

• Typical Education: Master of science in pathologists’ assistant (PathA)
• Licensing or Certifying Organization: American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

Become a Nurse Practitioner

Nurse practitioners are registered nurses who have completed additional schooling to provide more advanced medical care. In many states, nurse practitioners can prescribe medications and care for patients independently, while in others, they must work under the supervision of a physician. Nurse practitioners provide a wide variety of care, including primary care, midwifery, anesthesia, and even surgery. 

• Typical Education: Master’s of science in nursing (MSN) or doctor of nursing practice (DNP)
• Licensing or Certifying Organization: American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) or American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)

Kimmy Gustafson

At HealthcareDegree.com, Kimmy Gustafson has delivered in-depth and insightful articles since 2019, aiding prospective students to navigate the complexities of choosing the right healthcare degree. Her recent work includes topics such as the ethics of gene editing and physician assistant’s fight for autonomy.

Kimmy has been a freelance writer for more than a decade, writing hundreds of articles on a wide variety of topics such as startups, nonprofits, healthcare, kiteboarding, the outdoors, and higher education. She is passionate about seeing the world and has traveled to over 27 countries. She holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Oregon. When not working, she can be found outdoors, parenting, kiteboarding, or cooking.

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How to Become a Pharmacist: The Ultimate Guide

The history of pharmacists stretches as far back as 2,400 BCE , when prescriptions for human ailments were inscribed on clay tablets and called for such ingredients as “turtle shell powder, snakeskins, and river silt.”

Thankfully, pharmacists – and the medicine they dispense – have come a long way since then. What was once a mystical practice has evolved into a highly scientific discipline that requires years of education.

Learning how to become a pharmacist, and finding out if it’s the right career path for you, can be a challenge. But save your turtle shells and snakeskins, because we’re about to tell you everything you need to know. 

The Role of the Pharmacist 

Before we explain how to become a pharmacist, let’s first clarify what pharmacists do (and don’t do). 

The primary responsibility of pharmacists has traditionally been to dispense prescription medications to patients and provide guidance on their use. 

While this remains true, pharmacists today receive extensive education in disease and medication management to promote optimal health outcomes, improve patient safety, and reduce costs. 

This can include recommending less expensive alternatives, avoiding duplicates, and informing patients of medication-related side effects. 

In many cases, physicians and health practitioners will lean heavily on pharmacists for their expertise of drug knowledge and management of chronic disease states. 

This also positions the pharmacist to act as the liaison between physician and patient to ensure the effectiveness and safety of prescription use.  

Aside from dispensing prescriptions and offering guidance to patients and physicians, pharmacists – especially those in retail settings – also perform a variety of other tasks, such as:

• Compounding for humans (and pets!)
• Updating patient records
• Maintaining inventory
• Overseeing pharmacy technicians
• Verifying accuracy of prescription medications
• Preventing food and drug interactions
• Conducting health and wellness screenings
• Providing immunizations and general health advice
• Offering lifestyle and weight loss coaching
• Simplifying and synchronizing medication regimens
• Conducting individual consultations
• Recommending over-the-counter medicines and supplements 

As you can see, pharmacists play an important role in healthcare. Ensuring the safe and effective usage of prescription medications, along with a pharmacist’s various other duties, is a complex job that requires extensive expertise. 

Not surprisingly, then, pharmacists must undergo an extensive amount of education and training to gain that expertise and earn their pharmacy license. 

How to Become a Pharmacist: What Does It Take?

Because pharmacists are directly responsible for the health and well being of patients, and given the complex nature of medicine, they must undergo years of education and earn a number of certifications. 

Below we explain the five steps (including one optional step) that an aspiring pharmacist must take before they can begin practicing pharmacy:

Step 1: Complete Undergraduate Prerequisites  

Completing prerequisite coursework in subjects such as biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and more is the baseline education requirement for aspiring pharmacists. 

Although obtaining an undergraduate degree is not necessary for becoming a pharmacist, some pharmacy schools require a degree. 

Step 2: Pass the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT)

The next step that an aspiring pharmacist must take is passing the PCAT , a standardized test that all prospective pharmacy school students must complete. The PCAT uses a 200 to 600 point grading scale, and the average student scores a 400 on each section. 

Step 3: Receive a Doctor of Pharmacy degree (PharmD)

The biggest step for aspiring pharmacists is to receive their doctorate in pharmacy. A PharmD usually takes four years to complete and consists of rigorous hands-on education to fully prepare students for the tasks they will have to perform as pharmacists. 

Step 4: Complete a Pharmacy Residency (Optional)

Postgraduate pharmacy students can choose to enter a residency program to gain real-world experience in a pharmacy setting before pursuing their own career paths. 

While not for everyone, a pharmacy residency can be a great way to gain valuable experience not available in school and to build professional connections that will set them up for success later on. 

For those interested in a specific type of pharmacy practice – such as pharmaceutical, hospital administration, or regulatory agencies – a residency can provide a clear path to their goals that may help them bypass an otherwise necessary (and costly) secondary postgraduate degree. 

Interested in a pharmacy residency? Learn more about Community Pharmacy’s residency program . 

Step 5: Attain Certifications 

After receiving a PharmD, the last step an aspiring pharmacist must take before becoming a registered pharmacist (RPh) and earning a license to practice pharmacy is to pass two examinations.

These certifications are the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX), a nationwide clinical knowledge exam, and the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE), a state-specific pharmacy law exam ( Pharmacist Consult ).

Upon passing these two exams, if an RPh wants to specialize in a specific type of pharmacy practice, they will have to obtain additional certifications from an accrediting organization such as The Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS). 

Needless to say, there are numerous hurdles that an aspiring pharmacist must overcome in order to practice pharmacy. 

But there is an alternative career path for those wanting a career in pharmacy without having to undergo the rigorous and costly prerequisites for becoming an RPh.  

Pharmacy Technician: A Less Rigorous Alternative to RPh 

Becoming a pharmacist is not for everyone, especially given the amount of time and money that it takes to do so. But a career as a pharmacy technician can be an equally fulfilling – and more easily attainable – option for those passionate about helping patients in a pharmacy setting. 

Similar to how a pharmacist acts as the liaison between physician and patient, a pharmacy technician acts as the liaison between pharmacist and patient. 

Given the breadth of their responsibilities, pharmacists can easily become overwhelmed with day-to-day tasks, making pharmacy technicians a crucial part of patient satisfaction and pharmacy success. 

Pharmacy technicians alleviate a pharmacist’s burden by tending to patient needs, maintaining inventory, compounding medicine, and fulfilling a variety of other tasks. 

In order to become a pharmacy technician, you must complete the following requirements:

• Have a high school diploma or equivalent accreditation (such as a GED)
• Graduate from an accredited pharmacy technician training program (optional). You can search a national directory of accredited institutions here .
• Become certified by national and regional certification bodies by passing examination (requirements vary by  state)
• Maintain your certifications through continued education (usually every two years)

The Different Types of Pharmacists

After completing the education and certification requirements outlined above, pharmacists can choose from a variety of pharmacy settings to work in. 

The most common pharmacy setting – which accounts for 60% of all pharmacists – is retail pharmacy. This is the type of pharmacist most patients interact with on a day-to-day basis. 

Retail pharmacists can work in two types of settings: independent pharmacy and chain pharmacy. For a detailed explanation on the differences between these two types, read our other blog post, “Independent Pharmacy vs. Chain Pharmacy: What are the Differences?” . 

Pharmacists can also choose from a number of less traditional pharmacy settings, but be aware that many of these will require that you complete additional certifications on top of NAPLEX and MPJE. 

Some of the most common types of non-retail pharmacists are:

• Hospital/clinical 
• Ambulatory 
• Compounding 
• Infectious disease 
• And many more… 

Is a Pharmacist Career Right for Me?

Given the extensive time commitment and high costs necessary for becoming a pharmacist, it’s important to first make sure that a career in pharmacy is right for you. 

If you have a passion for helping others, an unrelenting work ethic, and a strong command of science and mathematics, pharmacy could be the perfect profession for you. But if you’re still on the fence, there is no better person to look to than pharmacists themselves. 

We interviewed two of our very own pharmacists at Community Pharmacy to learn why they chose pharmacy and what they love most about it. 

Emily Selby, PharmD, MBA, BCPP

Q: Why did you choose to become a pharmacist?

A: For me, it all comes down to building relationships with my patients, and we try to make it easy for patients to access us at Community Pharmacy. I love being someone my patients can count on anytime they have a question about their medicine or health. Patients don’t have to make an appointment three months in advance to speak with their pharmacist; we are one of the most accessible healthcare professionals. There is nothing more rewarding than helping a patient feel empowered and more in control of their healthcare. The system can be so confusing and frustrating, and if I can make that process a little bit easier and less painful, then I can be satisfied knowing I made an impact. 

Kelly S. Selby , RPh, FIACP, and owner of Community Pharmacy 

Q: What is your favorite part of being a pharmacist?

A: My favorite part of being a pharmacist is being able to provide a service that improves the lives of our patients. That could mean providing education about their health needs or solving a health problem they have been unable to resolve on their own. 

Wrapping Up

As you can tell, pharmacists have come a long way since their clay tablet predecessors, but one thing that hasn’t changed is their dedication to helping people live healthier and happier lives.

Becoming a pharmacist is a rigorous, time intensive, and costly endeavor, but it is also one of the most fulfilling careers you can have. For Emily, Kelly, and many other pharmacists, the time and effort it took was well worth it. 

If you’re interested in learning more about our pharmacy residency program at Community Pharmacy, send us an email . We are always looking for ways to help the next generation of pharmacists carry on the tradition of helping others through medicine. 

Learn more about Community Pharmacy.

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Pharmacist Education Requirements

Feb 25, 2021

Pharmacist Education Requirements: Starting in Undergrad

Becoming a pharmacist: where to begin.

Are you interested in perfecting a pharmacy speciality and establishing a long-term career in the pharmaceutical science industry? Wondering where to begin? 

In this article we discuss common education requirements for pharmacy undergraduate and graduate students, plus some of the exciting careers you can pursue after getting your degree. 

How to Become a Pharmacist

How many years of college does it take to become a prospective pharmacist? Doctorate of pharmacy degrees require four years beyond a bachelor’s degree. Once you graduate you can work in a career that ensures the health and well-being of all types of patients. You’ll be on the front line of patient safety and health care and become part of healthcare delivery teams.

What is the process to become a licensed pharmacist?

• First, attend a four-year institution and major in a field like biology or medicinal chemistry. Occasionally, a pharmacy program will accept a student pharmacist applicant after completing three years of undergraduate coursework. Make sure you are satisfying the undergraduate pharmacy school requirements and any prerequisite course.
• Take the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT).
• Apply to a pharmacy school to earn a doctoral degree (PHARM D). Ensure that the pharmacy program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. 
• You'll need to complete a formal internship/residency program and experiential learning in pharmacy practice settings. The hours needed will depend on state licensing requirements.
• Aspiring pharmacists need to take two licensure exams and satisfy any prerequisite requirement set out by the state you'll practice in. 
• During your pharmacist career you will be required to participate in continuing pharmacy education and continuing professional development opportunities as part of licensure.

Undergraduate Studies

If you research the required courses for pharmacy schools, they often differ on undergraduate prerequisite coursework, such as grade point requirements and credits in certain disciplines. As you consider courses in a pre-pharmacy professional program, you should be aware that nearly every pharmacy school requires:

• Math and statistics
• English/communications

Setting yourself up for success in pharmacy school by studying general biology or general chemistry might be the right choice for you. Read on to learn the answer to commonly asked questions such as, "What can you do with a biology degree?"  and "What are the benefits in majoring in biology vs. chemistry ?"

"At North Central College, we highly recommend a four-year degree in a science major like biology to prepare candidates for success in pharmacy school and competitive residencies," said Dr. Marguerite Degenhardt, Pre-Professional Health Program Coordinator at North Central College. "I also recommend pharmacy to students who are interested in biology, chemistry, public health and medicine but don't want a career with excessive hands-on patient care. If you’re interested in one of these fields but are asking questions like, “ What is a public health degree ?”, learn more here.

Pharmacy School

After you have taken the necessary prerequisite coursework, you'll need to take the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) in order to apply to pharmacy school. You'll want to make sure the pharmacy program is accredited  by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Make sure you understand all the requirements for the different pharmacy programs, as they tend to differ. For example, some programs may suggest or require advanced pharmacy practice experience as a pharmacy assistant or pharmacy technician.

Once admitted to a pharmacy school or degree program, you'll take courses like biochemistry, pharmacology, healthcare management, chemotherapy, pharmaceutical measurements, biostatistics and pathology.

Post Graduate Preparation

Before beginning your pharmacy career, you'll need to complete a formal internship/residency program and experiential learning in pharmacy practice settings. The hours needed will depend on state licensing requirements. The final step for aspiring pharmacists is to take two pharmacist licensure exams and satisfy pharmacist licensure requirements set out by the state you'll practice in.

Choosing a Pharmacy Career

Before committing to a lifelong career in the pharmaceutical care industry, it is important to consider which role(s) you could envision yourself taking on post-graduate. Due to the intensity of the academic rigor, ensuring you have a clear career path can help you hone the specific skills you will need in order to become a dedicated working professional. Listed below are potential career paths that you could align yourself with:

• Pharmacy Assistant: The job descriptions of pharmacy assistants can vary depending on state laws and work settings, but some responsibilities include: working cash registers, keeping stock of merchandise and supplies, and tracking medication deliveries. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the average salary for a pharmacy assistant is $30,490.
• Pharmacy Tech: A pharmacy technician is responsible for several essential functions within the pharmacy. A pharmacy tech is frequently the primary person a doctor, patient, or other medical professional talks to about medical prescriptions. Responsibilities can include, but are not limited to: Collection of patient information for refills, measuring appropriate amounts of medication, packaging and labeling prescriptions, tracking inventories, and processing insurance claims. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the average salary for pharmacy technicians is $35,950. 
• Pharmacists: Pharmacists do a lot more than just fill prescriptions. Responsibilities are dependent on whether you work at a hospital, retail pharmacy, or another setting. Additionally, pharmacists may have several more responsibilities if they are the owners of their pharmacy, requiring business skill sets. Daily duties may include: Administering flu shots, researching allergy conditions for patients taking new medication, educating customers on how to take medications, conducting health and wellness screenings, etc. According to the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics , the average salary for a pharmacist is $128,090. 

Upon graduation from pharmacy school, most aspiring pharmacists are employed and gain introductory pharmacy practice experience in pharmacies or drug stores, hospitals and medical centers, other retail pharmacies (grocery stores and mass merchandise stores), and institutional settings such as long-term care facilities. Smaller numbers of pharmacists are employed by the pharmaceutical industry, managed care and health insurance plans, consulting groups, home health care, prescription fulfillment centers, veteran's hospital, rural pharmacy teams and universities. 

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the demand for pharmacists is projected to increase in a variety of healthcare settings, including hospitals and clinics. This is largely due to the increased complexity of medication therapy and the need for proper drug selection, dosing, monitoring and management of the entire drug use process. The demand for pharmacists in the institutional sector, including both long-term patient care and home care, remains strong.   Some pharmacists specialize in areas like oncology, pediatrics, transplant and many more. 

Whether you pursue general biology or chemistry as a major, you’ll be set up for success in pharmacy school. The knowledge and skills you acquire as you complete pharmacy education requirements will prepare you for a four-year doctor of pharmacy degree (PharmD program) and a career in pharmaceutical care, public health, retail pharmacy work or other pharmaceutical fields.  

North Central College Can Help You Reach Your Goals! 

North Central College's Pre-Pharmacy Program  is designed to set students up for success. If you are a current high school student considering pursuing a pre-pharmacy program, North Central College has an affiliation agreement with Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) to offer the high school applicant an opportunity for a "reserved seat" in its School of Pharmacy leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree (PharmD).

This type of partnership allows qualified high school students interested in becoming a licensed pharmacist to be admitted jointly in both institutions. Application in the LECOM's Early Acceptance Program (EAP) can occur as early as the student's senior year in high school and up until the start of their third year at North Central College.

Application to the EAP is separate from the application to North Central College. A student may apply for EAP consideration as a high school senior. 

Laura Zahn Pohl has been an editorial director and content provider in higher education for 17 years.

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How to Become a Pharmacist: A Step-by-Step Guide to Crafting Your Pharmaceutical Future

Pharmacists: the white-coated warriors of healthcare. Their role in our health system is often underestimated, yet their impact is profound. Beyond simply dispensing pills, they offer expert advice on drug interactions, side effects, and optimal usage. They are educators, advocates, and confidants, bridging the gap between doctor's prescriptions and patient understanding.

But the road to becoming a pharmacist in the United States is not simple. It's a journey that requires grit, determination, and an unwavering commitment to patient care.

Imagine a career where you are the bridge between health and healing , your knowledge can change lives, and every day presents new opportunities to make a difference. Welcome to the world of pharmacists—a vital cog in the healthcare machinery, often unseen but indispensable.

Pharmacists are more than individuals behind a counter dispensing medication. Educators, advisors, and advocates provide essential guidance on medication usage , potential interactions , and overall health management . Their contribution extends beyond the pharmacy, reaching into patient homes , communities , and hearts .

However, becoming a pharmacist in the United States is a rigorous journey, demanding dedication, resilience, and a deep desire to improve patient health. This path is paved with challenges and rewards, from exhaustive education requirements to licensure exams. This guide will navigate you through these steps, offering a comprehensive overview of what it takes to don that white coat proudly. So, buckle up for an exciting dive into the world of pharmaceuticals, and embark on your journey to becoming a pharmacist today.

Obtain a Bachelor’s Degree

Stepping into the world of pharmaceuticals begins with a solid academic foundation, typically in the form of a Bachelor's degree. This is where your journey starts, where you dip your toes into the vast ocean of knowledge that will eventually shape your career as a pharmacist.

- Delving into prerequisite coursework

The journey starts with a deep dive into the world of science. As an aspiring pharmacist, your curriculum will be steeped in chemistry , biology , and math courses . Each subject forms an essential building block of your pharmaceutical knowledge base.

Chemistry, for instance, is the bedrock of pharmacology. It provides an understanding of drug composition and how different medications interact at the molecular level. Conversely, biology offers insights into the human body, shedding light on how drugs affect various biological systems. While seemingly unrelated, mathematics plays a significant role in dosage calculations and statistical analysis in research.

- Tailoring your education

While there's no mandatory major for pharmacy school, many students opt for a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in pre-pharmacy. This program is designed to prepare you for the rigors of a doctoral program in pharmacy. It typically covers all the prerequisite coursework and provides a comprehensive overview of the field.

Alternatively, you may pursue a B.S. degree in a related field like biology or chemistry. These programs also cover the necessary prerequisite courses and can offer additional flexibility if you have interests in other areas of science.

Complete Doctor of Pharmacy

With a Bachelor's degree under your belt, you're ready to journey deeper into the world of pharmaceuticals by embarking on a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) program . This is where the rubber meets the road, where theory melds with practice, and where you begin to shape your future as a pharmacist truly.

- Choosing the right program

Before you embark on your Pharm.D. journey , you must research and select an accredited program that aligns with your career goals and interests. Accreditation ensures that the program meets specific standards of quality and completeness in terms of curriculum, faculty, facilities, and more.

When choosing a program, consider factors such as the curriculum's breadth and depth , the availability of specializations or elective courses , the program's reputation , and the opportunities for practical experience . Remember, this decision will shape your future career, so take your time to weigh your options carefully.

- Navigating the curriculum

Once you've chosen your program, prepare for an intensive academic adventure. A typical Pharm.D. program lasts four years, during which you'll delve into various subjects ranging from biomedical sciences and pharmaceutical chemistry to clinical ethics and patient care.

The coursework will equip you with a comprehensive understanding of drug therapy , disease management , and patient interaction . It's challenging, but it's also incredibly rewarding. Every class, every assignment, every exam brings you one step closer to becoming a healthcare professional capable of making a significant impact on patients' lives.

- Gaining practical experience

Academic knowledge alone isn't enough to prepare you for the real world of pharmacy. That's where rotations and internships come in . These experiential learning opportunities allow you to apply your classroom knowledge in real-world settings, under the guidance of experienced pharmacists.

You'll have the chance to work in various practice settings, from community pharmacies and hospitals to pharmaceutical companies and government agencies. These experiences will help you refine your skills and give you valuable insights into different career paths in pharmacy.

While the Pharm.D. curriculum is largely standardized, there's room for personalization. Many programs offer elective courses or concentrations that allow you to delve deeper into areas of interest, be it oncology , pediatrics , pharmaceutical research , or public health .

Pursuing these options can enrich your education, enhance your expertise, and set you apart in the job market. So, don't hesitate to explore these opportunities and tailor your education to fit your career aspirations.

Obtaining Your Pharmacist License

- graduate from a pharmacy program.

Graduation is not simply a ceremonial rite of passage—it's the triumphant culmination of years of dedication, tireless study, and unwavering commitment. When you walk across that stage with your freshly minted Pharm.D. degree, you're standing at the pinnacle of academic achievement, ready to embark on the next phase of your journey into pharmacy.

- Licensing: the gateway to professional practice

Armed with your degree, your next step is to apply for licensure with the State Board of Pharmacy in your chosen state(s). This process may vary from state to state, but it's a critical milestone for becoming a pharmacist. Securing your license isn't just about ticking off a box—it's a testament to your readiness to uphold the high professional and ethical standards demanded of pharmacists.

- Conquering the NAPLEX

Next up is the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) —a comprehensive test designed to assess your ability to practice pharmacy safely and effectively. While daunting, it's important to approach the NAPLEX not as a formidable obstacle but as an opportunity to showcase the breadth and depth of your pharmaceutical knowledge . Your Pharm.D. program has equipped you with the tools you need to succeed—you just need to step up and demonstrate your mastery.

- Navigating state-specific requirements

But passing the NAPLEX isn't the end of the road. Many states have additional requirements, such as the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE) , which tests your understanding of pharmacy law . These extra steps ensure that you're knowledgeable about pharmaceuticals and fully aware of the legal landscape in which you'll operate. It's another layer of accountability, reinforcing the critical role of legality and ethics in protecting patient health and maintaining public trust.

Exploring the World of Residency Training

Once you've successfully obtained your pharmacist license, you might find yourself standing at a crossroads. You've achieved your goal of becoming a pharmacist, but what next? This is where the option of residency training comes into play. While not a requirement, a postgraduate residency program can provide specialized training that further hones your skills , broadens your knowledge , and deepens your understanding of specific areas within pharmacy .

- Identifying areas of interest

The first step in this optional journey is identifying your interest areas. Are you drawn to the bustling environment of hospital pharmacy, or do you see yourself thriving in a community pharmacy setting? Maybe the dynamic world of ambulatory care appeals to you. Whatever your preference, there's a residency program out there that aligns with your career aspirations . Researching and applying to these programs is an exciting process, as it allows you to envision your future path and the impact you could make in your chosen field.

- Deep dive into specialized training

Once accepted into a residency program, you'll embark on intensive, specialized training that typically lasts one to two years. This is where you'll truly immerse yourself in your chosen field, gaining invaluable hands-on experience under the guidance of seasoned professionals. The challenge will be greater than anything you've faced, but so will the rewards.

You'll work closely with patients , handle complex cases , and navigate challenging scenarios —all while developing a deeper understanding of pharmaceutical care. And when you come out the other side, you'll have theoretical knowledge and practical expertise to excel in your chosen specialty.

Embarking on a residency program is a significant decision that requires commitment, resilience, and a deep-seated passion for your field. But if you choose this path, you'll emerge with more than just advanced training. You'll gain a unique perspective on patient care, a wealth of practical experience, and the confidence to handle whatever your career throws at you. It's an opportunity to elevate your skills, magnify your impact, and truly make a difference in the world of healthcare.

Exploring Speciality Certifications

As you navigate your career in pharmacy, you may find yourself drawn to the allure of specialization. While not a requirement, specialty certifications can be an enriching addition to your professional journey. They offer a chance to delve deeper into areas that ignite your passion, whether it's oncology, pediatrics, pharmacotherapy, or any other niche within the vast landscape of pharmacy.

- The value of specialty certifications

Specialty certifications are more than just accolades to embellish your resume—they're opportunities to enhance your knowledge and elevate your practice. This pursuit broadens your understanding and sharpens your skills, enabling you to provide specialized care to your patients.

- The impact of specialty certifications

In addition to deepening your knowledge, specialty certifications can also significantly impact your career prospects. In a field as competitive as pharmacy, these certifications can set you apart, showcasing your dedication, expertise, and commitment to continuous learning. Whether you're eyeing a promotion, seeking a specialized role, or simply aiming to deliver the best patient care possible, these certifications can be a powerful tool in achieving your professional goals.

The Importance of Continuing Education

In the dynamic, ever-evolving world of pharmacy, the learning journey doesn't end with a degree or a license. It's a lifelong endeavor that requires continuous education and professional development. This commitment to ongoing learning ensures you stay abreast of the latest advancements and best practices in your field and equips you to provide the highest standard of care to your patients.

- The role of continuing education

Continuing education programs offer a pathway to stay updated on the latest developments in pharmacy practice. They come in various formats— online courses , seminars, workshops—each offering a wealth of knowledge on many topics. From new medications and treatment protocols to updates in healthcare regulations, these programs help you stay informed , competent , and ready to deliver the best patient care possible.

- Venturing beyond academics

Professional development extends beyond academic learning—it's about cultivating a well-rounded set of skills that enhance your overall effectiveness as a pharmacist. This might involve joining professional organizations , attending industry conferences , or participating in workshops and seminars. These platforms provide learning opportunities and open doors for networking, collaboration, and career growth .

Exploring Practice Settings

As a pharmacist, you have the unique advantage of being able to practice in a variety of settings. Each setting offers experiences, challenges, and rewards, enabling you to find a path that aligns with your interests , skills, and career goals. Let's explore some of these diverse practice settings.

- Retail Pharmacy

Retail pharmacy is perhaps the most familiar setting, where pharmacists work in drug stores or grocery store pharmacies . As a retail pharmacist, you'll interact directly with patients, dispensing medications, advising on their use, and providing health education. It’s a great setting if you enjoy patient interaction and fast-paced work.

- Hospital Pharmacy

In hospital pharmacy , you’ll work as part of a multidisciplinary team to provide care for hospitalized patients. Your role may involve preparing IV medications, working in specialized areas like oncology or pediatrics, and participating in rounds with other healthcare professionals . This setting can be rewarding if you enjoy a collaborative, clinical environment.

- Ambulatory care

Ambulatory care is a growing field where pharmacists provide direct patient care in outpatient settings. You might manage chronic diseases, conduct wellness screenings, or provide immunizations. This could be an ideal setting if you're interested in building long-term relationships with patients and focusing on preventative care .

- Industry pharmacy

Pharmacists in the pharmaceutical industry play crucial roles in drug development, regulatory affairs, quality control, and medical affairs. Consider this path if you're fascinated by drug discovery and development and enjoy a corporate environment.

A career in academia could be fulfilling if you have a passion for teaching and research. You could shape the future of pharmacy by educating the next generation of pharmacists or conducting research to advance the field.

- Specialty Pharmacies

Specialty pharmacies focus on high-cost, high-touch medication therapy for patients with complex disease states. Roles here can be diverse, ranging from patient education to therapy management.

Career Growth for Pharmacists

Maintaining your licensure.

In the world of pharmacy, your license is much more than a piece of paper—it's a testament to your competence , professionalism, and commitment to patient safety . But earning a pharmacy license isn't the end of the journey. It's just the beginning. To maintain this licensure and stay current in your field, there are several key steps you need to take.

- Navigating license renewal

Each state has its own Board of Pharmacy, which sets forth specific requirements for license renewal. These regulations vary from state to state, but they all have one thing in common—they exist to ensure that you remain competent and updated in your practice.

Adhering to these requirements might involve submitting proof of continuing education credits , paying a renewal fee, or even passing a jurisprudence examination. While these tasks may seem tedious, they play a crucial role in maintaining the profession's integrity and ensuring that every licensed pharmacist is equipped to provide the highest standards of care.

- Staying compliant with regulations

Pharmacy practice is governed by a complex web of state and federal regulations . These laws cover everything from the dispensing of medications and patient privacy rights to the management of controlled substances and the operation of pharmacies.

Compliance with these regulations is non-negotiable. Not only does it protect you from legal repercussions , but it also safeguards the safety and wellbeing of your patients . It's your responsibility as a pharmacist to stay informed about these laws and ensure that your practice always aligns with them.

What Makes Crimson Different

Discovering the Best Path for Becoming a Pharmacist

Navigating the pharmacy profession is much like charting a course through an expansive, ever-changing landscape. It's a journey that takes us through diverse terrains—from retail pharmacies' bustling environment to the pharmaceutical industry's cutting-edge world and from the empathetic care in clinical settings to the intellectually stimulating corridors of academia.

Yet, regardless of our chosen path, there are shared milestones we must all reach. The commitment to lifelong learning , the dedication to uphold our licensure, and the responsibility to adhere to state and federal regulations—these are the beacons that guide us. They're our assurance that we remain competent , professional , and patient-centric in our practice.

As students continue to navigate this landscape, let's remember that the ultimate goal isn't just personal success, but the health and wellbeing of the communities they serve. Because at the heart of pharmacy, it's always about people—the patients.

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Pharmacist Education Requirements

The educational requirements for a pharmacist are a Doctorate degree, with 86.78% of pharmacists holding this level of education. According to Kimberly Pesaturo PharmD, BCPS , Clinical Assistant Professor at Western New England University, "embracing both the fluid nature of the field of pharmacy and its new technologies" is vital to career success. She also emphasizes the importance of "cultivating a high degree of emotional intelligence, communication, and professionalism." These skills, along with a Doctorate degree, are essential for a successful career as a pharmacist.

What education do you need to become a pharmacist?

What degree do you need to be a pharmacist.

The most common degree for pharmacists is bachelor's degree, with 55% of pharmacists earning that degree. The second and third most common degree levels are doctoral degree degree at 27% and doctoral degree degree at 6%.

• Bachelor's , 55%
• Doctorate , 27%
• Master's , 6%
• Associate , 5%
• Other Degrees , 7%

What should I major in to become a pharmacist?

The best college majors for a pharmacist are Pharmacy, Biology, and Chemistry. According to Lawrence Brown, Professor & Associate Dean of Undergraduate Pharmacy Programs and Partnerships at Chapman University, "a career in pharmacy offers numerous opportunities in different areas, making it essential for new graduates to keep their knowledge up-to-date and remain diligent in their practice."

• Pharmacy , 74%
• Biology , 6%
• Business , 4%
• Chemistry , 3%
• Other Majors , 13%

Most common colleges for pharmacists

Pharmacists often get their degrees at University of the Sciences, University of Florida, and St Louis College of Pharmacy. Here are the most common colleges for pharmacists in the US based on their resumes.

Best majors for pharmacists

Best colleges for pharmacists.

The University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and University of California, Irvine are among the top colleges for pharmacists. These institutions matter because they emphasize quality education, as seen in their admissions and retention rates. Additionally, graduates from these schools have higher mean earnings and lower median debt, contributing to better job prospects in the field.

1. University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Ann Arbor, MI • Private

In-State Tuition

2. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Chapel Hill, NC • Private

3. University of California, Irvine

Irvine, CA • Private

4. University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA • Private

5. Northeastern University

Boston, MA • Private

6. University of Wisconsin - Madison

Madison, WI • Private

7. University of California - Davis

Davis, CA • Private

8. University of Washington

Seattle, WA • Private

9. SUNY Stony Brook

Stony Brook, NY • Private

10. University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Minneapolis, MN • Private

20 best online courses for pharmacists

1. Drug Commercialization

The University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Drug Commercialization course brings you lectures from both faculty and industry experts. With this course, recorded on campus at UCSD, we seek to share our access to top people in the field who bring an unprecedented range of expertise on drug commercialization. This course will cover pharmacoeconomic, marketing strategy, intellectual property strategy, portfolio management, managed markets and...

2. Operations and Patient Safety for Healthcare IT Staff

Now that you've been introduced to the world of Health IT and the important role played by electronic health records (EHRs), we'll focus on other technologies that play a role in maintaining ongoing operations in healthcare. Telemedicine, patient portals, barcode scanners, printers, and medical devices are just some of the technologies that impact providers and patients. As an IT support specialist, you’ll be asked to troubleshoot issues with a wide variety of tools. You'll see a scenario with...

3. Top Drugs 1 - Medications you NEED to Know - Pharmacy

Part 1: Blood Pressure, Diabetes, Cholesterol, and OTC: Cough, Cold, Allergy - Condition Overview and Common Medications...

4. Dosage Calculations Mastery for Nursing & Pharmacy Students

Master Dosage Calculations in 5 Hours Without Memorizing Any Formulas and Pass the NCLEX or PTCB Exam...

5. Drug Development

The University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Drug Development course brings you lectures from both faculty and industry experts. With this course, recorded on campus at UCSD, we seek to share our access to top people in the field who bring an unprecedented range of expertise on drug development. In this course you will learn the different stages of clinical development as well as the regulatory including but not limited to, an Investigational New...

6. Drug Discovery

The University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Drug Discovery course brings you lectures from both faculty and industry experts. With this course, recorded on campus at UCSD, we seek to share our access to top people in the field who bring an unprecedented range of expertise on drug discovery. In this course you will learn the drug discovery process up to the filing of an Initial New Drug Application or IND. Each week you will learn the steps that...

7. Become a Pharmacy Technician

A Video Study Guide for the Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam...

8. Certificate Course in Pharmacovigilance

Drug safety, Drug development and discovery, ICSR , Adverse events, Global guidelines, Med DRA, PV Audits...

9. Prehospital care of acute stroke and patient selection for endovascular treatment using the RACE scale

Acute stroke is a time-dependent medical emergency. In acute ischemic stroke, the first objective is to restore brain flow using sistemic thrombolytic treatment and, in patients with large vessel occlusion, by endovascular treatment. In hemorrhagic stroke there are also specific treatments that can improve the clinical outcome. The sooner the initiation of all these therapies the higher the clinical benefit. Thus, the organization of Stroke Code systems coordinated between emergency medical...

10. Health After Cancer: Cancer Survivorship for Primary Care

This course presents basic principles of cancer survivorship to primary-care physicians. Developed by a team of experts in caring for cancer survivors, and narrated by a primary-care physician, this course provides practical tips and tools that can be easily integrated into medical practice. You will learn about the complex physical and psychosocial needs and concerns of the growing number of cancer survivors, along with the key role that primary care physicians have in guiding these patients...

11. Pharmaceutical Industry Drug Regulatory Affairs (DRA)

Empowering Professionals in the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Comprehensive Online Course in Drug Regulatory Affairs...

12. Understanding Medications and Therapeutics

Helping you build the best foundation to truly understand medications and develop clinical reasoning skills...

13. Medical Emergencies: CPR, Toxicology, and Wilderness

In this course, you will develop the knowledge and skills to assess and stabilize certain types of patients for transport. By the end of this course, you will be able to: (1) Identify the signs and symptoms associated with a patient in shock, to describe the major categories of shock, to assess a patient with signs of shock and formulate a plan for treatment to stabilize the patient for transport, (2) Identify a patient in cardiac arrest and to describe the components of high performance CPR...

14. Trauma Emergencies and Care

Welcome to Trauma Emergencies and Care. In this course, you will learn about some of the mechanics and physics of trauma on the human body, and how this can cause injury. You will continue to expand your new vocabulary with medical terminology, and learn how to describe the different injuries you may see. You will also learn about the trauma system itself- and when it is important to transport patients to a trauma center. Then we will dive into specific injuries based on what part of the body...

15. Pharma Drug Regulatory Affairs Certificate Course - DRA 2023

DRA, Orange book, USFDA, e CTD, CTD, INDA, NDA, ANDA, DMF, ICH, Software Demo, RA Jobs, Quiz, Pharma Skills, Updated 2023...

16. Certificate Course in Drug Regulatory Affairs (DRA)

Pharma course (NDA, ANDA, CTD, DMF, USFDA, Regulatory strategy, GMP, Clinical Research, Orange Book, Pharmaceuticals)...

17. Medical Emergencies: Airway, Breathing, and Circulation

In this course, you will develop the knowledge and skills to assess and stabilize certain types of patients for transport. By the end of this course, you will be able to: 1) assess a basic medical patient 2) describe general pharmacologic principles and the skills associated with medication administration, 3) explain airway physiology, the assessment of the airway and available interventions for airway management, 4) identify, assess and formulate a plan to stabilize a patient with a...

18. Emergency Care: Pregnancy, Infants, and Children

Welcome to the final course of lectures in your quest to master EMT basics. In this course, we will cover some of the highest-stress patient populations: pregnant patients and kids, also known as pediatrics. To wrap up your EMT knowledge we will end this course with information about hazmat situations, extricating patients from tight spots and finally how you write a note about your patient care. You will learn to ensure it communicates what your assessment of the patient was, what...

19. Value-Based Care: Managing Processes to Improve Outcomes

COURSE 3 of 7. This course is designed to introduce you to critical office-based processes that a value-based practice must manage in the drive towards improved patient outcomes. In Module 2, we’ll focus on office-based and clinical patient-based supporting functions. At every level in healthcare, guidelines, processes, and functions exist to improve outcomes, and following a consistent process will return the best effect. Refine your understanding of value and learn strategies to provide real...

20. Traditional herbal medicine in supportive cancer care: From alternative to integrative

Please join us for an exciting and innovative journey, examining one of the most important and often overlooked aspects of the oncology setting: Traditional Herbal Medicine in Supportive Cancer Care. This course is presented with short lectures offering a wide range of issues related to the principles and practice of herbal medicine in cancer care. The course includes interviews with leading world experts from the field of Integrative Oncology, from the U.S. and Canada, as well as Europe, the...

Top 10 most affordable universities for pharmacists

The most affordable schools for pharmacists are University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, university of missouri - kansas city, and university of colorado denver.

If the best universities for pharmacists are out of your price range, check out these affordable schools. After factoring in in-state tuition and fees, the average cost of attendance, admissions rate, average net price, and mean earnings after six years, we found that these are the most affordable schools for pharmacists.

1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Cost of Attendance

2. University of Missouri - Kansas City

Kansas City, MO • Private

3. University of Colorado Denver

Denver, CO • Private

4. University of Washington

5. York College of the City University of New York

Jamaica, NY • Private

6. Purdue University

West Lafayette, IN • Private

7. SUNY Stony Brook

8. Augusta University

Augusta, GA • Private

9. SUNY at Buffalo

Buffalo, NY • Private

10. University of Wisconsin - Madison

Top 10 hardest universities to get into for pharmacists.

The hardest universities for pharmacists to get into are Northeastern University, University of Southern California, and University of Michigan - Ann Arbor.

Some great schools for pharmacists are hard to get into, but they also set your career up for greater success. The list below shows the most challenging universities to get into for pharmacists based on an institution's admissions rates, average SAT scores accepted, median ACT scores accepted, and mean earnings of students six years after admission.

1. Northeastern University

Admissions Rate

SAT Average

2. University of Southern California

3. university of michigan - ann arbor.

4. Vanderbilt University

Nashville, TN • Private

5. Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD • Private

6. Duke University

Durham, NC • Private

7. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

8. Yale University

New Haven, CT • Private

9. Tufts University

Medford, MA • Private

10. University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA • Private

Top 10 easy-to-apply-to universities for pharmacists

The easiest schools for pharmacists to get into are MCPHS University, d'youville college, and notre dame of maryland university.

Some schools are much easier to get into. If you want to start your career as a pharmacist without much hassle, check out the list of schools where you will be accepted in no time. We compiled admissions rates, average SAT scores, average ACT scores, and average salary of students six years after graduation to uncover which were the easiest schools to get into for pharmacists.

1. MCPHS University

2. D'Youville College

3. Notre Dame of Maryland University

4. Washington State University

Pullman, WA • Private

5. Augusta University

6. university of colorado denver.

7. Eastern Michigan University

Ypsilanti, MI • Private

8. University of the Incarnate Word

San Antonio, TX • Private

9. University of Toledo

Toledo, OH • Private

10. Long Island University

Brookville, NY • Private

Average pharmacist salary by education level

Pharmacists with a Doctorate degree earn more than those without, at $122,513 annually. With a Master's degree, pharmacists earn a median annual income of $116,591 compared to $115,712 for pharmacists with an Bachelor's degree.

Pharmacist Education FAQs

How long is pharmacy school, how much is pharmacy school, what is the best college for pharmacists, search for pharmacist jobs.

Updated April 5, 2024

Editorial Staff

The Zippia Research Team has spent countless hours reviewing resumes, job postings, and government data to determine what goes into getting a job in each phase of life. Professional writers and data scientists comprise the Zippia Research Team.

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