equity research project topics

Join 307,012+ Monthly Readers

Get Free and Instant Access To The Banker Blueprint : 57 Pages Of Career Boosting Advice Already Downloaded By 115,341+ Industry Peers.

• Break Into Investment Banking
• Write A Resume or Cover Letter
• Win Investment Banking Interviews
• Ace Your Investment Banking Interviews
• Win Investment Banking Internships
• Master Financial Modeling
• Get Into Private Equity
• Get A Job At A Hedge Fund
• Recent Posts
• Articles By Category

What’s in an Equity Research Report?

If you're new here, please click here to get my FREE 57-page investment banking recruiting guide - plus, get weekly updates so that you can break into investment banking . Thanks for visiting!

Even though you can easily find real equity research reports via the magical tool known as “Google,” we’ve continued to get questions on this topic.

Whenever I see the same question over and over again, you know what I do: I bash my head in repeatedly and contemplate jumping off a building…

…and then I write an article to answer the question.

To understand an equity research report, you must understand what goes into a  stock pitch first.

The idea is similar, but an ER report is a “watered-down” version of a stock pitch.

But banks have some very solid reasons for publishing equity research reports:

Why Do Equity Research Reports Matter?

You might remember from previous articles that equity research teams do not spend that much time writing these reports .

Most of their time is spent speaking with management teams and institutional investors and sharing their views on sectors and companies.

However, equity research reports are still important because:

• You do still spend some time doing the required modeling work (~15%) and writing the reports (~20%).
• You might have to write a research report as part of the interview process.

For example, if you apply to an equity research role or an equity research internship , especially in an off-cycle process, you might be asked to draft a short report on a company.

And then in roles outside of ER, you need to know how to interpret reports quickly and extract the key information.

Equity Research Reports: Myth vs. Reality

If you want to understand equity research reports, you have to understand first why banks publish them: to earn higher commissions from trading activity.

A bank wants to encourage institutional investors to buy more shares of the companies it covers.

Doing so generates more trading volume and higher commissions for the bank.

This is why you rarely, if ever, see “Sell” ratings, and why “Hold” ratings are far less common than “Buy” ratings.

Different Types of Equity Research Reports

One last point before getting into the tutorial: There are many different types of research reports.

“Initiating Coverage” reports tend to be long – 50-100 pages or more – and have tons of industry research and data.

“Sector Reports” on entire industries are also very long. And there are other types, which you can read about here .

In this tutorial, we’re focusing on the “Company Update” or “Company Note”-type reports, which are the most common ones.

The Full Tutorial, Video, and Sample Equity Research Reports

For our full walk-through of equity research reports, please see the video below:

Table of Contents:

• 1:43: Part 1: Stock Pitches vs. Equity Research Reports
• 6:00: Part 2: The 4 Main Differences in Research Reports
• 12:46: Part 3: Sample Reports and the Typical Sections
• 20:53: Recap and Summary

You can get the reports and documents referenced in the video here:

• Equity Research Report – Jazz Pharmaceuticals [JAZZ] – OUTPERFORM [BUY] Recommendation [PDF]
• Equity Research Report – Shawbrook [SHAW] – NEUTRAL [HOLD] Recommendation [PDF]
• Equity Research Reports vs. Stock Pitches – Slides [PDF]

If you want the text version instead, keep reading:

Watered-Down Stock Pitches

You should think of equity research reports as “watered-down stock pitches.”

If you’ve forgotten, a hedge fund or asset management stock pitch ( sample stock pitch here ) has the following components:

• Part 1: Recommendation
• Part 2: Company Background
• Part 3: Investment Thesis
• Part 4: Catalysts
• Part 5: Valuation
• Part 6: Investment Risks and How to Mitigate Them
• Part 7: The Worst-Case Scenario and How to Avoid It

In a stock pitch, you’ll spend most of your time and energy on the Catalysts, Valuation, and Investment Risks because you want to express a VERY different view of the company .

For example, the company’s stock price is $100, but you believe it’s worth only $50 because it’s about to report earnings 80% lower than expectations.

Therefore, you recommend shorting the stock. You also recommend purchasing call options at an exercise price of $125 to limit your losses to 25% if the stock moves in the opposite direction.

In an equity research report, you’ll still express a view of the company that’s different from the consensus, but your view won’t be dramatically different.

You’ll spend more time on the Company Background and Valuation sections, and far less time and space on the Catalysts and Risk Factors. And you won’t even write a Worst-Case Scenario section.

If a company seems overvalued by 50%, a research analyst would probably write a “Hold” recommendation, say that there’s “uncertainty around several customers,” and claim that the company’s current market value is appropriate.

Oh, and by the way, one risk factor is that the company might report lower-than-expected earnings.

The Four Main Differences in Equity Research Reports

The main differences are as follows:

1) There’s More Emphasis on Recent Results and Announcements

For example, how does a recent product announcement, clinical trial result, or earnings report impact the company?

You’ll almost always see recent news and updates on the first page of a research report:

These factors may play a role in hedge fund stock pitches as well, but more so in short recommendations since timing is more important there.

2) Far-Outside-the-Mainstream Views Are Less Common

One comical example of this trend is how all 15 equity research analysts covering Enron rated it a “buy” right before it collapsed :

Sell-side analysts are far less likely to point out that the emperor has no clothes than buy-side analysts.

3) Research Reports Give “Target Prices” Rather Than Target Price Ranges

For example, the company is trading at $50.00 right now, but we expect its price to increase to exactly $75.00 in the next twelve months.

This idea is completely ridiculous because valuation is always about the range of possible outcomes, not a specific outcome.

Despite horrendously low accuracy , this practice continues.

To be fair, many analysts do give target prices in different cases, which is an improvement:

4) The Investment Thesis, Catalysts, and Risk Factors Are “Looser”

These sections tend to be “afterthoughts” in most reports.

For example, the bank might give a few reasons why it expects the company’s share price to rise: the company will capture more market share than expected, it will be able to increase its product prices more rapidly than expected, and a competitor is about to go bankrupt.

However, the sell-side analyst will not tie these factors to specific share-price impacts as a buy-side analyst would.

Similarly, the report might mention catalysts and investment risks, but there won’t be a link to a specific valuation impact from each factor.

So the typical stock pitch logic (“We think there’s a 50% chance of gaining 80% and a 50% chance of losing 20%”) won’t be spelled out explicitly:

Your Sample Equity Research Reports

To illustrate these concepts, I’m sharing two equity research reports from our financial modeling courses :

The first one is from the valuation case study in our Advanced Financial Modeling course , and the second one is from the main case study in our Bank Modeling course .

These are comprehensive examples, backed by industry data and outside research, but if you want a shorter/simpler example you can recreate in a few hours, the Core Financial Modeling course has just that.

In each case, we started by creating traditional HF/AM stock pitches and valuations and then made our views weaker in the research reports.

The Typical Sections of an Equity Research Report

So let’s briefly go through the main sections of these reports, using the two examples above:

Page 1: Update, Rating, Price Target, and Recent Results

The first page of an “Update” report states the bank’s recommendation (Buy, Hold, or Sell, sometimes with slightly different terminology), and gives recent updates on the company.

For example, in both these reports we reference recent earnings results from the companies and expectations for the next fiscal year:

We also give a “target price,” explain where it comes from, and give our estimates for the company’s key financial metrics.

We mention catalysts in both reports, but we don’t link anything to a specific valuation impact.

One problem with providing a specific “target price” is that it must be based on specific multiples and specific assumptions in a DCF or DDM.

So with Jazz, we explain that the $170.00 target is based on 20.7x and 15.3x EV/EBITDA multiples for the comps, and a discount rate of 8.07% and Terminal FCF growth rate of 0.3% in the DCF.

Next: Operations and Financial Summary

Next, you’ll see a section with lots of graphs and charts detailing the company’s financial performance, market share, and important metrics and ratios.

For a pharmaceutical company like Jazz, you might see revenue by product, pricing and # of patients per product per year, and EBITDA margins.

For a commercial bank like Shawbrook, you might see loan growth, interest rates, interest income and net income, and regulatory capital figures such as the Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) and Tangible Common Equity (TCE) ratios:

This section of the report explains how the analyst or equity research associate forecast the company’s performance and came up with the numbers used in the valuation.

The valuation section is the one that’s most similar in a research report and a stock pitch.

In both fields, you explain how you arrived at the company’s implied value, which usually involves pasting in a DCF or DDM analysis and comparable companies and transactions.

The methodologies are the same, but the assumptions might differ substantially.

In research, you’re also more likely to point to specific multiples, such as the 75 th percentile EV/EBITDA multiple, and explain why they are the most meaningful ones.

For example, you might argue that since the company’s growth rates and margins exceed the medians of the set, it deserves to be valued at the 75 th percentile multiples rather than the median multiples:

Investment Thesis, Catalysts, and Risks

This section is short, and it is more of an afterthought than anything else.

We do give reasons for why these companies might be mis-priced, but the reasoning isn’t that detailed.

For example, in the Shawbrook report we state that the U.K. mortgage market might slow down and that regulatory changes might reduce the market size and the company’s market share:

Those are legitimate catalysts, but the report doesn’t explain their share-price impact in the same way that a stock pitch would.

Finally, banks present Investment Risks mostly so they can say, “Well, we warned you there were risks and that our recommendation might be wrong.”

By contrast, buy-side analysts present Investment Risks so they can say, “There is a legitimate chance we could lose 50% – let’s hedge against that risk with options or other investments so that our fund does not collapse .”

How These Reports Both Differ from the Corresponding Stock Pitches

The Jazz equity research report corresponds to a “Long” pitch that’s much stronger:

• We estimate its intrinsic value as $180 – $220 / share , up from $170 in the report.
• We estimate the per-share impact of each catalyst: price increases add 15% to the share price, more patients from marketing efforts add 10%, and later-than-expected generics competition adds 15%.
• We also estimate the per-share impact from the risk factors and conclude that in the worst case , the company’s share price might decline from $130 to $75-$80. But in all likelihood, even if we’re wrong, the company is simply valued appropriately at $130.
• And then we explain how to hedge against these risks with put options.

The same differences apply to the Shawbrook research report vs. the stock pitch, but the stock pitch there is a “Short” recommendation where we claim that the company is overvalued by 30-50%.

And that sums up the differences perfectly: A Short recommendation with 30-50% downside in a stock pitch turns into a “Hold” recommendation with roughly equal upside and downside in a sell-side research report.

I’ve been harsh on equity research here, but I don’t want to disparage it too much.

There are many positives: You do get more creativity than in IB, it might be better for hedge fund or asset management exits, and it’s more fun to follow companies than to grind through grunt work on deals.

But no matter how you slice it, most equity research reports are watered-down stock pitches.

So, make sure you understand the “strong stuff” first before you downgrade – even if your long-term goal is equity research.

You might be interested in:

• The Equity Research Analyst Career Path: The Best Escape from a Ph.D. Program, or a Pathway into the Abyss?
• Private Equity Regulation : 2023 Changes and Impact on Finance Careers
• Stock Pitch Guide: How to Pitch a Stock in Interviews and Win Offers

About the Author

Brian DeChesare is the Founder of Mergers & Inquisitions and Breaking Into Wall Street . In his spare time, he enjoys lifting weights, running, traveling, obsessively watching TV shows, and defeating Sauron.

Free Exclusive Report: 57-page guide with the action plan you need to break into investment banking - how to tell your story, network, craft a winning resume, and dominate your interviews

Read below or Add a comment

15 thoughts on “ What’s in an Equity Research Report? ”

Hi Brian, what softwares are available to publish Research Reports?

We use Word templates. Some large banks have specialized/custom programs, but not sure how common they are.

Is it possible if you can send me a template in word of an equity report? It will help the graduate stock management fund a lot at Umass Boston.

We only have PDF versions for these, but Word should be able to open any PDF reasonably well.

Do you also provide a pre constructed version of an ER in word?

We have editable examples of equity research reports in Word, but we generally only share PDF versions on this site.

Hey Brian Can you please help me with coverage initiated reports on oil companies. I could not find them on the net. I need to them to get equity research experience, after which only I will be able to get into the field. I searched but reports could not be found even for a price. Thanks

We have an example of an oil & gas stock pitch on this site… do a search…

https://mergersandinquisitions.com/oil-gas-stock-pitch/

Beyond that, sorry, we cannot look for reports and then share them with you or we’d be inundated with requests to do that every day.

No worries. Thanks!

Hi! Brian! Do u know how investment bankers design and layout an equity research? the software they use. like MS Word, Adobe Indesign or something…? And how to create and layout one? Thanks

where can I get free equity research report? I am a Chinese student and now study in Australia. Is the Morning Star a good resource for research report?

Get a TD Ameritrade to access free reports there for certain companies.

How do you view the ER industry since the trading commission has been down 50% since 2007. And there are new in coming regulation governing the ER reports have to explicitly priced and funds need to pay for the report explicity rather than as a service comes free with brokerage?

In addition the whole S&T environment is becoming highly automated.

People have been predicting the death of equity research for over a decade, but it’s still here. It may not be around in 100 years, but it will still be around in another 10 years, though it will be smaller and less relevant.

Yes, things are becoming more automated, but the actual job of an equity research analyst or associate hasn’t changed dramatically. A machine can’t speak with investors to assess their sentiment on a company – only humans can do that.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Learn Valuation and Financial Modeling

Get a crash course on accounting, 3-statement modeling, valuation, and M&A and LBO modeling with 10+ global case studies.

Start my free trial

Please fill out the form below and an AlphaSense team member will be in touch within 20 minutes to help set up your trial.

The Value of Equity Research

Equity research is an invaluable asset for anyone looking to stay up-to-date on market and industry trends. In this guide, you will learn about the type of information contained in equity research, the value it offers to corporate professionals, and how the most advanced teams are already leveraging the expertise of Wall Street’s top analysts to inform critical business decisions.

Get the guide

Introduction.

Equity research, which forms a multi-billion dollar industry for investment banks, is produced by thousands of analysts worldwide to provide the market with valuable information on companies, industries, and market trends. Today, over 90% of equity research is consumed by fund managers, who have the Wall Street relationships to acquire it and the analyst resources to mine it for insights. For corporate strategy professionals who lack this access, however, equity research has historically been challenging to obtain and navigate.

To help corporations circumvent these challenges, AlphaSense has introduced Wall Street Insights, the first and only equity research collection purpose-built for the corporate user. Through the AlphaSense platform, any business making strategic plans or product decisions, conducting competitive analysis, evaluating M&A, or engaging in investor relations can now tap into the deep industry expertise of Wall Street’s top analysts.

What is Equity Research?

Equity research is developed by sell-side firms to help investors and hedge fund managers discover market opportunities and make informed investment decisions. Increasingly, this expert analysis has also been identified by forward-looking corporations as a highly valuable tool to inform strategic decision-making.

There are thousands of sell-side firms that employ expert analysts around the globe to write equity research for the market. The majority of firms producing equity research are hyper-focused and only have one or two analysts developing reports on a specific industry. However, larger firms, such as Morgan Stanley and Bank of America, collectively employ thousands of analysts to write reports on thousands of public companies–covering everything from TMT giants to niche products.

Equity research analysts are deep subject matter experts who are often former executives, industry veterans, or academics. These analysts conduct in-depth research and publish reports on corporations, industries, and macro trends, offering an expert lens into a subject.

Historically, over 90% of equity research was consumed by buy-side fund managers, who had the Wall Street relationships to acquire it and the analyst resources to mine it for insights. For buy-side professionals, equity research is a critical tool to inform sound investment decisions backed by expert insights.

Today, equity research is increasingly relied upon by corporate teams as a high-value source of information. These teams leverage equity research to make strategic business plans, conduct competitive analysis, evaluate mergers and acquisitions, and make product and marketing decisions. For corporations, the value of equity research lies in the detailed coverage of their company, their competitors, and how they are performing related to the marketplace they are within.

What is an Equity Research Report?

An equity research report is a document prepared by an equity research analyst that often provides insight on whether investors should buy, hold, or sell shares of a public company. In an equity research report, an analyst lays out their recommendation, target price, investment thesis, valuation, and risks.

There are multiple forms of equity research, including (but not limited to):

An update report that highlights the latest news, company announcements, earnings reports, Buy Sell Hold ratings, M&A activity, anything that impacts the value of the company.

A comprehensive company report that is compiled when an analyst or firm initiates their coverage of a stock. Initiation reports cover all of the divisions and products of a company in-depth to provide a baseline of what the company is and how it is performing. Initiation reports can be tens to hundreds of pages long, depending on the complexity of a company.

General industry updates that cover a group of similar companies within a sector. Industry-specific reports typically dive into additional factors such as loan growth, interest rates, interest income, net income, and regulatory capital.

A report compiled by research firms either daily or weekly. These reports can often be a great place to get more in-depth insight on commodities and also get market opinions from commodity analysts or traders who write the reports.

A quick 1-2 page report that comments on a news release from a company or other quick information

What is Included in a Typical Equity Research Report?

Research reports don’t need to follow a specific formula. Analysts at different investment banks have some latitude in determining the look and feel of their reports. But more often than not, research reports follow a certain protocol of what investors expect them to look like.

A typical equity research report includes in-depth industry research, management analysis, financial histories, trends, forecasting, valuations, and recommendations for investors. Sometimes called broker research reports or investment research reports, equity research reports are designed to provide a comprehensive snapshot that investors or corporate leaders can leverage to make informed decisions.

Here’s a quick overview of what a standard equity research report covers:

This section covers events, such as quarterly results, guidance, and general company updates.

Upgrades/Downgrades are positive or negative changes in an analyst’s outlook of a particular stock valuation. These updates are usually triggered by qualitative and quantitative analysis that contributes to an increase or decrease in the financial valuation of that security.

Estimates are detailed projections of what a company will earn over the next several years. Valuations of those earnings estimates form price targets. The price target is based on assumptions about the asset’s future supply & demand and fundamentals.

Management Overview and Commentary helps potential investors understand the quality and makeup of a company’s management team. This section can also include a history of leadership within the company and their record with capital allocation, ESG, compensation, incentives, stock ownership. Plus, an overview of the company’s board of directors.

This section covers competitors, industry trends, and a company’s standing among its sector. Industry research includes everything from politics to economics, social trends, technological innovation, and more.

Historical Financial Results typically cover the history of a company’s stock, plus expectations based on the current market and events surrounding it. To determine if a company is at or above market expectations, Analysts must deeply understand the history of a specific industry and find patterns or trends to support their recommendations.

Based on the market analysis, historical financial results, etc., an analyst will run equity valuation models. In some cases, analysts will run more than one valuation model to determine the worth of company stock or asset.

Absolute valuation models : calculates a company’s or asset’s inherent value.

Relative equity valuation models : calculates a company’s or asset’s value relative to another company or asset. Relative valuations base their numbers on price/sales, price/earnings, price/cash flow.

An equity research analyst’s recommendation to buy, hold, or sell. The analyst also will have a target price that tells investors where they expect the stock to be in a year’s time.

What Does an Equity Research Analyst Do?

Equity research analysts exist on both the buy-side and the sell-side of the financial services market. Although these roles differ, both buy-side and sell-side analysts produce reports, projections, and recommendations for specific companies and stocks.

An equity research analyst specializes in a group of companies in a particular industry or country to develop high-level expertise and produce accurate projects and recommendations. Since ER analysts generally focus on a small set of stocks (5-20), they become specialists in those specific companies and industries that they evaluate or follow. These analysts monitor market data and news reports and speak to contacts within the companies/industries they study to update their research daily.

Analysts need to comprehend everything about their ‘coverage’ to give investment endorsements. Equity research analysts must be conversant with the business regulations and regime policies within the country to decide how it will affect the market environment and business in general. The more you understand the industries in detail, the easier it will be for you to decipher market dynamics.

One prevalent aspect of an equity research analyst’s job is building and maintaining valuable relationships with corporate leaders, clients, and peers. Equity research is largely about an analyst’s ability to service clients and provide insightful ideas that positively influence their investing strategy.

EQUITY RESEARCH ANALYSTS:

• Analyze stocks to help portfolio managers make better-informed investment decisions.
• Analyze a stock against market activity to predict a stock’s outlook.
• Develop investment models and provide trading strategies.
• Provide expertise on markets and industries based on their competitive analysis, business analysis, and market research.
• Use data to model and measure the financial risk associated with particular investment decisions.
• Understand the details of various markets to compare a company’s and sector’s stock

Buy-Side vs. Sell-Side Analysts

Although the roles of buy-side and sell-side analysts do overlap in some respects, the purpose of their research differs.

How Do Corporates Currently Access Equity Research?

If you were to Google “equity research reports,” you would not get access to equity research, earnings call transcripts or trade journals. You would, however, discover an unmanageable amount of noise to sift through.

Accessing equity research reports is highly dependent on relationships and entitlements, particularly for corporate teams. Unlike financial firms and investor relations teams, who can access equity research by procuring the right entitlements, corporate teams have a much harder time finding and purchasing high-quality equity research.

If you were to search online for equity research, for example, you would be presented with sub-par options such as:

Some websites allow you to search for research reports on companies or by firms. Some of the reports are free, but you must pay for most of them. Prices range from just $15 to thousands of dollars.

If you want just the bottom-line recommendations from analysts, many sites summarize the data. Nearly all the websites that provide stock quotes also compile analyst recommendations, however, you will only get the big picture and not any of the detailed analysis.

Some independent research providers sell their reports directly to investors. These reports typically include an overview of what a stock’s price could be, plus an analysis of the company’s earnings. These reports often cost less than $100 but can be more.

The majority of equity research is completely unsearchable, which is why AlphaSense’s Wall Street Insights is changing the game for corporations globally. Now, with WSI, corporations can leverage this high-quality research to augment their understanding of specific companies and industries; plus, AlphaSense’s corporate clients can now conduct more meaningful analysis and make more data-driven decisions.

Real-Time Research : Real-Time research is available to eligible users (based on an entitlement) immediately upon publication by the broker. Financial Services users with entitlements are the primary consumers of real-time research, while some Corporate professionals are also eligible. Payment for real-time research is made directly from clients to brokers through trading commissions or hard dollar agreements.

Aftermarket Research : Aftermarket research is a collection of many of the same documents as the real-time collection, but it is available after a zero to fifteen-day delay. Investment bankers, consultants, and corporate users are the primary consumers of Aftermarket research.

What is Wall Street Insights?

Wall Street Insights is the first and only equity research collection purpose-built for the corporate market, providing corporations unprecedented access to a deep pool of equity research reports from thousands of expert analysts.

Through partnerships with Morgan Stanley, Bank of America, Barclays, Bernstein, Bernstein Autonomous, Cowen, Deutsche Bank, Evercore ISI, HSBC, and others, corporate professionals can now access the world’s most revered equity research, indexed and searchable in the AlphaSense platform.

From macro market trends and industry analyses to company deep-dives, the Wall Street Insights content collection provides corporate professionals with a 360-degree view of every market. With the valuable expertise of thousands of analysts on your side, corporate teams can quickly compare insights, validate internal assumptions, and generate new ideas to guide critical business decisions and strategies.

In terms of search and accessibility, Wall Street Insights is the first of its kind. Not only does AlphaSense offer hard-to-find equity research reports, but we also provide a robust and seamless search experience.

What Research Do You Get Access to with WSI?

Get access to the world’s leading equity research with Wall Street Insights. Download the e-book to learn more about equity research from Morgan Stanley, Barclays, Bernstein, Deutsche Bank, and more.

“We are delighted to partner with AlphaSense to expand access to Morgan Stanley’s global research platform,” says Simon Bound, Global Head of Research at Morgan Stanley. We have over 600 publishing analysts covering companies, industries, commodities, and macroeconomic developments across more than 50 countries. Morgan Stanley will bring corporates a unique perspective from our best in class analysts, a global platform, and a collaborative culture that enables us to unravel the most complex market and industry trends.”

How Can Companies Leverage Equity Research?

Discover how the world’s most innovative companies leverage Wall Street Insights to make critical business decisions every day. Download the e-book to read real case studies from a Corporate Development team and a Corporate Strategy team.

“AlphaSense’s corporate users are typically Corporate Strategy, Corporate Development, and Investor Relations professionals. Today, thousands of enterprises rely on equity research to power data-driven decision making. These teams leverage equity research reports to:”

• Create investment ideas
• Monitor peers in real-time (and discover what equity research is being produced about them)
• Model and evaluate companies (for M&A or general benchmarking)
• Dive deep into customers, partners, and prospects
• Get up-to-speed quickly on specific industry trends
• Prepare for earnings season

Ready to explore the world’s leading equity research

• Browse All Articles
• Newsletter Sign-Up

• 22 Apr 2024
• Research & Ideas

When Does Impact Investing Make the Biggest Impact?

More investors want to back businesses that contribute to social change, but are impact funds the only approach? Research by Shawn Cole, Leslie Jeng, Josh Lerner, Natalia Rigol, and Benjamin Roth challenges long-held assumptions about impact investing and reveals where such funds make the biggest difference.

• 27 Apr 2023
• Cold Call Podcast

Equity Bank CEO James Mwangi: Transforming Lives with Access to Credit

James Mwangi, CEO of Equity Bank, has transformed lives and livelihoods throughout East and Central Africa by giving impoverished people access to banking accounts and micro loans. He’s been so successful that in 2020 Forbes coined the term “the Mwangi Model.” But can we really have both purpose and profit in a firm? Harvard Business School professor Caroline Elkins, who has spent decades studying Africa, explores how this model has become one that business leaders are seeking to replicate throughout the world in her case, “A Marshall Plan for Africa': James Mwangi and Equity Group Holdings.” As part of a new first-year MBA course at Harvard Business School, this case examines the central question: what is the social purpose of the firm?

• 18 Apr 2023

The Best Person to Lead Your Company Doesn't Work There—Yet

Recruiting new executive talent to revive portfolio companies has helped private equity funds outperform major stock indexes, says research by Paul Gompers. Why don't more public companies go beyond their senior executives when looking for top leaders?

• 13 Dec 2022

The Color of Private Equity: Quantifying the Bias Black Investors Face

Prejudice persists in private equity, despite efforts to expand racial diversity in finance. Research by Josh Lerner sizes up the fundraising challenges and performance double standards that Black and Hispanic investors confront while trying to support other ventures—often minority-owned businesses.

• 30 Nov 2020
• Working Paper Summaries

Short-Termism, Shareholder Payouts, and Investment in the EU

Shareholder-driven “short-termism,” as evidenced by increasing payouts to shareholders, is said to impede long-term investment in EU public firms. But a deep dive into the data reveals a different story.

• 16 Nov 2020

Private Equity and COVID-19

Private equity investors are seeking new investments despite the pandemic. This study shows they are prioritizing revenue growth for value creation, giving larger equity stakes to management teams, and targeting somewhat lower returns.

• 13 Nov 2020

Long-Run Returns to Impact Investing in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies

Examination of every equity investment made by the International Finance Corporation, one of the largest and longest-operating impact investors, shows this portfolio has outperformed the S&P 500 by 15 percent.

• 13 Jan 2020

Do Private Equity Buyouts Get a Bad Rap?

Elizabeth Warren calls private equity buyouts "Wall Street looting," but a recent study by Josh Lerner and colleagues shows they have both positive and negative impacts. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 05 Nov 2019

The Economic Effects of Private Equity Buyouts

Private equity buyouts are a major financial enterprise that critics see as dominated by rent-seeking activities with little in the way of societal benefits. This study of 6,000 US buyouts between 1980 and 2013 finds that the real side effects of buyouts on target firms and their workers vary greatly by deal type and market conditions.

• 16 Oct 2019

Core Earnings? New Data and Evidence

Using a novel dataset of earnings-related disclosures embedded in the 10-Ks, this paper shows how detailed financial statement analysis can produce a measure of core earnings that is more persistent than traditional earnings measures and forecasts future performance. Analysts and market participants are slow to appreciate the importance of transitory earnings.

• 19 Nov 2018

Lazy Prices

The most comprehensive information windows that firms provide to the markets—in the form of their mandated annual and quarterly filings—have changed dramatically over time, becoming significantly longer and more complex. When firms break from their routine phrasing and content, this action contains rich information for future firm stock returns and outcomes.

• 04 Sep 2018

Investing Outside the Box: Evidence from Alternative Vehicles in Private Capital

Private equity vehicles that differ from the traditional structure have become a major portion of investors’ portfolios, especially over the past decade. This study identifies differences in performance across limited and general partners participating in such vehicles, as well as across the two broad classes of alternative vehicles.

• 29 Aug 2018

How Much Does Your Boss Make? The Effects of Salary Comparisons

This study of more than 2,000 employees at a multibillion dollar firm explores how perceptions about peers’ and managers’ salaries affect employee behaviors and preferences for equity. Employees exhibit a high tolerance for inequality when job titles differ, which may explain why incentives are granted through promotions, and gender pay differences are most pronounced across positions.

• 12 Feb 2018

Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity: Reply to Ayash and Rastad

In 2014, the authors published an influential analysis of private equity buyouts in the American Economic Review. Recently, economists Brian Ayash and Mahdi Rastad have challenged the accuracy of those findings. This new paper responds point by point to their critique, contending that it reflects a misunderstanding of the data and methodology behind the original study.

• 19 Sep 2017

An Invitation to Market Design

Effective market design can improve liquidity, efficiency, and equity in markets. This paper illustrates best practices in market design through three examples: the design of medical residency matching programs, a scrip system to allocate food donations to food banks, and the recent “Incentive Auction” that reallocated wireless spectrum from television broadcasters to telecoms.

• 28 Aug 2017

Should Industry Competitors Cooperate More to Solve World Problems?

George Serafeim has a theory that if industry competitors collaborated more, big world problems could start to be addressed. Is that even possible in a market economy? Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 04 Aug 2017

Private Equity and Financial Fragility During the Crisis

Examining the activity of almost 500 private equity-backed companies during the 2008 financial crisis, this study finds that during a time in which capital formation dropped dramatically, PE-backed companies invested more aggressively than peer companies did. Results do not support the hypothesis that private equity contributed to the fragility of the economy during the recent financial crisis.

• 12 May 2017

Equality and Equity in Compensation

Why do some firms such as technology startups offer the same equity compensation packages to all new employees despite very different cash salaries? This paper presents evidence that workers dislike inequality in equity compensation more than salary compensation because of the perceived scarcity of equity.

• 03 May 2016

Pay Now or Pay Later? The Economics within the Private Equity Partnership

Partnerships are essential to the professional service and investment sectors. Yet the partnership structure raises issues including intergenerational continuity. This study of more than 700 private equity partnerships finds 1) the allocation of fund economics is typically weighted toward the founders of the firms, 2) the distributions of carried interest and ownership substantially affect the stability of the partnership, and 3) partners’ departures have a negative effect on private equity groups’ ability to raise additional funds.

• 15 Feb 2016

Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting

This paper studies the asset selection of private equity investors and the risk and return properties of passive portfolios with similarly selected investments in publicly traded securities. Results indicate that sophisticated institutional investors appear to significantly overpay for the portfolio management services associated with private equity investments.

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Health Equity
• v.6(1); 2022

The 5Ws of Racial Equity in Research: A Framework for Applying a Racial Equity Lens Throughout the Research Process

Keisha l. bentley-edwards.

1 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

2 Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

3 Center for Equity in Research, Duke Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Patrice Jordan Fleming

4 Community Engaged Research Initiative, Duke Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Irene A. Doherty

5 Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

6 RCMI Center for Health Disparities Research, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Dane R. Whicker

7 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Sabrena Mervin-Blake

Nadine j. barrett.

8 Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

9 Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Ensuring equity in research is a critical step in advancing health equity. In this perspective, the authors introduce a guiding framework for advancing racial equity in research processes, environments, and among the research workforce, the 5Ws of Racial Equity in Research. Centering their discussion on the 5Ws: Who, What, When, Where, and Why, they use historical and contemporary examples of research inequities to demonstrate how these five simple questions can encourage open discussion and proactive planning for equity in research. They close with an acknowledgment of the framework's broad utility and a researcher-directed call to action.

Introduction

The need for more equitable research environments and practices has been well established. 1–5 Although researchers and institutions increasingly show interest in aligning their anti-racism values with this call, many remain uncertain about how to reach more equitable ideals. Such uncertainties, especially those regarding best practices for infusing racial equity into the research process, can lead to misperceptions that equity-related challenges are not easily overcome. Whether motivated by ethical obligation, bolstering scholarly rigor, or an influx in equity-centered funding opportunities, equipping researchers with tools to apply a racial equity lens at all stages of the research process is an urgent task.

The framework follows Aristotle's concept of deliberate inquiry in understanding processes, circumstance, and intent, 6 , 7 and applies them to the necessary information gathering to conduct equitable research. As such, the 5Ws of Racial Equity in Research framework uses the septem circumstantiae , or Who, What, When, Where, and Why, to offer simple and relatable guidance (the how) for promoting racial equity in research processes and among the research workforce. Figure 1 provides a comprehensive, but not exhaustive, list of 5Ws questions that researchers can share with their institutions and research teams. As noted by the figure, framework questions and responses often intersect—which is a function of deliberate inquiry. This commentary pulls specific questions for deeper exploration into the 5Ws of Racial Equity in Research framework.

Starting questions for promoting racial equity in research. This figure provides a list of starting questions to get researchers and institutions thinking about how they can create more equitable research processes and environments.

Who: A Focus on People and Persons

The “who” in research often revolves around participants and recruitment. This is important when considering the over-representation of White middle-class research participants, and the underrepresentation of Black, Latinx, Indigenous, and other people of color. However, we argue that the question of “who” extends beyond participants and into all parties involved in research from conception to dissemination.

History provides critical lessons learned regarding who is included and who is excluded from research. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, 8 one of the most well-known examples of unethical medical experimentation, highlights potential for both intentional and unintentional disconnects between who is selected for research participation and who is included in decision making. Colloquially known as the Tuskegee Experiment, this study actively engaged Black professionals from Macon County, Alabama's educational and health institutions to aid in the recruitment and retention of poor Black men as participants.

Although Black nurses, physicians, and historically Black colleges and universities were involved, or at least aware of the study, none were in positions to make decisions or intercede on the study methods and practices that denied access to standards of care for syphilis to roughly 400 Black men for 40 years. 9 In considering who is involved in research, engaging with community cannot be limited to recruitment assistance, or even cursory feedback on study materials. Ultimately, who is included as coinvestigators, co-awardees, coauthors, and key personnel represent whose input and interests are prioritized. When decisions are made, research teams should be asking, “Who is in the room? Who is not in the room? and Who should be in the room?”

What: A Focus on Resources and Access

The “what” in research refers to the circumstances and extent of research activities. As such, research budgets are often in conflict with research objectives and activities. This leads to the question of whether or not resources are deemed relevant, affordable, or valuable. With budget cuts and reallocations, resources needed to achieve racial equity, such as support for community engagement, can regrettably move from a necessity to contingency status. What resources and accommodations are needed such that engagement comes at minimal burden and maximum benefit to participants, community health workers, and community advisory board members? What resources could prevent the unnecessary exclusion of racially and ethnically minoritized groups?

A recent study found a significant portion of U.S. clinical trials, especially federally funded trials, excluded participants who were not proficient in English. 10 Budgeting for the provision of professional language translation, transportation, childcare, family-friendly research environments, and other needs creates easier paths to research participation for all. Fundamentally, the resources prioritized in research budgets should reflect the researcher's equitable values.

When: A Focus on Time and Waiting

Whether its project timelines, funding periods, or deadlines, research is in a constant conversation with “when.” The 5W's Framework expands how researchers think about time to contemplate when research activities are conducted (whose time is a priority?) and when equity and diversity become a primary concern.

In It's about Time: Examining the Inequalities and Time Cost of Waiting , Holt and Vinopal provide evidence of racial and income disparities in “time autonomy,” the freedom to dictate how one's own time is allocated. 11 Although this report heavily focused on time spent waiting for goods and services, we argue that time autonomy, and more specifically waiting, is a far-reaching, yet often trivialized and overlooked research equity issue. Are research activities carried out when most convenient for participants, or the research team? How much time is spent waiting? How many steps are involved to participate?

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has long documented racial, ethnic, income, and industry-related disparities in paid time off. 12 , 13 Although most investigators recognize that participants in hourly wage jobs will not get paid while doing something else, the majority of health research still occurs during normal business hours—prioritizing the time, budgets, and schedules of research teams. Even when participants share their time and expertise with researchers, there is an expectation that their commitment to science and community supersedes financial incentives or time away from other activities, including work.

Existing research has demonstrated that participants and community health workers are motivated to engage with research for a mix of reasons that include the desire to be a part of scientific breakthroughs, improving community health, and financial incentives. 14 , 15 To be clear, research participants, community health workers, and community partners should receive financial incentives and expend time as promised by researchers—just as much as a principal investigator's money and time is respected.

Inequities in time and waiting have also impacted the research workforce. When did it become clear that one's research team lacked racial diversity? When and how are minoritized colleagues acknowledged for their scientific contributions? The latter becomes increasingly important as more prominent White researchers launch health disparities and health equity research programs; sometimes leveraging the expertise of their racially and ethnically minoritized colleagues to obtain funding and produce high-impact publications. 16 In the United States, marginalized communities have a long history of waiting that has historically been tied to their perceived worth. As such, careful consideration of when research is conducted and when we give credit and funding becomes a strong statement of the value placed on participants, colleagues, and community partners.

Where: A Focus on Location and Direction

Decisions regarding where to conduct research are key to promoting equitable access and ensuring the inclusion of diverse participants. Where do individuals participate in studies? Can research activities be completed from home or is long-distance travel required? If there are academic medical centers nearby, are they trusted by the community? A history of discrimination and disinvestment in Black and Brown communities has often resulted in poor-quality health care and medical distrust among those directly and indirectly impacted by this history. 17–19 Hesitancy to engage with medical and academic communities, whether its vaccines or participating in a research study, is deeply rooted in historical context. Hospitals and clinics can be a source of repeated trauma that is unrelated to one's medical history.

Rather, the trauma can result from negative interactions with health care providers and systems. Consequently, the implications of where we decide to conduct research extends beyond logistics and convenience. Authentic engagement includes investment in community-based facilities and businesses by contracting or having research activities in these locations rather than clinical settings whenever possible. Where research occurs and where decisions are made indicate the degree to which researchers are seeking enduring partnerships that extend beyond a funding cycle or racial reckoning. Learning from community experts occurs through true engagement, and informs where, as in what direction, current and future research should go and grow.

Why: A Focus on Cause, Reason, and Purpose

In research, “why” speaks to intentionality in multiple ways. Utilizing a racial equity lens requires purposeful inquiry and may be the most challenging of the 5Ws questions for researchers and institutions. In the grant writing process, researchers are required to establish their intentionality through specific aims and study design. The 5Ws framework pushes researchers to deliberately evaluate their study design and ask themselves, “Why take this research approach? Is this approach rooted in racial deficit models or race norming? Why not try something else?”

Why do institutions fail to prioritize and enforce equitable research practices? History provides countless examples of structural racism's influence on research topics, questions, specific aims, recruitment methods, analytical approaches, interpretation of findings, and dissemination methods. 20 , 21 Although several scholars have offered thought-provoking contributions that challenge the acceptance of these historical influences, 22–24 adoption of anti-racist and anti-biased research methodologies remains slow. When thinking about racism and racial equity in research, there is often a focus on individual researchers and their actions. However, to answer the question of why researchers fail to become knowledgeable about, accept, and adopt such methodologies, one must also look to their institutions, who through their inaction, ultimately support maintaining an inequitable status quo.

Discussion: Broadening the Focus

The pursuit of equity requires a proactive and strategic approach. Equity in research is a core component of scholarly rigor and ethical research practice. Researchers must be equipped to conduct their research accordingly. The 5Ws of Racial Equity in Research framework should spark increased awareness and acknowledgment of the historical contexts that cultivated contemporary inequities and infuse anti-racism, anti-bias, and ultimately equity throughout research. These contexts appear in “how” research teams are assembled, community wisdom and partnerships are engaged, research questions are selected, study designs are developed, analyses are conducted, results are interpreted, and research findings are shared. Although specifically developed to address structural, institutional, and interpersonal racism in research, the framework has broad utility and its application to other disciplines, settings, and marginalized groups is strongly encouraged.

The 5Ws of Racial Equity in Research Framework is not intended to be an exhaustive list of questions ( Fig. 1 ), but rather a tool that encourages individual reflection, open discussion, and proactive planning among researchers and institutions as they strive to infuse equity in research infrastructure, policies, and environments. Acknowledging personal and communal processes, circumstances, and intent are required to advance equity and dismantle structural racism. Researchers and institutions must want racial equity enough to advocate, build coalitions with impacted communities, disrupt the status quo, and consistently do better.

In alignment with the 5Ws of Racial Equity in Research framework, researchers, as well as institutional leadership, must reflect on their methods and policies by asking themselves, “Who do I want to be in the fight to create more equitable research practices and environments? What am I willing to change personally and in my research agenda? When will I prioritize these changes? Where is my research going and is it seen by those most impacted by the work? And why is racial equity a priority to me now, and why wasn't it before?”

Authors' Contributions

Conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, and supervision by K.L.B.-E. Conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, and writing—review and editing by P.J.F. Conceptualization and writing—review and editing by I.A.D., D.R.W., S.M.-B., and N.J.B.

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Author Disclosure Statement

No competing financial interests exist.

Funding Information

Study leading to this publication was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health under award nos. UL1TR002553 and U54MD012392.

Cite this article as: Bentley-Edwards KL, Jordan Fleming P, Doherty IA, Whicker DR, Mervin-Blake S, Barrett NJ (2022) The 5Ws of racial equity in research: a framework for applying a racial equity lens throughout the research process, Health Equity 6:1, 917–921, DOI: 10.1089/heq.2022.0042.

• The Investment Banker Micro-degree
• The Project Financier Micro-degree
• The Private Equity Associate Micro-degree
• The Research Analyst Micro-degree
• The Portfolio Manager Micro-degree
• The Restructurer Micro-degree
• Fundamental Series
• Asset Management
• Markets and Products
• Corporate Finance
• Mergers & Acquisitions
• Financial Statement Analysis
• Private Equity
• Financial Modeling
• Try for free
• Pricing Full access for individuals and teams
• View all plans
• Public Courses
• Investment Banking
• Investment Research
• Equity Research
• Professional Development for Finance
• Commercial Banking
• Data Analysis
• Team Training
• Felix Continued education, eLearning, and financial data analysis all in one subscription
• Learn more about felix
• Publications
• Online Courses
• Classroom Courses
• My Store Account
• Learning with Financial Edge
• Certification
• Masters in Investment Banking MSc
• Find out more
• Diversity and Inclusion
• The Investment banker
• The Private Equity
• The Portfolio manager
• The real estate analyst
• The credit analyst
• Felix: Learn online
• Masters Degree
• Public courses

How to Write an Equity Research Report

By Brian Dzingai |

 Reviewed By Rebecca Baldridge |

November 15, 2022

What is an Equity Research Report?

An equity research report may focus on a specific stock or industry sector, currency, commodity, or fixed-income instrument, or even on a geographic region or country, and generally make buy or sell recommendations. These reports are produced by a variety of sources, ranging from market research firms to in-house research departments at large financial institutions or boutique investment banks.

Key Learning Points

• An equity research report is a document prepared by an analyst that provides a recommendation to buy, hold, or sell shares of a public company. 
• An equity research report is a document prepared by an analyst who is part of an investment research team in a brokerage firm or investment bank
• It provides an overview of the business, the industry it operates in, the management team, the company’s financial performance, and risks, and includes a target price and investment recommendation.
• It is intended to help an investor decide whether to invest in a stock.

Equity Research Report Structure

An equity research report can include varying levels of detail, and although there is no industry standard when it comes to formatting, there are common elements to all equity research reports. This guide includes some fundamental features and information that should be considered essential to any research report, as well as some tips for making your analysis and report as effective as possible. 

Access the download to see a real-world example of an Equity Research Report, annotated to show each element discussed below. 

Basic Information

The research report should begin with basic information about the firm, including the company’s ticker symbol, the primary exchange where its shares are traded, the primary sector and industry in which it operates, the current stock price and market capitalization, the target stock price, and the investment recommendation. 

In addition, a security’s liquidity and float are important considerations for the equity analyst. The liquidity of a stock refers to the degree to which it can be purchased and sold without affecting the price. The analyst should understand that periods of financial stress can affect liquidity. A stock’s float refers to the number of shares that are publicly owned and available for trading and generally excludes restricted shares and insider holdings. The float of a stock can be significantly smaller than its market capitalization and thus is an important consideration for large institutional investors, especially when it comes to investing in companies with smaller market capitalizations. Consequently, a relatively small float deserves mention. Finally, it is good practice to identify the major shareholders of a firm. 

Business Description 

This section should include a detailed description of the company and its products and services. It should convey a clear understanding of the company’s economics, including a discussion of the key drivers of revenues and expenses. Much of this information can be sourced from the company itself and from its regulatory filings as well as from industry publications. 

Industry Overview and Competitive Positioning

This section should include an overview of the industry dynamics, including a competitive analysis of the industry. Most firms’ annual reports include some discussion of the competitive environment. A group of peer companies should be developed for competitive analysis. The “Porter’s Five Forces” framework for industry analysis is an effective tool for examining the health and competitive intensity of an industry. Production capacity levels, pricing, distribution, and stability of market share are also important considerations. 

It is important to note that there are different paths to success. Strength of brand, cost leadership, and access to protected technology or resources are just some of the ways in which companies set themselves apart from the competition. Famed investor Warren Buffett describes a firm’s competitive advantage as an economic “moat.” He says, “In business, I look for economic castles protected by unbreachable moats.” 

Investment Summary

This section should include a brief description of the company, significant recent developments, an earnings forecast, a valuation summary, and the recommended investment action. If the purchase or sale of a security is being advised, there should be a clear and concise explanation as to why the security is deemed to be mispriced. That is, what is the market currently not properly discounting in the stock’s price, and what will prompt the market to re-price the security? 

This section should include a thorough valuation of the company using conventional valuation metrics and formulas. Equity valuation models can derive either absolute or relative values. Absolute valuation models derive an asset’s intrinsic value and generally take the form of discounted cash flow models. Relative equity valuation models estimate a stock’s value relative to another stock and can be based on a number of different metrics, including price/sales, price/earnings, price/cash flow, and price/book value. Because model outputs can vary, more than one valuation model should be used. 

Financial Analysis

This section should include a detailed analysis of the company’s historical financial performance and a forecast of future performance. Financial results are commonly manipulated to portray firms in the most favorable light. It is the responsibility of the analyst to understand the underlying financial reality. Accordingly, a careful reading of the footnotes of a company’s financial disclosures is an essential part of any examination of earnings quality. Non-recurring events, the use of off-balance-sheet financing, income and reserve recognition, and depreciation policies are all examples of items that can distort a firm’s financial results. 

Financial modeling of future results helps to measure the effects of changes in certain inputs on the various financial statements. Analysts should be especially careful, however, about extrapolating past trends into the future. This is especially important in the case of cyclical firms. Projecting forward from the top or bottom of a business cycle is a common mistake. 

Finally, it can be informative to use industry-specific financial ratios as part of the financial analysis. Examples include proven reserves/shares for oil companies, revenue/subscribers for cable or wireless companies, and revenue/available rooms for the hotel industry. 

Investment Risks

This section should address potential negative industry and company developments that could pose a risk to the investment thesis. Risks can be operational or financial or related to regulatory issues or legal proceedings. 

Although companies are generally obligated to discuss risks in their regulatory disclosures, risks are often subjective and hard to quantify (e.g., the threat of a competing technology). It is the job of the analyst to make these determinations. Of course, disclosures of “qualified opinions” from auditors and “material weakness in internal control over financial reporting” should be automatic red flags for analysts. 

Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG)

This section should include information on how the company manages the relationships related to Environmental, Social, and Governance. Below are some examples within these three areas that can have a lasting impact on the company’s short- and long-term prospects:

• E nvironmental – how is the company working towards the conservation of the natural world? This can include climate change and carbon emissions, air and water pollution, energy efficiency, waste management, and more. 
• S ocial – how does the company consider people and relationships? This can include community relations, human rights, gender and diversity, labor standards, customer satisfaction, and employee engagement. 
• G overnance – what are the standards for running the company? This can include board composition, audit committee structure, executive compensation, succession planning, leadership experience, and bribery and corruption policies. 

Enroll in our online ESG course and learn to identify the principles of ESG and how they are applied to investment strategies.

If you are interested in a career as an equity research analysts or in fixed income research, our online course covers all the key skills needed as either a sell side analyst in an investment bank or a buy side analyst working in an investment management firm.  

Share this article

Example of an equity research report.

Sign up to access your free download and get new article notifications, exclusive offers and more.

Recommended Course

RTI uses cookies to offer you the best experience online. By clicking “accept” on this website, you opt in and you agree to the use of cookies. If you would like to know more about how RTI uses cookies and how to manage them please view our Privacy Policy here . You can “opt out” or change your mind by visiting: http://optout.aboutads.info/ . Click “accept” to agree.

Health, Education, & Justice Equity Research

RTI is committed to centering equity in our values as researchers, in the process of conducting research, and in the outcomes of our research. This requires acknowledging, addressing, and dismantling systemic biases in mindsets, practices, and policies.

In line with this commitment, we feature RTI Press publications that focus on health, education, and justice equity. These Open Access, peer-reviewed publications address a broad range of topics, including research methodology, social determinants of health, culturally informed community engagement, environmental justice, and educational partnerships. Taken together, these publications reflect multiple ways that RTI investigators examine equity. For related work, see RTI's  Transformative Research Unit for Equity (TRUE) .

RTI Press Publications

Trauma-informed approaches and community engagement

The impact of police violence on communities

To whom it may affirm

Girls have academic advantages and so do boys

Bringing an equity-centered framework to research

Social determinants of health

Culturally informed community engagement

Artificially intelligent social risk adjustment

Parent Teacher Home Visits

The need for a diverse environmental justice workforce

A global call to action for gender-inclusive data collection and use

Environmental justice concerns and the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline route in North Carolina

Racial and ethnic disparities among individuals with Alzheimer’s disease in the United States

Justine Allpress

Research geospatial scientist.

Senior Vice President, Health Practice Area

Research Public Health Analyst

Jessica Cance

Senior research public health analyst.

Rajeev Colaço

Merla (monitoring, evaluation, research, learning, and adapting) director.

Megan Comfort

Senior fellow.

Jay Feldman

Senior researcher, education and equity.

Reshan Fernando

Senior research chemist.

James Harrington

Research chemist, fellow.

Stephanie Hawkins

Vice president, transformative research unit for equity (true).

Senior Research Scientist

Jamie L. Humphrey

Vicki Johnson-Lawrence

Heather Kane

Program director, child & adolescent research and evaluation program.

Jennifer Laird

Senior manager, education research.

Keith E. Levine

Vice president, center for analytical sciences.

Megan A. Lewis

Senior fellow, patient & family engagement research.

Lisa M. Lines

Senior health services researcher.

Vincenzo Malo

Public health analyst.

Katherine McKnight

Senior manager, education research.

Daniela Pineda

Senior director, center for equity and social justice research.

Tamara Terry

Director of academic research engagement and equity, diversity, inclusion and belonging community outreach chair.

Nitya Venkateswaran

Senior manager, equity capacity building hub.

Jason Williams

Robert H. Beach

Rti fellow, agricultural, resource & energy economics and policy program.

RTI Press is a U.S. registered trademark of Research Triangle Institute.

• Academic Calendar
• Campus Services
• Faculties & Schools
• Student Service Centre
• UBC Directory

Equity, Diversity and Inclusion in Research

Reflect on your own research practices.

What behaviours and practices have helped you to feel comfortable enough to have open and transparent communication among your research peers in the past?

How can you ensure that everyone has equitable access to the same resources, training and mentorship opportunities in your research environment?

How might you further develop your understanding of the experiences of marginalized and underrepresented people, especially beyond your own experience?

Adopting research practices that are informed by principles of equity, diversity and inclusion can enrich our research outputs and the research environment itself.

Furthermore, embedding considerations for equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) throughout the research lifecycle can help us to mitigate against bias and enhance the integrity of our research. Together, upholding scholarly standards and incorporating EDI best practices within research settings and activities will ensure the best possible environment that supports scholarship and research excellence.

All members of the research community have a role and responsibility in fostering a research environment and culture that embodies the principles of equity, diversity and inclusion.

PROMISING PRACTICES

Seek and incorporate diverse perspectives

It’s important for us to learn from and interact with diverse research networks and to be purposeful in doing so. For example, you can do this by reading the work of diverse groups, including those individuals from underrepresented groups, as you draw from multiple perspectives when formulating your research question. Reflect on your design of the research project to reduce the potential for an influence of bias in both your methods and results, which enhances the integrity of the work.

Continually develop your understanding of EDI

When developing grant applications, we’re increasingly required to demonstrate how we are addressing the systemic barriers and inequities experienced by people who are historically underserved, marginalized or excluded. To be effective at both articulating and implementing practices that support our commitment to addressing these barriers, we should first educate ourselves and expand our understanding of EDI. Seek training and workshops that not only develop your understanding of EDI so that you can address the requirements of grant applications, but that also help you to develop practices and processes that embody EDI principles throughout the research itself and your research culture.

Develop practices that support and include all team members

We should all strive to create a safe, respectful and supportive work environment that supports team members to share their perspectives and engage in ongoing learning. Invest the time to establish shared expectations for working together, clarify how contributions will be appropriately acknowledged and credited, and establish a process for how to raise concerns and resolve conflicts. The mentoring relationships that can result from an inclusive and collaborative team also promote the responsible conduct of research.

Unconscious bias

Our unique life experiences can create unconscious biases that influence our behaviour without our knowledge, control or intention. These biases can affect our research design, our choices on who or what to cite and our decisions in the peer-review process. If left unchecked, our biases can affect our research practices, and threaten the quality and the integrity of our work. Seek training and engage in reflection to better understand your own biases and to develop your understanding of EDI in the research environment.

Different comfort levels and understandings of EDI

To fully embrace and benefit from diversity within a research team, we may have to engage in uncomfortable conversations. This requires us to develop our skills in initiating and facilitating respectful discussions.  When faced with challenging topics, try to maintain an open mind and curious disposition and ask for clarification if you need it.  Encourage others to learn and ask questions by modeling inclusive behaviours and using inclusive language regularly, but also be open to expanding your learning when told that an honest attempt at inclusivity was not successful. UBC’s Equity and Inclusion Office , Human Resources , and SPARC offer resources and training that can help you develop your understanding of equity, diversity and inclusion throughout your research and that can support you to have open conversations about EDI in your research environment.

Did You Know?

UBC has an action plan to help address the systemic barriers and inequities experienced by historically, persistently, or systemically marginalized people in the research community at UBC. 

    Downloads

• UBC's Inclusion Action Plan
• UBC's Indigenous Strategic Plan
• UBC's Dimensions Action Plan for EDI in Research

Helpful Links

• CIHR Integrating Sex & Gender in Health Research Training Modules
• Tri-Agency Equity, Diversity and Inclusion resources
• UBC Equity, Diversity and Inclusion in the Research Ecosystem: Dimensions Pilot
• UBC Equity & Inclusion Office
• UBC Indigenous Research Support Initiative
• UBC Support Programs to Advance Research Capacity (SPARC)
• UBC VPRI EDI in Research Resources for UBC Researchers

The developed content is adapted from the following:

• Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada  (n.d.) Guide for Applicants: Considering Equity, Diversity and Inclusion in your Application
• Tri-Agency Canada Research Chairs Program Unconscious Bias in Peer Review Learning Module
• Tri-Agency Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, Chapter 9: Research Involving the First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples of Canada
• Tri-Agency New Frontiers in Research Fund Best Practices Guide in EDI
• UBC Equity & Inclusion Office and VP Research & Innovation (2020). Making Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Matter in Research ,

Office of the Vice-President, Research + Innovation

Suite 580, Walter C. Koerner Library, 1958 Main Mall Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z2 E-mail [email protected]

UBC Campuses

• Emergency Procedures |
• Terms of Use |
• UBC Copyright |
• Accessibility

Please sign in to continue

Processing payment, please wait...

• children & families
• Create account
• open the search modal
• open the menu

• Equity: Change Project

Published: 08/05/2024

Use intersectionality to explore the practices, attitudes and actions needed to overcome barriers, challenge oppression and increase equity in adult social care.

• Change Projects

Welcome to the Equity Change Project resources exploring intersectionality, equity, allyship and justice in adult social care.  

The Equity Change Project brought together academics, practitioners in adult social care, and people with lived experience to explore how intersectionality can help achieve equitable experiences and outcomes in adult social care.

Intersectionality is a tool for analysing how different forms of oppression interact and intersect to influence lived experiences. These resources will help you use intersectionality to explore the practices, attitudes and actions needed to overcome barriers, challenge oppression and increase equity.

This resource is about topics that demand deep reflection and touch us in a profound way. We hope that it will be inspiring, leading people to build on the passion and commitment to social justice that is so evident in social care. We hope that each person will find something that speaks to you and that you can take into what you know, feel and do.

We can't increase equity without intersectionality.

Forward from the authors: the journey

For the last two years, we (Clenton, Suryia and Gerry) have been working together on the Equity Change Project. We’re really pleased to be at the point of launching this resource.

We have spent many hours meeting with people who work in social care and exploring with them what intersectionality offers and what would help them to embed equity more fully in their work and in their organisations.

The goal is justice; for nobody to be left behind. Intersectionality offers us a way of reaching this goal. It makes the challenges visible, and it shows the path to equal experiences and outcomes for everyone.

We have had ups and downs on the way to creating this resource. Talking about equity, intersectionality, discrimination and privilege is more than an intellectual or professional activity. It goes to the heart of our personal experience, and what is hopeful and difficult in our lives.

We come from different places, with different experiences and voices. So too did all the people who took part in the Change Project. Along the way, we all had to navigate a range of emotions. Social justice work is emotional labour.

However, we have been united with a shared sense of purpose. And this has enabled us to overcome discomfort and even pain.

Suryia, Clenton and Gerry

Introduction to the resources

In this introductory section we:  

Introduce the key ideas of equity and intersectionality .    

Explain how the resource was created and the evidence behind it .  

Suggest how the resource can best be used . 

Set out some guiding principles and explore how to create safe spaces for talking about intersectionality . 

View the introduction .

Introduction to the concepts

An introduction to the three key concepts of intersectionality, equity and allyship .

The intersectionality section is a good place to start if you are new to the topic. The equity section shows how using the lens of intersectionality will increase equitable experiences and outcomes in adult social care. And the allyship section sets out how being an ally challenges inequity because it shows how we can do things ‘with’ people rather than ‘for’ or ‘to’ them.

Intersectionality

We need to use the lens of intersectionality in practice to increase equity for adults and carers.

We need to understand what equity is to increase it.

We need to understand allyship as a way of putting intersectionality into practice to achieve equity.

Intersectionality in action and additional materials

Explore how intersectionality can be used to increase equitable outcomes in adult social care, and we explore this at different layers of practice; in direct practice, in our relationships at work, in leadership and at a systems level.

You will also find the collection of tools, additional materials and practice examples.

We need to use the lens of putting intersectionality into practice to increase equity for adults and carers.

We all need support to act in an intersectional way to increase equity for adults and carers.

Leaders have a particular responsibility to embed intersectionality in action in order to increase equity.

System change

We need to use the lens of intersectionality to change the system so that we increase equity for adults and ca...

Practice examples

Three practice example stories used to put the intersectional lens into practice.

Tools to support those working with intersectionality, equity, allyship and justice in adult social care.

Professional Standards

PQS:KSS - The role of social workers | Person-centred practice | Effective assessments and outcome based support planning | Direct work with individuals and families | Supervision, critical analysis and reflection | Organisational context | Professional ethics and leadership | Values and ethics | Influencing and governing practice excellence within the organisation and community | Developing confident and capable social workers | Relationship-based practice supervision

CQC - Safe | Effective | Responsive | Caring | Well-led

PCF - Values and ethics | Diversity and equality | Critical reflection and analysis | Intervention and skills | Contexts and organisations | Professional leadership

RCOT - Understanding relationship | Service users | Develop intervention | Evaluate impact | Demonstrate quality | Collaborative | Communication | Support development

Gender equality in research: papers and projects by Highly Cited Researchers

Strategic Alliances and Engagement Manager

Empowering women and girls is a critical target of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this installment of our blog series about Highly Cited Researchers contributing to the UN SDGs, we focus on SDG 5: Gender Equality. We discuss the research that Highly Cited Researchers have published and the trends we’re seeing emerge.

Gender equality is a fundamental human right and yet women have just three quarters of the legal rights of men today. While the speed of progress differs across regions, laws, policies, budgets and institutions must all be strengthened on an international scale to grant women equal rights as men.

The socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and high-profile policy changes like the overturning of Roe v. Wade have shown how much work needs to be done. The COVID-19 pandemic caused many women to leave the workforce and amplified challenges related to child and elder care, with women shouldering much of the burden. This can disproportionately affect girls’ educational prospects and, as is often the case in stressful environments and during times of crisis, puts women at increased risk of domestic violence .

While some high-profile issues related to women’s rights and safety make the news cycle, gender inequalities are firmly entrenched in every society, impacting the daily lives of women and girls in ways that are rarely reported on. As Kamala Harris, Vice President of the United States, once said , “from the economy to climate change to criminal justice reform to national security, all issues are women’s issues.”

Women’s issues are interconnected with all the SDGs, as we touched on in our recent post in this series, which explored the research centered around SDG 16: Peaceful, just and strong institutions . In that post we found that sexual, domestic and intimate partner abuse and violence against women are the most published topics related to SDG 16.

In this post, we look at Highly Cited Researchers who focus specifically on SDG 5 and issues of equality and gender .

What is SDG 5: Gender equality?

SDG 5: Gender Equality is intended to address the serious inequalities and threats faced by women around the globe. The targets related to this goal include:

• End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.
• Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.
• Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life.

There has been an increase in articles and reviews related to this SDG since the establishment of the SDGs in 2015. This trend graph from InCites Benchmarking & Analytics ™, using Web of Science Core Collection ™ data, shows growth from 86,000 papers in 2015 to 152,000 in 2021. That’s a 77% increase in six years.

Growth in academic papers related to SDG 5: Gender Equality

Source: Incites Benchmarking & Analytics. Dataset: articles and reviews related to SDG 5: Gender Equality published between 2015-2021.

The top ten countries publishing on SDG 5: Gender Equality during this period are shown below, with the U.S. producing roughly one third of all papers.

Countries producing the most papers related to SDG 5: Gender Equality

We explore these angles from research published between 2010 and 2020 in more detail, below.

Inequalities in the treatment of women during childbirth

Özge Tunçalp , a Highly Cited Researcher from the World Health Organization (WHO), wrote a systematic review in 2015 about the mistreatment of women globally during childbirth. This paper, coauthored with Johns Hopkins University, McGill University, University of Sao Paulo and PSI (a global nonprofit working in healthcare), has been cited more than 590 times to date in the Web of Science Core Collection. Tunçalp’s paper provides further information about the type and degree of mistreatment in childbirth, which supports the development of measurement tools, programs and interventions in this area.

Tunçalp authored another open access paper on this topic in 2019 , which followed women in four low-income and middle-income countries to study their experiences during childbirth. Unfortunately, more than one third of the women in the study experienced mistreatment during childbirth, a critical time in their lives, with younger and less educated women found to be most at risk. Beyond showing that mistreatment during childbirth exists, this study demonstrates the inequalities in how some women are treated in comparison to others, which informs the interventions needed.

“Our research showed that mistreatment during childbirth occurs across low-, middle- and high-income countries and good quality of care needs to be respectful as well as safe, no matter where you are in the world.” Dr Özge Tunçalp, World Health Organization

According to Dr. Tunçalp, “Women and families have a right to positive pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal experiences, supported by empowered health workers, majority of whom are women. Improving the experience of care throughout pregnancy and childbirth is essential to help increase the trust in facility-based care – as well as ensuring access to quality postnatal care following birth. Our research showed that mistreatment during childbirth occurs across low-, middle- and high-income countries and good quality of care needs to be respectful as well as safe, no matter where you are in the world. It was critical to ensure that these findings were translated into WHO global recommendations to inform country policy and programmes .”

Autism spectrum disorder and the gender bias in diagnosis

William Mandy, a Highly Cited Researcher in Psychiatry and Psychology, looks at gender differences related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mandy, from University College London, and his co-authors found that the male-to-female ratio of children with ASD is closer to 3:1, not the often assumed 4:1 . With an apparent gender bias in diagnosis, girls who meet the criteria for ASD are at risk of being misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all. This can cause confusion and challenges with social interactions growing up, and can put women and girls at greater risk of traumatic experiences. Mandy et al’s paper has been cited more than 830 times to date.

“The reason for this diagnostic bias is that sex and gender influence how autism presents, such that the presentations of autistic girls and women often do not fit well with current conceptualisations of the condition, which were largely based on mainly male samples.” Dr William Mandy, University College London

When asked about the relevance of his research to the clinical community, Dr. Mandy said: “Clinicians have long held the suspicion that there is a diagnostic bias against autistic girls and women – that they are more likely to fly under the diagnostic radar. Our work (Loomes et al., 2017) has helped to provide systematic, empirical evidence that this bias does indeed exist, and to quantify its impact, in terms of how many autistic girls go undiagnosed.

The reason for this diagnostic bias is that sex and gender influence how autism presents, such that the presentations of autistic girls and women often do not fit well with current conceptualisations of the condition, which were largely based on mainly male samples. Therefore, to address the gender bias in autism diagnosis, we need an evidence-based understanding of the characteristics of autistic girls and women. Our study (Bargiela et al, 2016), in which we interviewed late-diagnosed autistic women about their lives, helps do this, revealing distinctive features of autistic women and of their experiences. This knowledge is shaping research and clinical practice.”

Going forward

The above papers are just a few examples of Highly Cited Researchers contributing to SDG 5-Gender Equality. Others focus on depression, Alzheimer’s Disease, cardiovascular disease and ovarian cancer. The fact that biomedical research featured so prominently in these results should not be a surprise. Gender bias has been identified in many areas of healthcare, including patient diagnosis , discrimination against health care workers , and low rates of women in clinical studies to name a few.

The Highly Cited Researchers working on gender equality within their respective fields, which also include social sciences, economics and other areas in addition to medicine, are helping to address the complex issues related to SDG 5. And what’s worthy of note is that many of the researchers mentioned here were named as Highly Cited Researchers in the cross-field category, which identifies researchers who have contributed to Highly Cited Papers across several different fields. This shows that a multifaceted and integrated approach to gender equality research may be playing a significant role in addressing this global issue.

Stay up to date

We discussed the SDG Publishers Compact in the first post in our series and then celebrated the Highly Cited Researchers in SDG 1: No Poverty and SDG 2: Zero Hunger. We then covered SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being and SDG 4: Quality Education , and then jumped ahead to cover SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions . Alongside this, we also looked at Ukrainian research contributions to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, here , and published an Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)™Insights paper called, Climate change collaboration: Why we need an international approach to research .

In our next post, we will identify Highly Cited Researchers who are working to address SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

At Clarivate, sustainability is at the heart of everything we do, and this includes support of human rights, diversity and inclusion, and social justice. Read more about our commitment to driving sustainability worldwide, and see highlights from our 2021 Clarivate Sustainability Report .

Related posts

Reimagining research impact: introducing web of science research intelligence.

Beyond discovery: AI and the future of the Web of Science

Clarivate welcomes the Barcelona Declaration on Open Research Information

117 Equity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best equity topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on equity, ⭐ simple & easy equity essay titles.

• Nike: Brand Equity and Promotional Strategies Nike’s place in the industry of sportswear and accessories is also important in discussing its brand equity. The name of the goddess that is currently in use by Nike aligns with the other campaigns that […]
• The Role of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and the Equity Principle in Relation to the Health Promotion Practice in New Zealand The Aspects and Importance of Te Tiriti o Waitangi The aspect of protection which is discussed in relation to different interpretations of Te Tiriti o Waitangi is important to be analysed as the key concept […]
• Developing a Brand Equity Measurement and Management System Corporate or Family Brand Tracking criterion deals with concerns, accessibility, ease, and perceived usability as viewed by customers.
• Brand Equity for Red Bull and Monster Energy Drinks However, the production process of the Red Bull energy drink is superior to that of Monster energy in terms of ingredients.
• The Private Equity Industry and Its Actors In spite of the fact that the private equity industry depends on all changes in the local and global economics, finances, and investment trends, its development is still observable, and positions in this industry remain […]
• Meaning of Brand Equity in Marketing Process in the marketing mix is the systems and practices of the company that influences the marketing methods of the company. The price of the product will correspond to the value the customer feel the […]
• Environmental Ethics: Gender Equity and Education In addition, as an ethical issue related to environmental ethics, the moral foundation of environmental awareness and education can be highlighted.
• Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity Multiple researchers and employers are willing to incorporate a DEI policy within their organizational culture because of all the benefits that come along.
• Preferred Stock: Liability or Equity? The key measure of a corporation’s capital structure is the ratio of debt and equity capital used in gathering funds to sustain the corporation’s assets.
• Health, Poverty, and Social Equity: The Global Response to the Ebola Outbreak Canada and Australia, as well as several countries in the Middle East and Africa, were the most active proponents of this ban, halting the movements for both people and goods from states affected by the […]
• Justice and Social Equity In a nutshell, the concept of justice and social equity is inevitable when it comes to public administration and thus of high importance.
• Employee Motivation: Expectancy and Equity Theories With regard to the equity theory, it is recognizable that employees will observe the aspects of impartiality, fairness, and justice practiced by the management. Equity should be exercised within the entire organization and to all […]
• The Mechanics of Different Forms of Private Equity Transactions Notably, parties to private equity transactions are private equity fund managers, the company, and the bank proposing to lend some of the needed money.
• Pedro Martinez: Defining Equity Case Therefore, he should come up with a policy framework on whether to use the average or actual teacher salaries; whether to allow schools to employ the teaching staff with little regard to the salary levels […]
• Pierre Cardin Brand Equity and Popularity Brand equity, according to Johansson and Carlson, refers to the commercial value of a given brand name that is directly attributed to the popularity of the brand other than the value of the product.
• Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method Design in Research of Equity On the basis of these findings, a scholar will be able to form a hypothesis about the factors that impact equity in academic labor market.
• Commodity Investment Surge Amidst Recession: Equity vs. Commodity Volatility Further, there arises a need to assess the future risk, price, and volatility of both commodities and equity to assess the composition of the future portfolio.
• A Path to Achieve Health Equity The principle of justice in healthcare today is directly related to the human right to health protection within the framework of the social institute of healthcare.
• Accounting Standards for Equity Investments The accounting standards for equity investments provide the basis for fair and consistent reporting of investments in equity securities. The International Accounting Standards 39 and 40 and the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.
• Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging Leadership Program This essay will define the most effective practices for the development of the DEIB leadership training program and explain how motivation can be managed in diverse organizations.
• Internal Equity and Job Evaluation The article, “The Relationship of Internal Equity and Job Evaluation,” delves into the importance of ensuring internal equity within an organization’s compensation and benefits system.
• Adult Day Services and Health Equity for Older Adults Amid COVID-19 Sep lveda-Loyola et al.examine the effects of social exclusion on the psychological and physical well-being of the elderly throughout the COVID-19 epidemic and provide suggestions to patients and care providers.
• Progressive Insurance’s Diversity, Equity and Inclusion It can be used to assess the effectiveness of diversity recruiting and retention efforts, measure the value of diversity training, and survey workers about the success of diversity initiatives, such as supplier programs, employee resource […]
• Promoting Equity With Healthcare Reforms It is hard to disagree that the American healthcare system is not perfect and requires specific improvements in order to adequately respond to the needs of diverse patients.
• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in HRM Only by being built on principles of diversity, equity, and inclusion will the committee responsible for HRM be able to foster these concepts in the future.
• How the US Equity Market Has Changed in Terms of Its Investors The article presents data and charts showing that passive investors have been growing their proportion of the market over the past five years, nearly entirely at the cost of active investors.
• Internal and External Equity Discussion Internal equity allows equal pay to all employees, creating a perception of equality and fairness among the employees. For compliance, organizations must structure their internal pay to correspond to the EPA rules; thus, employees in […]
• The Home Equity Line of Credit Program HELOC refers to a cyclic bank loan where the lending institution offers to grant a sum within a specified period or duration, where the debtor’s assets serve as security. When you settle a portion of […]
• Private Equity, Takeovers of Public Companies, and ESG According to the Title Act 1994, the acquisition of the assets of an English company or its shares located in England and Wales is possible with a guarantee of full ownership or a guarantee of […]
• Health Equity Regarding Type 2 Diabetes According to Tajkarimi, the number of research reports focusing on T2D’s prevalence and characteristics in underserved minorities in the U. Adapting the program’s toolkits to rural Americans’ eating and self-management habits could also be instrumental […]
• Implementation of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion in Public Administration In public administration, the term diversity, equity, and inclusion refers to programs and policies which encourage the participation and representation of distinct groups of people by considering the inclusion of distinct races, religion, age, culture, […]
• Mental Health Equity for Queer (LGBTQ) People My support for mental health equity in the LGBTQ community as a clinical mental health counselor will require my understanding of cultural competency and how to can use it in practice.
• Health Equity, Urban Health, and Social Determinants of Health in Gold Coast City Health equity and urban health are the main topics of the current review; thus, articles focused on them are the priority.
• The Effects of Sustainable Marketing on Brand Equity in the Automobile Industry Companies that operate in the automotive industry have experienced the effects of some of the above-mentioned changes in corporate performance assessment. This research proposal seeks to understand the effects of sustainable marketing on brand equity […]
• Affordable Care Act: Equity-Efficiency Tradeoff The implementation of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program is one of the massive influencers on the medical industry as it aims to increase the efficiency of healthcare.
• The Meaning of Equity: The Struggle for Equality However, there is a significant difference between equality and equity, and in my opinion, the latter approach is much fairer and provides more benefits. Therefore, for me, equity is the idea that both society and […]
• Flotation Costs for Debt and for Equity In general, flotation costs may vary depending on the company’s size and what actions will be taken before issuing shares to the public.
• Equity and Trust in English Laws The purpose of trust and equity law is essential to fill in the gaps left by property law whenever a court determines that it would be equitable for one person to receive the financial benefits […]
• Equity in the United States’ Healthcare Conclusions on the effect of private physician practices and investments in the healthcare sector will be included in the video as one of the ways of achieving healthcare equity.
• The Concept of Net Neutrality: Legal Standpoint, and Social Equity Impact I am writing to inform you of the principle of net neutrality, the history of the development of this concept, and its significance in the political and social spheres.
• Achievement of Health Equity by Nurses The second step is sating the problem, which is we are trying to achieve full health equity by encouraging diversity in the workplace.
• Health Equity in an Interconnected World Consequently, these countries, which are engaged in competition in the sphere of economic and political influence, have less time and resources to solve the problems of the third world countries.
• Nursing: The Topic of Equity I have been trying and still try to participate in all kinds of practices to gain experience, and there have been many complicated and unexpected cases in my practice. Further, I began to study in […]
• Growing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Among the Nursing Population The nursing population tends to increase in diversity, prioritizing the need to encourage inclusion and equity. Recruiting nurses should include clarifying the terms of inclusion to engage them in the established environment.
• Vulnerability as a Health Equity Concern I chose the above picture, found on the Internet, as it depicts the realities of the inequities in healthcare, amongst other areas of life.
• Diversity, Inclusion, Equity, and Advancement for People of Color The lack of diversity in the organization inevitably leads to limited awareness and understanding of the needs, peculiarities, and competitiveness of people of color due to the existing bias and benevolent discrimination.
• Building Customer Equity I cannot say I have any particular preferences for brands, but I have some favorite stores. As for the lifetime value, I would introduce a system “the more and longer you buy the bigger the […]
• Social Equity: Concept and History Nevertheless, minority populations were relegated to the bottom of the economic ladder through the maintenance of governmental policies which promoted inequality in education and housing.
• The Importance of Students’ Equity in College Career Centers In addition, the role of teachers and career advisors is to work collaboratively with students and use the FoK concepts to reshape the framework of immigrant and undocumented students’ needs.
• Creating Equity in Healthcare Amongst Minorities The appropriate and stable functioning of the healthcare sector is one of the major factors impacting the development of the nation and its future.
• Capital Asset Pricing Model and Equity Valuation However, the prevalence of the method is difficult to explain, as it provides similar results in comparison with other methods of evaluating the cost of equity.
• Management of Working Capital and Value of Shareholders Equity If the financial managers increase the quantum of investment in the current assets, then, it will result in an increase in the liquidity of the business but minimize the probable profitability as determined by the […]
• Concepts of Equity and Fairness in Health Care For this reason, the United States of America should abolish this strategy and adopt the United Kingdom concept of lottery in scarce resources intervention in healthcare facilities in order to ensure that they operate in […]
• Private Equity Industry: Interview Analysis To synthesize the data helping to make conclusions regarding the state of affairs in the private equity industry, interviews from the respondents employed in the leading companies in the industry including Swicorp, Arcapita, and Jadwa […]
• Importance of Health Systems and Health Equity The poor health systems are squarely responsible for the lack of progress in the achievement of the MDGs in most of the countries in the sub-Saharan region.
• Health, Poverty, and Social Equity: Indigenous Peoples of Canada Another problem that much of northern Canada’s Indigenous Peoples face is the availability of healthcare services and people’s inability to access medical help.
• Private Equity: A Private-Public Investing Relationship Pattern The paper is aimed at depicting the most significant outline of the readings and their interrelations in the context of the subject of investing.
• Race Consciousness for Racial Equity Race consciousness has resulted in the development of a mentality among the minorities that some of the challenges such as the oppression of the minor races can be opposed and resisted and hence such groups […]
• Return on Marketing: Using Customer Equity In more detail, the second part of the article develops the topic of research carried out on pricing models used in information and communication technologies industry and reveals nine major assumptions that drive pricing policies […]
• Private Equity and Venture Capital Firm: The Explanation Thus, Company Name aspires to support small businesses and create alliances with them to contribute to the improvement of our society.
• International Issues: Global Equity Markets With the opening of international trade routes and globalization of movement of goods, services and utilities, spawned by technological advancement and the internet, global equity markets have been receiving wide attention in recent years, thanks […]
• Debt vs. Equity Financing The last advantage of equity financing to AMSC is that the new equity investors will be genuinely interested in the wellbeing, progress and future prospects.
• Post Secondary Education Equity in the Developing World Government and education leaders across much of the developing world are intensively engaged in a search for more creative and at the same time less expensive ways to extend and improve post secondary higher education.
• Business Behavior. Equity Theory by Adams It describes motivation factors and their role in the productivity and satisfaction of employees. The main layer of literature discusses the theoretical background of the theory and its practical application.
• Ideologies, Institutions, and Their Impact on Equity in Health Status Thus, neoliberal ideology and institutions of contemporary Canada do not promote equity in the distribution of social health determinants. An example of my health status illustrates the barriers in access to social determinants of health […]
• Stakeholder’s Equity of Amazon On the contrary, equity financing is referred to the sale of shares of the company to investors to increase the working capital or to finance an acquisition.
• Private Equity and Lack of Transparency However, this very motif preconditioned the ambiguous nature of the phenomena of private equity and gave rise to numerous debates about its impact on the development of the economy.
• Margaret Cahalan’s Strategy for Educational Equity Therefore, to make sure that students want to stay in college and continue their education in universities, educational leaders have to think about the increased integration of work and learning.
• Rights, Equity and the State: Sexual Orientation and Discrimination For example, in 1948, homosexuality was indeed included in ICD as a sexual deviation, and only the studies of the last half of the previous century managed to prove the fact that it is not […]
• Employee Equity and Merit Pay for Performance Moreover, it is through job evaluation that the human resource person can determine the value of the job about the efforts required, skills, working conditions, and the responsibility of the employee.
• Equity in Academic Labor Market The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of gender on a teacher’s perceptions of the compensations he/she receives, the level of organizational support, and opportunities for career advancement.
• Concourse Equity Inc.’s Conflict Management The triggering events in the conflict between Luther and Rihanna happened when Luther made a Chauvinist comment about Rihanna by saying that she ought to be in the kitchen cooking tea for men in the […]
• Technology and Equity in Education From my point of view, the conceptual definition of equity implies ensuring a fair approach to education, regardless of individual characteristics and views.
• Rights, Equity and the State: Dispute Resolution Case This paper is devoted to the analysis of a case of dispute that involves the issues of, on the one hand, student accommodation and, on the other hand, employment equity.
• Queer Theory in Early Childhood Gender Equity Overall, this paper has used the reviewed article to demonstrate how children make sense of gender and how they construct gendered roles in early childhood education through the use of the queer perspective to negotiate […]
• Cost of Equity: Harley-Davidson Inc.’s Analysis In this case, the value of the beta is less than 1 and it implies that the stock of the company is 14% less volatile than the market.
• Equity, Liabilities, and Assets in Accounting However, to create a sustainable method of arranging and using the corporate resources, one must not only be able to identify the essential components of the accounting equation but also study the unique characteristics of […]
• Equity Futures and Investments in Long-Term The price is projected to decrease by 5% at maximum, and it will be rational to invest money in a certificate of deposit with 7% to cover the costs.
• Internal and External Equity Comparison and Fundamental Aspects This essay analyses the fundamental aspects of internal and external equity, with reference to two organizations that have in place either of the compensation systems.
• United Parcel Service’s Brand Elements and Equity One of the marketing examples provided in the chapter is the case of the UPS, which is short for the United Parcel Service.
• American Dream and Equity of Outcome and Opportunity The American dream is one of the most famous declarations of the world and the American subsequent governments have kept the dream alive for the last hundred years.
• Access and Equity in Early Childhood Classrooms Did you know that this country was once home to the great civilization of Maya?” Providing students with new information about other cultures will be an effective strategy for sparking interest and encouraging engagement, especially […]
• Private Equity vs. S&P 500 Investment: Relation to the Market and Profit Levels The current literature review dwells on the peculiarities of private equity and S&P 500, contrasts them and compares them in terms of their relation to the market and profit levels.
• Returns of Private Equity Funds vs. S&P 500 This paper explores the returns of private funds and the returns of the S&P 500, to ascertain which returns are more favorable for investors for investing.
• Leadership Brand Equity: Driving Economic Value Besides, the article and the study that the authors develop help to identify how crucial the role of an HR leader can be for the company and its employees.
• Equity Incentives and Earnings Management by Cheng Moreover, there is also a relationship between analysts’ forecasts and managers’ desire to boost the company’s performance by means of earnings management.
• Mechanism of the Home Equity Conversion Mortgage There is a great number of different mechanisms which are created in order to align functioning of the economic system of a state.
• Employment Equity Act: Aboriginals and Disabilities Persons If the Employment Equity Act is applied appropriately, the Act will guarantee that people in the labour force are given the opportunity of the equivalent admission to job openings along with identical management in the […]
• Equity Investment and Export-Base Strategies In the case of the Berkshire Hathaway, the use of equity investment strategy in the UK market will be very successful since the company has been very consistent in the business of buying stocks and […]
• Equity and Equality of Resources by R. Dworkin As a matter of fact, resolution for this problem should be measures adopted to promote and empower individuals in the society, who are the main beneficiaries of equality in resource sharing.
• Debt Financing and Equity Borrowing’ Comparison The business start-up loan depends on the nature of business, the location of the business, the size of the business and the price of goods in the market.
• Equity, Inclusion and Diversity in the Canadian Society By taking a closer look at the specifics of relationships between the African American members of the Canadian society and the rest of the Canadian population, one may possibly not only define the key problem […]
• Equity Pedagogy in Public Schools: Multicultural Education Same as opined by Seljak, multicultural education is a process that calls for the participation of the administrators, the teachers, and other stakeholders in the education system.
• Social Equity and Equality Concept Comparison In his view, American society has never been equal; hence application of equality in the distribution of important resources is impossible, meaning public administrators must undertake the role of studying the society to comprehend the […]
• Gender Equity Issues in Work Practices The best way to proceed with the gathering of information is to arrange for individual discussions with members of the leadership team to discuss the allegations and core issues and values involved.
• What Is Character and Equity in Education? In turn, the task of a teacher is to show that these difficulties can be surmounted. It is one of the main distinctions that can be identified.
• Social Issues: Equity Among the African Demographics Combined with the problem of poverty and lack of educational resources, it takes a truly monstrous scale, affecting not only the lives of women in a number of regions of Africa, but also the entire […]
• Equity Investment: Decision Making – Business Valuation However, the problem that venture capital firms and entrepreneurs face is the determination of the financial viability of an enterprise to be financed.
• DuPont Method: Return on Equity Effect The DuPont analysis is a method of evaluating the effect of three components of the return on equity on a single equation.
• Marketing Management: Building Brand Equity The approach taken to make the products available to the customers is another important factor that would determine the strength of the products in the market.
• The Issue of Workplace Equity Although it is not easy for an entire institution to be fair to all employees in every aspect, it is the responsibility of senior managers to be the ambassadors of equity in all their decisions […]
• Tax Equity in Countries Economy Therefore, a tax bracket should be created to cushion the poor from high income taxes. This is because the poor will be forced to spend a large portion of their pay on taxes.
• Diversity, Equity, and Standards in Education The initial ten years of the new millennium confirm to the increasing diversity in the society and learning institutions, on top of the inferences for the United States’ future achievements.
• Financing, Liberal Arts, and Equity as the Educational Issues Thus, the proper examination of this issue requires paying much attention to such aspects as the difference between equity and adequacy in financing schools, the value of a liberal arts education, and the peculiarities of […]
• Equity in the Academic Labor Market The evaluation of the already implemented hierarchical linear model, certain analysis of academia population, and attention to the data offered by the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty will help to define the problems in academic […]
• Private Equity Firms and Equity Markets: Impact on Capital Structure Inefficiencies This approach to the firm capital structure argues that the proportion of the company debt and equity does not have slight bearing on the very firm cost of capital.
• Industrial relations pressures in Equity Bank These issues range from the interactions that exist between individual employees, the employer and their workers, interactions between employers and the relationships that exist between the workers unions and the employers The aim of this […]
• Equity Concept: Motivation and Features in Leadership This analytical paper attempts to explicitly analyze the concept of equity in terms of motivation and features in the management styles of Jonathan and Dan as reflected in the job life of Alex and Stephanie […]
• What Is a Private Equity Firm The growth and development of private equity firms from 1946-1980 The growth and development of private equity firms were at a slow progress in the first 36 years since the establishment of private equity firms.
• Corporations and Stockholders’ Equity Case Studies The amount of the purchase is of utmost importance since it helps in gauging whether the sales are normal or have a material impact on the financial statements of the company.
• In Need for Equity: Metropolitan Hospital Case It is essential to mark that the experience that Kate possesses is rather important and serves as a solid proof to the fact that Kate is an integral part of the company.
• Equity In Education However, according to Nussbaum, women were more enlightened towards the end of 19th century by the many non-governmental organizations that had been established to fight for the rights of the girl child.
• Issue on Public Administration; Social Equity The higher the economic gap among the people the lower is the country in terms of development. On the other hand, the smaller the gap among the people the higher is the level of development.
• Equity in Men and Women Participation in Sport at College The development of women’s sports dates back s to 1972, the time when Title IX has passed to enforce equality and fairness in funding sports.
• The Problem of the Equity Construct-Race in Society My personal experience is based on a story of grief to the colored race in the United States, that is, the long history of racism that denied the parents and grand parents of the colored […]
• Foreign Equity Restriction The second way in which the restrictions can be put in place is by the decisions of the individual companies. This is done to encourage domestic governance of the companies.
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 28). 117 Equity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/equity-essay-topics/

"117 Equity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 28 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/equity-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2024) '117 Equity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 28 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "117 Equity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 28, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/equity-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "117 Equity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 28, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/equity-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "117 Equity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 28, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/equity-essay-topics/.

• Fundraising Topics
• Cultural Identity Research Topics
• Private Equity Research Ideas
• Gambling Essay Titles
• Joint Venture Essay Topics
• Motivation Research Ideas
• Performance Indicators Essay Topics
• Social Enterprise Topics

• 31 min read

How to Ace Your Equity Research Interview: Answers to the 30 Most Common Questions

Crushing your equity research interview: master the 30 most common questions with these expert answers.

Are you gearing up for an equity research interview and feeling overwhelmed by the thought of the questions you may be asked? Don't worry, we've got you covered! In this article, we will equip you with expert answers to the 30 most common questions you're likely to encounter during an equity research interview.

From market analysis and valuation techniques to industry trends and financial modeling, we will provide you with comprehensive insights and actionable tips that will help you ace your interview.

Our team of experienced professionals has curated this guide to ensure that you not only have a solid foundation of knowledge but also the ability to confidently articulate your thoughts and stand out from other candidates.

By mastering the 30 most common questions, you'll be well-prepared to showcase your understanding of the industry and prove your value as a potential equity research analyst.

Don't let the fear of the unknown hold you back. It's time to crush your equity research interview with confidence and come out victorious. Read on to discover the expert answers that will set you apart from the competition.

Importance of Preparing for Equity Research Interviews

Preparing for an equity research interview is crucial if you want to stand out from the crowd and secure your dream job. The competition in the finance industry is fierce, and employers are looking for candidates who not only possess the necessary technical skills but also have a deep understanding of the industry and can think critically.

By dedicating time to prepare for the interview, you demonstrate your commitment and enthusiasm for the role. It shows that you are willing to go the extra mile to succeed and that you have a genuine interest in the field of equity research.

Research the company you are interviewing with, understand their investment philosophy, and familiarize yourself with the latest industry news and trends. This will not only help you answer questions more effectively but also enable you to ask intelligent questions during the interview, showcasing your genuine interest and enthusiasm.

Lets Explore Technical, Fit and Behavioral Interview Questions

Q1- tell me the difference between cyclical and growth industries and how they are affected by external factors.

Suggested Answer: Cyclical industries are industries that experience regular ups and downs in business activity, often in line with the overall business cycle. Examples of cyclical industries include automotive, construction, and retail. These industries tend to do well when the economy is growing, but suffer during recessions.

Growth industries, on the other hand, are industries that are experiencing consistent and sustained growth. Examples of growth industries include technology, healthcare, and renewable energy. These industries tend to be less affected by the overall business cycle and continue to grow even during recessions.

External factors that can affect cyclical and growth industries include changes in government policies, technological advancements, shifts in consumer preferences, and economic conditions such as interest rates and inflation. For example, changes in tax policies or regulations can affect the construction and automotive industries, while advancements in technology can disrupt or benefit the growth of technology companies.

Q2- Where do you see the market in 5-10 years and why do you believe so?

Suggested Answer: It is difficult to predict with certainty what the stock market will look like in 5-10 years, however, based on current demographic trends, government finances, and GDP growth projections, it is likely that the S&P 500 will remain relatively stable and may even experience modest growth over this time period. Factors such as inflation, consumer spending, and the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing policies will also play a role in determining the market's performance. Additionally, the development of new technologies and the emergence of innovative new companies could also have a positive impact on the market in the long-term.

Q3- Tell me about what is the P/E ratio and how would you use it to compare companies?

Suggested Answer: The P/E ratio , or price-to-earnings ratio, is a financial ratio that compares a company's stock price to its earnings per share. It is calculated by dividing a company's current stock price by its earnings per share (EPS) . The P/E ratio is often used to measure a company's valuation and to compare the valuations of different companies.

A high P/E ratio may indicate that a company's stock is overvalued, while a low P/E ratio may indicate that a company's stock is undervalued. However, it is important to note that a high P/E ratio for one company does not necessarily mean that the company is overvalued, as different industries and sectors have different average P/E ratios.

When comparing companies, it is important to compare P/E ratios within the same industry or sector, as different industries and sectors have different average P/E ratios. For example, technology companies tend to have higher P/E ratios than utilities companies.

It's also important to consider the company's growth prospects, as companies with higher growth prospects tend to have higher P/E ratios. A company with a high P/E ratio but high growth prospects may be more attractive than a company with a lower P/E ratio but lower growth prospects.

Additionally, other factors such as debt levels, profitability, and cash flow should also be considered when evaluating a company. The P/E ratio alone should not be the only metric used to compare companies, it is one of the many metrics used to evaluate a company's performance and its future growth.

Q4- Tell me about some top Indexes in NSE and BSE?

Suggested Answer: The NIFTY 50 Index is one of the most popular and widely-followed indices in the Indian stock market. It consists of the 50 largest and most liquid stocks listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE). Other popular indices in the NSE include the Nifty Auto, Bank, Financial Services, FMCG, IT, Media, Pharma, Private Bank, and PSU indices. On the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), popular indices include the SENSEX, BSE MIDCAP, BSE SMALLCAP, BSE 100, BSE 200, BSE 500, BSE Auto, BSE BankEx, BSE Consumer Durables, BSE Capital Goods, BSE FMCG, BSE HealthCare, BSE IT, BSE Metal, BSE Oil & Gas, BSE PSU, BSE TECk, BSE Realty, BSE SME IPO, S&P BSE CARBONEX, S&P BSE GREENEX, S&P BSE Shariah 50, BSE IPO, BSE POWER, and S&P BSE SmallCap indices.

Q5- Tell me about the market capitalization?

Suggested Answer: Market capitalization, often referred to as "market cap," is a measure of the value of a company. It is calculated by multiplying the current stock price of a company by the number of shares outstanding.

For example, if a company has 10 million shares outstanding and its stock price is $50 per share, its market capitalization would be $500 million.

Market capitalization is used to classify a company as small-cap, mid-cap, or large-cap. Small-cap companies have a market capitalization of less than $2 billion, mid-cap companies have a market capitalization of between $2 billion and $10 billion, and large-cap companies have a market capitalization of more than $10 billion.

The market capitalization of a company can be used as a measure of its size and can be used to compare it to other companies in the same industry or sector. For instance, a company with a large market capitalization may have more resources and be more financially stable than a company with a smaller market capitalization. However, It is important to note that market capitalization alone doesn't indicate the company's overall financial health, it should be considered along with other financial metrics such as revenue, earnings, and debt levels.

Additionally, the market capitalization can change with the stock price, it means that if a company's stock price increases, the market capitalization will increase as well, and if the stock price decreases, the market capitalization will decrease as well.

Q6- Where is the dollar vs the INR?

Suggested Answer: The current exchange rate for US Dollar (USD) to Indian Rupee (INR) is 81.41. This rate is up from 81.32 the previous market day and up from 74.41 one year ago.

Q7- What is the 10-year T-Note rate?

Suggested Answer: The 10-year T-Note rate is currently 3.482%, with an open yield of 3.398%, a day high of 3.501%, a day low of 3.389%, and a previous close of 3.399%. The current price of the 10-year T-Note is 105.2969, with a price change of -0.7188 and a price change percentage of -0.6797%. The coupon rate is 4.125% and the maturity date is November 15, 2032.

Q8- What is the price of gold 1 ounce?

Suggested Answer: The spot price for 1 ounce of gold is currently $1,934.69.

Q9- How to evaluate P/E ratio to determine if a stock is cheap If you don't have comparable companies data ?

Suggested Answer: If you don't have comparable companies data, there are a few ways to evaluate a P/E ratio to determine if a stock is cheap:

Compare the P/E ratio to historical levels: Look at the company's P/E ratio over the past few years to see if it is currently high or low compared to its historical levels. If the current P/E ratio is lower than its historical levels, it may be considered cheap.

Compare the P/E ratio to the industry average: Look at the average P/E ratio for the industry the company operates in. If the company's P/E ratio is lower than the industry average, it may be considered cheap.

Compare the P/E ratio to the broader market: Look at the P/E ratio of a broad-market index, such as the S&P 500, to see how the company's P/E ratio compares to the broader market. If the company's P/E ratio is lower than the broader market, it may be considered cheap.

Compare the P/E ratio with other valuation metrics: P/E ratio should be used in conjunction with other valuation metrics such as Price to Sales ratio(P/S) , Price to Book value (P/B) , Price to cash flow (P/CF) etc.

Q10-How to analyze different sectors of companies?

There are several ways to analyze different sectors of companies:

Research the industry: Understand the key trends, drivers and challenges that are shaping the industry. Look at the size and growth prospects of the industry, and identify any major players or new entrants.

Analyze the financials: Look at the financial statements of companies within the sector to identify key metrics such as revenue, profit margins, and return on equity. Compare these metrics across companies to identify any outliers or trends.

Evaluate the management team: Look at the leadership and management team of the companies within the sector. Assess their experience, track record, and strategic vision.

Look at the products and services: Analyze the products and services offered by the companies within the sector. Look at the quality of the products, their pricing, and the company's distribution channels.

Analyze the competition: Look at the competitive landscape of the sector, identify the key players and understand their strengths and weaknesses.

Evaluate external factors: Consider external factors such as government policies, technological advancements, shifts in consumer preferences and economic conditions that may affect the sector.

Consider valuation: Analyze the valuation of companies within the sector, including metrics such as the P/E ratio , Price to Sales ratio(P/S) , Price to Book value (P/B) , Price to cash flow (P/CF) etc.

Look at the risks: Identify and evaluate any significant risks associated with investing in the sector, such as regulatory changes, industry consolidation, or changes in consumer preferences.

It's important to note that the analysis process may vary depending on the sector, and the above-mentioned points are general guidelines. It's important to have a good understanding of the sector and the companies within it, and to use a variety of metrics and analysis techniques to build a comprehensive picture of the sector's performance and potential.

Q11- What does the cost structure like for the Manufacturing industry, How will you evaluate and what are their biggest cost components?

The cost structure for the manufacturing industry can vary depending on the type of products being produced and the manufacturing process used. However, there are some common cost components that are typically found in the manufacturing industry:

Raw materials: This includes the cost of the materials used to produce the final product, such as metals, plastics, and chemicals.

Labor: This includes the cost of wages and benefits for the employees involved in the manufacturing process, as well as any contract labor costs.

Manufacturing overhead: This includes costs such as utilities, rent, insurance, and property taxes for the manufacturing facility. It also includes costs for equipment maintenance, tooling, and supplies.

Distribution and logistics: This includes the cost of transporting the finished products from the factory to the customer, including shipping, warehousing, and inventory carrying costs.

Research and Development: This includes the costs of researching, developing, and testing new products or processes.

Selling, general and administrative expenses: This includes costs such as marketing, advertising, and administrative expenses.

To evaluate the cost structure of a manufacturing company, you can use a number of financial metrics such as cost of goods sold (COGS) as a percentage of revenue, and gross margin, which is calculated as gross profit divided by revenue. These metrics can be used to compare the company to its competitors and to industry averages.

It's important to note that the cost structure of a manufacturing company can change over time, for example, with changes in raw material prices, labor costs, or technological advancements. It's important to keep track of these changes and how they affect the company's financial performance.

Another important factor to consider is the company's production processes and whether it's able to achieve economies of scale, which could help to lower costs and improve margins. Also, the company's pricing strategies and how it responds to the market conditions and competition should also be taken into account.

Q12-Let’s say that you run a French fries franchisee You have two options The first is to increase the price of each of your existing products by 10% (imagining that there is price inelasticity) And the second option would be to increase the total volume by 10% as a result of a new product Which one should you do and why?

Suggested Answer: It depends on the specifics of your French fries franchise and the market conditions. Both options have the potential to increase revenue, but they have different implications for your business.

Increasing the price of each existing product by 10% may result in a short-term increase in revenue, but it could also lead to a decline in demand if customers are price sensitive. If the demand for your products is inelastic, meaning that changes in price do not significantly affect the quantity demanded, then this option may be a viable one. However, if the demand is elastic, meaning that changes in price do significantly affect the quantity demanded, then this option may lead to a decrease in overall revenue.

Adding a new product to your menu, on the other hand, has the potential to increase the total volume of sales without affecting the price of your existing products. This option may appeal to customers looking for something new and different, and it could lead to a 10% increase in total volume without having to risk losing customers due to a price increase. However, launching a new product also comes with its own set of costs such as R&D, marketing, and testing.

In summary, if you can increase the price of existing products without losing too much customers then the first option will be preferable. But if you think that a price increase could lead to a significant decline in demand, it would be safer to launch a new product to increase the volume. Additionally, you can also consider other options such as creating bundle deals, or offering discounts for large orders. It's important to have a good understanding of your customer base and the market conditions, and to use a variety of strategies and analysis techniques to build a comprehensive picture of the best way to increase your revenue.

Q13- What do you think the income statement would look like for a Pharma company like Sun pharma, abbott and cipla? What would their COGS be? How about their operating margin?

Suggested Answer: The income statement  for a pharmaceutical company like Sun Pharma, Abbott, and Cipla would likely include the following key elements:

Revenues: This would include revenues from the sale of pharmaceutical products, such as prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications.

Cost of goods sold (COGS): This would include the cost of raw materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead associated with producing the pharmaceutical products. For a pharmaceutical company, the cost of goods sold would include the cost of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and other raw materials, as well as the cost of manufacturing and packaging.

Gross profit: This is calculated by subtracting COGS from revenues. Gross profit represents the amount of revenue that a company has left over after accounting for the direct costs of producing its products.

Operating expenses: This includes expenses such as research and development, sales and marketing, general and administrative expenses.

Operating income: This is calculated by subtracting operating expenses from gross profit. Operating income represents the amount of money a company has left over after accounting for its direct costs of production and its operating expenses.

Other income/expenses: This includes items such as interest income, foreign exchange gains/losses, and other income or expenses that are not directly related to the company's main operations.

Net income: This is calculated by subtracting other income/expenses from the operating income. Net income represents the company's overall profit or loss.

The COGS and operating margin of a pharmaceutical company can vary depending on a number of factors, such as the type of products they produce, the complexity of their manufacturing process, and the level of competition in the market. However, on average, the operating margin of a pharmaceutical company is around 20-30%.

It's important to note that the above-mentioned details are not specific to Sun Pharma, Abbott, and Cipla, and it's important to check their financial statements for more accurate information. Additionally, the income statement of a pharma company is affected by many factors such as patent expiration, regulatory environment, competition, and the global economy. Therefore, it's important to keep track of these factors and how they affect the company's financial performance.

Q14- I see that you have no market experience and what should make me believe that this is something you are seriously interested in?

Suggested Answer: I understand that a lack of market experience can be a concern when considering me for a role in Equity Research. However, I have done extensive research into the industry and have a strong understanding of the key concepts and processes. My dedication to improving my knowledge and skills in this field is evidenced by my willingness to learn and grow within this profession. I have developed a strong analytical mindset and excellent problem-solving skills that I believe will make me a valuable asset to any Equity Research team. Furthermore, I am passionate about the industry and have a keen interest in the financial markets, which I believe will make me a great fit for this role.

Q15- Why are you looking for an equity research job?

Suggested Answer: I am looking for an equity research job because I believe that I have the skills necessary to perform the job duties. I have a strong understanding of accounts and financial fundamentals and have the ability to analyze the specifics of individual companies to determine if the security is appropriately priced. Additionally, I have the ability to create financial models to calculate the future value of equity shares, and I am familiar with the financial statements of the companies I research.

Q16- Which stock do you pitch for me and why?

Suggested Answer: The stock I would pitch depends on which company you are interviewing for. Generally, when pitching a stock for an equity research interview, you should focus on a company that is relevant to the firm and sector you are interviewing for. You should also make sure to research the company thoroughly, identify the key drivers that are affecting the stock, and consider the valuation metrics and catalysts for the company. Additionally, you should also consider any potential risks and how you can mitigate them.

Q17- Can you tell me what valuation techniques you use if I ask you to value a company?

Suggested Answer: There are several valuation techniques that can be used to value a company, some of the most common ones include:

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis: This is a method of valuing a company based on the present value of its future cash flows. It involves forecasting the company's future cash flows, and then discounting them back to their present value using a discount rate. This method is considered to be one of the most accurate ways of valuing a company as it takes into account both the company's current and future performance.

Price to Earnings (P/E) ratio : This is a method of valuing a company based on the ratio of its stock price to its earnings per share (EPS). It is used to compare a company's valuation to that of its peers and to the overall market.

Price to Sales (P/S) ratio : This is a method of valuing a company based on the ratio of its stock price to its revenue. It is used to evaluate a company's valuation by comparing its stock price to its revenue.

Price to Book (P/B) ratio : This is a method of valuing a company based on the ratio of its stock price to its book value (the value of its assets minus its liabilities). It is used to evaluate a company's valuation by comparing its stock price to its book value.

Dividend Discount Model (DDM) : This is a method of valuing a company based on the present value of its future dividends. It involves forecasting the company's future dividends, and then discounting them back to their present using a discount rate.

Comparable Company Analysis: This method involves analyzing the financials of similar companies within the same industry and using those companies' valuations as a benchmark for the company being valued.

It's important to note that no single method is perfect, and a combination of these methods should be used to get the best estimate of a company's value. Additionally, it's important to keep track of the company's financial performance, its growth prospects, the industry trends, and the overall economic conditions.

Q18- To your best ability What do you think is the main reason stocks fell by 20%?

Suggested Answer: It is difficult to determine the main reason for a stock market decline without more specific information about the timing and circumstances of the decline. However, some possible reasons for a 20% decline in stock prices include:

Economic downturn: A recession or other economic downturn can lead to a decline in corporate profits and consumer spending, which in turn can lead to a decline in stock prices.

Interest rate changes:  A sudden increase in interest rates can affect the ability of companies to borrow money and invest in growth, and this can lead to a decline in stock prices.

Political instability: Political instability, such as a war or a change in government policies, can create uncertainty and lead to a decline in stock prices.

Natural disasters: Natural disasters can disrupt production and supply chains, and this can lead to a decline in stock prices.

Geopolitical risks: Geopolitical risks such as trade tensions, sanctions, or other global events can affect the global economy and lead to a decline in stock prices.

Company-specific events: A company-specific event such as a financial scandal, a product recall, or a change in management can lead to a decline in stock prices.

It's important to note that a decline of 20% in stock prices could be a result of a combination of these reasons. Additionally, it's important to keep in mind that stock market fluctuations are normal and are to be expected. It is also important to note that past performance does not indicate future performance, and it is important to conduct thorough research and analysis before making any investment decisions.

Q19- Tell me about what PE ratio is a popular valuation metric and what the PE ratio number tries to tell us?

Suggested Answer: The Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio is a popular valuation metric that compares a company's current stock price to its earnings per share (EPS) . It is calculated by dividing the current stock price by the EPS. The P/E ratio is used to measure the relative value of a company's stock and to compare it to the value of other companies in the same industry or to the overall market.

A high P/E ratio indicates that investors are willing to pay a premium for the company's earnings, while a low P/E ratio indicates that the stock is relatively cheap compared to the company's earnings. However, it's important to note that a high P/E ratio does not necessarily mean that a stock is overpriced, and a low P/E ratio does not necessarily mean that a stock is underpriced.

The P/E ratio tries to tell us how much investors are willing to pay for a company's earnings. A high P/E ratio may indicate that investors have high expectations for the company's future earnings growth, while a low P/E ratio may indicate that investors have lower expectations for the company's future earnings growth. However, it's important to keep in mind that the P/E ratio is only one metric and should be used in conjunction with other financial metrics such as revenue, earnings, and debt levels, to get a more comprehensive picture of the company's performance.

Additionally, it's important to note that different sectors have different P/E ratio averages, a company in a sector with higher growth prospects may have a higher P/E ratio, while a company in a sector with lower growth prospects may have a lower P/E ratio. Therefore, it's important to compare the P/E ratio of a company to the average P/E ratio of the industry or sector it operates in.

Q20- Tell me something about yourself that is not on your resume?

Suggested Answer: When it comes to equity research, I'm highly knowledgeable and passionate. I'm constantly reading and researching the stock market, and I'm always looking for new and creative ways to analyze information. Additionally, I'm a great communicator and have a great ability to explain complex financial concepts in a simple and concise way. I'm also able to build strong relationships with clients and colleagues, which is essential in the equity research field.

Q21- Explain to me the type of financial modelling?

Suggested Answer: Financial modeling is the process of creating a numerical representation of a financial situation, typically using spreadsheet software, in order to make informed decisions. There are several types of financial models, each with their own specific purpose and structure.

Financial forecasting models: These models are used to predict future financial performance based on historical data and other relevant information. They can be used to forecast revenue, expenses, cash flow, and other financial metrics.

Valuation models: These models are used to estimate the intrinsic value of a company or asset. The most common valuation models include discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, and comparable company analysis.

Budget and planning models: These models are used to create a financial plan for a company, such as a budget or a strategic plan. They can be used to forecast revenue, expenses, and cash flow, and to identify potential risks and opportunities.

Risk and sensitivity models: These models are used to analyze the potential risks and uncertainties that a company may face. They can be used to simulate various scenarios and to estimate the potential impact of different risks on the company's financial performance.

Monte Carlo simulation models: These models are used to analyze the potential outcomes of a decision under uncertainty. They use probability distributions and random sampling to simulate different scenarios and to estimate the potential range of outcomes.

Real-options models: These models are used to evaluate investment opportunities by considering the flexibility of a company. They include the ability to make investment decisions based on future developments in the market or industry.

It's important to note that financial modeling is an iterative process, and the model should be updated and refined as new information becomes available. Additionally, the choice of the financial model should be based on the specific purpose and the type of decision that needs to be made, and it's important to have a good understanding of the assumptions and limitations of the model.

Q22- Do you understand the DCF model and Walk me through the process?

Suggested Answer: Yes, I understand the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. It is a method of valuing a company based on the present value of its future cash flows. The process of creating a DCF model typically includes the following steps:

Forecasting future cash flows: The first step in creating a DCF model is to forecast the company's future cash flows. This typically involves forecasting revenue, costs, and expenses for a period of time, usually 5 to 10 years.

Determine the discount rate: The next step is to determine the discount rate, which is used to discount the future cash flows back to their present value. The discount rate is typically based on the company's cost of capital and reflects the risk associated with the cash flows.

Calculate the present value of future cash flows: Once the future cash flows and discount rate have been determined, the present value of the cash flows can be calculated by dividing each year's cash flow by (1 + discount rate) to the power of the number of years in the future.

Sum the present value of future cash flows: The final step is to sum the present value of all the future cash flows to arrive at the total present value of the company.

Terminal Value calculation: Terminal value is the value of a company beyond the projection period and it is calculated by estimating the perpetuity growth rate and multiplying it by the last year's projected free cash flow(FCF) and then discounting it back to the present value.

Sum the present value of terminal value: The final step is to add the present value of the terminal value to the present value of the future cash flows.

It's important to note that the DCF model is sensitive to the assumptions used in forecasting future cash flows and determining the discount rate, so it's important to consider a range of scenarios and to be aware of the limitations of the model. Additionally, the DCF model

Q23- Can you tell me about any previous research work you have done?

Suggested Answer: I have done extensive research in the field of equity research. My research has focused on the evaluation of companies and their stocks, which includes analyzing their financials and market trends. I have also done analysis on valuation techniques such as Discounted Cash Flow Analysis, Comparable Companies Analysis, and Sensitivity Analysis. In addition, I have done research into the capital markets and the function they serve. Finally, I have done research on the most important factors to consider when analyzing a company, how to determine if a company is undervalued or overvalued, and the most common ratios and metrics used for company analysis.

Q24- Can you tell me which industry has a future?

Suggested Answer: The five industries with a promising future are Analytics and Big Data, Cybersecurity, Health Care for the Aging, Renewable Energy and Drones. These industries are expected to experience rapid growth in the coming years due to their relevance to the current technological landscape.

Q25- What type of valuation work have you done in the previous company?

Suggested Answer: I have worked on a variety of valuation techniques including Discounted Cash Flows, Comparable Companies Analysis, Free Cash Flows , Free Cash Flow to Equity , and Sensitivity Analysis. I have also worked on Equity Research Reports, where I have been responsible for writing and analyzing the industry overview, company financials and ratios, valuations and projections, management overview and recommendation.

Q26- Tell me about which industry you like to analyze and why?

Suggested Answer: One popular industry for analysis is technology. The technology industry is constantly evolving and is often at the forefront of innovation. Companies in this industry can have high growth potential and can be a source of disruptive technologies. Analyzing technology companies can be interesting because of the potential for significant returns on investment, the potential for new products and services, and the potential for market disruption.

Another popular industry for analysis is healthcare. The healthcare industry is a large and growing sector that is essential to the well-being of society. Companies in this industry can have a significant impact on people's lives, and they can be a source of innovative medical treatments and technologies. Analyzing healthcare companies can be interesting because of the potential for long-term growth, the potential for new products and services, and the potential for positive social impact.

Retail industry is also interesting to analyze, as it is a consumer-facing industry that reflects the broader economy and consumer sentiment. Companies in this industry can provide insight into consumer spending patterns, trends in e-commerce, and the health of brick-and-mortar retail.

Furthermore, the financial industry is also a popular one for analysis, as it provides insight into the broader economy and the performance of different sectors. Companies in this industry can provide insight into the performance of different asset classes, the health of the banking sector, and the overall performance of the global economy.

Ultimately, the choice of industry to analyze depends on an individual's interest, expertise and the decision they want to make. It's important to conduct a thorough research and analysis of the industry and the company before making any investment decisions.

Q27- Suppose I am given a task to make a report for an automobile company. How will you gather data and information?

Suggested Answer: Gathering data and information for a report on an automobile company can involve several steps and sources. Some possible methods to gather data and information include:

Financial statements: One of the most important sources of information is the company's financial statements, such as the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. These statements provide a detailed overview of the company's financial performance and can be used to analyze trends, profitability, and liquidity.

Industry reports and publications: Another important source of information is industry reports and publications. These can provide information on the overall performance of the automobile industry, trends, and market conditions.

Company press releases and annual reports:  Company press releases and annual reports can provide information on the company's strategy, performance, and plans for future growth.

Government data: Government data can provide information on the market size, growth rate, import/export data, and other macroeconomic data of the automobile industry.

Online research: Online research can be used to gather information on the company's competitors, the company's market position, and the company's reputation.

Surveys and customer feedback: Surveys and customer feedback can be used to gather information on customer satisfaction, brand perception, and customer loyalty.

Consultation with experts: Consultation with experts in the field of automobile industry, such as industry analysts, consultants, or professors can provide valuable insight and information.

It's important to note that the data and information gathered should be reliable, accurate, and up-to-date. Additionally, it's important to ensure that the data and information gathered is relevant to the report and the decision that needs to be made.

Q28- Being a successful analyst what skills do you have ?

Suggested Answer: To be a successful analyst in Equity Research, I have strong numerical skills, good knowledge of finance and investments, and excellent communication skills. I am also detail-oriented, analytical, and have excellent writing skills. Furthermore, I have the ability to analyze data and financial statements, understand investments and markets, and have a deep understanding of the industry. Additionally, I have the ability to think critically and come up with innovative solutions.

Q29- What is the main reason that stocks go up or down?

Suggested Answer: Stocks go up or down based on a variety of factors, some of the most important ones include:

Company-specific news and events: This includes factors such as earnings reports, product launches, management changes, and mergers and acquisitions. Positive news and events can cause a stock to go up, while negative news and events can cause a stock to go down.

Economic conditions: Economic conditions such as interest rates, GDP growth, and inflation can affect the overall performance of the stock market and individual stocks. Strong economic conditions can cause stocks to go up, while weak economic conditions can cause stocks to go down.

Industry trends: Industry trends such as technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and regulatory changes can affect the performance of individual stocks and sectors. Positive industry trends can cause stocks to go up, while negative industry trends can cause stocks to go down.

Political and geopolitical events:  Political and geopolitical events such as elections, war, and trade tensions can affect the stock market and individual stocks. Uncertainty caused by these events can cause stocks to go down, while positive developments can cause stocks to go up.

Market sentiment: Market sentiment refers to the overall mood of investors and traders. Positive market sentiment can cause stocks to go up, while negative market sentiment can cause stocks to go down.

It's important to note that the stock market is complex and influenced by multiple factors, therefore, it's hard to predict the performance of the stock market or a specific stock. Additionally, it's important to conduct thorough research and analysis before making any investment decisions.

Q30- Give me your overview on the economy and the stock market?

Suggested Answer: The economy and the stock market are closely related and can affect each other in a number of ways. A strong economy can lead to higher corporate profits and consumer spending, which can in turn lead to higher stock prices. Conversely, a weak economy can lead to lower corporate profits and consumer spending, which can lead to lower stock prices.

Economic indicators such as GDP, inflation, and interest rates can also affect the stock market. For example, a low unemployment rate and a high GDP growth rate are usually considered to be positive indicators for the stock market, as they suggest a strong economy. On the other hand, high inflation and interest rates can be negative for the stock market, as they can lead to a decrease in consumer spending and corporate profits.

It's important to note that the stock market is complex and influenced by multiple factors, including global events, political and geopolitical developments, and company-specific events. Additionally, it's important to conduct thorough research and analysis before making any investment decisions.

Q31- What are the current interest rates and what do you think about in future?

Suggested Answer: The current average interest rate for a 30-year fixed mortgage is 6.33%. Bankrate's forecast shows rates continuing to break records, with the average credit card rate rising to 20.5 percent by the end of 2023. Long-term interest rates are likely to stay below 4% this year, trending down as the economy slows and the inflation rate comes down. The Federal Reserve has forecast the Federal Funds Rate to be 2.6% by 2023, before levelling off. If the historically high inflation of 2022 continues to dissipate and the economy falls into a recession, it's likely mortgage rates will decrease in 2023. Kiplinger's Economic Outlooks project the Fed-Funds Rate and 10-year Treasury yield to be 1.75% and 2.75%, respectively, in 2026.

Q32- If interest rates were to go up then which sectors do you think would benefitted and which would stand to disadvantage?

Suggested Answer: Interest rate changes can have a significant impact on different sectors of the economy. Generally speaking, when interest rates go up, it becomes more expensive for companies and consumers to borrow money, which can have a negative impact on certain sectors.

Sectors that may be negatively impacted by a rise in interest rates include:

Real estate: Higher interest rates can make it more expensive for individuals and companies to borrow money to buy or refinance properties. This can lead to a decrease in demand for real estate and a decline in property prices.

Consumer discretionary: Higher interest rates can make it more expensive for consumers to borrow money to buy cars, appliances, and other consumer goods. This can lead to a decrease in consumer spending and a decline in demand for consumer discretionary goods.

Financials: Higher interest rates can make it more expensive for banks to borrow money, which can lead to a decline in their profits. Additionally, when interest rates rise, the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates narrows, which can negatively impact the profitability of the banks.

Sectors that may be positively impacted by a rise in interest rates include:

Utilities: Utility companies often have long-term debt and a stable cash flow, which means they can afford to pay higher interest rates on their debt.

Consumer staples: Companies that produce consumer staples such as food, beverages, and household goods are less affected by changes in interest rates as they tend to be necessities and have a stable demand.

Technology: Companies in the technology sector, such as semiconductors, software, and internet-based companies, are less impacted by interest rate changes as they are driven by innovation and advancements in technology rather than interest rate changes

It's important to note that interest rate changes can have both positive and negative impacts on different sectors and that interest rate changes are only one of the many factors that can influence the stock market. Additionally, it's important to conduct thorough research and analysis before making any investment decisions.

Q33- If you were to get a job here then which sector or industry would you select and why?

Suggested Answer: In general, the selection of a sector or industry to focus on would depend on an individual's interests, expertise, and career goals. Some factors that can be considered when selecting a sector or industry include:

Growth prospects: Some sectors and industries have higher growth prospects than others, which can provide opportunities for companies to increase their revenue and profits.

Competitive landscape: Some sectors and industries are more competitive than others, which can affect the profitability of companies operating in those sectors.

Regulatory environment: Some sectors and industries are more heavily regulated than others, which can affect the profitability of companies operating in those sectors.

Industry trends: Some sectors and industries are at the forefront of innovation and technology, which can provide opportunities for companies to develop new products and services.

Personal interest: It's important to choose an industry or sector that you have an interest in, as it will help you to stay motivated and engaged in the research process.

Ultimately, the choice of a sector or industry to focus on would depend on an individual's specific interests, expertise, and career goals. It's important to conduct thorough research and analysis of the sector or industry and the companies operating in that sector before making a decision.

Q34- How would you compare Consumer Durable firms ?

When comparing consumer durable firms, there are several factors that can be considered, including:

Financial performance: This includes factors such as revenue, profits, earnings per share (EPS) , return on equity (ROE) , and other financial metrics. Comparing these metrics across firms can provide insight into the financial performance of each firm.

Market share:  Market share is an important factor to consider when comparing firms in the consumer durable industry. Firms with a larger market share are likely to have more pricing power and be more stable than firms with a smaller market share.

Product and brand portfolio: Firms with a diversified product and brand portfolio are likely to be more stable than firms that rely on a single product or brand.

Distribution network: Distribution network is an important factor to consider when comparing firms in the consumer durable industry. Firms with a strong distribution network are likely to be able to reach more customers and generate more sales than firms with a weaker distribution network.

Competitive Landscape: Consumer durable firms compete with each other based on product quality, price, and services offered. Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the firms in terms of these factors can provide an insight into their competitiveness.

Management and leadership: The management team and leadership of a company can have a significant impact on the performance of the company. Compare the management teams and leadership of the firms to assess their experience, track record, and stability.

Valuation Metrics: Valuation metrics such as Price to Earnings ratio , Price to Sales ratio , Price to Book ratio , and enterprise value to EBITDA  can be used to compare the relative valuations of the firms.

It's important to note that these are just a few of the many factors that can be considered when comparing consumer durable firms, and that the choice of factors to consider will depend on the specific decision that needs to be made. Additionally, it's important to conduct thorough research and analysis before making any investment decisions.

Q35- Suppose you write a research report BUY recommendation for any IT stock for long term and you know 2 days later the stock price falls by 7%. What would be your recommendation?

Suggested Answer: If the stock price falls by 7% two days after I've made a BUY recommendation, I would consider the current market sentiment and analyze the potential risk factors that may have caused the stock to fall. I would also analyze the current market conditions and the outlook for the industry. If I still find potential for growth and the risks are manageable, I would likely maintain my recommendation. However, if the risks are significant and the outlook for the industry is poor, I would likely change my recommendation to HOLD or SELL.

Q36- How many companies are listed in BSE and NSE?

Suggested Answer: There were around 5,500 companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and around 1,800 companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in India.

Q37- Tell me about the Analyst to Associate ratio?

Suggested Answer: The analyst to associate ratio refers to the ratio of junior-level analysts to more senior-level associates in an investment banking or financial services firm. In general, the ratio is used as an indicator of the firm's overall staffing levels and can provide insight into the firm's level of efficiency and productivity.

The ratio can vary widely depending on the firm and the specific area of the business. For example, in a research department, the ratio of analysts to associates may be higher than in an investment banking department, where the ratio may be lower. In general, a lower ratio indicates that the firm may be more focused on cost-cutting and efficiency, while a higher ratio may indicate that the firm is more focused on growth and expansion.

It's also worth noting that a lower ratio would generally imply a higher workload for each individual analyst and therefore a higher turnover rate.

Q38-Suppose you are concall in quarterly earnings and you have to ask a question to the CEO about the future earnings then what would you ask first?

Suggested Answer: What are the key drivers of the company's projected earnings growth for the next quarter and beyond? Are there any specific initiatives or plans in place that the company believes will drive increased revenue and profitability?

Q39-How do you rank buy-side clients?

Suggested Answer: Buy-side clients, such as mutual funds, hedge funds, and pension funds, can be ranked based on a variety of factors, including assets under management (AUM), performance, and trading activity. Here are a few examples of how buy-side clients might be ranked:

Assets under management (AUM): Clients with larger AUM tend to be more attractive to sell-side firms, as they may have more capital to invest and can generate more trading volume. Clients can be ranked by AUM, with the largest clients at the top of the list.

Performance: Clients that have a history of strong investment performance may be more attractive to sell-side firms, as they may be more likely to generate returns for their investors. Clients can be ranked by their past performance, with the best-performing clients at the top of the list.

Trading activity: Clients that trade more frequently can generate more revenue for sell-side firms. Clients can be ranked by the amount of trading activity they generate, with the most active clients at the top of the list.

Service needs: Clients that have specific service needs such as research, execution, or customization might be ranked higher based on the firm's capabilities to fulfill those needs.

It's worth noting that these are not the only ways to rank buy-side clients, and different firms may use different criteria based on their own priorities and business models. However, these examples can be a good starting point to evaluate and rank buy-side clients.

Read More Equity Research Interview Questions-

Equity Research Interview Questions With Answer In Detail

9 Equity Research Interview Questions With Answers

Equity Research Interview Questions With Answers Explained In Detail

• X (Twitter)

Navigation Menu

Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests..., provide feedback.

We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.

Saved searches

Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly.

To see all available qualifiers, see our documentation .

equity-research

Here are 4 public repositories matching this topic..., ethanpbrooks / schwab-pdf-scraper.

PDF Statement Data Extractor and Analyzer. A Python script for extracting and analyzing financial data from PDF statements, with a focus on Schwab statements.

• Updated Nov 29, 2023

radusbriciu / Optimisation-and-the-Efficient-Frontier

The workings for an Asset Pricing exercise from MSc Quantitative Finance 2023/24 at Bayes Business School

• Updated Apr 8, 2024

hkalager / knockoff_index

This repository contains a small project where I study feasibility of using knockoff filters in portfolio management. More details are included in the Wiki page

• Updated Jan 17, 2023

webn3ewbie / Streamlit-Asset-Analysis-Prediction-App

Analyze stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, cryptos. Predict asset prices using Streamlit and Facebook Prophet

• Updated Dec 14, 2022

Improve this page

Add a description, image, and links to the equity-research topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it.

Curate this topic

Add this topic to your repo

To associate your repository with the equity-research topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics."