Journal of Essential Oil Research
Subject Area and Category
- Chemistry (miscellaneous)
Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Publication type
10412905, 21638152
Information
How to publish in this journal
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
Category | Year | Quartile |
---|---|---|
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 1999 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2000 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2001 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2002 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2003 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2004 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2005 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2006 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2007 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2008 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2009 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2010 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2011 | Q3 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2012 | Q3 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2013 | Q3 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2014 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2015 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2016 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2017 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2018 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2019 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2020 | Q3 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2021 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2022 | Q2 |
Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 2023 | Q2 |
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.
Year | SJR |
---|---|
1999 | 0.509 |
2000 | 0.631 |
2001 | 0.375 |
2002 | 0.477 |
2003 | 0.430 |
2004 | 0.383 |
2005 | 0.422 |
2006 | 0.374 |
2007 | 0.342 |
2008 | 0.385 |
2009 | 0.362 |
2010 | 0.406 |
2011 | 0.258 |
2012 | 0.330 |
2013 | 0.271 |
2014 | 0.366 |
2015 | 0.395 |
2016 | 0.424 |
2017 | 0.386 |
2018 | 0.367 |
2019 | 0.344 |
2020 | 0.357 |
2021 | 0.377 |
2022 | 0.435 |
2023 | 0.522 |
Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.
Year | Documents |
---|---|
1999 | 198 |
2000 | 187 |
2001 | 152 |
2002 | 159 |
2003 | 134 |
2004 | 177 |
2005 | 225 |
2006 | 235 |
2007 | 155 |
2008 | 157 |
2009 | 161 |
2010 | 167 |
2011 | 79 |
2012 | 74 |
2013 | 79 |
2014 | 70 |
2015 | 73 |
2016 | 68 |
2017 | 60 |
2018 | 54 |
2019 | 55 |
2020 | 54 |
2021 | 55 |
2022 | 53 |
2023 | 49 |
This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.
Cites per document | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 1999 | 0.406 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2000 | 0.581 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2001 | 0.434 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2002 | 0.559 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2003 | 0.520 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2004 | 0.536 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2005 | 0.595 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2006 | 0.597 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2007 | 0.615 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2008 | 0.617 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2009 | 0.762 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2010 | 0.946 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2011 | 0.630 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2012 | 0.803 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2013 | 0.819 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2014 | 0.895 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2015 | 1.238 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2016 | 1.399 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2017 | 1.338 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2018 | 1.450 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2019 | 1.431 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2020 | 2.013 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2021 | 2.731 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2022 | 3.078 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2023 | 3.516 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 1999 | 0.406 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2000 | 0.556 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2001 | 0.399 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2002 | 0.503 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2003 | 0.458 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2004 | 0.409 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2005 | 0.440 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2006 | 0.524 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2007 | 0.546 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2008 | 0.574 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2009 | 0.698 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2010 | 0.850 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2011 | 0.555 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2012 | 0.786 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2013 | 0.791 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2014 | 1.078 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2015 | 1.202 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2016 | 1.284 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2017 | 1.318 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2018 | 1.428 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2019 | 1.412 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2020 | 1.959 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2021 | 2.669 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2022 | 3.341 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2023 | 3.722 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 1999 | 0.332 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2000 | 0.496 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2001 | 0.317 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2002 | 0.386 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2003 | 0.325 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2004 | 0.358 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2005 | 0.370 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2006 | 0.410 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2007 | 0.441 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2008 | 0.523 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2009 | 0.580 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2010 | 0.682 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2011 | 0.457 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2012 | 0.695 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2013 | 0.935 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2014 | 1.098 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2015 | 1.101 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2016 | 1.140 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2017 | 1.206 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2018 | 1.367 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2019 | 1.316 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2020 | 1.972 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2021 | 2.789 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2022 | 3.413 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2023 | 3.389 |
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.
Cites | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Self Cites | 1999 | 81 |
Self Cites | 2000 | 63 |
Self Cites | 2001 | 54 |
Self Cites | 2002 | 60 |
Self Cites | 2003 | 36 |
Self Cites | 2004 | 27 |
Self Cites | 2005 | 39 |
Self Cites | 2006 | 49 |
Self Cites | 2007 | 58 |
Self Cites | 2008 | 80 |
Self Cites | 2009 | 56 |
Self Cites | 2010 | 46 |
Self Cites | 2011 | 20 |
Self Cites | 2012 | 28 |
Self Cites | 2013 | 26 |
Self Cites | 2014 | 18 |
Self Cites | 2015 | 25 |
Self Cites | 2016 | 17 |
Self Cites | 2017 | 14 |
Self Cites | 2018 | 10 |
Self Cites | 2019 | 8 |
Self Cites | 2020 | 15 |
Self Cites | 2021 | 15 |
Self Cites | 2022 | 17 |
Self Cites | 2023 | 17 |
Total Cites | 1999 | 204 |
Total Cites | 2000 | 299 |
Total Cites | 2001 | 222 |
Total Cites | 2002 | 270 |
Total Cites | 2003 | 228 |
Total Cites | 2004 | 182 |
Total Cites | 2005 | 207 |
Total Cites | 2006 | 281 |
Total Cites | 2007 | 348 |
Total Cites | 2008 | 353 |
Total Cites | 2009 | 382 |
Total Cites | 2010 | 402 |
Total Cites | 2011 | 269 |
Total Cites | 2012 | 320 |
Total Cites | 2013 | 253 |
Total Cites | 2014 | 250 |
Total Cites | 2015 | 268 |
Total Cites | 2016 | 285 |
Total Cites | 2017 | 278 |
Total Cites | 2018 | 287 |
Total Cites | 2019 | 257 |
Total Cites | 2020 | 331 |
Total Cites | 2021 | 435 |
Total Cites | 2022 | 548 |
Total Cites | 2023 | 603 |
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
Cites | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
External Cites per document | 1999 | 0.245 |
External Cites per document | 2000 | 0.439 |
External Cites per document | 2001 | 0.302 |
External Cites per document | 2002 | 0.391 |
External Cites per document | 2003 | 0.386 |
External Cites per document | 2004 | 0.348 |
External Cites per document | 2005 | 0.357 |
External Cites per document | 2006 | 0.433 |
External Cites per document | 2007 | 0.455 |
External Cites per document | 2008 | 0.444 |
External Cites per document | 2009 | 0.596 |
External Cites per document | 2010 | 0.753 |
External Cites per document | 2011 | 0.513 |
External Cites per document | 2012 | 0.717 |
External Cites per document | 2013 | 0.709 |
External Cites per document | 2014 | 1.000 |
External Cites per document | 2015 | 1.090 |
External Cites per document | 2016 | 1.207 |
External Cites per document | 2017 | 1.251 |
External Cites per document | 2018 | 1.378 |
External Cites per document | 2019 | 1.368 |
External Cites per document | 2020 | 1.870 |
External Cites per document | 2021 | 2.577 |
External Cites per document | 2022 | 3.238 |
External Cites per document | 2023 | 3.617 |
Cites per document | 1999 | 0.406 |
Cites per document | 2000 | 0.556 |
Cites per document | 2001 | 0.399 |
Cites per document | 2002 | 0.503 |
Cites per document | 2003 | 0.458 |
Cites per document | 2004 | 0.409 |
Cites per document | 2005 | 0.440 |
Cites per document | 2006 | 0.524 |
Cites per document | 2007 | 0.546 |
Cites per document | 2008 | 0.574 |
Cites per document | 2009 | 0.698 |
Cites per document | 2010 | 0.850 |
Cites per document | 2011 | 0.555 |
Cites per document | 2012 | 0.786 |
Cites per document | 2013 | 0.791 |
Cites per document | 2014 | 1.078 |
Cites per document | 2015 | 1.202 |
Cites per document | 2016 | 1.284 |
Cites per document | 2017 | 1.318 |
Cites per document | 2018 | 1.428 |
Cites per document | 2019 | 1.412 |
Cites per document | 2020 | 1.959 |
Cites per document | 2021 | 2.669 |
Cites per document | 2022 | 3.341 |
Cites per document | 2023 | 3.722 |
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.
Year | International Collaboration |
---|---|
1999 | 28.28 |
2000 | 25.13 |
2001 | 18.42 |
2002 | 20.13 |
2003 | 19.40 |
2004 | 23.16 |
2005 | 28.89 |
2006 | 26.38 |
2007 | 30.97 |
2008 | 21.02 |
2009 | 27.95 |
2010 | 23.95 |
2011 | 17.72 |
2012 | 29.73 |
2013 | 25.32 |
2014 | 25.71 |
2015 | 21.92 |
2016 | 23.53 |
2017 | 23.33 |
2018 | 25.93 |
2019 | 36.36 |
2020 | 22.22 |
2021 | 23.64 |
2022 | 30.19 |
2023 | 20.41 |
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Non-citable documents | 1999 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2000 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2001 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2002 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2003 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2004 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2005 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2006 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2007 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2008 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2009 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2010 | 5 |
Non-citable documents | 2011 | 6 |
Non-citable documents | 2012 | 6 |
Non-citable documents | 2013 | 3 |
Non-citable documents | 2014 | 3 |
Non-citable documents | 2015 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2016 | 1 |
Non-citable documents | 2017 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2018 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2019 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2020 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2021 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2022 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2023 | 0 |
Citable documents | 1999 | 501 |
Citable documents | 2000 | 536 |
Citable documents | 2001 | 555 |
Citable documents | 2002 | 536 |
Citable documents | 2003 | 497 |
Citable documents | 2004 | 444 |
Citable documents | 2005 | 469 |
Citable documents | 2006 | 536 |
Citable documents | 2007 | 636 |
Citable documents | 2008 | 614 |
Citable documents | 2009 | 545 |
Citable documents | 2010 | 468 |
Citable documents | 2011 | 479 |
Citable documents | 2012 | 401 |
Citable documents | 2013 | 317 |
Citable documents | 2014 | 229 |
Citable documents | 2015 | 221 |
Citable documents | 2016 | 221 |
Citable documents | 2017 | 211 |
Citable documents | 2018 | 201 |
Citable documents | 2019 | 182 |
Citable documents | 2020 | 169 |
Citable documents | 2021 | 163 |
Citable documents | 2022 | 164 |
Citable documents | 2023 | 162 |
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Uncited documents | 1999 | 362 |
Uncited documents | 2000 | 322 |
Uncited documents | 2001 | 412 |
Uncited documents | 2002 | 348 |
Uncited documents | 2003 | 361 |
Uncited documents | 2004 | 311 |
Uncited documents | 2005 | 337 |
Uncited documents | 2006 | 357 |
Uncited documents | 2007 | 409 |
Uncited documents | 2008 | 398 |
Uncited documents | 2009 | 308 |
Uncited documents | 2010 | 237 |
Uncited documents | 2011 | 308 |
Uncited documents | 2012 | 206 |
Uncited documents | 2013 | 178 |
Uncited documents | 2014 | 97 |
Uncited documents | 2015 | 92 |
Uncited documents | 2016 | 83 |
Uncited documents | 2017 | 74 |
Uncited documents | 2018 | 61 |
Uncited documents | 2019 | 70 |
Uncited documents | 2020 | 42 |
Uncited documents | 2021 | 29 |
Uncited documents | 2022 | 25 |
Uncited documents | 2023 | 26 |
Cited documents | 1999 | 141 |
Cited documents | 2000 | 216 |
Cited documents | 2001 | 144 |
Cited documents | 2002 | 189 |
Cited documents | 2003 | 137 |
Cited documents | 2004 | 134 |
Cited documents | 2005 | 133 |
Cited documents | 2006 | 179 |
Cited documents | 2007 | 228 |
Cited documents | 2008 | 217 |
Cited documents | 2009 | 239 |
Cited documents | 2010 | 236 |
Cited documents | 2011 | 177 |
Cited documents | 2012 | 201 |
Cited documents | 2013 | 142 |
Cited documents | 2014 | 135 |
Cited documents | 2015 | 131 |
Cited documents | 2016 | 139 |
Cited documents | 2017 | 137 |
Cited documents | 2018 | 140 |
Cited documents | 2019 | 112 |
Cited documents | 2020 | 127 |
Cited documents | 2021 | 134 |
Cited documents | 2022 | 139 |
Cited documents | 2023 | 136 |
Evolution of the percentage of female authors.
Year | Female Percent |
---|---|
1999 | 35.61 |
2000 | 38.10 |
2001 | 42.58 |
2002 | 37.06 |
2003 | 35.42 |
2004 | 46.56 |
2005 | 39.22 |
2006 | 39.31 |
2007 | 37.79 |
2008 | 41.35 |
2009 | 41.45 |
2010 | 42.34 |
2011 | 38.49 |
2012 | 43.86 |
2013 | 41.16 |
2014 | 43.27 |
2015 | 45.09 |
2016 | 45.88 |
2017 | 41.91 |
2018 | 42.04 |
2019 | 51.97 |
2020 | 41.00 |
2021 | 40.98 |
2022 | 49.10 |
2023 | 50.87 |
Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Overton | 1999 | 4 |
Overton | 2000 | 5 |
Overton | 2001 | 1 |
Overton | 2002 | 0 |
Overton | 2003 | 4 |
Overton | 2004 | 5 |
Overton | 2005 | 8 |
Overton | 2006 | 5 |
Overton | 2007 | 3 |
Overton | 2008 | 2 |
Overton | 2009 | 3 |
Overton | 2010 | 6 |
Overton | 2011 | 1 |
Overton | 2012 | 2 |
Overton | 2013 | 0 |
Overton | 2014 | 0 |
Overton | 2015 | 1 |
Overton | 2016 | 0 |
Overton | 2017 | 3 |
Overton | 2018 | 0 |
Overton | 2019 | 0 |
Overton | 2020 | 0 |
Overton | 2021 | 0 |
Overton | 2022 | 0 |
Overton | 2023 | 0 |
Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
SDG | 2018 | 9 |
SDG | 2019 | 5 |
SDG | 2020 | 6 |
SDG | 2021 | 13 |
SDG | 2022 | 14 |
SDG | 2023 | 9 |
Leave a comment
Name * Required
Email (will not be published) * Required
* Required Cancel
The users of Scimago Journal & Country Rank have the possibility to dialogue through comments linked to a specific journal. The purpose is to have a forum in which general doubts about the processes of publication in the journal, experiences and other issues derived from the publication of papers are resolved. For topics on particular articles, maintain the dialogue through the usual channels with your editor.
Follow us on @ScimagoJR Scimago Lab , Copyright 2007-2024. Data Source: Scopus®
Cookie settings
Cookie Policy
Legal Notice
Privacy Policy
Essential Oils
- First Online: 08 June 2019
Cite this chapter
- Muhammad Asif Hanif 2 ,
- Shafaq Nisar 2 ,
- Ghufrana Samin Khan 3 ,
- Zahid Mushtaq 4 &
- Muhammad Zubair 5
3857 Accesses
57 Citations
In this chapter, essential oil (EO) sources, chemistry, extraction methods, analysis, biological activities, applications, risks, and dangers are described in detail. Essential oils (EOs) are highly concentrated materials extracted from leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, roots, fruit rinds, resins, or barks. EOs are frequently used for their therapeutic, odoriferous, and flavor properties, in an extensive selection of products like cosmetics, foods, and medicines. Extraction of EOs is one of the most effort-requiring and time-consuming processes. In this chapter, different methods like maceration, cold pressing, solvent extraction, enfleurage, hydrodistillation, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and supercritical CO 2 extraction, turbo distillation, and steam distillation are discussed. Furthermore, biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, etc.) and application of EOs in different fields (agriculture, industry, medicine etc.) are provided in detail.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Subscribe and save.
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
- Available as PDF
- Read on any device
- Instant download
- Own it forever
- Available as EPUB and PDF
- Compact, lightweight edition
- Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
- Free shipping worldwide - see info
- Durable hardcover edition
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Institutional subscriptions
Similar content being viewed by others
Essential Oils and Their General Aspects, Extractions and Aroma Recovery
Essential Oils from Plants: Industrial Applications and Biotechnological Production
Essential Oils Extracted from Medicinal Plants and Their Applications
Ahmed S, Eapen M (1986) Vapour toxicity and repellency of some essential oils to insect pests. Indian Perfumer 30:273–278
CAS Google Scholar
Aruoma OI (1998) Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75:199–212
Article CAS Google Scholar
Baser KHC, Franz C (2010) Essential oils used in veterinary medicine. In: Baser KHC (ed) Handbook of essential oils. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 881–894
Google Scholar
Bordia A (1981) Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 34:2100–2103
Brenner DM (1993) Perilla: botany, uses and genetic resources. In: Janick J, Simon JE (eds) New crops. Wiley, New York, pp 322–328
Burt S (2004) Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. Int J Food Microbiol 94:223–253
Carson C, Riley T (1995) Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Appl Bacteriol 78:264–269
Cassel E, Vargas R, Martinez N, Lorenzo D, Dellacassa E (2009) Steam distillation modeling for essential oil extraction process. Ind Crop Prod 29:171–176
Cox S, Mann C, Markham J, Bell H, Gustafson J, Warmington J, Wyllie S (2000) The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J Appl Microbiol 88:170–175
Dale D, Saradamma K (1981) Insect antifeedant of some essential oils. Pesticides 15:21–22
DeAngelis LM (2001) Brain tumors. N Engl J Med 344:114–123
Denyer S (1991) Biocide-induced damage to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. In: Mechanisms of action of chemical biocides. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford/Boston, pp 171–188
Dorman H, Deans SG (2000) Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 88:308–316
Edris AE (2007) Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytother Res 21:308–323
Guenther E (2013) The essential oils-vol 1: history-origin in plants-production-analysis. Read Books Ltd, New York
Gustafson J, Liew YC, Chew S, Markham J, Bell HC, Wyllie SG, Warmington J (1998) Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 26:194–198
Isman MB, Koul O, Luczynski A, Kaminski J (1990) Insecticidal and antifeedant bioactivities of neem oils and their relationship to azadirachtin content. J Agric Food Chem 38:1406–1411
Knobloch K, Weigand H, Weis N, Schwarm H, Vigenschow H (1986) Action of terpenoids on energy metabolism. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany
Book Google Scholar
Koh K, Pearce A, Marshman G, Finlay-Jones J, Hart P (2002) Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 147:1212–1217
Lambert R, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJ (2001) A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl Microbiol 91:453–462
Marques CA, Leitão GG, Bizzo HR, Peixoto AL, Vieira RC (2009) Anatomy and essential oil analysis of the leaves from Hennecartia omphalandra J. Poisson (Monimiaceae). Rev Bras 19:95–105
Maruyama N, Sekimoto Y, Ishibashi H, Inouye S, Oshima H, Yamaguchi H, Abe S (2005) Suppression of neutrophil accumulation in mice by cutaneous application of geranium essential oil. J Inflamm 2:1
Article Google Scholar
Mateeva A, Karov S (1983) Studies on the insecticidal effect of some essential oils. Nauchni Trudove-Vissh Selskost Inst Vasil Kolarov 28:129–139
Milner JA (2001) A historical perspective on garlic and cancer. J Nutr 131:1027S–1031S
Milner JA (2006) Preclinical perspectives on garlic and cancer. J Nutr 136:827S–831S
Moon T, Wilkinson JM, Cavanagh HM (2006) Antiparasitic activity of two Lavandula essential oils against Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Hexamita inflata. Parasitol Res 99:722–728
Novgorodov SA, Gudz TI (1996) Permeability transition pore of the inner mitochondrial membrane can operate in two open states with different selectivities. J Bioenerg Biomembr 28:139–146
Oussalah M, Caillet S, Lacroix M (2006) Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon, and savory essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot 69:1046–1055
Pauli A (2001) Antimicrobial properties of essential oil constituents. Int J Aromather 11:126–133
Rao VPS, Pandey D (2007). A project report on Extraction of essential oil and its applications for Bachelor of Technology (Chemical Engineering) at Department of Chemical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008 Orissa, India
Regnault-Roger C (1997) The potential of botanical essential oils for insect pest control. Integr Pest Manag Rev 2:25–34
Regnault-Roger C, Hamraoui A (1995) Fumigant toxic activity and reproductive inhibition induced by monoterpenes on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)(Coleoptera), a bruchid of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J Stored Prod Res 31:291–299
Reverchon E (1997) Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of essential oils and related products. J Supercrit Fluids 10:1–37
Rim I-S, Jee C-H (2006) Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) and qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal). Korean J Parasitol 44:133
Sikkema J, de Bont JA, Poolman B (1994) Interactions of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes. J Biol Chem 269:8022–8028
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Turina ADV, Nolan M, Zygadlo J, Perillo M (2006) Natural terpenes: self-assembly and membrane partitioning. Biophys Chem 122:101–113
Ultee A, Bennik M, Moezelaar R (2002) The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1561–1568
Yoon HS, Moon SC, Kim ND, Park BS, Jeong MH, Yoo YH (2000) Genistein induces apoptosis of RPE-J cells by opening mitochondrial PTP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 276:151–156
Zellner BDA, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L (2010) Analysis of essential oils. In: Handbook of essential oils. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 151–184
Download references
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
Nano and Biomaterials Lab (NBL), Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Asif Hanif & Shafaq Nisar
Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology (Lahore), Faisalabad, Pakistan
Ghufrana Samin Khan
Bioactive Molecules Research Lab (BMRL), Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Zahid Mushtaq
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
Muhammad Zubair
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Editor information
Editors and affiliations.
ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
Sonia Malik
Rights and permissions
Reprints and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Hanif, M.A., Nisar, S., Khan, G.S., Mushtaq, Z., Zubair, M. (2019). Essential Oils. In: Malik, S. (eds) Essential Oil Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16546-8_1
Download citation
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16546-8_1
Published : 08 June 2019
Publisher Name : Springer, Cham
Print ISBN : 978-3-030-16545-1
Online ISBN : 978-3-030-16546-8
eBook Packages : Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)
Share this chapter
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
- Publish with us
Policies and ethics
- Find a journal
- Track your research
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
- Publications
- Account settings
Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .
- Advanced Search
- Journal List
- Yale J Biol Med
- v.93(2); 2020 Jun
Focus: Plant-based Medicine and Pharmacology
Essential oils and health, j. tyler ramsey.
a Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, NC
B. Carrie Shropshire
Tibor r. nagy, kevin d. chambers.
b Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
Kenneth S. Korach
Essential oils (EOs) have risen in popularity over the past decade. These oils function in society as holistic integrative modalities to traditional medicinal treatments, where many Americans substitute EOs in place of other prescribed medications. EOs are found in a multitude of products including food flavoring, soaps, lotions, shampoos, hair styling products, cologne, laundry detergents, and even insect repellents. EOs are complex substances comprised of hundreds of components that can vary greatly in their composition depending upon the extraction process by the producer or the origin of the plant. Thus, making it difficult to determine which pathways in the body are affected. Here, we review the published research that shows the health benefits of EOs as well as some of their adverse effects. In doing so, we show that EOs, as well as some of their individual components, possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties as well as purported psychogenic effects such as relieving stress, treating depression, and aiding with insomnia. Not only do we show the health benefits of using EOs, but we also indicate risks associated with their use such as their endocrine disrupting properties leading to the induction of premature breast growth in young adolescents. Taken together, there are many positive and potentially negative risks to human health associated with EOs, which make it important to bring awareness to all their known effects on the human body.
Introduction
The essential oil (EO) industry developed into a highly active and successful market over the past decade [ 1 ]. Many individuals use essential oil containing commodities regularly, including food flavoring, soaps, lotions, shampoos, hair-styling products, cologne, and laundry detergents [ 2 ]. Many people seems to deem essential oils as safe alternatives to more invasive pharmacological forms of treatment due to the concept that they are more “natural.” However, only a modest amount of research has been conducted on essential oils. This leaves the potential beneficial and/or adverse effects unclear, making it necessary to investigate these oils in order to verify their true effects on human health.
There are many methods by which EO exposure can occur including inhalation, ingestion, massage, and skin applications, [ 3 , 4 ]. EOs are known for many of their health effects such as their antibacterial, antibiotic, and antiviral properties [ 3 , 5 - 9 ]. They are also known for relieving stress and have been used in multiple treatments such as sleep disorders, Alzheimer disease, cardiovascular issues, cancer, and labor pain in pregnancy [ 3 , 5 - 12 ]. Furthermore, they are also known for their insect repellent properties and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activity [ 11 , 13 - 15 ]. Most essential oils are generally safe. The majority of adverse effects are mild, but there have been cases of serious toxic reactions including abortions and pregnancy abnormalities, neurotoxicity, bronchial hyperactivity, hepatotoxicity, prepubertal gynecomastia, and premature thelarche [ 16 - 19 ].
EOs are complex substances, comprised of multi-component mixtures that contains hundreds of chemicals. The oils are typically extracted by steam distillation of plant material [ 2 , 20 - 22 ]. In an individual oil, up to 400 substances can be identified, or even more when the finest analytical equipment is utilized [ 20 ]. In a publication of Contact Dermatitis , 4350 chemicals were found in 91 EOs [ 23 ]. The composition of an EO can vary considerably between producers as well as between the same producer. Many of the factors that can change an EO chemical composition includes the species, origin, climate, soil conditions, fertilization, and mode of production. Terpenes are the biggest class of chemicals found in essential oils. This group of chemicals are created from 5-carbon isoprene units. Larger, more sophisticated molecules, can be constructed in biosynthesis from terpenes to make linear-chained chemicals with one or more ring structures [ 20 ]. There are several classes of terpenes, however, the most important in essential oils are the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes [ 20 ]. The distinct smell of an EO is produced from these two groups of chemicals. Modification of a terpene or sesquiterpenes, typically from oxidation or rearranging the skeletal structure of the molecule, yields different terpenoids. The oxidation reactions are most important, which create many subgroups such as alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, ethers, and ketones [ 20 , 24 , 25 ]. Thus, these oils are widely variable in their composition and make it difficult to assess the health effects each time they may be used.
Endocrine Disrupting Activities
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) is an exogenous agent that interferes with the production, release, transport, metabolism, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis and the regulation of developmental processes [ 26 , 27 ]. An EDC may interfere with hormone action by several mechanisms and can be quite complex. The chemicals may bind to hormone receptors and act directly as an agonist or antagonist, exert indirect agonist or antagonist actions, or may bind to allosteric sites and yield unanticipated effects at very low concentrations [ 28 ]. In addition, these chemicals are known to interfere with hormone synthesis, metabolism, transport, and degradation [ 28 ].
In previous reports, essential oils have been determined to act as an EDC [ 16 - 18 ]. Essential oils have been demonstrated to act as an agonist to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and antagonist to the androgen receptor (AR) [ 16 - 18 ]. Additionally, these studies have provided support to a suspected link between abnormal breast growth in adolescents, termed prepubertal gynecomastia and premature thelarche, and regular topical exposure to lavender or tea tree oil hygiene commodities [ 16 - 18 ]. Premature thelarche, the most common pubertal disorder in prepubescent girls, which is defined as isolated breast growth before 8 years of age without any other signs of puberty.
Gynecomastia is suspected to have many etiologies. Selected drugs and environmental exposures such as alcohol, heroin, marijuana, amphetamines, antiulcer medications, antibiotics, cancer agents, cardiovascular drugs, and psychoactive drugs have been identified as possible hormonal mimics for the estrogen and androgen receptors [ 16 - 18 ]. The mechanism by which those drugs disrupt the endocrine system is poorly defined but could also involve altering steroidogenesis, with a resultant change in the balance between testosterone and estradiol (E2) levels, increasing proliferation of breast tissue and leading to the onset of gynecomastia [ 17 , 29 ].
Some EDCs act through nuclear hormonal receptors, while others initiate their effects through different mechanisms [ 30 ]. Previous studies have reported that ERα plays a crucial role in mammary gland development using knockout (KO) mouse models. In both aromatase KO mice that lack endogenous estrogen production and ERα knockout mice that lack functional ERα, impaired mammary gland development was exhibited [ 31 ]. This supports the view that estrogen-dependent, ERα-mediated actions are critical for mammary gland development and could be the reason for these observations seen in the prepubertal children [ 32 - 35 ]. Figure 1 demonstrates the proposed cellular mechanism of action in which these essential oils produce their biological effects on the human body.
Proposed Mechanism for EO and components Agonizing and Antagonizing the ERα and/or AR Receptor mechanisms. Estrogen or androgen hormones can elicit biological responses by interaction with cell membrane-based receptor proteins (GPR30 or R) to instigate intracellular agonist signaling mechanisms. The hormones can stimulate agonist activities by interacting with nuclear forms of the receptor proteins to stimulate DNA binding genomic mechanisms of gene regulation (direct or tethering). Nuclear hormone receptors can also be activated in a ligand independent mechanism by other intracellular signaling mechanisms ( e.g. Growth Factors). EO acting as endocrine disruptors can alter any of these possible cellular mechanisms.
Antimicrobial, Antiviral, and Antibiotic Effects
Essential oils are common natural products that can be used for various medical applications, and in combination with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, essential oils have been studied as potential antimicrobials agents [ 36 ]. These naturally occurring compounds are linked to having bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal activity in clinical trials. It has also been suggested that these plant extracts might not only be used to fight cutaneous infections for example, but also serve a role in the preservation of food due to their antimicrobial activity combined with their antioxidant property [ 36 , 37 ]. Table 1 provides a brief summary of certain common essential oils and the organisms targeted.
Thyme | Thymol | ||
Oregano | Carvacrol | ||
Garlic | Isothiocynate | ||
Lemon Balm | Linalool, myrcene, camphor | ||
Cinnamon | Cinnamaldehyde | ||
Lavender | Linalool, Linalyl acetate |
Bacterial infections remain a significant cause of mortality in the human population. This has triggered research into the exploration of alternative therapies against bacterial strains as the issue of antibiotic resistance has become more imminent even to the newest antibiotic drugs. The effect of antibacterial activity of essential oils may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal, but is difficult to distinguish these actions therefore activity is commonly measured as the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) or the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) [ 38 , 39 ]. The mechanism of antibacterial action is facilitated by a succession of biochemical reactions within the bacterial cell that are dependent on the type of chemical constituents present in the essential oil. Due to these compounds being lipophilic, essential oils easily penetrate bacterial cell membranes and have been reported to disrupt critical processes of the cell membrane like nutrient processing, synthesis of structural molecules, emission of growth regulators, energy generation, and influences on the cell-cell communication quorum sensing network [ 4 , 39 , 40 ]. The list of specific bacteria targeted by the essential oils is expanding and include, but are not limited to, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus sphaericus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. typhi, Shiguella flexneri, and Yersinia enterocolitica [ 41 - 44 ] . Some of the essential oils commonly used come from garlic, ginger, clove, black pepper, green chile, cinnamon, clove, pimento, thyme, oregano, and rosemary [ 39 ].
Similarly to the effects on bacteria, essential oils have the ability to enter and interrupt the homeostasis of the fungal cell wall and cytoplasmic membranes, specifically the mitochondria [ 37 , 39 , 45 ]. One of the mechanisms suggested involves the penetration of essential oils into the mitochondrial membranes and changing the electron flow through the electron transport system, which in return disrupts the lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid contents of the fungal cells [ 46 ]. Another proposed mechanism is the depolarization of the mitochondrial membranes that decreases the membrane potential, affecting ion channels to reduce the pH and affect the proton pump leading to fungal cell apoptosis and necrosis [ 47 ]. Extracts from plants such as basil, clove, citrus, garlic, fennel, lemongrass, oregano, rosemary, and thyme have demonstrated their significant antifungal activity against a broad range of fungal human pathogens [ 48 ]. Some of the fungal pathogens affected include Candida acutus, C. albicans, C. apicola, C. catenulata, C. inconspicua, C. tropicalis, Rhodotorula rubra, Sacharomyces cerevisae, and Trignopsis variabilis, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Fusarium moniliforme [ 39 , 41 , 49 ].
Since viral infections are still a problem for human health and only a narrow number of drugs are effective, it has prompted researchers to explore new antiviral molecules that can attack these human pathological viruses. Detailed insight on the antiviral action of essential oils still requires more research. Essential oils might interfere with virion envelopment, which is designed for entry into human host cells, synthesis of viral proteins, inhibition of the early gene expression process, glycosylation process of viral proteins, and inhibition of virus replication by hindering cellular DNA polymerase [ 50 - 53 ]. Some of the pathogens targeted include many DNA and RNA viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), dengue virus type 2, Junin virus, influenza virus adenovirus type 3, poliovirus, rhinovirus, and coxsackievirus B1 [ 39 ]. Activities of essential oils extracted from Australian tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil, thyme oil, and many other medicinal and aromatic plants have been studied for their effect against viruses [ 39 , 45 ].
Insect Repelling Properties
Arthropod borne infectious diseases are found in zoonotic reservoirs such as birds and mammals. They are transmitted to humans via the bite of infected mosquitoes, midges, flies, fleas, and ticks [ 54 ]. Currently, there are few vaccinations available to prevent the transmission of arthropod borne infectious diseases; human transmission prevention relies on arthropod avoidance, insect repellents, and insecticides [ 54 ]. Consequently, development of safe and effective therapies against arthropod borne diseases is of utmost importance.
Insect repellents may be synthetic or organic and discourage insects from contact or biting [ 55 ]. Among the most commonly used repellents are synthetic repellents such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-3- methylbenzamide, formerly N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), which has recently raised concerns relating to its environmental, human health, and safety risks [ 11 , 56 ]. Thus, consumers are apprehensive of its use as well as the use of other synthetic repellents [ 49 ]. Therefore, plant EOs have been considered as an organic alternative to synthetic repellents such as DEET due to their improved safety and toxicity profiles to humans and the environment [ 11 , 57 , 58 ]. A comprehensive list of plant EOs exhibiting arthropod repellent properties may be found below in Table 2 [ 57 ].
Lamiaceae | Fresh leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Fresh leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Fresh leaves | Diptera | ||
Rutaceae | Dried fruits | Diptera | ||
Umbelliferae | Seed | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Dried foliage | Diptera | ||
Mirtaceae | Dried fruits | Diptera | ||
Compositae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Verbenaceae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Mirtaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Annonaceae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Annonaceae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Labiateae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Labiateae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Labiateae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Labiateae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Compositae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Compositae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Labiateae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Verbenaceae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Verbenaceae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Labiatae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Poaceae | Fresh aerial parts | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Shoot | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Shoot | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Shoot | Diptera | ||
Lauraceae | Bark | Diptera | ||
Lauraceae | Bark | Diptera | ||
Lauraceae | Bark | Diptera | ||
Graminae | N.I. | Diptera | ||
Zingiberaceae | Rhizomes | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Fresh leaves | Diptera | ||
Solanaceae | Fresh leaves | Diptera | ||
Zingiberaceae | Rhizomes | Diptera | ||
Poaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Rutaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Rutaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Commercial | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Commercial | Diptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Commercial | Diptera | ||
Myrtaceae | Commercial | Diptera | ||
Myrtaceae | Commercial | Diptera | ||
Myrtaceae | Commercial | Diptera | ||
Rutaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Poaceae | Leaves | Diptera | ||
Myrtaceae | Commercial product | Diptera | ||
Caryophyllaceae | Flowers | Diptera | ||
Caryophyllaceae | Flowers | Ixodida | ||
Ranunculaceae | Dried fruits | Coleoptera | ||
Umbelliferae | Dried fruits | Coleoptera | ||
Umbelliferae | Dried fruits | Coleoptera | ||
Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Coleoptera | ||
Asteraceae | Root | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Leaves, Flower, and Stems | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Spike | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Lauraceae | Bark | Coleoptera | ||
Lauraceae | Fruit | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Lauraceae | Immature fruits | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Flowering shoots | Coleoptera | ||
Myrtaceae | Leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Cupressaceae | Leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Whole flowering plants | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Whole flowering plants | Coleoptera | ||
Labiatae | Whole flowering plants | Coleoptera | ||
Umbelliferae | Stems and leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Lamiaceae | Fresh leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Asteraceae | Fresh leaves | Coleoptera | ||
Rutaceae | N.I. | Lepidoptera | ||
Alliaceae | N.I. | Lepidoptera | ||
Laminaceae | N.I. | Lepidoptera | ||
Asteraceae | N.I. | Lepidoptera | ||
Labiatae | Dried leaves | Phthiraptera | ||
Cupressaceae | Heartwood | Isoptera | ||
Cupressaceae | Sapwood | Isoptera | ||
Cupressaceae | Leaves | Isoptera | ||
Lamiaceae | N.I. | Thysanoptera |
N.I. information not available. Table adapted from Luz Stella Nerio; Repellent activity of essential oils: A review [ 57 ].
The components of EOs that have been shown to give them repellent activity are monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and alcohols [ 11 , 13 , 59 ]. Monoterpene repellent compounds include a-pinene, cineole, eugenol, limonene, terpinolene, citronellol, citronellal, camphor, and thymol [ 57 , 60 - 63 ]. β-caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene with repellent activity [ 57 , 64 ]. Phytol, phenylethyl alcohol, β-citronellol, cinnamyl alcohol, geraniol, and α-pinene are all alcohols with strong repellent activity [ 57 , 65 ]. These constituents have shown repellent activity against mosquitoes, specifically Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae , as well as ticks including Ixodes ricinus [ 57 ]. The combination of EOs from different plants is believed to lead to a synergistic activity, increasing the effectiveness of EOs as insect repellents when compared to individually isolated components [ 11 ]. This synergistic phenomenon has been observed when combining monoterpenes with sesquiterpenes [ 11 , 66 ]. Some EO plant combinations lead to a decrease in activity when compared to their individual use. This emphasizes the importance of examining and researching the minor constituents of EOs and their effect on repellency [ 11 ].
There are a multitude of plant EOs with repellent properties as seen in Table 2 . EOs are highly volatile compounds that exert their activity while in their vapor phase [ 11 , 67 , 68 ]; meaning their activity typically does not last long requiring frequent reapplication for a short protection time [ 11 ]. Scientists are currently developing means to retain the active components on the skin for longer periods of time [ 11 ]. Some current advances increasing repellency duration include cream-based formulations, polymer mixtures, microencapsulated extended release, fixative agents like vanillin, nanoparticle fabrication, and polymeric repellent patches [ 11 , 15 , 69 , 70 ].
Due to the above-mentioned use, the main concern regarding safety and toxicity of plant EOs is skin irritation. Other negative side effects noted have been asthma, contact dermatitis, headache, increased bleeding, eye-irritation, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity [ 11 ]. Citronella use has been banned in Europe and Canada since 2006 due to lack of safety information and the presence of methyl eugenol [ 11 ]. Methyl eugenol has shown carcinogenic traits in animal studies with no data available in human studies [ 11 , 71 ]. The US National Toxicology Program did state that methyl eugenol is “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen” [ 11 ]. Clove oil also contains methyl eugenol and has yet to be evaluated for carcinogenic properties. It is used not only in insect repellents, but in food, cosmetics, and medicines as well [ 11 ].
Plant EOs as insect repellents are of high interest due to their overall improved safety profile when compared to their synthetic counterparts such as DEET. The synergism observed when combining different plant EOs and the experimentation with things such as extended release formulations are extending the repellent activity of plant EOs. More research should be conducted noting plant EOs minor constituents and their contribution to repellency. Research is lacking in the health risks associated with plant EOs as insect repellents. Plant EOs are overall promising alternatives to synthetic compounds demonstrating a need for increased focus in the field of multiomics for their improvement and development.
Anti-Inflammation and Antioxidant Properties
Inflammation is the body’s response to noxious stimuli such as infection or tissue injury; the response depends on biological, chemical, and mechanisms [ 72 - 74 ]. EOs such as chamomile, eucalyptus, rosemary, lavender, millefolia, have been found to mediate the inflammatory response [ 14 ]; they have the ability to influence antioxidant activity, signaling cascades, cytokines, regulatory transcription factors, and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes [ 14 ]. The three main anti-inflammation properties of EOs include inhibition of arachidonic metabolism, cytokine production, and pro-inflammatory gene expression [ 14 ].
Arachidonic acid is released by the cell membrane via phospholipase A 2 as part of the inflammatory response and further metabolized through either the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway [ 14 ]. The COX pathway produces prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane A 2 while the LOX pathway produces leukotrienes (LTs) [ 14 ]. Inhibiting either pathway leads to a reduction in inflammation via reduction of PGs, thromboxane A 2, and LTs, key inflammatory mediators. Aloe vera, anise star, bergamot, cinnamon leaf, eucalyptus, juniperus berry, lavender , thyme, and ylang-ylang, are all EOs containing limonene, linalyl acetate, β- trans -caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, p -cymene, thymol, and eugenol which inhibit the LOX pathway [ 14 , 75 ]. EOs of the Salvia and Helichrysum species express 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and β-caryophyllene inhibiting 5-lipoxegenase [ 14 , 76 , 77 ]. Chamomile’s constituents chamazulene and α-bisabolol inhibit 5-lipoxegenase [ 14 , 78 ]. Alpinia murdochii , Alpinia scabra, and Alpinia pahangensis also inhibit 5-lipoxynease via their main components β-pinene, α-pinene, sabinene, γ-selinene, α-selinene, and α-panasinsen [ 14 , 79 ]. A common component of EOs, 1,8-Cineole, inhibits both LTs and PGs affecting both pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism [ 14 , 80 ]. Torreya nucifera contains δ-3-carene and α-pinene, selectively inhibiting the COX-2 pathway and PGE2 production [ 14 , 81 ]. Figure 2 organizes and summarizes EOs and their components effects on arachidonic acid metabolism.
Schematic representation of the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism via EOs and their constituents. COX= cyclooxygenase, LOX= lipoxygenase, HPETE= hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Figure adapted from Chapter 7, Pathogenesis and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Arachidonic Acid–Mediated Neuroinflammation [ 118 ].
The innate and adaptive immune response generates cytokines; cytokines play a major role in immune and inflammatory processes of the body [ 82 ]. Significant pro-inflammatory cytokines include interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-8 [ 14 ]. Cytokine signaling via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on Gram-negative bacterial cell walls, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) found on Gram-positive cell walls, and peptidoglycan leads to inflammation, tissue destruction, and loss of function [ 14 , 83 , 84 ]. EOs inhibit the (LPS)-induced secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α, including Cheistocalyx operculatus [ 14 , 85 ]. Tea tree oil’s main constituent terpinen-4-ol prevents the production of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and PGE2 via LPS [ 14 , 86 ]. Tea tree oil also prevents production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 while increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 [ 14 ]. Taxandria fragrans components 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and linalool inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 [ 14 , 87 ]. Components of the EO Cinnamomum osmophloeum 1,8-cineole, santoline, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide decrease production of IL-1β and IL-6 [ 14 ] . Rosmarinus officinalis EOs constituents 1,8-cineole , α-pinene, camphor, and p -cymene inhibit IL-6 production [ 14 , 88 ]. Cinnamomum osmophloeum EO contains cinnamaldehyde which obstructs IL-1β and TNF-α production [ 14 ]. Cordia verbenacea EO reduces TNF-α levels via components such as (-)- trans caryophyllene and α-humelene. IL-1β levels reduce TNF-α levels and are also affected by α-humelene [ 14 , 89 - 91 ]. Cryptomeria japonica oil inhibits IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α with components kaurene, elemol, γ-eudesmol, and sabinene [ 14 , 92 ]. Artemisia fukudo and its constituents α-Thujone, β-thujone, camphor, and caryophyllene inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [ 75 ]. Both eugenol from Syzygium aromaticum and citral from Cymbopogon citratus decrease secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 [ 14 ]. Eugenol also prevents secretion of TNF-α and PGE 2 [ 14 ]. Cinnamomum insularimontanum inhibits TNF-α through the action of citral. Myristicin from nutmeg oil inhibits TNF-α release [ 14 ]. Pterodon emarginatus oil contains trans -Caryophyllene, β-elemene, and germacrene reducing IL-1 and TNF-α levels. Thyme containing p -cymene and thymol and oregano containing carvacrol inhibit IL-1β and IL-6 [ 93 ]. All of the above mentioned EOs and EO constituents act as antagonists to pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. A summary of those constituents and their activities may be found in Table 3 .
IL-1β | Macrophages, monocytes | Pro-inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation | tea tree oil, terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, santoline, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, thyme, thymol, sabinene citral, kaurene, elemol,γ-eudesmol, eugenol, lemongrass, , β- elemene, trans- caryophyllene, -cymene, oregano, carvacrol |
IL-6 | Macrophages, T-cells, adipocyte | Pro-inflammation, differentiation, cytokine production | thyme, sabinene, Citral, kaurene, elemol,γ-eudesmol, eugenol, thymol, -cymene, oregano, carvacrol |
IL-8 | Macrophages, epithelial cells, endothelial cells | Pro-inflammation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis | Tea tree oil, terpinen-4-ol |
TNF-α | Macrophages, NK cells, CD4+ lymphocytes, adipocyte | Pro-inflammation, cytokine production, apoptosis, anti-infection, cell proliferation | tea tree oil, terpinen-4-ol, T 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, linalool, Citral, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, kaurene, elemol,γ-eudesmol, α-Thujone, β-thujone, camphor, caryophyllene, myristicin, nutmeg oil, germacrene, |
Table adapted from Linlin Chen: Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs [ 117 ].
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical produced either enzymatically or non-enzymatically. Enzymatic production of NO via NO synthase is a redox reaction that breaks down L-arginine to L-citrulline and NO; the reaction requires oxygen and NADPH [ 94 ]. Non-enzymatically, NO is produced from nitrite under acidic conditions such as ischemia [ 94 ]. NO modulates the inflammatory response by regulating transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, Jak-STAT, bacterial transcription factors, in addition to monitoring the levels of neutrophils, and eosinophils [ 94 ]. EOs Teucrium brevifolia and Teucrium montbretia directly inhibit NO production thus inhibiting the inflammatory response; spathulenol, δ-cadinene, carvacrol, 4-vinyl guaiacol, and caryophyllene oxide are their constituents [ 14 ]. Fortunella japonica and Citrus sunki, both containing limonene, also inhibit NO production and inflammation [ 14 ]. Origanum ehrenbergii oil with thymol and p- cymene exhibits NO inhibition, along with citrus peel and Distichoselinum tenuifolium, composed of myrcene [ 95 ] . EOs Cryptomeria japonica, Abies koreana, Farfugium japonicum, Illicium anisatum, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cinnamomum insularimontanum, and Juniperus oxycedrus and constituents 1-undecene, 1-nonene, β-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole were all found to inhibit NO production [ 14 ]. Regulation of NO and inflammation via inhibition of NF-kB transcription has been observed by EOs including Pimpinella, Artemisia fukudo, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Juniperus oxycedrus [ 14 ]. Their constituents include α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor, caryophyllene, anethole, eugenol, α-pinene, and isoeugenol [ 14 ].
Psychological Effects
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry with associated psychic and somatic symptoms [ 96 ]. GAD is a common condition that can lead to significant personal and social impairment [ 97 ]. Current treatment modalities for GAD include cognitive behavioral therapy, as well as medical therapy primarily with benzodiazepines or antidepressants [ 98 ]. Essential oils represent a potential new treatment category for GAD. Animal models have demonstrated anxiolytic properties in certain essential oils including Lavendula angustifolia , Citrus sinensis, and Citrus aurantium subspecies bergamia [ 99 ]. These properties have been demonstrated to be replicable in human clinical trials [ 100 - 102 ]. The method of administration also appears to play a role in the effectiveness of these products, with the three most common administration routes being inhalation, oral, and topical. Anosmia models have been used in experimental animal studies that show the anxiolytic effects of lavender still occurs even if the olfactory receptors have been disabled [ 103 ]. Studies are beginning to elucidate the mechanism of action of essential oils. Many essential oils exert their central nervous system pharmacological properties through interactions with serotonin receptors, the GABAergic system, and voltage-gated Na + channels [ 104 ]. Inhalation of bergamot ( Citrus bergamia ) oil could regulate the blood pressure and heart rate of healthy volunteers [ 105 ]. Lemon essence has been studied in palliative care patients and was shown to increase heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate in both conscious and unconscious patients, while lavender oil was found to have opposing effects [ 106 ]. Interestingly, some essential oils have been associated with worsened anxiety symptoms. Specifically, lemon essence was shown to worsen nociceptive and anxiety responses in rats [ 107 ].
One challenge to studying the effects of essential oils has been isolating the active compounds. Harvesting essential oils from their natural reservoirs presents a challenge in ensuring standardization of components as chemical composition can vary based on numerous factors including, geographical location and timing of harvest [ 108 ]. In a study of Satureja oil, varying chemical compositions were isolated from members of the same genus of plant, which led to significant changes in anxiolytic effects [ 109 ]. Another challenge has been the inherent bias present through inhalation methods, as adequate blinding is difficult to achieve due to the recognizable nature of many essential oils. However, oral essential oil products like Silexan have been used in randomized double-blind studies and demonstrated statistically significant anxiolytic activity [ 110 ]. Silexan has even been shown to be as effective in reducing anxiety symptoms as paroxetine and lorazepam, with additional improvement in comorbid depression and impaired sleep [ 111 ].
Depression is an extremely prevalent mental health disorder characterized by decreased mood, loss of interest, hopelessness, and impaired social function [ 112 ]. Traditional antidepressant medication functions through neurotransmitter modulation, but many patients do not experience complete remission of symptoms with monotherapy alone [ 113 ]. There have been many studies researching other natural products as alternative antidepressant therapies, specifically St John’s Wart. St John’s Wart is superior to placebo in improving depression symptoms and not significantly different from antidepressant medication [ 114 ]. Essential oils represent a potential additional treatment modality for depression [ 115 ]. Lavender oil specifically has been shown to ameliorate the depression-like behavior induced by the chronic administration of corticosterone [ 115 ].
Concluding Remarks
EOs have a variety of effects on human health. As it has been demonstrated in many studies, these oils have many psychological effects such as reducing anxiety, treating depression, and even aid with falling asleep. Additionally, they have also been shown to possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and used as an alternative to synthetic insect repellents. As there are many proven health benefits to essential oils, there are also adverse effects. It has been shown that certain essential oils and their components contain EDCs which appear to have enhanced breast growth in prepubertal children. Taken together, there has been a great amount of research performed in the essential oil field but considering their multitude of components and the spectrum of possible activities there is still a vast amount unknown about their true effects on human health.
AR | androgen receptor |
COX | cyclooxygenase |
DEET | N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, formerly N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide |
EDC | endocrine disrupting chemical |
EO | essential oil |
ERα | estrogen receptor alpha |
GAD | generalized anxiety disorder |
HSV | herpes simplex virus |
IL | interleukin |
KO | knock out |
LOX | lipoxygenase |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
LT | leukotrienes |
LTA | lipoteichoic acid |
MBC | minimum bactericidal concentration |
MIC | minimum inhibitory concentration |
NO | nitric oxide |
PG | prostaglandins |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor. |
Our research support was provided by the Division of Intramural Research of NIEHS to KSK through 1ZIAES070065.
Author Contributions
JTR, BCS, TRN, and KDC wrote the original manuscript draft. JTR, BCS, TRN, KDC, YL, and KSK edited the manuscript.
- Essential Oils Market Size , Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Cleaning & Home, Medical, Food & Beverages, Spa & Relaxation), By Product, By Sales Channel, And Segment Forecasts, 2019 - 2025. Grand View Research ; 2019.
- de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Essential Oils, Part I: Introduction . Dermatitis . 2016; 27 ( 2 ):39-42. doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000175. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Ali B, Al-Wabel NA, Shams S, Ahamad A, Khan SA, Anwar F. Essential oils used in aromatherapy . Syst Rev . 2015:601–11. [ Google Scholar ]
- Svoboda KP, Deans SG. Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Selected Aromatic Plants. 1995: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium; 10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.390.28 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Jimbo D, Kimura Y, Taniguchi M, Inoue M, Urakami K. Effect of aromatherapy on patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics . 2009; 9 ( 4 ):173-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00299.x [doi]. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Lai TK, Cheung MC, Lo CK, Ng KL, Fung YH, Tong M, et al. Effectiveness of aroma massage on advanced cancer patients with constipation: a pilot study [doi]. Complement Ther Clin Pract . 2011. February; 17 ( 1 ):37–43. 10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.02.004 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Perry N, Perry E. Aromatherapy in the management of psychiatric disorders: clinical and neuropharmacological perspectives. CNS drugs . 2006; 20 ( 4 ):257-80. doi: 2041 [pii]. 10.2165/00023210-200620040-00001 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Shiina Y, Funabashi N, Lee K, Toyoda T, Sekine T, Honjo S, et al. Relaxation effects of lavender aromatherapy improve coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy men evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Int J Cardiol. 2008; 129 ( 2 ):193-7. doi: S0167-5273(07)01261-2 [pii]. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.06.064 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Smith CA, Collins CT, Crowther CA. Aromatherapy for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev . 2011;(7):CD009215. doi(7):CD009215. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009215 [doi]. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Hwang E, Shin S. The effects of aromatherapy on sleep improvement: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis [doi]. J Altern Complement Med . 2015. February; 21 ( 2 ):61–8. 10.1089/acm.2014.0113 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Lee MY. Essential Oils as Repellents against Arthropods . BioMed Res Int . 2018. October; 2018 :6860271–9. 10.1155/2018/6860271 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Marchand L. Integrative and complementary therapies for patients with advanced cancer [doi]. Ann Palliat Med . 2014. July; 3 ( 3 ):160–71. 10.3978/j.issn.2224-5820.2014.07.01 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Sritabutra D, Soonwera M. Repellent activity of herbal essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say.) . Asian Pac J Trop Dis . 2013. August; 3 ( 4 ):271–6. [ Google Scholar ]
- Miguel MG. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils: a short review . Molecules . 2010. December; 15 ( 12 ):9252–87. 10.3390/molecules15129252 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Songkro S, Jenboonlap M, Boonprasertpon M, Maneenuan D, Bouking K, Kaewnopparat N. Effects of glucam P-20, vanillin, and fixolide on mosquito repellency of citronella oil lotions . J Med Entomol . 2012. May; 49 ( 3 ):672–7. 10.1603/ME11141 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Diaz A, Luque L, Badar Z, Kornic S, Danon M. Prepubertal gynecomastia and chronic lavender exposure: report of three cases [doi]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab . 2016. January; 29 ( 1 ):103–7. 10.1515/jpem-2015-0248 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. New Engl J Med . 2007; 356 ( 5 ):479-85. doi: 356/5/479 [pii]. 10.1056/NEJMoa064725 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Ramsey JT, Li Y, Arao Y, Naidu A, Coons LA, Diaz A, et al. Lavender Products Associated With Premature Thelarche and Prepubertal Gynecomastia: Case Reports and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Activities [doi]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2019. November; 104 ( 11 ):5393–405. 10.1210/jc.2018-01880 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Tisserand R, Young R. Essential Oil Safety - E-Book: A Guide for Health Care Professionals: Elsevier Health Sciences ; 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
- de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Essential Oils, Part III: Chemical Composition . Dermatitis . 2016; 27 ( 4 ):161-9. doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000193 [doi]. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Lawless J. The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: The Complete Guide to the Use of Aromatic Oils In Aromatherapy, Herbalism, Health, and Well Being : Red Wheel Weiser; 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
- Rhind JP, Pirie D. Essential Oils: A Handbook for Aromatherapy Practice . Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2012. [ Google Scholar ]
- de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition [doi]. Contact Dermat . 2016. September; 75 ( 3 ):129–43. 10.1111/cod.12591 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Schiller C, Schiller D. 500 Formulas for Aromatherapy: Mixing Essential Oils for Every use . New York: Sterling Pub.; 1994. 128 pp. [ Google Scholar ]
- Wildwood C. The Encyclopedia of Aromatherapy: Inner Traditions /Bear; 1996. [ Google Scholar ]
- Kavlock RJ, Daston GP, DeRosa C, Fenner-Crisp P, Gray LE, Kaattari S, et al. Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: a report of the U.S. EPA-sponsored workshop [doi]. Environ Health Perspect . 1996. August; 104 Suppl 4 :715–40. 10.1289/ehp.96104s4715 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Zoeller RT, Brown TR, Doan LL, Gore AC, Skakkebaek NE, Soto AM, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: a statement of principles from The Endocrine Society [doi]. Endocrinology . 2012. September; 153 ( 9 ):4097–110. 10.1210/en.2012-1422 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement [doi]. Endocr Rev . 2009. June; 30 ( 4 ):293–342. 10.1210/er.2009-0002 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia [doi]. N Engl J Med . 1993. February; 328 ( 7 ):490–5. 10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Deroo BJ, Korach KS. Estrogen receptors and human disease [doi]. J Clin Invest . 2006. March; 116 ( 3 ):561–70. 10.1172/JCI27987 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Tanos T, Rojo L, Echeverria P, Brisken C. ER and PR signaling nodes during mammary gland development . Breast Cancer Res . 2012; 14 ( 4 ):210. doi: 10.1186/bcr3166 [doi]. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Arendt LM, Kuperwasser C. Form and function: how estrogen and progesterone regulate the mammary epithelial hierarchy [doi]. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia . 2015. June; 20 ( 1-2 ):9–25. 10.1007/s10911-015-9337-0 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Bocchinfuso WP, Lindzey JK, Hewitt SC, Clark JA, Myers PH, Cooper R, et al. Induction of mammary gland development in estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice [doi]. Endocrinology . 2000. August; 141 ( 8 ):2982–94. 10.1210/endo.141.8.7609 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Chauchereau A, Savouret JF, Milgrom E. Control of biosynthesis and post-transcriptional modification of the progesterone receptor [doi]. Biol Reprod . 1992. February; 46 ( 2 ):174–7. 10.1095/biolreprod46.2.174 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Tekmal RR, Liu YG, Nair HB, Jones J, Perla RP, Lubahn DB, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha is required for mammary development and the induction of mammary hyperplasia and epigenetic alterations in the aromatase transgenic mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol . 2005; 95 ( 1-5 ):9-15. doi: S0960-0760(05)00174-3 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.007 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Deyno S, Mtewa AG, Abebe A, Hymete A, Makonnen E, Bazira J, et al. Essential oils as topical anti-infective agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Ther Med . 2019; 47 :102224. doi: S0965-2299(19)31268-3 [pii]. 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102224 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Valdivieso-Ugarte M, Gomez-Llorente C, Plaza-Diaz J, Gil A. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Essential Oils: A Systematic Review . Nutrients . 2019; 11 ( 11 ): 10.3390/nu11112786. doi: E2786 [pii]. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review [doi]. Int J Food Microbiol . 2004. August; 94 ( 3 ):223–53. 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Swamy MK, Akhtar MS, Sinniah UR. Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review . Evid Based Complement Alternat Med . 2016;2016:3012462. doi: 10.1155/2016/3012462 [doi]. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Oussalah M, Caillet S, Lacroix M. Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon, and savory essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes [doi]. J Food Prot . 2006. May; 69 ( 5 ):1046–55. 10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1046 10.4315/0362-028X-69.5.1046 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Arora DS, Kaur J. Antimicrobial activity of spices. Int J Antimicrob Agents . 1999; 12 ( 3 ):257-62. doi: S0924-8579(99)00074-6 [pii]. 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00074-6 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Elgayyar M, Draughon FA, Golden DA, Mount JR. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms [doi]. J Food Prot . 2001. July; 64 ( 7 ):1019–24. 10.4315/0362-028x-64.7.1019 10.4315/0362-028X-64.7.1019 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Ramos-Nino ME, Clifford MN, Adams MR. Quantitative structure activity relationship for the effect of benzoic acids, cinnamic acids and benzaldehydes on Listeria monocytogenes [doi]. J Appl Bacteriol . 1996. March; 80 ( 3 ):303–10. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03224.x [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Sakagami Y, Kaikoh S, Kajimura K, Yokoyama H. Inhibitory Effect of Clove Extract on Vero-Toxin Production by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coil O 157: H7 . Biocontrol Sci . 2000; 5 ( 1 ):47–9. 10.4265/bio.5.47 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Akhtar MS. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants against the pathogenic microorganisms: A review . Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 2 :1–7. [ Google Scholar ]
- Arnal-Schnebelen B, Hadji-Minaglou F, Peroteau JF, Ribeyre F, de Billerbeck VG. Essential oils in infectious gynaecological disease: a statistical study of 658 cases . 2004. pp. 192–7. [ Google Scholar ]
- Yoon HS, Moon SC, Kim ND, Park BS, Jeong MH, Yoo YH. Genistein induces apoptosis of RPE-J cells by opening mitochondrial PTP [doi]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2000. September; 276 ( 1 ):151–6. 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3445 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Kivanc M, Akgul A, Dogan A. Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of cumin, oregano and their essential oils on growth and acid production of Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Int Journal Food Microbiol . 1991; 13 ( 1 ):81-5. doi: 0168-1605(91)90140-K [pii]. 10.1016/0168-1605(91)90140-K [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Juglal S, Govinden R, Odhav B. Spice oils for the control of co-occurring mycotoxin-producing fungi [doi]. J Food Prot . 2002. April; 65 ( 4 ):683–7. 10.4315/0362-028x-65.4.683 10.4315/0362-028X-65.4.683 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Armaka M, Papanikolaou E, Sivropoulou A, Arsenakis M. Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 . Antiviral Research . 1999; 43 ( 2 ):79-92. doi: S0166-3542(99)00036-4 [pii]. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Benencia F, Courrèges MC. In vitro and in vivo activity of eugenol on human herpesvirus [pii]. Phytother Res . 2000. November; 14 ( 7 ):495–500. 10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7;2-8 10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<495::AID-PTR650>3.0.CO;2-8 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Ujita K, Takaishi Y. Characterization of antiviral activity of a sesquiterpene, triptofordin C-2 [doi]. J Antimicrob Chemother . 1996. April; 37 ( 4 ):759–68. 10.1093/jac/37.4.759 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Pusztai R, Hohmann J, Rédei D, Engi H, Molnár J. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus IE gene expression by dihydro-beta-agarofuran sesquiterpenes isolated from Euonymus species . In Vivo . 2008. Nov-Dec; 22 ( 6 ):787–92. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Diaz JH, Tm DF. Chemical and Plant-Based Insect Repellents: Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity . Wilderness Environ Med . 2016. March; 27 ( 1 ):153–63. 10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.007 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Debboun M, Strickman D. Insect repellents and associated personal protection for a reduction in human disease . Med Vet Entomol . 2013. March; 27 ( 1 ):1–9. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01020.x [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Bulbuli K. Comparative mode of action of some terpene compounds against octopamine receptor and acetyl cholinesterase of mosquito and human system by the help of homology modeling and Docking studies . J Appl Pharm Sci . 2013: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.30202 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E. Repellent activity of essential oils: a review . Bioresour Technol . 2010. January; 101 ( 1 ):372–8. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Tong F, Bloomquist JR. Plant essential oils affect the toxicities of carbaryl and permethrin against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) . J Med Entomol . 2013. July; 50 ( 4 ):826–32. 10.1603/ME13002 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Sathantriphop S, Achee NL, Sanguanpong U, Chareonviriyaphap T. The effects of plant essential oils on escape response and mortality rate of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus . J Vector Ecol . 2015. December; 40 ( 2 ):318–26. 10.1111/jvec.12170 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Amer A, Mehlhorn H. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes . Parasitol Res . 2006. September; 99 ( 4 ):478–90. 10.1007/s00436-006-0184-1 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Jaenson TG, Pålsson K, Borg-Karlson AK. Evaluation of extracts and oils of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) repellent plants from Sweden and Guinea-Bissau . J Med Entomol . 2006. January; 43 ( 1 ):113–9. 10.1093/jmedent/43.1.113 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Park BS, Choi WS, Kim JH, Kim KH, Lee SE. Monoterpenes from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as potential mosquito repellents . J Am Mosq Control Assoc . 2005. March; 21 ( 1 ):80–3. 10.2987/8756-971X(2005)21[80:MFTTVA]2.0.CO;2 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Yang YC, Lee EH, Lee HS, Lee DK, Ahn YJ. Repellency of aromatic medicinal plant extracts and a steam distillate to Aedes aegypti . J Am Mosq Control Assoc . 2004. June; 20 ( 2 ):146–9. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Gillij YG, Gleiser RM, Zygadlo JA. Mosquito repellent activity of essential oils of aromatic plants growing in Argentina . Bioresour Technol . 2008. May; 99 ( 7 ):2507–15. 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.066 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Tunón H, Thorsell W, Mikiver A, Malander I. Arthropod repellency, especially tick (Ixodes ricinus), exerted by extract from Artemisia abrotanum and essential oil from flowers of Dianthus caryophyllum . Fitoterapia . 2006. June; 77 ( 4 ):257–61. 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.02.009 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Mulyaningsih S, Sporer F, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Synergistic properties of the terpenoids aromadendrene and 1,8-cineole from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens . Phytomedicine . 2010. November; 17 ( 13 ):1061–6. 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.06.018 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Gnankiné O, Bassolé IH. Essential Oils as an Alternative to Pyrethroids’ Resistance against Anopheles Species Complex Giles (Diptera: culicidae) . Molecules . 2017. September; 22 ( 10 ):1321. 10.3390/molecules22101321 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Islam J, Zaman K, Duarah S, Raju PS, Chattopadhyay P. Mosquito repellents: an insight into the chronological perspectives and novel discoveries . Acta Trop . 2017. March; 167 :216–30. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.031 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Benelli G, Caselli A, Canale A. Nanoparticles for mosquito control: Challenges and constraints . Journal of King Saud University - Science . 2017;29(4):424-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2016.08.006. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Misni N, Nor ZM, Ahmad R. Repellent effect of microencapsulated essential oil in lotion formulation against mosquito bites . J Vector Borne Dis . 2017. Jan-Mar; 54 ( 1 ):44–53. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Tan KH, Nishida R. Methyl eugenol: its occurrence, distribution, and role in nature, especially in relation to insect behavior and pollination . J Insect Sci . 2012; 12 ( 56 ):56. 10.1673/031.012.5601 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- de Lavor ÉM, Fernandes AW, de Andrade Teles RB, Leal AE, de Oliveira Júnior RG, Gama E Silva M, et al. Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammation: A Review of Antioxidant Potential in Preclinical Studies and Molecular Mechanisms . Oxid Med Cell Longev . 2018. December; 2018 :6468593–23. 10.1155/2018/6468593 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation . Nat Rev Immunol . 2013. March; 13 ( 3 ):159–75. 10.1038/nri3399 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation . Nature . 2008. July; 454 ( 7203 ):428–35. 10.1038/nature07201 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Yoon WJ, Moon JY, Kang JY, Kim GO, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Neolitsea sericea essential oil attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppressing NF-kappaB and MAPK activation . Nat Prod Commun . 2010. August; 5 ( 8 ):1311–6. 10.1177/1934578X1000500835 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Kamatou GP, van Zyl RL, van Vuuren SF, Viljoen AM, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, et al. Chemical Composition, Leaf Trichome Types and Biological Activities of the Essential Oils of Four Related Salvia Species Indigenous to Southern Africa . J Essent Oil Res . 2006; 18 sup1 :72–9. 10.1080/10412905.2006.12067125 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Lourens AC, Reddy D, Başer KH, Viljoen AM, Van Vuuren SF. In vitro biological activity and essential oil composition of four indigenous South African Helichrysum species . J Ethnopharmacol . 2004. December; 95 ( 2-3 ):253–8. 10.1016/j.jep.2004.07.027 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Kamatou G, Kamatou G, Viljoen A, Viljoen A. A Review of the Application and Pharmacological Properties of α-Bisabolol and α-Bisabolol-Rich Oils . J Am Oil Chem Soc . 2010; 87 ( 1 ):1–7. 10.1007/s11746-009-1483-3 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Syamsur DR. Essential oils and biological activities of three selected wild Alpinia species . University of Malaya; 2009. [ Google Scholar ]
- Yoon YJ. Torreya nucifera Essential Oil Inhibits Skin Pathogen Growth and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Effects . Int J Pharmacol . 2009; 5 ( 1 ):37–43. 10.3923/ijp.2009.37.43 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Juergens UR, Dethlefsen U, Steinkamp G, Gillissen A, Repges R, Vetter H. Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Respir Med . 2003. March; 97 ( 3 ):250–6. 10.1053/rmed.2003.1432 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Ge Y, Huang M, Yao YM. Autophagy and proinflammatory cytokines: interactions and clinical implications . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev . 2018. October; 43 :38–46. 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.07.001 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Raetz CR, Whitfield C. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins . Annu Rev Biochem . 2002; 71 ( 1 ):635–700. 10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Schröder NW, Morath S, Alexander C, Hamann L, Hartung T, Zähringer U, et al. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and CD14, whereas TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved . J Biol Chem . 2003. May; 278 ( 18 ):15587–94. 10.1074/jbc.M212829200 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Dung NT, Bajpai VK, Yoon JI, Kang SC. Anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr and Perry . Food Chem Toxicol . 2009. February; 47 ( 2 ):449–53. 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.033 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Hart PH, Brand C, Carson CF, Riley TV, Prager RH, Finlay-Jones JJ. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes . Inflamm Res . 2000. November; 49 ( 11 ):619–26. 10.1007/s000110050639 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Hammer KA, Carson CF, Dunstan JA, Hale J, Lehmann H, Robinson CJ, et al. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of five Taxandria fragrans oils in vitro . Microbiol Immunol . 2008. November; 52 ( 11 ):522–30. 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00070.x [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Juhás Š, Bukovská A, Čikoš Š, Czikková S, Fabian D, Koppel J. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil in Mice . Acta Vet Brno . 2009; 78 ( 1 ):121–7. 10.2754/avb200978010121 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Fernandes ES, Passos GF, Medeiros R, da Cunha FM, Ferreira J, Campos MM, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds alpha-humulene and (-)-trans-caryophyllene isolated from the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea . Eur J Pharmacol . 2007. August; 569 ( 3 ):228–36. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.059 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Medeiros R, Passos GF, Vitor CE, Koepp J, Mazzuco TL, Pianowski LF, et al. Effect of two active compounds obtained from the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea on the acute inflammatory responses elicited by LPS in the rat paw . Br J Pharmacol . 2007. July; 151 ( 5 ):618–27. 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707270 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Passos GF, Fernandes ES, da Cunha FM, Ferreira J, Pianowski LF, Campos MM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of the essential oil and active compounds from Cordia verbenacea . J Ethnopharmacol . 2007. March; 110 ( 2 ):323–33. 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.032 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Yoon WJ, Kim SS, Oh TH, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Cryptomeria japonica essential oil inhibits the growth of drug-resistant skin pathogens and LPS-induced nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine production . Pol J Microbiol . 2009; 58 ( 1 ):61–8. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Bukovská A, Cikos S, Juhás S, Il’ková G, Rehák P, Koppel J. Effects of a combination of thyme and oregano essential oils on TNBS-induced colitis in mice . Mediators Inflamm . 2007; 2007 :23296–9. 10.1155/2007/23296 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Korhonen R, Lahti A, Kankaanranta H, Moilanen E. Nitric oxide production and signaling in inflammation . Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy . 2005. August; 4 ( 4 ):471–9. 10.2174/1568010054526359 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Leyva-López N, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Vazquez-Olivo G, Heredia JB. Essential Oils of Oregano: Biological Activity beyond Their Antimicrobial Properties . Molecules . 2017. June; 22 ( 6 ):989. 10.3390/molecules22060989 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Haskins JT. Generalized anxiety disorder. Epidemiology, impact of comorbidity, and natural history [doi]. Postgrad Med . 1999. November; 106 ( 6 Suppl):3–9. 10.3810/pgm.11.1999.suppl1.1 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Altunoz U, Kokurcan A, Kirici S, Bastug G, Ozel-Kizil ET. Clinical characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder: older vs. young adults [doi]. Nord J Psychiatry . 2018. February; 72 ( 2 ):97–102. 10.1080/08039488.2017.1390607 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D. Treatment of anxiety disorders . Dialogues Clin Neurosci . 2017. June; 19 ( 2 ):93–107. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- de Sousa DP, de Almeida Soares Hocayen P, Andrade LN, Andreatini R. A Systematic Review of the Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Essential Oils in Animal Models [doi]. Molecules . 2015. October; 20 ( 10 ):18620–60. 10.3390/molecules201018620 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Karadag E, Samancioglu S, Ozden D, Bakir E. Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality and anxiety of patients [doi]. Nurs Crit Care . 2017. March; 22 ( 2 ):105–12. 10.1111/nicc.12198 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Pimenta FC, Alves MF, Pimenta MB, Melo SA, de Almeida AA, Leite JR, et al. Anxiolytic Effect of Citrus aurantium L. on Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia [doi]. Phytother Res . 2016. April; 30 ( 4 ):613–7. 10.1002/ptr.5566 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Shirzadegan R, Gholami M, Hasanvand S, Birjandi M, Beiranvand A. Effects of geranium aroma on anxiety among patients with acute myocardial infarction: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clinical Pract . 2017; 29 :201-6. doi: S1744-3881(17)30430-9 [pii]. 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.10.005 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Chioca LR, Antunes VD, Ferro MM, Losso EM, Andreatini R. Anosmia does not impair the anxiolytic-like effect of lavender essential oil inhalation in mice [doi]. Life Sci . 2013. May; 92 ( 20-21 ):971–5. 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.03.012 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Wang ZJ, Heinbockel T. Essential Oils and Their Constituents Targeting the GABAergic System and Sodium Channels as Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Molecules . 2018; 23 ( 5 ): 10.3390/molecules23051061. doi: E1061 [pii]. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Watanabe E, Kuchta K, Kimura M, Rauwald HW, Kamei T, Imanishi J. Effects of bergamot (Citrus bergamia (Risso) Wright & Arn.) essential oil aromatherapy on mood states, parasympathetic nervous system activity, and salivary cortisol levels in 41 healthy females . Forschende Komplementarmedizin (2006). 2015;22(1):43-9. doi: 10.1159/000380989 [doi]. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Goepfert M, Liebl P, Herth N, Ciarlo G, Buentzel J, Huebner J. Aroma oil therapy in palliative care: a pilot study with physiological parameters in conscious as well as unconscious patients [doi]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol . 2017. October; 143 ( 10 ):2123–9. 10.1007/s00432-017-2460-0 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Ceccarelli I, Lariviere WR, Fiorenzani P, Sacerdote P, Aloisi AM. Effects of long-term exposure of lemon essential oil odor on behavioral, hormonal and neuronal parameters in male and female rats [doi]. Brain Res . 2004. March; 1001 ( 1-2 ):78–86. 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.063 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Zhang N, Yao L. Anxiolytic Effect of Essential Oils and Their Constituents: A Review [doi]. J Agric Food Chem . 2019. December; 67 ( 50 ):13790–808. 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00433 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Soto-Vásquez MR, Alvarado-García PA. Aromatherapy with two essential oils from Satureja genre and mindfulness meditation to reduce anxiety in humans [doi]. J Tradit Complement Med . 2016. June; 7 ( 1 ):121–5. 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.06.003 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP, Möller HJ, Dienel A, et al. Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of ‘subsyndromal’ anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial [doi]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol . 2010. September; 25 ( 5 ):277–87. 10.1097/YIC.0b013e32833b3242 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Kasper S, Muller WE, Volz HP, Moller HJ, Koch E, Dienel A. Silexan in anxiety disorders: Clinical data and pharmacological background . World J Biol Psychiatry . 2018; 19 ( 6 ):412-20. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1331046 [doi]. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet . 2018;391(10128):1357-66. doi: S0140-6736(17)32802-7 [pii]. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Berton O, Nestler EJ. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006; 7 ( 2 ):137-51. doi: nrn1846 [pii]. 10.1038/nrn1846 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Maher AR, Hempel S, Apaydin E, Shanman RM, Booth M, Miles JN, et al. St. John’s Wort for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review . Rand Health Q . 2016. May; 5 ( 4 ):12. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Sanchez-Vidana D, Po KK, Fung TK, Chow JK, Lau WK, So PK, et al. Lavender essential oil ameliorates depression-like behavior and increases neurogenesis and dendritic complexity in rats. Neuroscience Lett . 2019; 701 :180-92. doi: S0304-3940(19)30142-9 [pii]. 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.042 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Kozics K, Buckova M, Puskarova A, Kalaszova V, Cabicarova T, Pangallo D. The Effect of Ten Essential Oils on Several Cutaneous Drug-Resistant Microorganisms and Their Cyto/Genotoxic and Antioxidant Properties . Molecules . 2019; 24 ( 24 ): 10.3390/molecules24244570. doi: E4570 [pii]. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs . Oncotarget . 2017. December; 9 ( 6 ):7204–18. 10.18632/oncotarget.23208 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
- Palumbo S. Multiple Sclerosis: Perspectives in Treatment and Pathogenesis . Brisbane: Codon Publications; 2017. Chapter 7 p. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Identifiers
Linking ISSN (ISSN-L): 1041-2905
Incorrect ISSN: 1041-2905
URL http://www.tandfonline.com/TJEO
URL http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/Journals/searchAction.jhtml?sid=HWW:BUSFT&issn=1041-2905
Google https://www.google.com/search?q=ISSN+%222163-8152%22
Bing https://www.bing.com/search?q=ISSN+%222163-8152%22
Yahoo https://search.yahoo.com/search?p=ISSN%20%222163-8152%22
British Library https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&ct=search&initialSearch=true&mode=Advanced&tab=local_tab&indx=1&tb=t&vl%281UIStartWith0%29=contains&vl%28freeText0%29=2163-8152&SUBMIT
Library of Congress https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=STNO&searchArg=2163-8152&searchType=1&limitTo=none&fromYear=&toYear=&limitTo=LOCA%3Dall&limitTo=PLAC%3Dall&limitTo=TYPE%3Dall&limitTo=LANG%3Dall&recCount=25
Resource information
Archival status.
Title proper: The Journal of essential oil research.
Other variant title: JEOR
Other variant title: J. essent. oil res
Country: United Kingdom
Medium: Online
CLOCKSS Archive, CLOCKSS Archive, https://clockss.org , No online access, 1989/2024
LOCKSS Archive, Global LOCKSS Network, https://www.lockss.org , Online access with authorization, 1989/2023
LOCKSS Archive, Global LOCKSS Network, https://www.lockss.org , Online access with authorization, 2024/2024, incomplete
Library of Congress, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov , Online access with authorization, 2017/2024
NDPP, China, National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.las.cas.cn , Online access with authorization, 1997/2023
NDPP, China, National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english.las.cas.cn , Online access with authorization, 1997/2024
Scholars Portal, Ontario Council of University Libraries, https://scholarsportal.info , Online access with authorization, 1989/2024
Portico, Portico, https://www.portico.org , Online access with authorization, 1997/2024
Status | Publisher | Keeper | From | To | Updated | Extent of archive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preserved | Taylor & Francis | CLOCKSS Archive | 1989 | 2024 | 02/09/2024 | |
Preserved | Taylor & Francis | LOCKSS Archive | 1989 | 2023 | 02/09/2024 | |
In Progress | Taylor & Francis | LOCKSS Archive | 2024 | 2024 | 02/09/2024 | |
Preserved | Taylor & Francis | Library of Congress | 2017 | 2024 | 30/08/2024 | |
Preserved | Taylor & Francis | National Digital Preservation Program, China | 1997 | 2023 | 09/04/2024 | |
Preserved | Taylor & Francis | National Digital Preservation Program, China | 1997 | 2024 | 17/07/2024 | |
Preserved | Taylor & Francis Group | Portico | 1997 | 2024 | 28/04/2024 | |
Preserved | Taylor and Francis | Scholars Portal | 1989 | 2024 | 02/04/2024 | |
Record information
Last modification date: 18/01/2024
Type of record: Confirmed
ISSN Center responsible of the record: ISSN National Centre for the USA For all potential issues concerning the description of the publication identified by this bibliographic record (missing or wrong data etc.), please contact the ISSN National Centre mentioned above by clicking on the link.
downloads requested
Discover all the features of the complete ISSN records
Display mode x.
Labelled view
MARC21 view
UNIMARC view
The Science Behind Essential Oils
We maintain an active role in the research of essential oils on various levels. Dr. Pappas regularly submits publications to reputable scientific journals like Journal of Essential Oil Research (JEOR) on the chemical properties of unusual essential oils as well as submitting articles relevant to aromatherapy to journals like Aromatherapy Journal (formerly Scentsitivity, published by the National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy). Dr. Pappas has also been involved with essential oil and aromatherapy education at local colleges and universities.
Adulteration Analysis in Essential Oils
Antique Lavender Essential Oil From 1945, its Chemical Composition and Enantiomeric Distribution
First Reporting on the Chemistry and Biological Activity of a Novel Boswellia Chemotype: The Methoxy Alkane Frankincense
Frankincense Oil and Boswellic Acid
Spectroscopic and computational studies on the rearrangement of ionized [1.1.1]propellane and some of its valence isomers: the key role of vibronic coupling
Field Evaluation of Essential Oils for Reducing Attraction by the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Ionized bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene: a twisted olefinic radical cation showing vibronic coupling
Artemisia arborescens - essential oil of the Pacific Northwest: a high-chamazulene, low-thujone essential oil with potential skin-care applications
Unusual Alkynes Found in the Essential Oil of Artemisia Dracunculus L. var. dracunculus from the Pacific Northwest
The Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. From South Florida: A High Cryptone/Low Cineole Eucalyptus
Vanilla Absolute: A Treasure Lost
Cryptic Oils
Committing Adultery (Adulteration in the Essential Oil Industry)
Ph.D. Dissertation
Radical Cation Photoisomerization of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene to Tetracyclo[4.2.0.0]octane and its Thermal Retrogression
Radical Cation Cope Rearrangement of 1,5-Hexadiyne to 1,2,4,5- Hexatetraene
- Order Essential Oil Analysis
- Shop for EOU Merchandise
- Use the Essential University Database (EOUdb)
Need to know how to enable it? Go here.
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
- Publications
- Account settings
- My Bibliography
- Collections
- Citation manager
Save citation to file
Email citation, add to collections.
- Create a new collection
- Add to an existing collection
Add to My Bibliography
Your saved search, create a file for external citation management software, your rss feed.
- Search in PubMed
- Search in NLM Catalog
- Add to Search
Essential oils for clinical aromatherapy: A comprehensive review
Affiliations.
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India.
- 3 Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna, 431213, Maharashtra, India.
- 4 Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
- 5 Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Electronic address: [email protected].
- 6 Pharmacy Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
- 7 Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India. Electronic address: [email protected].
- PMID: 38614262
- DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118180
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aromatherapy, a holistic healing practice utilizing the aromatic essences of plant-derived essential oils, has gained significant attention for its therapeutic potential in promoting overall well-being. Use of phytoconstituent based essential oil has played a significant role in the evolving therapeutic avenue of aromatherapy as a complementary system of medicine.
Aim of the study: This comprehensive review article aims to explore the usage of essential oils for aromatherapy, shedding light on their diverse applications, scientific evidence, and safety considerations. Furthermore, the growing interest in using essential oils as complementary therapies in conjunction with conventional medicine is explored, underscoring the significance of collaborative healthcare approaches.
Materials and methods: Literature search was performed from databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Bentham using keywords like Aromatherapy, Aromatic Plants, Essential oils, Phytotherapy, and complementary medicine. The keywords were used to identify literature with therapeutic and mechanistic details of herbal agents with desired action.
Results: The integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific research has led to a renewed interest in essential oils as valuable tools in contemporary healthcare. Various extraction methods used to obtain essential oils are presented, emphasizing their impact on the oil's chemical composition and therapeutic properties. Additionally, the article scrutinizes the factors influencing the quality and purity of essential oils, elucidating the significance of standardization and certification for safe usage. A comprehensive assessment of the therapeutic effects of essential oils is provided, encompassing their potential as antimicrobial, analgesic, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory agents, among others. Clinical trials and preclinical studies are discussed to consolidate the existing evidence on their efficacy in treating diverse health conditions, both physical and psychological. Safety considerations are of paramount importance when employing essential oils, and this review addresses potential adverse effects, contraindications, and best practices to ensure responsible usage.
Conclusions: This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the exploration of essential oils for aromatherapy, emphasizing their potential as natural and potent remedies for a wide range of ailments. By amalgamating traditional wisdom and modern research, this article aims to encourage further investigation into the therapeutic benefits of essential oils while advocating for their responsible and evidence-based incorporation into healthcare practices.
Keywords: Aromatherapy; Aromatherapy mechanism; Essential oils; Mood disorders; Phytotherapy; Sleep disorders.
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PubMed Disclaimer
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Similar articles
- Exploring the Potential of Aromatherapy as an Adjuvant Therapy in Cancer and its Complications: A Comprehensive Update. Grover M, Behl T, Sanduja M, Habibur Rahman M, Ahmadi A. Grover M, et al. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2022;22(4):629-653. doi: 10.2174/1871520621666210204201937. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2022. PMID: 33563202 Review.
- Effectiveness of Silexan oral lavender essential oil compared to inhaled lavender essential oil aromatherapy for sleep in adults: a systematic review. Greenberg MJ, Slyer JT. Greenberg MJ, et al. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018 Nov;16(11):2109-2117. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003823. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018. PMID: 30439747
- Aromatherapy in the management of psychiatric disorders: clinical and neuropharmacological perspectives. Perry N, Perry E. Perry N, et al. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(4):257-80. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200620040-00001. CNS Drugs. 2006. PMID: 16599645 Review.
- Aromatherapy: therapeutic applications of plant essential oils. Halcón LL. Halcón LL. Minn Med. 2002 Nov;85(11):42-6. Minn Med. 2002. PMID: 12498066
- Review of aromatherapy essential oils and their mechanism of action against migraines. Yuan R, Zhang D, Yang J, Wu Z, Luo C, Han L, Yang F, Lin J, Yang M. Yuan R, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Jan 30;265:113326. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113326. Epub 2020 Aug 30. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021. PMID: 32877718 Review.
Publication types
- Search in MeSH
LinkOut - more resources
Full text sources.
- Elsevier Science
Research Materials
- NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program
- Citation Manager
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
Journal of Essential Oil Research
Journal Abbreviation: J ESSENT OIL RES Journal ISSN: 1041-2905
Year | Impact Factor (IF) | Total Articles | Total Cites |
2023 (2024 update) | 2.2 | - | - |
2022 | 3.0 | - | 3952 |
2021 | 2.532 | - | 4005 |
2020 | 1.963 | 72 | 3820 |
2019 | 1.148 | 55 | 2679 |
2018 | 1.233 | 54 | 2552 |
2017 | 1.007 | 61 | 2638 |
2016 | 0.972 | 68 | 2301 |
2015 | 0.871 | 73 | 2068 |
2014 | 0.787 | 70 | 1882 |
2013 | 0.815 | 77 | 1878 |
2012 | 0.553 | 73 | 1891 |
2011 | 0.412 | 78 | 2183 |
2010 | 0.643 | 166 | 2373 |
You may also be interested in the following journals
- ► Journal of Plant Nutrition
- ► Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants
- ► Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
- ► Food Chemistry
- ► Nature Biotechnology
- ► Translator
- ► Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology
- ► Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Reviews on Cancer
- ► Journal of Politics
- ► Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
Top Journals in other
- Ca-A Cancer Journal For Clinicians
- Chemical Reviews
- Nature Materials
- Reviews of Modern Physics
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Cancer Discovery
- BMJ-British Medical Journal
- Advanced Energy Materials
- Advances in Optics and Photonics
Journal Impact
- Printed Journal
- Indexed Journal
- Refereed Journal
- Peer Reviewed Journal
- Editorial Board
- Instructions
- Article Submission
- Publish Book (ISBN)
- Toll Free: 1800-1234070
- Working hours 10:00 AM-06:00 PM
- ISSN 2321-9114
- ICV 2016: 79.57
- Past Issues
- Coming Issue
- Instructions to Author
- Publication Ethics Statement
- Peer Review and Publication Policy
- Download Copyright Form
American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products
Essential Oil | Chemistry of Natural Products (CNP) | Botany |
Aromatherapy | Pharmacognosy | Plant Biotechnology |
Bioactive Natural Products | Plants Components | Aroma Science |
Related Links
- Botany Journal Subscription
- Natural Products Journal Subscription
- Subscribe Ayush Journal
- Unani and Siddha Journal Subscription
Related Journal Subscription
- Herbal Medicine Journal Subscription
- Plant Pathology Journal Subscription
- Medicinal Plants Journal Subscription
- Unani Magazine Subscription
Information
- Author Services
Initiatives
You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.
Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.
Original Submission Date Received: .
- Active Journals
- Find a Journal
- Proceedings Series
- For Authors
- For Reviewers
- For Editors
- For Librarians
- For Publishers
- For Societies
- For Conference Organizers
- Open Access Policy
- Institutional Open Access Program
- Special Issues Guidelines
- Editorial Process
- Research and Publication Ethics
- Article Processing Charges
- Testimonials
- Preprints.org
- SciProfiles
- Encyclopedia
Article Menu
- Subscribe SciFeed
- Recommended Articles
- Google Scholar
- on Google Scholar
- Table of Contents
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.
JSmol Viewer
Investigation of yarrow essential oil composition and microencapsulation by complex coacervation technology.
1. Introduction
2. materials and methods, 2.1. biomaterial, 2.2. yarrow essential oil, 2.3. shell materials, 2.4. chemicals, 2.5. microencapsulation method, 2.6. freeze-drying, 2.7. optical microscopic investigation, 2.8. sem investigation, 2.9. ft-ir spectroscopy, 2.10. differential scanning calorimetry (dsc), 2.11. visible spectroscopic analyses, 2.11.1. qualitative analyses, 2.11.2. quantitative analyses, 2.12. gc—ms investigation, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. chemical composition of yarrow essential oils, 3.1.1. chemical composition of self-prepared yarrow essential oils, 3.1.2. comparison of yarrow essential oils of different origins, 3.2. macroscopic and microscopic investigation of complex coacervate formation, 3.2.1. macroscopic aspect of coacervates, 3.2.2. microscopic aspect of coacervates, 3.3. macroscopic and microscopic investigation of solid microcapsules, 3.3.1. macroscopic aspect of microcapsules, 3.3.2. microscopic aspect of microcapsules, 3.4. determination of encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity by uv spectroscopy, 3.5. gc—ms investigation of microcapsules, 3.6. ft-ir analysis of microcapsules, 3.7. thermal analysis of microcapsules, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
- Aziz, E.; Badawy, E.; Zheljazkov, V.; Nicola, S.; Fouad, H. Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Achillea Millefolium L. as Affected by Harvest Time. Egypt. J. Chem. 2018 , 62 , 533–540. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Stevanovic, Z.D.; Pljevljakušic, D.; Ristic, M.; Šoštaric, I.; Kresovic, M.; Simic, I.; Vrbnièanin, S. Essential Oil Composition of Achillea Millefolium Agg. Populations Collected from Saline Habitats in Serbia. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2015 , 18 , 1343–1352. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Benedek, B.; Rothwangl-Wiltschnigg, K.; Rozema, E.; Gjoncaj, N.; Reznicek, G.; Jurenitsch, J.; Kopp, B.; Glasl, S. Yarrow ( Achillea Millefolium L. s.l.): Pharmaceutical Quality of Commercial Samples. Pharmazie 2008 , 63 , 23–26. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Kindlovits, S.; Cserháti, B.; Inotai, K.; Németh, É.Z. Ontogenetic Variation of Active Agent Content of Yarrow (Achillea Collina Becker). J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 2016 , 3 , 52–57. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Karlová, K.; Petříková, K. Variability of the Content of Active Substances during Achillea Collina Rchb. Alba Ontogenesis. Hortic. Sci. 2005 , 32 , 17–22. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Orav, A.; Kailas, T.; Ivask, K. Composition of the Essential Oil from Achillea Millefolium L. from Estonia. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2001 , 13 , 290–294. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. ESCOP Monographs. The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products ; Online Series—Millefolii Herba (Yarrow); ESCOP: Berlin, Germany, 2021. [ Google Scholar ]
- EDQM Council of Europe. Monograph: Millefolii Herba (07/2014: 1382). In European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) , 11th ed.; EDQM Council of Europe: Strasbourg, France, 2022; pp. 1781–1782. [ Google Scholar ]
- Kindlovits, S. A mezei cickafark ( Achillea collina Becker) produkcióját és hatóanyagait befolyásoló tényezők. Ph.D. Thesis, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary, 2017. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Smelcerovic, A.; Lamshoeft, M.; Radulovic, N.; Ilic, D.; Palic, R. LC-MS Analysis of the Essential Oils of Achillea Millefolium and Achillea Crithmifolia. Chromatographia 2010 , 71 , 113–116. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Bakun, P.; Czarczynska-Goslinska, B.; Goslinski, T.; Lijewski, S. In Vitro and in Vivo Biological Activities of Azulene Derivatives with Potential Applications in Medicine. Med. Chem. Res. 2021 , 30 , 834–846. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Pazouki, L.; Memari, H.R.; Kännaste, A.; Bichele, R.; Niinemets, Ü. Germacrene A Synthase in Yarrow ( Achillea Millefolium ) Is an Enzyme with Mixed Substrate Specificity: Gene Cloning, Functional Characterization and Expression Analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 2015 , 6 , 111. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Mustakerova, E.; Todorova, M.; Tsankova, E. Sesquiterpene Lactones from Achillea Collina Becker. Z. Für Naturforschung C 2002 , 57 , 568–570. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Li, H.; Li, J.; Liu, M.; Xie, R.; Zang, Y.; Li, J. Phytochemistry Guaianolide Sesquiterpene Lactones from Achillea Millefolium L. Phytochemistry 2021 , 186 , 112733. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Li, H.; Akber Aisa, H.; Li, J. Germacrane-Type Sesquiterpene Lactones from Achillea Millefolium L. and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Chem. Biodivers. 2023 , 20 , e202300079. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Gómez de Cedrón, M.; Siles-Sánchez, M.D.L.N.; Martín Hernández, D.; Jaime, L.; Santoyo, S.; Ramírez de Molina, A. Novel Bioactive Extract from Yarrow Obtained by the Supercritical Antisolvent-Assisted Technique Inhibits Lipid Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2024 , 12 , 1256190. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Bocevska, M.; Sovová, H. Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Yarrow. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2007 , 40 , 360–367. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Villanueva-Bermejo, D.; Zahran, F.; García-Risco, M.R.; Reglero, G.; Fornari, T. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bulgarian Achillea Millefolium . J. Supercrit. Fluids 2017 , 119 , 283–288. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ivanović, M.; Grujić, D.; Cerar, J.; Islamčević Razboršek, M.; Topalić-Trivunović, L.; Savić, A.; Kočar, D.; Kolar, M. Extraction of Bioactive Metabolites from Achillea Millefolium L. with Choline Chloride Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Study of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Antioxidants 2022 , 11 , 724. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Mohammed, H.A.; Abd-Elraouf, M.; Sulaiman, G.M.; Almahmoud, S.A.; Hamada, F.A.; Khan, R.A.; Hegazy, M.M.; Abd-El-Wahab, M.F.; Kedra, T.A.; Ismail, A. Variability in the Volatile Constituents and Biological Activities of Achillea Millefolium L. Essential Oils Obtained from Different Plant Parts and by Different Solvents. Arab. J. Chem. 2023 , 16 , 105103. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Gabbanini, S.; Neba, J.N.; Matera, R.; Valgimigli, L. Photochemical and Oxidative Degradation of Chamazulene Contained in Artemisia, Matricaria and Achillea Essential Oils and Setup of Protection Strategies. Molecules 2024 , 29 , 2604. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Farasati, B.; Behzad, G.; Khalili, H. Achillea Millefolium : Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetic, Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions and Tolerability. Heliyon 2023 , 9 , e22841. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Applequist, W.L.; Moerman, D.E. Yarrow ( Achillea Millefolium L.): A Neglected Panacea ? A Review of Ethnobotany, Bioactivity, and Biomedical Research. Econ. Bot. 2011 , 65 , 209–225. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Tadić, V.; Arsić, I.; Zvezdanović, J.; Zugić, A.; Cvetković, D.; Pavkov, S. The Estimation of the Traditionally Used Yarrow ( Achillea Millefolium L. Asteraceae) Oil Extracts with Anti-Inflamatory Potential in Topical Application. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017 , 199 , 138–148. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Community Herbal Monograph on Yarrow Herb (Achillea Millefolium L., Herba) ; European Medicines Agency (EMA): Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; Volume EMA/513753. [ Google Scholar ]
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Community Herbal Monograph on Yarrow Flower (Achillea Millefolium L., Flos) ; European Medicines Agency (EMA): Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; Volume EMA/165822. [ Google Scholar ]
- Chou, S.T.; Peng, H.Y.; Hsu, J.C.; Lin, C.C.; Shih, Y. Achillea Millefolium L. Essential Oil Inhibits LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013 , 14 , 12978–12993. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Alomair, M.K.; Alabduladheem, L.S.; Almajed, M.A.; Alobaid, A.A.; Alkhalifah, E.A.R.; Younis, N.S.; Mohamed, M.E. Achillea Millefolium Essential Oil Mitigates Peptic Ulcer in Rats through Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Molecules 2022 , 27 , 908. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Mohamed, M.E.; Elsayed, S.A.; Madkor, H.R.; Eldien, H.M.S.; Mohafez, O.M. Yarrow Oil Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis in Mice Model via Regulating the NF-κB and PPAR-γ Pathways. Intest. Res. 2021 , 19 , 194–205. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Ma, D.; He, J.; He, D. Chamazulene Reverses Osteoarthritic Inflammation through Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and NF-Kβ Pathway in in-Vitro and in-Vivo Models. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2020 , 84 , 402–410. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Csupor-Löffler, B.; Hajdú, Z.; Zupkó, I.; Réthy, B.; Falkay, G.; Forgo, P.; Hohmann, J. Antiproliferative Effect of Flavonoids and Sesquiterpenoids from Achillea Millefolium s.l. on Cultured Human Tumour Cell Lines. Phyther. Res. 2009 , 23 , 672–676. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Turek, C.; Stintzing, F.C. Stability of Essential Oils: A Review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2013 , 12 , 40–53. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Sousa, V.I.; Parente, J.F.; Marques, J.F.; Forte, M.A.; Tavares, C.J. Microencapsulation of Essential Oils: A Review. Polymers 2022 , 14 , 1730. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Arenas-Jal, M.; Suñé-Negre, J.M.; García-Montoya, E. An Overview of Microencapsulation in the Food Industry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Innovations. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2020 , 246 , 1371–1382. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Rakmai, J.; Cheirsilp, B.; Torrado-agrasar, A.; Simal-, J.; Mejuto, J.C.; Torrado-agrasar, A. Encapsulation of Yarrow Essential Oil in Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin: Physiochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Bio-Efficacies. CyTA-J. Food 2017 , 15 , 409–417. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ahmadi, Z.; Saber, M.; Bagheri, M.; Mahdavinia, G.R. Achillea Millefolium Essential Oil and Chitosan Nanocapsules with Enhanced Activity against Tetranychus Urticae. J. Pest Sci. 2018 , 91 , 837–848. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Timilsena, Y.P.; Akanbi, T.O.; Khalid, N.; Adhikari, B.; Barrow, C.J. Complex Coacervation: Principles, Mechanisms and Applications in Microencapsulation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019 , 121 , 1276–1286. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Thies, C. Encapsulation by Complex Coacervation. In Encapsulation and Controlled Release Technologies in Food Systems ; Lakkis, J.M., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2016; pp. 41–77. ISBN 9781118946893. [ Google Scholar ]
- Milano, F.; Masi, A.; Madaghiele, M.; Sannino, A.; Salvatore, L.; Gallo, N. Current Trends in Gelatin-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023 , 15 , 1499. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Ferreira, S.; Nicoletti, V.R. Microencapsulation of Ginger Oil by Complex Coacervation Using Atomization: Effects of Polymer Ratio and Wall Material Concentration. J. Food Eng. 2021 , 291 , 110214. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Yang, X.; Gao, N.; Hu, L.; Li, J.; Sun, Y. Development and Evaluation of Novel Microcapsules Containing Poppy-Seed Oil Using Complex Coacervation. J. Food Eng. 2015 , 161 , 87–93. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Gonçalves, N.D.; de Lima Pena, F.; Sartoratto, A.; Derlamelina, C.; Duarte, M.C.T.; Antunes, A.E.C.; Prata, A.S. Encapsulated Thyme ( Thymus Vulgaris ) Essential Oil Used as a Natural Preservative in Bakery Product. Food Res. Int. 2017 , 96 , 154–160. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Eratte, D.; Wang, B.; Dowling, K.; Barrow, C.J.; Adhikari, B.P. Complex Coacervation with Whey Protein Isolate and Gum Arabic for the Microencapsulation of Omega-3 Rich Tuna Oil. Food Funct. 2014 , 5 , 2743–2750. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Khan, M.; Al-Saleem, M.S.M.; Alkhathlan, H.Z. A Detailed Study on Chemical Characterization of Essential Oil Components of Two Plectranthus Species Grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2016 , 20 , 711–721. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Jianu, C.; Misca, C. Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Achillea Collina Becker Growing Wild in Western Romania. Hem. Ind. 2014 , 69 , 381–386. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Iuliana Costescu, C.; Rădoi, B.P.; Hădărugă, N.G.; Gruia, A.T.; Riviş, A.; Pârvu, D.; David, I.; Hădărugă, D.I. Obtaining and Characterization of Achillea Millefolium L. Extracts. J. Agroaliment. Process. Technol. 2014 , 20 , 142–149. [ Google Scholar ]
- Yildirim, B.; Ekici, K.; Kocak, M.Z. Essential oil composition of yarrow species ( Achillea millefolium L. and Achillea wilhelmsii L.): Antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Stud. UBB Chem. 2023 , 68 , 145–157. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Abdossi, V.; Kazemi, M. Bioactivities of Achillea Millefolium Essential Oil and Its Main Terpenes from Iran. Int. J. Food Prop. 2015 , 19 , 1798–1808. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Farhadi, N.; Babaei, K.; Farsaraei, S.; Moghaddam, M.; Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. Changes in Essential Oil Compositions, Total Phenol, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Capacity of Achillea Millefolium at Different Growth Stages. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2020 , 152 , 112570. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Cristina Figueiredo, A.; Barroso, J.G.; Salomé, M.; Pais, S.; Scheffer, J.J.C. Composition of the Essential Oils from Two Populations of Achillea Millefolium L Ssp. Millefolium. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1992 , 30 , 392–395. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Daniel, P.S.; Lourenço, E.L.B.; da Cruz, R.M.S.; De Souza Gonçalves, C.H.; Das Almas, L.R.M.; Hoscheid, J.; da Silva, C.; Jacomassi, E.; Brum, L.; Alberton, O. Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Yarrow ( Achillea Millefolium L.). Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2020 , 14 , 545–550. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Verma, R.S.; Joshi, N.; Padalia, R.C.; Goswami, P.; Singh, V.R.; Chauhan, A.; Verma, S.K.; Iqbal, H.; Verma, R.K.; Chanda, D.; et al. Chemical Composition and Allelopathic, Antibacterial, Antifungal and in Vitro Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Yarrow ( Achillea Millefolium L.) Native to India. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2017 , 104 , 144–155. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Konarska, A.; Weryszko-Chmielewska, E.; Sulborska-Różycka, A.; Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, A.; Dmitruk, M.; Gorzel, M. Herb and Flowers of Achillea Millefolium Subsp. Millefolium L.: Structure and Histochemistry of Secretory Tissues and Phytochemistry of Essential Oils. Molecules 2023 , 28 , 7791. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- El-Kalamouni, C.; Venskutonis, P.; Zebib, B.; Merah, O.; Raynaud, C.; Talou, T. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil of Achillea Millefolium L. Grown in France. Medicines 2017 , 4 , 30. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Comunian, T.A.; Thomazini, M.; Alves, A.J.G.; de Matos Junior, F.E.; de Carvalho Balieiro, J.C.; Favaro-Trindade, C.S. Microencapsulation of Ascorbic Acid by Complex Coacervation: Protection and Controlled Release. Food Res. Int. 2013 , 52 , 373–379. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Alvim, I.D.; Grosso, C.R.F. Microparticles Obtained by Complex Coacervation: Influence of the Type of Reticulation and the Drying Process on the Release of the Core Material. Ciência Tecnol. Aliment. 2010 , 30 , 1069–1076. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Saravanan, M.; Rao, K.P. Pectin–Gelatin and Alginate–Gelatin Complex Coacervation for Controlled Drug Delivery: Influence of Anionic Polysaccharides and Drugs Being Encapsulated on Physicochemical Properties of Microcapsules. Carbohydr. Polym. 2010 , 80 , 808–816. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Rocha-Selmi, G.A.; Bozza, F.T.; Thomazini, M.; Bolini, H.M.A.; Fávaro-Trindade, C.S. Microencapsulation of Aspartame by Double Emulsion Followed by Complex Coacervation to Provide Protection and Prolong Sweetness. Food Chem. 2013 , 139 , 72–78. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Zhang, R.; Huang, L.; Xiong, X.; Qian, M.C.; Ji, H. Preparation and Release Mechanism of Lavender Oil Microcapsules with Different Combinations of Coating Materials. Flavour Fragr. J. 2020 , 35 , 157–166. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Baghi, F.; Ghnimi, S.; Dumas, E.; Gharsallaoui, A. Microencapsulation of Antimicrobial Trans-Cinnamaldehyde: Effect of Emulsifier Type, PH, and Drying Technique. Appl. Sci. 2023 , 13 , 6184. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Calderón-Oliver, M.; Pedroza-Islas, R.; Escalona-Buendía, H.B.; Pedraza-Chaverri, J.; Ponce-Alquicira, E. Comparative Study of the Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation of Nisin in Combination with an Avocado Antioxidant Extract. Food Hydrocoll. 2017 , 62 , 49–57. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Shaddel, R.; Hesari, J.; Azadmard-Damirchi, S.; Hamishehkar, H.; Fathi-Achachlouei, B.; Huang, Q. Use of Gelatin and Gum Arabic for Encapsulation of Black Raspberry Anthocyanins by Complex Coacervation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018 , 107 , 1800–1810. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Musa, H.H.; Ahmed, A.A.; Musa, T.H. Chemistry, Biological, and Pharmacological Properties of Gum Arabic ; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 797–814. [ Google Scholar ]
- Larkin, P.J. IR and Raman Spectra–Structure Correlations: Characteristic Group Frequencies. Infrared Raman Spectrosc. 2018 , 85–134. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Rousi, Z.; Malhiac, C.; Fatouros, D.G.; Paraskevopoulou, A. Complex Coacervates Formation between Gelatin and Gum Arabic with Different Arabinogalactan Protein Fraction Content and Their Characterization. Food Hydrocoll. 2019 , 96 , 577–588. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Stuart, B.H. Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. In Analytical Techniques in the Sciences ; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004; pp. 71–80. ISBN 9780470854273. [ Google Scholar ]
- Long, Y.; Song, K.; York, D.; Zhang, Z.; Preece, J.A. Composite Microcapsules with Enhanced Mechanical Stability and Reduced Active Ingredient Leakage. Particuology 2016 , 26 , 40–46. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Santos, M.G.; Bozza, F.T.; Thomazini, M.; Favaro-Trindade, C.S. Microencapsulation of Xylitol by Double Emulsion Followed by Complex Coacervation. Food Chem. 2015 , 171 , 32–39. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Rahman, M.S.; Al-Saidi, G.; Guizani, N.; Abdullah, A. Development of State Diagram of Bovine Gelatin by Measuring Thermal Characteristics Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Cooling Curve Method. Thermochim. Acta 2010 , 509 , 111–119. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ang, L.; Darwis, Y.; Por, L.; Yam, M. Microencapsulation Curcuminoids for Effective Delivery in Pharmaceutical Application. Pharmaceutics 2019 , 11 , 451. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Yüksel, A.; Şahin-Yeşilçubuk, N. Encapsulation of Structured Lipids Containing Medium- and Long Chain Fatty Acids by Complex Coacervation of Gelatin and Gum Arabic. J. Food Process Eng. 2018 , 41 , e12907. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Outuki, P.M.; de Francisco, L.M.B.; Hoscheid, J.; Bonifácio, K.L.; Barbosa, D.S.; Cardoso, M.L.C. Development of Arabic and Xanthan Gum Microparticles Loaded with an Extract of Eschweilera Nana Miers Leaves with Antioxidant Capacity. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2016 , 499 , 103–112. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Singh, B.; Sharma, S.; Dhiman, A. Acacia Gum Polysaccharide Based Hydrogel Wound Dressings: Synthesis, Characterization, Drug Delivery and Biomedical Properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017 , 165 , 294–303. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Daoub, R.M.A.; Elmubarak, A.H.; Misran, M.; Hassan, E.A.; Osman, M.E. Characterization and Functional Properties of Some Natural Acacia Gums. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 2018 , 17 , 241–249. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Duhoranimana, E.; Karangwa, E.; Lai, L.; Xu, X.; Yu, J.; Xia, S.; Zhang, X.; Muhoza, B.; Habinshuti, I. Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Complex Coacervates Formation with Gelatin: Coacervates Characterization, Stabilization and Formation Mechanism. Food Hydrocoll. 2017 , 69 , 111–120. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Huang, G.Q.; Sun, Y.T.; Xiao, J.X.; Yang, J. Complex Coacervation of Soybean Protein Isolate and Chitosan. Food Chem. 2012 , 135 , 534–539. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Timilsena, Y.P.; Wang, B.; Adhikari, R.; Adhikari, B. Preparation and Characterization of Chia Seed Protein Isolate-Chia Seed Gum Complex Coacervates. Food Hydrocoll. 2015 , 52 , 554–563. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Click here to enlarge figure
No. | Component | Obtained in | No. | Component | Obtained in | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | ||||
% | % | ||||||
1. | alpha-pinene | 0.64 | 0.85 | 24. | |||
2. | 25. | beta copaene | 0.29 | 0.26 | |||
3. | beta myrcene | 0.11 | 0.14 | 26. | humulene | 2.56 | 1.99 |
4. | 4-carene | 0.11 | 0.09 | 27. | cis beta farnesene | 0.14 | - |
5. | o-cymene | 0.13 | 0.23 | 28. | |||
6. | beta terpinene | - | 0.47 | 29. | beta selinene | - | 0.16 |
7. | 30. | bicyclo germacrene | 2.08 | 1.62 | |||
8. | trans beta ocimene | 0.13 | 0.49 | 31. | alpha muurolene | 0.21 | 0.13 |
9. | beta ocimene | 0.15 | 0.40 | 32. | alpha farnesene | 0.16 | - |
10. | gamma terpinene | 0.49 | 0.38 | 33. | gamma muurolene | 0.42 | 0.27 |
11. | linalool | 0.45 | 0.13 | 34. | cadinene | 1.04 | 0.64 |
12. | alpha campholenal | - | 0.29 | 35. | nerolidol | 0.61 | 0.14 |
13. | pinocarveol | 0.25 | 0.23 | 36. | aromadendrane | 0.52 | 0.75 |
14. | camphor | 0.11 | 0.15 | 37. | |||
15. | pinocarvone | 0.78 | 1.13 | 38. | valerena-4,7(11)-diene | 0.35 | - |
16. | terpinen-4-ol | 0.49 | - | 39. | alpha elemene | 0.22 | - |
17. | alpha terpineol | 1.05 | 0.43 | 40. | alloaromadendrene | 0.17 | 0.1 |
18. | 3-carene | 1.16 | 0.29 | 41. | tau cadinol | 0.53 | 0.42 |
19. | lavandulyl propionate | 0.22 | - | 42. | alpha cadinol | 0.36 | 0.47 |
20. | eugenol | 0.13 | - | 43. | |||
21. | gamma limonene | 0.68 | - | 44. | homosalate | 0.14 | - |
22. | alfa copaene | 0.21 | 0.29 | 45. | geranil alpha terpinene | 0.43 | 1.45 |
23. | beta bourbonene | 0.45 | 2.09 | 46. | trans alpha bergamotene | 0.23 | 0.59 |
No. | Compound | AMO Peak% (Bulgarian Market) | No. | Compound | AMO Peak% (Bulgarian Market) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | thujene | 1.08 | 24. | D-carvone | 0.60 |
2. | alpha pinene | 4.47 | 25. | ||
3. | camphene | 0.60 | 26. | sabinil acetate trans | 0.32 |
4. | 27. | bornyl acetate | 2.68 | ||
5. | 28. | thymol | 1.31 | ||
6. | beta myrcene | 0.41 | 29. | diosphenol | 0.40 |
7. | alpha terpinene | 0.47 | 30. | carvacrol | 1.41 |
8. | p cymene | 1.55 | 31. | piperitenone | 0.52 |
9. | D limonene | 2.14 | 32. | 4-Acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene | 1.86 |
10. | 33. | beta bourbonene | 0.76 | ||
11. | gamma terpinene | 2.18 | 34. | beta elemene | 0.54 |
12. | artemisia keton | 1.93 | 35. | ||
13. | terpinolene | 0.32 | 36. | humulene | 1.57 |
14. | 37. | beta farnesene | 1.07 | ||
15. | alpha thujone | 2.84 | 38. | gamma muurolene | 0.28 |
16. | beta thujone | 0.46 | 39. | ||
17. | 40. | trans alpha bergamotene | 0.63 | ||
18. | 1-menthone | 0.27 | 41. | cis-γ-Bisabolene | 0.38 |
19. | endo borneol | 1.77 | 42. | cadinene | 0.79 |
20. | terpinen 4-ol | 1.66 | 43. | caryophyllene oxide | 1.09 |
21. | alpha terpineol | 0.42 | 44. | bisabolon oxide A | 0.20 |
22. | cis dihydrocarvone | 0.56 | 45. | 3.80 | |
23. | pulegone | 0.30 |
No. | Compound | AMO Peak% (Romanian Market) |
---|---|---|
1. | thujene | 0.08 |
2. | ||
3. | camphene | 0.36 |
4. | sabinene | 2.82 |
5. | beta-pinene | 2.76 |
6. | beta myrcene | 1.47 |
7. | p-cymene | 0.15 |
8. | limonene | 3.34 |
9. | ||
10. | gamma terpinene | 0.07 |
11. | ||
12. | linalool | 2.57 |
13. | alpha thujone | 2.99 |
14. | beta-thujone | 0.42 |
15. | terpinen-4-ol | 0.12 |
16. | geraniol | 2.29 |
17. | beta bourbonene | 0.06 |
18. | beta farnesene | 4.48 |
19. | germacrene D | 0.39 |
20. | gamma elemene | 0.23 |
21. | gamma cadinene | 0.10 |
22. | delta cadinene | 0.11 |
23. | spathulenol | 0.25 |
24. | tau cadinol | 0.30 |
25. | bisabolol oxide B | 2.26 |
26. | bisabolon oxide A; | 2.43 |
27. | chamazulene | 0.46 |
28. | ||
Country/ Region | The Five Most Abundant Components Identified in Yarrow Essential Oil (Relative Amount) | Yield | Authors | Refs. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Romania (western part) | chamazulene (38.89%) | germacrene D (12.90%) | β-caryophyllene (11.52%) | β-pinene (10.66%) | n.d.* | 0.47% | Jianu et al. | [ ] |
Romania (north-western) | Flowers | Costescu et al. | [ ] | |||||
β-pinene (17.2%) | chamazulene (12.9%) | β-phellandrene (12.1%) | 1,8-cineole (6.8%) | β-caryophyllene (6.0%) | 0.5% | |||
Leaves | ||||||||
α-bisabolol (16.0%) | β-pinene (9.9%) | chamazulene (9.7%) | β-phellandrene (8.0%) | 1,8-cineole (7.7%) | 0.7% | |||
Root | ||||||||
chamazulene (33.82%) | α-bisabolol (10.27%) | β-caryophyllene (5.04%) | caryophyllene oxide (4.43%) | β -pinene (4.2%) | 0.9% | |||
Stem | ||||||||
chamazulene (45.79%) | β-caryophyllene (7.67%) | β-cubebene (5.6%) | ledol (3.24%) | β-phellandrene (3.18%) | 1.2% | |||
Egypt (west of Nile delta) | β-pinene (24.1–54.6%) | chamazulene (10.1–26.7%) | germacrene D (1.3–10.3%) | β-caryophyllene (11.52%) | limonene (6.4–11.9%) | 0.067–0.186% | Aziz et al. | [ ] |
Turkey (Eastern Anatolia) | 1,8-cineole (75.19%) | α-phellandrene (5.53%) | p-eugenol (5.53%) | camphor (5.45%) | α-terpineol (2.09%) | n.d.* | Yildirim et al. | [ ] |
Iran (El.: 1339 m, Lat. east: 33.638, Long. n | borneol (20.14–36.35%) | thymol (10.01–10.14%) | carvacrol (8.14–10.14%) | α-pinene (6.45–7.45%) | camphene (2.14–4.65%) | 1.54% v/w, 2.01% v/w | Abdossi and Kazemi | [ ] |
Iran (West Azerbaijan Province) | 1,8-cineole (21.28–34.51%) | camphor (7.27–14.07%) | chamazulene (4.18–11.34%) | α-eudesmol (2.09–9.63%) | α-cadinol (2.35–7.73%) | 0.14–0.24% v/w | Farhadi et al. | [ ] |
Portugal (Lisbon botanical garden) | Flowers | Figueiredo et al. | [ ] | |||||
1,8-cineole (28.7%) | sabinene (15.4%) | terpinene-4-ol (3.4%) | camphor (3.3%) | γ-terpinene (3.2%) | 0.2% v/w | |||
Leaves during flowering | ||||||||
1,8-cineole (24.5%) | trans-sabinene hydrate (10.2%) | germacrene D (7.2%) | terpinene-4-ol (5.6%) | sabinene (5.4%) | 0.2% v/w | |||
Leaves during vegetative period | ||||||||
germacrene D (65.1%) | α-farnesene (12.0%) | δ-elemene (4.6%) | bicyclogermacrene (3.7%) | β-caryophyllene (2.1%) | 0.1% v/w | |||
Serbia (southern part) | 1,8-cineole (28.8%) | camphor (11.0%) | borneol (5.9%) | β-pinene (5.4%) | caryophyllene oxide (3.3%) | n.d.* | Smelcerovic et al. | [ ] |
Brazil (Umuarama, Parana State) | α-farnesene (31.66%) | chamazulene (17.17%) | β-caryophyllene (10.27%) | sabinene (8.77%) | bicyclo-germacrene (5.84%) | 0.4% | Daniel et al. | [ ] |
Estonia | β-pinene (14.9–29.2%) | 1,8-cineole (6.9–18.3%) | sabinene (2.9–17.6%) | chamazulene (0.1–12.7%) | guaiol (0.3–11.8%) | 2–4 mg/g | Orav et al. | [ ] |
India (subtropical region) | germacrene D (1.1–46.6%) | sabinene (4.0–38.9%) | borneol (4.7–24.9%) | camphor (0.6–17.6%) | α-pinene (0.8–11.7%) | 0.10–0.70% | Verma et al. | [ ] |
Serbia (saline habitats: northern parts—Vojvodina province) | trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (5.84–21.33%) | chamazulene (1.51–15.84%) | lavandulyl acetate (0.90–14.88%) | trans-caryophyllene (7.57–9.53%) | β-pinene (3.18–8.89%) | 0.32–1.01% | Stevanovic et al. | [ ] |
Poland (south eastern part) | Flowers | 0.598% | Konarska et al. | [ ] | ||||
β-pinene (12.22%) | (E)-nerolidol (7.34%) | 1,8-cineole (6.45%) | sabinene (6.04%) | camphor (5.28%) | ||||
Herb | 0.235% | |||||||
β-pinene (9.90%) | bornyl acetate (9.23%) | borneol (6.18%) | 1,8-cineole (5.83%) | camphor (5.81%) | ||||
France (Midi-Pyrenees region Toulouse) | camphor (12.8%) | germacrene D (12.0%) | (E)–nerolidol (7.3%) | sabinene (6.7%) | (E)-p-metha-2,8-dien-1-ol (4.5%) | 0.07% (raported to fresh weight) | El-Kalamouni et al. | [ ] |
Saudi Arabia | Stems | 0.33% | Mohammed et al. | [ ] | ||||
α-Thujone (29.54%) | β-Thujone (18.05%) | 1,8-cineole (14.19%) | Trans-sabinene hydrate (3.70%) | |||||
Leaves | 0.65% | |||||||
α-Thujone (37.02%) | β-Thujone (21.58%) | 1,8-cineole (13.90%) | Trans-sabinene hydrate (8.29%) | Thymol (3.51%) | ||||
Herb | 0.61% | |||||||
α-Thujone (23.59%) | Germacrene D (14.73) | β-Thujone (14.70%) | Viridiflorol (10.62%) | 1,8-cineole (8.29%) |
Particle Size (µm) | SD | RSD% | Median (µm) | Polydispersity Index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Min. | Max. | ||||
47 | 14 | 132 | 20.71 | 44.31 | 42 | 0.20 |
Yarrow Essential Oil in Microcapsules | AMO Concentration mg/mL | Concentration of MC Solution mg/mL | Oil Content mg/100 mg MC | Total (Initial) Oil mg/100 mg MC | EE% | LC% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total oil content | 5.961 | 15 | 39.74 | 40.29 | 87.60 | 35.29 |
Surface oil content | 0.667 | 15 | 4.45 | 40.29 |
No. | Compound | Free AMO Peak% | Microencapsulated AMO Peak% |
---|---|---|---|
1. | thujene | 1.08 | 1.12 |
2. | alpha pinene | 4.47 | 4.68 |
3. | camphene | 0.60 | 0.51 |
4. | |||
5. | |||
6. | beta myrcene | 0.41 | - |
7. | alpha terpinene | 0.47 | - |
8. | p cymene | 1.55 | 1.44 |
9. | D limonene | 2.14 | 1.79 |
10. | |||
11. | gamma-terpinene | 2.18 | 1.88 |
12. | artemisia ketone | 1.93 | 1.87 |
13. | terpinolene | 0.32 | - |
14. | |||
15. | alpha thujone | 2.84 | 3.04 |
16. | beta thujone | 0.46 | - |
17. | |||
18. | 1-menthone | 0.27 | - |
19. | endo borneol | 1.77 | 1.75 |
20. | terpinen 4-ol | 1.66 | 1.16 |
21. | alpha terpineol | 0.42 | - |
22. | cis dihydrocarvone | 0.56 | 0.43 |
23. | pulegone | 0.30 | - |
24. | D-carvone | 0.60 | 0.53 |
25. | |||
26. | sabinil acetate trans | 0.32 | - |
27. | bornyl acetate | 2.68 | 3.74 |
28. | thymol | 1.31 | 2.25 |
29. | diosphenol | 0.40 | - |
30. | carvacrol | 1.41 | 1.27 |
31. | piperitenone | 0.52 | - |
32. | 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene | 1.86 | 0.98 |
33. | beta bourbonene | 0.76 | 0.71 |
34. | beta elemene | 0.54 | 0.43 |
35. | |||
36. | humulene | 1.57 | 1.74 |
37. | beta farnesene | 1.07 | 0.73 |
38. | gamma muurolene | 0.28 | - |
39. | |||
40. | trans alpha bergamotene | 0.63 | 0.33 |
41. | cis-γ-bisabolene | 0.38 | - |
42. | cadinene | 0.79 | 0.90 |
43. | caryophyllene oxide | 1.09 | 1.65 |
44. | bisabolon oxide A | 0.20 | 0.39 |
45. | |||
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Share and Cite
Székely-Szentmiklósi, I.; Rédai, E.M.; Kovács, B.; Gergely, A.-L.; Albert, C.; Szabó, Z.-I.; Székely-Szentmiklósi, B.; Sipos, E. Investigation of Yarrow Essential Oil Composition and Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation Technology. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177867
Székely-Szentmiklósi I, Rédai EM, Kovács B, Gergely A-L, Albert C, Szabó Z-I, Székely-Szentmiklósi B, Sipos E. Investigation of Yarrow Essential Oil Composition and Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation Technology. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(17):7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177867
Székely-Szentmiklósi, István, Emőke Margit Rédai, Béla Kovács, Attila-Levente Gergely, Csilla Albert, Zoltán-István Szabó, Blanka Székely-Szentmiklósi, and Emese Sipos. 2024. "Investigation of Yarrow Essential Oil Composition and Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation Technology" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177867
Article Metrics
Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals
- Shop downarrow
- Learn downarrow
- Farms downarrow
- Company downarrow
Study Finds Adulteration in 75% of Commercial Lavender Samples Tested
A new scientific study published in the Journal of Essential Oil Research investigated the authentication of lavender essential oil by using multiple analytical techniques. Using this approach, researchers found that 75 percent of commercially available lavender essential oil samples tested were adulterated, stressing the importance of in-depth analyses.
Lehi, Utah, January 22, 2024
A new study published in the Journal of Essential Oil Research (JEOR) analyzed 41 authentic lavender essential oil samples from trusted producers and research partners around the world. Comparing these findings to 12 commercially available samples, it was found that 9 out of 12 (75 percent) of those tested were adulterated, showing signs of potential dilution or addition of another oil as a substitute.
Lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia ) is an aromatic shrub in the mint (Lamiaceae) family. It is native to the Mediterranean but grown throughout the world for many commercial purposes. Thanks to lavender’s pleasant and soothing aroma and its many health benefits , lavender essential oil is widely used in the aromatherapy, cosmetics, flavor, and fragrance industries. However, with such popularity and widespread demand for lavender essential oil, quality control and adulteration remain a concern.
The standard quality of lavender has been set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 3515:2002), which provides the profiles for lavender from different cultivation practices and growing regions. To conduct their research, the researchers referenced ISO 3515:2002, and using data from 41 trusted reference standards, they also established additional profile ranges and identified markers in authentic lavender.
The established authentic lavender profiles were then compared against commercially available lavender samples purchased from various online retailers and grocery stores. While labels on the sampled products declared their product was “pure lavender essential oil,” “100% pure lavender oil,” “true lavender,” or “organic lavender,” 75 percent of the tested samples turned out to be adulterated.
To test the essential oil samples, the researchers used state-of-the-art equipment along with multiple analytical techniques, such as chiral gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry, among others. Other factors considered were cultivation practices, provenance, and variety of lavender.
Young Living’s Lavender essential oil originates in Southern France, where the company has the only American-owned lavender farm in the country – the Simiane-la-Rotonde Lavender Farm and Distillery in Provence. Young Living brought lavender seeds from Provence to St. Maries, Idaho, and planted 200 acres of land at the St. Maries Lavender Farm and Distillery , which now contribute to the production of its renowned Lavender essential oil and other aromatic plants in the U.S. market. Young Living also harvests lavender at its Mona Lavender Farm and Distillery in Utah.
A global leader in the industry, Young Living takes the authenticity of its essential oils very seriously. It conducts rigorous testing of all its products and publishes test results in a digital library available for customers on the Young Living website.
Quality starts in the field, but it’s proven in the lab. The exciting results of this study reinforce Young Living’s longstanding Seed to Seal® commitment to the highest quality products. Young Living customers seek the products because they know they’re investing in true quality.
To learn more about Young Living’s Lavender essential oil and farms, visit www.youngliving.com/us/en/product/lavender-essential-oil .
About Young Living Essential Oils
Young Living Essential Oils , LC, based in Lehi, Utah, is the world leader in essential oils, offering the highest-quality oil-infused products available. Young Living takes its industry leadership seriously, setting the standard with its proprietary Seed to Seal® quality commitment. This guiding principle helps Young Living protect the planet and provide authentic products that its Brand Partners and Customers can feel confident using and sharing with friends and family. Young Living’s products—sourced from corporate-owned farms, partner farms, and other trusted suppliers—not only support a healthy lifestyle, but also provide opportunities for over 6 million global Brand Partners to find a sense of purpose and whole-life wellness by aligning their work with the Young Living values and passions. For more information, visit YoungLiving.com , follow @youngliving on Instagram, or like us on Facebook .
Media Contact
For media inquiries, please contact [email protected] .
Current Science
Journal of essential oil & plant composition, essential oil composition of siparuna lepidota (kunth) a. dc. (siparunaceae) from ecuador, chris packer*.
Corresponding Author
D. Gary Young Research Institute, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +1 208 5300067
Adrian Abad
Finca Botanica Aromatica, Guayaquil, 090151, EC, Ecuador.
E-mail: [email protected]
Tulio Orellana
Tyler m. wilson, nadia cedeño.
Independent researcher, UT, USA
Eugenio Caruajulca
Orlando pacheco.
Received: 2024-08-01 | Revised: 2024-08-06 | Accepted: 2024-08-19 | Published: 2024-08-23
Pages: 158-162
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.56
156 Views | 0 Download
Effect of afforestation of the coastal savannah of Pointe-Noire (Congo-Brazzaville) on the chemical composition of leaves and stem bark essential oils from Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich
Jean bruno bassiloua*.
Pôle d’Excellence Régional en Alimentation et Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69 Brazzaville, Congo.
Ecole Supérieure de Technologie des Cataractes, BP 389, Brazzaville, Congo.
E-mail : [email protected], Tel: +242068147556
Anicet Frédéric Binaki
E-mail : [email protected]
Hubert Makomo
E-mail : [email protected]
Thomas Silou
Ecole Supérieure de Technologie des Cataractes, BP 389, Brazzaville Congo.
E-mail : [email protected]
Rosalie Kama Niamayoua
E-mail : [email protected]
Jean-Claude Chalchat
AVAHEA, 38 rue de Clemensat, 63540 Romagnat, France
E-mail : [email protected]
Received: 2024-05-15 | Revised: 2024-06-06 | Accepted: 2024-06-12 | Published: 2024-06-29
Pages: 151-157
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.55
154 Views | 0 Download
Identification of two chemotypes for essential oils and floral waters of Mentha spicata L. from two localities of Senegal
Serigne mbacké diop*.
Laboratoire des Analyses Phytosanitaires, Institut de Technologie Alimentaire, BP 2765 Hann-Dakar, Sénégal.
E-mail : [email protected] , [email protected] , Tel : +221 77 973 81 73
El Hadji Barka Ndiaye
Département des Sciences et Technologies Alimentaires, UFR des Sciences Fondamentales et de l’Ingénieur, Université du Sine Saloum El-Hadji Ibrahima Niass, BP 55 Kaolack, Sénégal.
Manon Genva
Chimie Générale et Organique, Département Agro-Bio-Chem, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège 2, Passage des Déportés-5030 Gembloux, (Belgique) Belgium.
Abdoulaye Thiam
Département de chimie, faculté des sciences et techniques, université cheikh anta diop, bp 5005 dakar, sénégal., marie-laure fauconnier, momar talla gueye.
Received: 2024-05-05 | Revised: 2024-05-25 | Accepted: 2024-05-28 | Published: 2024-05-31
Pages: 143-150
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.54
166 Views | 0 Download
The essential oil characterization of Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. from the Great Basin of North America
Ambika poudel.
Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
Prabodh Satyal
Independent Researcher, 1432 W. Heartland Dr., Kuna, ID 83634, USA.
William N. Setzer
Corresponding author
Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-468-2862
Received: 2024-05-10 | Revised: 2024-05-19 | Accepted: 2024-05-20 | Published: 2024-05-21
Pages: 130-142
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.53
273 Views | 0 Download
Comparative analysis of the essential oil composition of wild and cultivated Valeriana jatamansi Jones. from Uttarakhand Himalaya
Balam singh bisht*.
Himalayan Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Research Centre (HIMARC), Berinag, India.
E-mail: [email protected] , Tel: +91-9410338181
Gunjan Karki
Rajendra chandra padalia, central institute of medicinal and aromatic plants (csir-cimap), pantnagar, india..
Received: 2024-04-26 | Revised: 2024-05-13 | Accepted: 2024-05-16 | Published: 2024-05-20
Pages: 124-129
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.52
194 Views | 0 Download
Vitex agnus-castus L.: Chemical characterization, enantiomeric distribution, and antibacterial efficacy of the essential oil from north-central Nigeria
Davies-sani rayhana olubukola.
Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, P.M.B 001, LASU, Lagos, Nigeria.
Elesho Adeseye Omololu
Moses sunday owolabi*.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Tel: +2348033257445
Akintayo Lanre Ogundajo
Nwosu adaobi favour, aromatic plant research center, 230 n 1200 e, suite 100, lehi, ut 84043, usa. and department of chemistry, university of alabama in huntsville, huntsville, al 35899, usa. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; tel.: +1-256-468-2862.
Received: 2024-05-03 | Revised: 2024-05-09 | Accepted: 2024-05-12 | Published: 2024-05-16
Pages: 115-123
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.51
231 Views | 0 Download
Phenotypic and biochemical characterization of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) during developmental stages.
Swamy gowda mudalakoppalu ramegowda.
Department of Botany, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India.
Ravi Kumara Rajesha
Department of Sericulture Science, University of Mysore, Mysuru-570006, Karnataka, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Sowmya Ramaiah*
E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 2024-03-17 | Revised: 2024-04-09 | Accepted: 2024-04-11 | Published: 2024-04-29
Pages: 104-114
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.50
304 Views | 0 Download
Chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast. grown in Hokkaido, Japan
Mitsuki takeyama.
Graduate School of Manufacturing Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-Cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan.
Yoshihito Kohari
Corresponding author :
School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-Cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan.
E-mail: [email protected] ,Tel: +81-157-26-9440.
Miki Murata
Received: 2024-03-06 | Revised: 2024-03-16 | Accepted: 2024-03-19 | Published: 2024-03-31
Pages: 99-103
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i02.49
248 Views | 0 Download
Chemical composition, enantiomeric analysis, and bactericidal activities of sesquiterpene-rich essential oil of Acanthospermum hispidum DC. from northwestern Nigeria
Moses sunday owolabi.
E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected]
Tel: +2348033257445
Lanre Akintayo Ogundajo
Aromatic Plant Research Center 230 N 1200E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-468-2862
Received: 2024-02-20 | Revised: 2024-02-28 | Accepted: 2024-03-06 | Published: 2024-03-09
Pages: 91-98
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i01.48
299 Views | 0 Download
Composition of Clinopodium acutifolium essential oil from Peru
Chris packer.
Finca Botanica Aromatica, Guayaquil, 090151, EC, Ecuador.
Received: 2024-01-31 | Revised: 2024-02-16 | Accepted: 2024-02-22 | Published: 2024-02-27
Pages: 86-90
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i01.47
446 Views | 0 Download
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Radosław Kowalski
View Profile
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.(CC BY-NC 4.0).
Sesquiterpene lactones of Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip, and comparative antimicrobial activity of its root oil and extracts
Chemical profiles and antimicrobial activity from peperomia pellucida tissues, essential oil composition and stable isotope profile of cultivated lippia alba (verbenaceae) from ecuador, composition of cyperus luzulae rhizome essential oil from peru, chemical and olfactory analysis of essential oils of hedychium gardnerianum, hedychium flavescens, pittosporum senacia and psidium cattleianum from reunion island, essential oil profile of valeriana acutiloba rydb. (caprifoliaceae) from utah (usa), evaluation of rubus caesius l. fruit different maturity stages on phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity, essential oil composition of rhizomes of valeriana wallichii dc. grown in temperate zone, uttarakhand, india, chemical composition of the wood essential oils of sequoia sempervirens (california redwood), constituents of essential oil from the leaf of alternanthera sessilis (l.) r. br. ex dc. (amaranthaceae) from nigeria, announcement.
The article processing charge (APC) is now 5 0 USD for all accepted articles.
Please submit your article to [email protected] or [email protected]
Advertizement.
Crossref-DOI
Google Scholar
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Journal metrics Editorial board. Journal of Essential Oil Research ( JEOR) is the major forum for the publication of essential oil research and analysis. Each issue includes studies performed on the chemical composition of some of the 20,000 aromatic plants known in the plant kingdom. JEOR is devoted entirely to all phases of research from ...
Research Article. Article. Gas chromatographic, sensory profile and biological properties evaluation of Egyptian Jasminum grandiflorum essential oil produced industrially by steam distillation. Emanuela Trovato, Lucyna Balcerzak, Clio Vidal, Daniel Jan Strub, Hussein A Fakhry, Paola Dugo & Luigi Mondello. Pages: 321-332.
The leaf essential oil of Ecuadorian Ophryosporus peruvianus (J.F. Gmel.) R.M. King & H. Rob: chemical composition, enantioselective analysis, and in vitro enzymatic inhibitory activity. Gianluca Gilardoni, Barbara Sgorbini, Marta Pavarino, Nixon Cumbicus, Fernando Romero & Omar Malagón. Published online: 12 Aug 2024.
Journal of Essential Oil Research is an international, peer-reviewed journal which publishes high quality, original research contributions to scientific knowledge. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editorin-Chief, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous expert ...
This article reviews the usage, evidence, and safety of essential oils for aromatherapy, a holistic healing practice. It covers the extraction methods, chemical composition, therapeutic effects, and clinical applications of essential oils, as well as the challenges and opportunities for standardization and regulation.
Essential oil (EO), as the main component used in inhalation therapy, has been widely investigated for its therapeutic effects. Evidence indicates that EOs can successfully reduce anxiety and relieve pain when combined with conventional treatment [1,2]. EOs can be administered through oral consumption, direct skin contact, or inhalation . Among ...
Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) is a measure of scientific influence of journals based on citations. Journal of Essential Oil Research is a UK-based journal that publishes studies on the chemical composition and biological activity of aromatic plants.
The chapter highlights innovative applications, such as aromatherapy, skincare, and culinary arts. In healthcare, evidence-based applications and research on antimicrobial properties and pain ...
Essential oils (EOs) have ketones and are considered to be beneficial for promoting wound healing and also for encouraging scar tissue formation. Ketones are generally (not always) toxic in nature. The most toxic ketone is thujone that is found in sage, mugwort, tansy wormwood, and thuja oils.
Essential oils (EOs) have risen in popularity over the past decade. These oils function in society as holistic integrative modalities to traditional medicinal treatments, where many Americans substitute EOs in place of other prescribed medications. EOs are found in a multitude of products including food flavoring, soaps, lotions, shampoos, hair ...
Conclusion and discussion. Essential oils have many therapeutic and antiparasitic properties. They are beneficial to human health in many ways. However, to understand their potential benefits, more research is needed regarding essential oils such as coriander, parsley, rosemary, cumin, and thyme.
This article reviews the literature on essential oils as therapeutic agents for various diseases and conditions. It covers the methods, benefits, safety issues and plants used in aromatherapy, a complementary and alternative therapy.
The Journal of Essential Oil Research has an SJR (SCImago Journal Rank) of 0.435, according to the latest data. It is computed in the year 2023. It is computed in the year 2023. In the past 9 years, this journal has recorded a range of SJR, with the highest being 0.435 in 2022 and the lowest being 0.344 in 2019.
Taken together, there has been a great amount of research performed in the essential oil field but considering their multitude of components and the spectrum of possible activities there is still a vast amount unknown about their true effects on human health. ... Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2017;29(4):424-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus ...
Journal of Essential Oil Research is an international, peer-reviewed journal which publishes high quality, original research contributions to scientific knowledge. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editorin-Chief, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous expert ...
The Journal of essential oil research (Online) Identifiers. ISSN : 2163-8152. Linking ISSN (ISSN-L): 1041-2905. Incorrect ISSN: 1041-2905. Resource information Archival Status. Title proper: The Journal of essential oil research. Other variant title: JEOR. Other variant title: J. essent. oil res. Country: United Kingdom. Medium: Online. Status
The Science Behind Essential Oils. We maintain an active role in the research of essential oils on various levels. Dr. Pappas regularly submits publications to reputable scientific journals like Journal of Essential Oil Research (JEOR) on the chemical properties of unusual essential oils as well as submitting articles relevant to aromatherapy to journals like Aromatherapy Journal (formerly ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aromatherapy, a holistic healing practice utilizing the aromatic essences of plant-derived essential oils, has gained significant attention for its therapeutic potential in promoting overall well-being. Use of phytoconstituent based essential oil has played a significant role in the evolving therapeutic avenue of aromatherapy as a complementary system of medicine.
Journal of Essential Oil Research. Journal Abbreviation: J ESSENT OIL RES. Journal ISSN: 1041-2905. Year. Impact Factor (IF) Total Articles. Total Cites. 2023 (2024 update) 2.2.
Top authors and change over time. The top authors publishing in Journal of Essential Oil Research (based on the number of publications) are: Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer (184 papers) published 1 paper at the last edition, 1 less than at the previous edition,; Jorge A. Pino (167 papers) absent at the last edition,; Temel Özek (110 papers) absent at the last edition,
The prime focus of the Journal is to publish articles related to the current research trends in essential oils, pharmacognosy, natural products chemistry, and chemical ecology. This Journal provides the platform with the aim of motivating students and researchers in these fields. Editor-in-Chief: Dr. William N. Setzer. ISSN: 2321-9114.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., AM) is a widely used medicinal plant, with its essential oil highly valued in the cosmetic industry. In view of the numerous biological effects, however, microencapsulation, due to its ability to protect sensitive constituents, transform liquids into solid-state material, and provide modification of release kinetics, might open up new possibilities for the ...
Browse the list of issues and latest articles from Journal of Essential Oil Research. All issues Special issues . Latest articles Volume 34 2022 Volume 33 2021 Volume 32 2020 Volume 31 2019 Volume 30 2018 Volume 29 2017 Volume 28 2016 Volume 27 2015 Volume 26 2014 Volume 25 2013 Volume 24 2012
Volume 7 1995. Volume 6 1994. Volume 5 1993. Volume 4 1992. Volume 3 1991. Volume 2 1990. Volume 1 1989. Browse the list of issues and latest articles from Journal of Essential Oil Research.
t, list species name and plant family name, and also common name if well known. For reports on the analysis of an essential oil, list "essent. al oil composition" and all the components found in amounts greater than 10%.Introduction: The Introduction should present the object or reas.
Lehi, Utah, January 22, 2024. A new study published in the Journal of Essential Oil Research (JEOR) analyzed 41 authentic lavender essential oil samples from trusted producers and research partners around the world. Comparing these findings to 12 commercially available samples, it was found that 9 out of 12 (75 percent) of those tested were ...
Journal of Essential Oil & Plant Composition (JEOPC) is a peer-reviewed international journal that invites original research, review and short reports on plant essential oils and metabolites. The JEOPC covers the areas of agriculture, chemistry, pharmacology, food science and biotechnology. The ethnopharmacological and biotechnological ...