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Overview of Google App Engine

June 13, 2023 by Meenal Sarda Leave a Comment

Google App Engine is an industry-leading Platform as a Service (PaaS) from the company that pioneered much of the microservices technology we rely on today.

In this blog, we are going to cover Google App Engine, its features, advantages, and use-cases.

Google App Engine

Google App Engine is a fully managed serverless platform for developing and hosting web applications at a scale. Users can choose from several popular languages, libraries, and frameworks to develop their applications and then  App Engine takes care of provisioning servers and scaling app instances based on demand. It is a PaaS for building scalable applications.

It is one of the Compute services offered by Google Cloud Platform . To know more about other services offered by Google Cloud Platform read the blog Google Cloud Services And Tools

Note : Read our Blog Post on Google Cloud Functions .

Google App Engine Environments

Google Cloud provides 2 environments to use App Engine, one is a standard environment with constrained environments and support for languages such as Python, Go, node.js. The other one is the Flexible Environment where developers have more freedom such as running custom runtimes using docker, longer request & response timeout, and ability to install custom dependencies/software, and SSH into the virtual machine.

1.) Standard Environment

It is based on the container which runs on the Google infrastructure. It provides users with the facility to easily build and deploy an application that runs under heavy load and a large amount of data. It supports the following languages: Python, JAVA, Node.js, Ruby, PHP, and Go.

Features of Standard Environment:

• Persistent storage with queries, sorting, and transactions.
• Automatic scaling and load balancing.
• Asynchronous task queues for performing work outside the scope of a request.
• Scheduled tasks for triggering events at regular intervals or specific time intervals.
• Integration with other Google cloud services and APIs.

2.) Flexible Environment

App Engine Flexible Environment allows users to concentrate on writing code. Based on Google Compute Engine , it automatically scales the app up and down and along with it also balances the load. It allows users to customize their runtime and the operating system of their virtual machines using Dockerfiles.

Features of Flexible Environment:

• Infrastructure Customization: App Engine flexible environment instances are Compute Engine virtual machines, which implies that users can take advantage of custom libraries, use SSH for debugging, and deploy their own Docker containers.
• It is an open-source community.
• Native feature support: Features such as microservices, authorization, SQL and NoSQL databases, traffic splitting, logging, etc are natively supported.
• Performance: Users can take advantage of a wide array of CPU and memory configurations.

Note : Read Our Blog Post on Associate Cloud Engineer .

Google App Engine Use-Cases

1.) Scalable Mobile Backends: App Engine automatically scales the hosting environment for users who are building their first mobile application or looking to reach out to existing users via a mobile experience. It offers seamless integration with Firebase which provides an easy-to-use frontend mobile platform along with a scalable and reliable back end.

2.) Modern Web-Applications: Quickly reach customers and end-users by deploying web apps on App Engine. With zero-config deployments and zero server management, It allows users to focus on just writing code. In addition to this, it automatically scales to support sudden traffic spikes without provisioning, patching, or monitoring.

Benefits of Google App Engine

The main benefits of Google App Engine are:

• Open and familiar languages and tools: Users can build and deploy apps quickly using popular languages or bring their own language runtimes and frameworks, they can also manage resources from the command line, debug source code, and run API back ends easily.
• Just add code: App Engine protects from security threats using firewall capabilities, IAM rules, and managed SSL/ TLS certificates so that it helps users to write code without any underlying infrastructure.
• Pay only for what you use: It naturally scales relying upon the application traffic and expends resources just when the code is running.

Features of App Engine

Some of the prominent features of Google App Engine include:

• Popular language: Users can build the application using language runtimes such as Java, Python, C#, Ruby, PHP or build their own runtimes.
• Open and flexible: Custom runtimes allow users to bring any library and framework to App Engine by supplying a Docker container.
• Fully managed: It allows users to add your web application code to the platform while it manages the infrastructure. The engine ensures that web apps are secure and running and enables the firewall to save them from malware and threats.
• Powerful application diagnostics: Google App engine uses cloud monitoring and cloud logging to monitor the health and performance of the app and to diagnose and fix bugs quickly it uses cloud debugger and error reporting.
• Application versioning: It easily hosts different versions of the app, and create development, test, staging, and production environments.
• Application security: Google App Engine helps safeguard the application by defining access rules with an App Engine firewall and leverage managed SSL/TLS certificates by default on the custom domain without incurring any additional cost.

Note : You Can Check our Blog Post on Creating Google Cloud Account .

Frequently Asked Questions

What languages are supported by google app engine.

Google App Engine support some popular languages like Java, PHP, Node.js, Python, C#, GO, .Net, and Ruby.

What are the services provided by the App Engine?

It is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) that provides Web app developers and enterprises with access to Google's scalable hosting service. Google App Engine provides more infrastructure than other scalable hosting services like AWS Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and also eliminates some system administration and developmental tasks to make it easier to write scalable applications.

What is the difference between Compute Engine and App Engine?

Compute Engine is an IaaS offering where the users have to create and configure their own virtual machine instances whereas App Engine is a PaaS offering where users have to deploy their code and everything else is handled by the platform.

Which companies or ventures are using Google App Engine?

Some big companies like Accenture, Snapchat, YouTube, Khan Academy, etc are currently using the App Engine.

When should you use App Engine?

Google App Engine is a perfect fit for web applications, mobile backends, IoT, Internal IT apps. But also users should avoid using it for media rendering, genetic science, data analysis, VM images, and stateful storage.

Related References

• GCP Associate Cloud Engineer: All You Need To Know About
• GCP Professional Cloud Architect: Everything You Need To Know
• Introduction To Google Cloud Platform
• Google Cloud Services & Tools
• Introduction To Google Compute Engine
• Top 30 GCP Interview Questions and Answers 2023

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Pre-requisite:- Google Cloud Platform

A scalable runtime environment, Google App Engine is mostly used to run Web applications. These dynamic scales as demand change over time because of Google’s vast computing infrastructure. Because it offers a secure execution environment in addition to a number of services, App Engine makes it easier to develop scalable and high-performance Web apps. Google’s applications will scale up and down in response to shifting demand. Croon tasks, communications, scalable data stores, work queues, and in-memory caching are some of these services.

The App Engine SDK facilitates the testing and professionalization of applications by emulating the production runtime environment and allowing developers to design and test applications on their own PCs. When an application is finished being produced, developers can quickly migrate it to App Engine, put in place quotas to control the cost that is generated, and make the programmer available to everyone. Python, Java, and Go are among the languages that are currently supported.

The development and hosting platform Google App Engine, which powers anything from web programming for huge enterprises to mobile apps, uses the same infrastructure as Google’s large-scale internet services. It is a fully managed PaaS (platform as a service) cloud computing platform that uses in-built services to run your apps. You can start creating almost immediately after receiving the software development kit (SDK). You may immediately access the Google app developer’s manual once you’ve chosen the language you wish to use to build your app.

After creating a Cloud account, you may Start Building your App

• Using the Go template/HTML package
• Python-based webapp2 with Jinja2
• PHP and Cloud SQL
• using Java’s Maven

The app engine runs the programmers on various servers while “sandboxing” them. The app engine allows the program to use more resources in order to handle increased demands. The app engine powers programs like Snapchat, Rovio, and Khan Academy.

Features of App Engine 

Runtimes and languages.

To create an application for an app engine, you can use Go, Java, PHP, or Python. You can develop and test an app locally using the SDK’s deployment toolkit. Each language’s SDK and nun time are unique. Your program is run in a:

• Java Run Time Environment version 7
• Python Run Time environment version 2.7
• PHP runtime’s PHP 5.4 environment
• Go runtime 1.2 environment

Generally Usable Features

These are protected by the service-level agreement and depreciation policy of the app engine. The implementation of such a feature is often stable, and any changes made to it are backward-compatible. These include communications, process management, computing, data storage, retrieval, and search, as well as app configuration and management. Features like the HRD migration tool, Google Cloud SQL, logs, datastore, dedicated Memcached, blob store, Memcached, and search are included in the categories of data storage, retrieval, and search.

Features in Preview

In a later iteration of the app engine, these functions will undoubtedly be made broadly accessible. However, because they are in the preview, their implementation may change in ways that are backward-incompatible. Sockets, MapReduce, and the Google Cloud Storage Client Library are a few of them.

Experimental Features 

These might or might not be made broadly accessible in the next app engine updates. They might be changed in ways that are irreconcilable with the past. The “trusted tester” features, however, are only accessible to a limited user base and require registration in order to utilize them. The experimental features include Prospective Search, Page Speed, OpenID, Restore/Backup/Datastore Admin, Task Queue Tagging, MapReduce, and Task Queue REST API. App metrics analytics, datastore admin/backup/restore, task queue tagging, MapReduce, task queue REST API, OAuth, prospective search, OpenID, and Page Speed are some of the experimental features.

Third-Party Services

As Google provides documentation and helper libraries to expand the capabilities of the app engine platform, your app can perform tasks that are not built into the core product you are familiar with as app engine. To do this, Google collaborates with other organizations. Along with the helper libraries, the partners frequently provide exclusive deals to app engine users.

Advantages of Google App Engine 

The Google App Engine has a lot of benefits that can help you advance your app ideas. This comprises:

• Infrastructure for Security: The Internet infrastructure that Google uses is arguably the safest in the entire world. Since the application data and code are hosted on extremely secure servers, there has rarely been any kind of illegal access to date.
• Faster Time to Market: For every organization, getting a product or service to market quickly is crucial. When it comes to quickly releasing the product, encouraging the development and maintenance of an app is essential. A firm can grow swiftly with Google Cloud App Engine’s assistance.
• Quick to Start: You don’t need to spend a lot of time prototyping or deploying the app to users because there is no hardware or product to buy and maintain.
• Easy to Use: The tools that you need to create, test, launch, and update the applications are included in Google App Engine (GAE).
• Rich set of APIs & Services: A number of built-in APIs and services in Google App Engine enable developers to create strong, feature-rich apps.
• Scalability: This is one of the deciding variables for the success of any software. When using the Google app engine to construct apps, you may access technologies like GFS, Big Table, and others that Google uses to build its own apps.
• Performance and Reliability: Among international brands, Google ranks among the top ones. Therefore, you must bear that in mind while talking about performance and reliability.
• Cost Savings: To administer your servers, you don’t need to employ engineers or even do it yourself. The money you save might be put toward developing other areas of your company.
• Platform Independence: Since the app engine platform only has a few dependencies, you can easily relocate all of your data to another environment.

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Google app engine case study : a micro blogging site

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Cloud computing refers to the combination of large scale hardware resources at datacenters integrated by system software that provides services, commonly known as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), over the Internet. As a result of more affordable datacenters, cloud computing is slowly making its way into the mainstream business arena and has the potential to revolutionize the IT industry. As more cloud computing solutions become available, it is expected that there will be a shift to what is sometimes referred to as the Web Operating System. The Web Operating System, along with the sense of infinite computing resources on the “cloud” has the potential to bring new challenges in software engineering. The motivation of this report, which is divided into two parts, is to understand these challenges. The first part gives a brief introduction and analysis of cloud computing. The second part focuses on Google’s cloud computing platform and evaluates the implementation of a micro blogging site using Google’s App Engine.

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Build and Launch Web Apps Effortlessly with Google App Engine

• By Bavan M Y

Introduction

App Engine is a cloud-based platform that enables developers to create and host web applications without worrying about infrastructure management. It is a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offering from Google Cloud, designed to provide developers with a scalable and reliable environment for developing and deploying web applications.

App Engine Hierarchy

• Applications: The top-level of the App Engine hierarchy is the application. An application is a collection of services, versions, and instances that work together to provide a complete web application. Each application is identified by a unique ID, differentiating it from others.
• Services: A service is a group of related functionalities within an application. A service can be thought of as a logical partition of an application. Each service can have multiple versions, each with its instances.
• Versions: A version is a specific service iteration deployed to the App Engine environment. Each version is identified by a unique version ID, differentiating it from other versions of the same service. Each version can have multiple instances running simultaneously.
• Instances: An instance is a virtual machine that runs a particular service version. Each instance is created dynamically as needed to handle incoming requests. Instances can be scaled up or down based on demand and configured to use different machine types and resource allocations.

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• Reduced infrastructural costs
• Accelerated application deployment

Advantages and Disadvantages

There are numerous benefits to using App Engine as a platform for developing and hosting web applications:

• Scalability: App Engine is designed to scale up resources automatically in response to traffic spikes and growing user bases. This means you won’t have to worry about over-provisioning or paying for resources you won’t use.
• Reliability: App Engine is built on Google’s infrastructure, which is built for high availability and fault tolerance. This means your application is highly available and can withstand hardware and network failures without negatively impacting your users.
• Easy to use: App Engine provides a simple platform for developing and deploying web applications. You are not required to manage servers, operating systems, or other infrastructure-related tasks. Instead, you can concentrate on construction.
• Multiple programming languages: App Engine supports various programming languages, including Java, Python, Node.js, Go, and more. This means you can choose the language you’re most comfortable with and best fits your project.
• Wide range of tools and services: App Engine provides a wide range of tools and services, such as databases, caching, and authentication, to make it easier to build your application.
• Integration with other Google Cloud services: App Engine offers easy integration with other Google Cloud services, such as Cloud Storage, Cloud SQL, and Big Query. This makes it easy to build and deploy complex applications that require multiple services.

Overall, App Engine is a powerful platform that provides developers with the tools and services they need to build and deploy web applications quickly and easily.

Disadvantages

While App Engine has many advantages, there are some drawbacks to consider when using this platform:

• Control over the underlying infrastructure is limited: Because App Engine is a fully managed platform, developers have limited control over the underlying infrastructure. This can be a disadvantage for developers who require finer-grained control over the environment of their applications.
• Vendor lock-in: Because Google App Engine is a proprietary platform, developers may face vendor lock-in. If developers want to switch to another platform in the future, this can be a disadvantage.
• Limited flexibility: App Engine provides a predefined environment for running applications, which limits the platform’s flexibility. This can be an issue for developers who need more customization.
• Cost: While App Engine offers a free tier, using the platform for large-scale applications can be costly. This can be a disadvantage for startups and small businesses that have limited budgets.
• Limited database support: While App Engine supports several databases, including Google Cloud SQL and Cloud Datastore, it may not support all databases that developers require. This can disadvantage developers who need to use a specific database technology.

It’s important to weigh these potential disadvantages against the benefits of using App Engine before deciding whether to use it for your web application development needs.

Best Practices of App Engine

Here are some best practices for App Engine development:

• Use the most recent version of your preferred programming language: App Engine supports various programming languages, including Python, Java, and Go. Using the most recent version of your preferred programming language is critical to take advantage of the most recent features and security patches.
• Follow the best security practices: Security should be a top priority when developing apps on App Engine. Use best practices such as encrypting sensitive data, avoiding hard-coded passwords, and encrypting all communications with SSL/TLS.
• Optimize for performance: App Engine scales applications automatically based on traffic and user demand. However, optimize your application code and database queries to ensure maximum performance and resource usage.
• Use App Engine services for data storage: App Engine offers a variety of data storage and management services, including Cloud Datastore and Cloud SQL. The use of these services can aid in the improvement of application performance and scalability.
• Background processing with App Engine task queues: App Engine provides a task queue service for running background tasks such as sending emails or processing large amounts of data. Using task queues can help improve the responsiveness and scalability of an application.
• Use App Engine modules to build microservices: App Engine has a modules feature that can be used to build microservices within a larger application. Using modules can help improve the modularity and scalability of an application.
• Test and monitor your application: Testing and monitoring are critical for ensuring application reliability and performance. Use App Engine’s built-in tools for testing and monitoring, and consider using third-party tools for additional functionality.

By following these best practices, you can ensure that your applications on App Engine are secure, performant, and scalable.

Real-World use case

• E-commerce: Many e-commerce businesses use App Engine to power their online stores and handle high traffic volumes during peak shopping seasons. App Engine’s automatic scaling and built-in caching make it a great choice for handling sudden spikes in traffic.
• Healthcare: App Engine is used by healthcare organizations to build and deploy web-based applications for patient management, appointment scheduling, and telemedicine. App Engine’s built-in security features and HIPAA compliance make it a popular choice for healthcare applications.
• Finance: App Engine is used by financial organizations for building and deploying applications for banking, financial planning, and trading. App Engine’s built-in security and compliance features make it a popular choice for sensitive financial applications.
• Education: Many educational institutions use App Engine for building and deploying learning management systems, student portals, and online course platforms. App Engine’s automatic scaling and built-in services make handling large volumes of users and data easy.
• Gaming: App Engine is used by gaming companies for building and deploying online multiplayer games and gaming platforms. App Engine’s automatic scaling and real-time data synchronization features make it a popular choice for gaming applications.

Overall, businesses and organizations across industries have used App Engine for building and deploying a wide range of web applications. Its built-in services, automatic scaling, and easy-to-use dashboard make it a popular choice for businesses looking to develop and deploy web applications efficiently and cost-effectively.

Demo on Deploying a Sample App

• Select APIs & Services > Library from the left Navigation menu.
• In the search box, type “App Engine Admin API.”.
• Tap the App Engine Admin API card to open it.
• Select Enable. If no prompt to enable the API appears, it is already enabled, and no action is required.
• Enter the following command to copy the Hello World sample app repository to your Google Cloud
• Go to the directory that contains the sample code:
• To deploy your application to App Engine, run the following command from the root of your application where the app.yaml file is located:
• You will be prompted to enter the App Engine location. Please enter the number that represents your region. After that, the App Engine application will be built.

• Enter Y when prompted for details to begin provisioning the service.
• Example Output

4. To launch the browser, enter the following command and click the displayed link.

App Engine is a powerful platform for developing and deploying web applications. Fully managed infrastructure, automatic scaling, and built-in services make it an attractive choice for businesses of all sizes. However, it’s important to consider the potential limitations of the App Engine. B. Vendor dependency and limited flexibility. Follow App Engine development best practices. Performance tuning, use of App Engine services for data storage and testing, application monitoring, and more help ensure that your application is secure, reliable, and scalable. Overall, App Engine is a valuable tool for modern web application development, helping companies achieve their goals efficiently and cost-effectively.

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1. What programming languages are supported by Google App Engine?

ANS: – Google App Engine supports multiple programming languages, including Java, Python, PHP, Node.js, Ruby, and Go. You can choose the language that best suits your application’s needs.

2. How does Google App Engine handle scalability?

ANS: – Google App Engine automatically handles scalability by dynamically allocating resources based on the demand of your application. It scales your application up or down based on traffic patterns to ensure optimal performance.

3. Can I use a custom domain with Google App Engine?

ANS: – Yes, you can use a custom domain with Google App Engine. You can map your own domain name to your App Engine application by configuring the necessary DNS settings.

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WRITTEN BY Bavan M Y

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Case Studies

Global forest cover change.

A team led by University of Maryland’s Matt Hansen used Earth Engine to survey over a decade of global tree cover extent, loss, and gain. The study , published in Science, analyzed nearly all global land, excluding only Antarctica and some Arctic islands. This area comprises 128.8 million km 2 , which is the equivalent of 143 billion pixels of Landsat data at a thirty-meter spatial resolution. To conduct such extensive analysis, Earth Engine performed computations in parallel across thousands of machines, as well as automatically managed data format conversion, reprojection and resampling, and image-to-pixel metadata association. Learn more.

This is the first map of forest change that is globally consistent and locally relevant. What would have taken a single computer 15 years to perform was completed in a matter of days using Google Earth Engine computing.

Map of Life

The Map of Life team has developed an interactive map for conservators to view and analyze habitat ranges and to assess the security of individual species. Using Earth Engine to combine data from a variety of sources, Map of Life has refined their predictions for pinpointing the locations of at-risk species. Users can adjust the parameters (indicating, for instance, a species' preferred habitat), and Earth Engine updates the map on-the-fly, immediately showing the impact on the species range and the amount of protected habitat. Learn more.

Earth Engine's scalable and cloud-based technology helps us deliver vastly improved estimates about the status and trends of tens of thousands of species to users in science, conservation and policy anywhere in a visual and interactive way.

Global Forest Watch

Global Forest Watch , an initiative of the World Resources Institute , is a dynamic online forest monitoring system designed to enable better management and conservation. Global Forest Watch uses Earth Engine to measure and visualize changes to the world's forests; users can synthesize data from over the past decade or receive alerts about possible new threats in near-real-time. Launched in 2014, it’s now used by corporations, non-profits, governments, and indigenous groups for applications as diverse as protecting against illegal logging and ensuring supply chain transparency. Learn more.

Google Earth Engine has made it possible for the first time in history to rapidly and accurately process vast amounts of satellite imagery, identifying where and when tree cover change has occurred at high resolution. Global Forest Watch would not exist without it. For those who care about the future of the planet Google Earth Engine is a great blessing!

Tiger Habitat Monitoring

A team led by University of Minnesota's Anup Joshi developed a satellite-based monitoring system to track changes and prevent loss to critical endangered wild tiger habitats. Using Google Earth Engine, forest loss data generated by Dr. Matt Hansen and Google, and other data available at Global Forest Watch , the team assessed the changes to all critical tiger habitats over a 14 year period. The assessment is the first to track all 76 areas prioritized for wild tiger conservation across 13 different countries. Their analysis found that the international goal to double the wild tiger population by 2022 is achievable with effective forest protection and management. Learn more.

It took us about 1.5 years each to do the previous two range-wide tiger habitat analyses, but with Google Earth Engine we were able to get it done in less than a week.

Malaria Risk Mapping

Scientists in the Global Health Group at the University of California, San Francisco , are using Earth Engine to predict malaria outbreaks. When their tool is released, local health workers will be able to upload their own information about known cases of malaria, and the platform will combine it with real-time satellite data to predict where new cases are likely to occur. Learn more.

Here at the UCSF Global Health Group, we have been using Earth Engine as the workhorse for an online Disease Surveillance And Risk Mapping (DiSARM) platform for malaria. Earth Engine makes accessing, processing and analyzing remotely sensed data so much easier than other more manual methods and, as it is updated frequently, allows us to automate malaria risk mapping in near real time.

Collect Earth

Collect Earth , developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, is a free, open source, and user-friendly tool using Google Earth and Google Earth Engine to visualize and analyze plots of land in order to assess deforestation and other forms of land-use-change. Launched in 2014, Collect Earth is part of the Open Foris software suite , designed to help government, universities and non-profit organizations monitor land use, desertification, forest change, and land-use dynamics. Learn more.

Collect Earth is a game changer – thanks to Google Earth Engine, we will be able to monitor the world’s forests much more efficiently together with all other actors.

Global Surface Water

The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has used Earth Engine to develop high-resolution maps of global surface water occurrence, change, seasonality, recurrence, and transitions. The study , published in Nature, analyses Landsat images collected over the past three decades to identify both permanent and seasonal water bodies. Understanding these changes is vital for ensuring the security of our global water supply for agriculture, industry, and human consumption; for assessing water-related disaster reduction and recovery; and for the study of waterborne pollution and the spread of disease. Learn more .

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U.S. v. Google: As landmark 'monopoly power' trial closes, here's what to look for

The Department of Justice and a group of 35 states sued Google in 2020 for allegedly using anticompetitive tactics to monopolize online search. The trial is over and closing arguments are under way. Spencer Platt/Getty Images hide caption

The Department of Justice and a group of 35 states sued Google in 2020 for allegedly using anticompetitive tactics to monopolize online search. The trial is over and closing arguments are under way.

The landmark monopoly trial between the U.S. Justice Department and Google comes to a finale this week. After a five-month hiatus, both sides will present closing arguments starting Thursday aiming to persuade the federal judge why they should win the case.

The Justice Department has accused Google of illegally abusing its power as a monopoly to control the search engine business — leading to competitors being sidelined and customers being shortchanged by getting a lower quality experience. Google, for its part, has argued its search engine is simply the best, that's why it's the most popular — not because of its business dealings.

It's the first high-profile monopoly case to go to trial among a handful that the U.S. government has brought against tech companies in recent years. The U.S. has also sued Amazon , Apple and Facebook parent Meta over business practices it says hurts both rivals and consumers.

How the judge rules in this case could have far-reaching effects on how people use and interact with the internet.

Google Abuses Its Monopoly Power Over Search, Justice Department Says In Lawsuit

The U.S. sues Apple, saying it abuses its power to monopolize the smartphone market

During the trial last fall, the two sides battled it out in court over a 10-week period. Silicon Valley executives, including Google CEO Sundar Pichai and Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, testified, while troves of internal documents were introduced. Arguments erupted over redacted evidence, closed-door testimony and alleged destruction of employee chat logs.

"There's this wider debate about whether the antitrust laws are up to it with the big technological world we live in now," says Sam Weinstein, a former Justice Department antitrust lawyer who's now a professor at the Cardozo School of Law. "And so, this is putting it to the test."

The Justice Department first filed its lawsuit against Google in 2020. A group of 35 states, along with Guam, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, filed a near identical suit at that time. Both suits were heard by Judge Amit Mehta during the trial, which wrapped up in November.

Google paid $26.3 billion in 2021 alone to be the default search engine on phones and web browsers

The Justice Department's case hinged on allegations that Google illegally orchestrated its business dealings with device makers, like Apple and Samsung, and web browser companies, like Mozilla, which runs Firefox.

During the trial, the government showed that Google paid billions of dollars every year for exclusive agreements with these companies. In 2021, it spent a total of $26.3 billion to ensure it was the default search engine on phones and web browsers, according to witness testimony. Apple, which had the most lucrative deal, was paid around $18 billion in 2021 , according to the New York Times.

"Google illegally maintained a monopoly for more than a decade," Kenneth Dintzer, the Justice Department's lead lawyer, said in the trial's opening statements. "If Google sets the rules, it will always be to their advantage."

United States takes on Google in biggest tech monopoly trial of 21st century

Google's parent company Alphabet, which is now worth more than $2 trillion, controls roughly 90% of the U.S. search engine market . For its defense, the company put together a massive legal team and brought on outside law firms to help fight its case.

Much of the company's case centers around its claims that people love Google Search and that's why they use it. And, Google argues, if people want to switch the default search engine on their devices, they can with just a few clicks.

"Users today have more search options and more ways to access information online than ever before," Google's lead lawyer John Schmidtlein said during the trial's opening statements.

Even Microsoft CEO says it couldn't compete with Google

Over the course of the trial, the Justice Department called dozens of witnesses to testify – including experts, psychologists and top executives from Apple, Microsoft and Google.

When Microsoft CEO Nadella took the stand, he said that he tried for years to get Apple to set Microsoft's Bing search engine as the default on iPhones and iPads. He added, however, that even a company as big as Microsoft couldn't compete.

Executives from other smaller search engines, like DuckDuckGo and Neeva also testified that Google's exclusive deals closed off their potential to gain market share. Gabriel Weinberg, DuckDuckGo's CEO, said his privacy-centric search engine company tried relentlessly to negotiate deals with device makers but it never panned out.

"We ultimately decided after three years of trying this that it was a quixotic exercise because of the contracts," Mr. Weinberg testified.

Google to present its star witness, the company's CEO, in landmark monopoly trial

Google's witnesses mostly included people within the company. When CEO Pichai testified, he said paying billions of dollars to ensure Google Search had default placement on devices made total sense — as it would for any business.

"We want to make it very, very seamless and easy for users to use our service," he said.

During the trial, Google requested that a lot of the testimony about its business dealings be presented behind closed doors. Eddy Cue, Apple's senior vice president of services, testified for four hours, but more than half of that was closed to the public . And, throughout the trail, Google repeatedly fought to seal documents and shutter proceedings in public court.

It became so pervasive that The New York Times and other major news organizations filed a court motion imploring the judge to ensure the case was conducted in an open courtroom.

The judge will decide if laws from 1800s apply in today's modern world

The trial was what's known as a bench trial, which means there's no jury and Judge Mehta will decide. After closing arguments, he's expected to rule within the coming months.

If Mehta sides with Google, the company's business practices will likely remain the same. If he rules in favor of the Justice Department, it's unclear how he'd sanction Google. It could be anything from fines to a restructuring of the company.

Closing arguments are expected to wrap Friday. It's possible some of the previously sealed documents will be made public, bringing forward more evidence. The Justice Department and Google are expected to reiterate their top takeaways from trial and answer the judge's questions.

In a post-trial brief , Google wrote that evidence during the trial proved "Google is the highest quality, most popular search engine." While the Justice Department and states wrote in their post-trial brief that Google "exploited its monopoly power to 'freeze the ecosystem' of what should otherwise be a vibrant and competitive industry."

Weinstein, the Cardozo law professor, says it will be interesting to see how Mehta rules and whether the antitrust laws that were created in the late 1800s can still be applied in today's modern world.

"I think there's some evidence, at least, that they're still applicable and they can still work even though we're past the smokestack age and into the digital age," he says.

Editor's note: Google, Apple and Microsoft are among NPR's financial supporters.

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We found a way to escape Meta AI on Facebook - but there's a catch

If you've browsed Facebook or Instagram within the past few weeks, you've probably noticed some changes. Thanks to the introduction of Meta AI , artificial intelligence is now integrated into posts on your feed and the search function on both sites.

Meta calls the assistant a way to "get things done, learn, create, and connect with the things that matter to you." Meta AI works much like ChatGPT and other popular AI tools, but many have voiced frustration with accidentally tapping on a query below a post and engaging the chatbot or trying to search for a profile and running into the chatbot instead.

Also: The best AI chatbots: ChatGPT isn't the only one worth trying

So what's the deal? Can you turn off Meta AI?

It turns out you can't. There's no way to disable Meta AI from either Facebook or Instagram in either the browser version or the app version. I asked Meta AI if I could disable it, and the chatbot responded that I could.

"Select Settings and Privacy," it said, "Then click on Settings and scroll down to AI settings and click on AI and machine learning." From that screen, I should "Toggle off AI search," the bot told me. Here's the thing: There are no further settings for AI within the main Settings page, and the toggle the chatbot mentions doesn't exist. 

Meta AI's help page  states that "Meta AI's responses may not be accurate or appropriate." That seems to be the case here.

Two "tricks" have been spreading on social media for disabling the feature, but neither worked when we tested them. Blocking the Meta AI profile on Facebook or muting it might give you a little hope when it takes away the new AI search icon and replaces it with the old magnifying glass, but if you actually press it, you land in the same place -- Meta AI search.

The one way to avoid Meta AI 

If you're willing to use a very stripped-down version of Facebook, you can visit  http://mbasic.facebook.com . That version looks pretty bad on mobile and even worse on a desktop browser, but the functionality is there if you're adamant about avoiding Meta AI, which you will not find there.  

The good news is that you can still search Facebook via the Meta AI tool. On Facebook, there's an animated blue ring where the search button used to be. Tap it, and you'll see a search bar that says, "Ask Meta AI anything." If you start typing someone's name, profiles will pop up as usual. If you're looking for a specific post or picture, that functionality works as it did before. So while the search button might not be as obvious, once you know where it is, the search process works just like it did before.

Also:  Can Meta AI code? I tested it against Llama, Gemini, and ChatGPT - it wasn't even close

There is some value in using Meta AI. You can use it through Messenger or WhatsApp to write content, generate images, and plan events. The chatbot can offer ideas and make suggestions below most Facebook or Instagram posts that tell you more about a certain aspect of that post. If a friend posts about seeing the cherry blossoms in Washington, D.C., for example, you might see a suggestion to ask when the best time to see them is.

While the chatbot might be confusing at first, it appears that Meta AI is here to stay -- whether you like it or not. The big question is: Will users eventually embrace, or ultimately avoid, Meta AI across Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, and WhatsApp?

How I test an AI chatbot's coding ability - and you can too

5 ways ai can help you study for finals - for free, how to use chatgpt (and what you can use it for).

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What is Platform as a Service (PaaS)?

Platform as a Service, also known as PaaS, is a type of cloud computing service model that offers a flexible, scalable cloud platform to develop, deploy, run, and manage apps. PaaS provides everything developers need for application development without the headaches of updating the operating system and development tools or maintaining hardware. Instead, the entire PaaS environment—or platform—is delivered by a third-party service provider via the cloud.  

PaaS helps businesses avoid the hassle and cost of installing hardware or software to develop or host new custom applications. Development teams simply purchase pay-as-you-go access to everything they need to build custom apps, including infrastructure, development tools, operating systems, and more. 

The result is simpler, faster, and secure app development that gives developers the freedom to focus on their application code.

Platform as a Service defined

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a complete cloud environment that includes everything developers need to build, run, and manage applications—from servers and operating systems to all the networking, storage, middleware, tools, and more.

How does PaaS work?

Unlike IaaS or SaaS service models, PaaS solutions are specific to application and software development and typically include:

• Cloud infrastructure : Data centers, storage, network equipment, and servers
• Middleware software : Operating systems, frameworks, development kits (SDK), libraries, and more
• User interface : A graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface (CLI), an API interface, and in some cases, all three

Platform as a Service is typically delivered as a secure online platform that developers can access over the internet, allowing them to work on projects from anywhere and collaborate freely with other members of their team. Applications are built directly on the PaaS system and can be immediately deployed once they are completed.

Benefits of PaaS

The most common benefits of PaaS compared to running and maintaining your own environment include:

Faster time to market

No heavy lifts required. Developers have instant access to a complete application development platform that they don’t have to build or manage, freeing up time to develop and deploy. 

Low maintenance

In-house application stacks come with headaches, especially when it comes to upgrades. With PaaS, the provider is responsible for keeping everything up-to-date—and none of the maintenance pain is yours. 

Cost-effective pricing

PaaS resources are on-demand, so you only pay for what you actually use. A PaaS also provides access to advanced development tools and capabilities that might be too expensive to purchase outright. 

Easy scalability

No more worrying about capacity. PaaS lets you scale down for low-traffic periods or scale up immediately to meet unexpected surges in demand. 

Flexible access

Development and DevOps teams can access shared PaaS services and tools from anywhere and on any device over an internet connection. 

Shared security

With PaaS, the provider is responsible for securing the infrastructure. Most major PaaS service providers also offer guidelines and best practices for building on their platforms.

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Differences between iaas, paas, and saas.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as Service (SaaS) are the three main categories of cloud computing service models. Each type of cloud computing provides organizations and individuals with fully managed resources over the public internet—from storage and virtualization to hardware and software to applications. The difference between them is which resources you manage and which are managed for you.

“As a Service” generally refers to a cloud computing service that is fully managed by a third-party cloud service provider. Understanding what you want to manage (and what you don’t) is one of the most important steps on your journey to the cloud. 

Based on the service type you choose, the service provider is responsible for managing different elements in your computing stack:

• IaaS: The service provider gives you on-demand access to infrastructure services, including compute, storage, networking, and virtualization. You manage everything else—the virtual machines, operating systems, middleware, apps, and your data—but there is no need to maintain or update your own data center infrastructure. 
• PaaS: The service provider delivers and manages all the hardware and software resources needed for application development. You write the code and manage all the apps and data, but you do not have to manage or maintain the software development platform. PaaS manages more resources higher up the “stack” to further reduce the operational burden on developers and IT operations teams.
• SaaS: The service provider delivers and manages the entire application stack—from the hardware infrastructure all the way to the application itself—through the internet. All updates, bug fixes, and other general maintenance to all components are handled by the provider. All you have to do is connect to the app. 

Related products and services

Google Cloud Run is a serverless , fully managed PaaS solution for container-based development that gives development teams an easy place to build and run highly scalable containerized applications. With Cloud Run, developers don’t need to know anything about how to start, scale, or manage container infrastructure—the PaaS takes care of it all. It also includes built-in security tools, such as vulnerability scanning, dependency analysis, and frameworks to support source provenance and attestation. 

Cloud Run enables you to write code in your favorite language, abstract away infrastructure management, and deploy apps in seconds. Plus, Cloud Run automatically scales up and down from zero depending on traffic—and you’ll only pay for the exact resources you use.

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