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Class 10 Democratic Politics Chapter 2: Federalism - Revision Notes

The vertical division of power between various levels of government is one of the main forms of power-sharing in modern democracies. This Class 10 Social Science Political Science Chapter 2 Federalism focuses on that very type of power-sharing. It is usually known as federalism. The chapter starts by explaining federalism in general terms, the principles and methods of federalism in India. The discussion of federal constitutional provisions is followed by a discussion of politics and policies that have reinforced federalism in practice. Our local government, a unique and third level of Indian federalism is also discussed here.

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Access Class 10 Social Science (Political Science) Chapter 2 Federalism

Introduction:.

Discover concise and comprehensive revision notes for Class 10 Democratic Politics Chapter 2 on federalism.

Gain a deep understanding of the key concepts and principles underlying Federalism.

Key Points:

Definition of federalism: explore the concept of federalism, a system of government that divides power between a central authority and regional governments. understand how this division of power maintains a balance between a strong central government and the autonomy of regional governments..

Powers and Responsibilities:

Delve into the powers and responsibilities of the central government, such as defense, foreign affairs and currency regulation.

Explore the areas where regional governments exercise authority, such as education, public health and local infrastructure development.

Importance of a Written Constitution:

Discover the significance of a written constitution in federalism, as it defines the powers and limitations of both the central and regional governments.

Understand how a written constitution protects the rights and liberties of citizens and provides a legal framework for governance.

Advantages of Federalism:

Explore the benefits of federalism, including the participation of diverse regional interests, local self-governance and accommodation of regional needs.

Understand how federalism fosters unity and stability by preventing the concentration of power in one central authority.

Two Levels of Government Exist:

One exists at the national or the central level that is usually responsible for the entire country. They take care of few subjects that are of national interest.

Others exist at the level of state or divisional provinces and look after the administration on daily basis.

In a unitary system of government, only one level holds political power or authority. If other levels of government are present they work as subordinates or under the central government.

A federal government, in contrast, cannot order the state or the local government to follow the guidelines generated by the central government. 

Key Features of Federalism Are:

Learn about the division of power, where specific responsibilities and authorities are allocated to the central government and regional governments.

Understand the concept of dual government, where both the central and regional governments coexist and have their own distinct areas of jurisdiction.

What Makes India a Federal Country?

The Constitution provided for a two-tier system of government: the Union Government or Central Government and the State governments. Later Panchayats and Municipalities were also added.

 Since there is a three-tier of government, the Constitution states three lists:

Union List:

Subjects like defense, foreign affairs, currency, etc. are included in the list.

These subjects are of national importance.

Laws related to this list are made by the Union List.

State List:

Subjects like police, commerce, irrigation, etc. are covered under this list.

These subjects are of State and local importance.

Laws related to this subject are made by the state government.

Concurrent List: 

Contains subjects of common interest to both the Union as well as the States such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption, and succession. 

Both the Central and the state governments can make laws in the Concurrent List.

Some States enjoy a special status such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram under Article 371 due to their peculiar social and historical circumstances. 

Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, the capital city of Delhi, is called Union Territories and the Central Government has special powers in running these areas.

How is Federalism Practiced?

Linguistic states.

The creation of linguistic States was a significant step for democratic politics in our country.

In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand were created to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or geography.

It helped to make the country more united and the administration was easier.

Language Policy

Hindi was identified as the official language but no language was given the status of the national language. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. 

Center-State Relations

Restructuring the relationship between the Center and the State is yet another way in which federalism was strengthened in practice. If no single party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, major national parties could join forces with other parties, along with several regional parties, to form a coalition in the Centre.

Decentralization in India

The process in which the power is taken from the Central and State government and distributed in the hands of local governments is called decentralization.

This idea was brought into account as there are many problems and issues that are better resolved and taken care of at the local level than state or central level. Hence several local institutes were set up to take care of them.

This initiative was taken by the Indian government in 1992 and the Constitution was amended to create a third-tier of government. This made Indian democracy more powerful and effective.

To bring this to power effectively, the following steps were taken:

Regular elections for these local bodies were made mandatory.

Seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward classes to ensure their representation.

Women had one-third of the seats reserved for them.

State Election Commission was also established to conduct these elections.

Some share of power and revenue that the state government had was given to these local bodies.

Panchayati raj is the local government that is present in each village. A gram panchayat is also present in some groups of villages in some states.

Big cities and urban areas are taken care of by the municipalities.

Important Questions for Class 10 Political Science Chapter 2

1. State the dual objective of a federal system.

Ans: The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote the unity of the country, and accommodate regional diversity. These aspects are crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism. Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power-sharing and trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement.

2. What are the factors that make the Indian federal government so attractive?

Ans: The following are the factors:

The powers are distributed and mobilized among center, state, and local governments.

The effective legal system and organized steps to make decisions make the process transparent and more trustworthy.

3. What steps were taken to make India into a federation?

Ans: The following were the steps:

Linguistic States: In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. Some states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand were created to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity, or geography. It helped to make the country more united and the administration was easier.

Decentralization in India: The process in which the power is taken from the Central and State government and distributed in the hands of local governments is called decentralization. This idea was brought into account as there are many problems and issues that are better resolved and taken care of at the local level than state or central level. Hence several local institutes were set up to take care of them. This initiative was taken by the Indian government in 1992 and the Constitution was amended to create a third-tier of government. This made Indian democracy more powerful and effective.

4. What is Union List?

Ans: Subjects like defense, foreign affairs, currency, etc. are included in the list. These subjects are of national importance. Laws related to this list are made by the Union List.

5. What is the State List?

Ans: Subjects like police, commerce, irrigation, etc. are covered under this list. These subjects are of State and local importance. Laws related to this subject are made by the state government.

6. What is a concurrent list?

Ans: Contains subjects of common interest to both the Union as well as the States such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption, and succession. Both the Central and the state governments can make laws in the Concurrent List.

7. What level of government can legislate on the residuary subjects?

Ans: India has a federal government and hence has its power divided between the state, central and local governments. The Union government has the power to legislate on the residuary subjects.

Difference between Unitary System and Federal System

The difference between the unitary system and the federal system has been mentioned in the table below:

Did You Know?

The 2011 census recorded more than 1,300 distinct languages which people claimed as their mother tongues.

Hindi, is the mother tongue of only about 44 percent of Indians and is the most widespread language in India.

Although the constitution did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is founded on the principles of federalism.

We hope that these notes helped you in getting a clear understanding of Federalism and how it is different from the Unitary system of government. These revision notes serve to be very useful during the last-minute exam preparation as it includes all the necessary points and concepts that are required for the examination. Students can download CBSE Class 10 Political Science Revision Notes for all the other chapters that are available on our website. Download free PDFs of CBSE Class 10 Revision Notes and kickstart your exam preparation smartly.

CBSE Class 10 Political Science Other Chapter Notes 

Chapter 1 - Power Sharing

Chapter 3 - Democracy and Diversity

Chapter 4 - Gender, Religion and Caste

Chapter 5 - Popular Struggles and Movements

Chapter 6 - Political Parties

Chapter 7 - Outcomes of Democracy

Chapter 8 - Challenges to Democracy

Conclusion:

Access comprehensive revision notes for class 10 democratic politics chapter 2 on federalism, providing a thorough understanding of the concept, division of powers, and advantages of federalism. enhance your exam preparation and grasp the key concepts effortlessly with these concise and vedantu’s revision notes..

FAQs on Federalism Class 10 Notes CBSE Political Science Chapter 2 (Free PDF Download)

1. Describe India as a Federal Nation.

India is a federal state. But the word "federation" is never mentioned in the constitution once. Instead, what is mentioned is that India is a "Union of States." Many experts also believe India is a quasi-federal country. It means that it is a federal state with certain characteristics of a unitary government.

The constitution of India has effectively established a federal state of government. We have various levels of government, the government in the center, which is the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Then there are the various state governments, the Vidhan Sabhas and the Vidhan Parishad. And finally, there are the Municipal Corporations and the Panchayats, which are forms of local governance.

2. How are Federations Formed?

Two factors are essential for the institutions that practice federalism: mutual trust between various levels of government and a consensus to live together. There are two ways primarily through which federations have been formed.

The first way involves independent states grouping together on their own to form a larger unit. This kind of "coming together" federation is established in the USA, Switzerland, and Australia.

The second way is that a large country chooses to divide its powers between the constituent national government and the states. This kind of 'holding together' federations is implemented in the countries of India, Spain, and Belgium.

3. What is Federalism in Class 10 Chapter 2 notes?

Federalism is a form of governance in which two levels of government control the same area. Both the central government and the lesser political subdivisions have the authority to create laws, and they have some autonomy from one another. Federalism explains why each state has its own constitution and rights, such as the ability to determine the type of votes used in national elections. The United States of America is the most prominent example of a country having a Federalist political system. To know more about Federalism, refer to the notes by visiting the link NCERT notes for Class 10 Social Science .

4. What are the key features of federalism in Class 10 Chapter 2?

The key features of federalism are -

Two or more tiers of government: Federalism is a kind of governance in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent entities.

Separate jurisdiction: Different levels of government control the same people, yet each has its own jurisdiction.

Constitutional superiority 

Rigid Constitution

The supreme authority of the courts: Courts have the ability to interpret the Constitution and the functions of various levels of government. The Supreme Court serves as a referee between different levels of government.

5. What makes India a federal country study rank?

The Constitution initially called for a two-tiered form of governance, with the Central Government representing the Union of India and the State Governments representing the states. Panchayats and Municipalities were later introduced as the third layer of federalism. All the significant characteristics of a federal government and their proper implementation make India a federal country. The hierarchy of the governments and the courts’ roles in maintaining law and solving disputes among these levels also play a crucial role. Download the Vedantu app and learn more about the federal country.

6. How can I download the PDF version of Solutions of Class 10  Political Science Chapter 2?

If you wish to avail of the Notes of NCERT Class 10 Social Studies Chapter 2, then -

Visit the page-NCERT notes for Class 10 Social Science.

The webpage with Vedantu’s Notes for Class 10 Social Studies Chapter 2 will open.

To download this free of cost, click on the Download PDF button and you can view the notes offline or print out the notes to have a physical copy for your reference.

Students can visit the Vedantu website or app to download the notes free of cost.

7. Do I need to practice all the questions of Class 10 Social Studies Chapter 2?

Yes, it is essential to practice and answer all questions since they span a wide variety of events and concepts and will provide you with a strong knowledge of the kind of questions that may be asked in those areas from an examination point of view. These questions will also help you learn how different questions on the same topic may be set and will familiarise you with the paper. You must be well-versed in all the definitions and events.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 : Federalism

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 contains all the questions with detailed solutions. Students are advised to practice these questions for better understanding of the concepts given in the chapter.

April 14, 2024

Table of Contents

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2: Chapter 2 of the NCERT Social Science Civics textbook for Class 10 is all about federalism. Federalism is when the power is shared between the central government and state governments. In India, for example, the central government handles some things, while state governments handle others.

CBSE Class 10 Syllabus 2024-25

This chapter talks about how federalism works, what powers the central and state governments have, and the challenges they face. It also looks at examples from other countries to understand how federalism is applied globally. By studying federalism, students learn how it helps maintain unity and diversity in a country like India.

CBSE Class 10 Result 2024

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 : Federalism PDF

You can access the PDF link for NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2: Federalism below. This PDF contains detailed solutions to all the questions and exercises in the chapter, making it easier for students to understand and grasp the concepts discussed.

Whether you need help with understanding the basics of federalism or solving specific problems, this PDF has got you covered.

Below are the solutions for NCERT Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2: Federalism. These solutions cover all the exercises and questions provided in the chapter, provide a comprehensive understanding of the concept of federalism.

By going through these solutions, students can clarify their doubts and strengthen their knowledge of federalism and its significance in the political system.

Exercises Page No. 27

1. Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa.

2. Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.

• South Africa

3. Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.

A similarity between the practice of federalism in India and Belgium is the aspect of power-sharing between the union government and state government.

However, a notable difference is that India lacks a community government in practice, whereas Belgium has one.

4. What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.

5. State any two differences between the local government before and after the constitutional amendment in 1992.

6. Fill in the blanks:

Since the United States is a ___________________ type of federation, all the constituent States have equal powers and States are ______________vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is a _____________________ type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the ____________ government has more powers.

In the United States, which follows a “coming together” type of federation, all constituent states possess equal powers, making them strong in relation to the federal government. However, in India, a “holding together” type of federation, some states wield more power than others. Here, the central government holds greater authority.

7. Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions.

Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.

Arman: the Language-based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.

Harish: This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.

Sangeeta’s advocacy for the policy of accommodation is a fitting response to India’s language policy. This approach fosters unity among states with diverse linguistic backgrounds. Without such accommodation, there might have been demands for secession from several states, posing a threat to India’s integrity.

8. The distinguishing feature of a federal government is:

• The national government gives some powers to the provincial governments.
• Power is distributed among the legislature, executive and judiciary.
• Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.
• Governmental power is divided between different levels of government

d. Governmental power is divided between different levels of government

9. A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below.

• Agriculture
• Communications

10. Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

12. Consider the following two statements.

• In a federation, the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.
• India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.
• Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
• India is no longer a federation because some powers of the States have been devolved to the local government bodies.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• A and B only
• B and C only

(c) A and B only

Federalism Summary

Chapter 2 of the NCERT Social Science Civics textbook delves into the concept of federalism, a system where power is shared between multiple levels of government.

In India, federalism is evident through the distribution of power among the union government, state government, and local government, including the Panchayati Raj. Students will explore the fundamentals of federalism in India, including decentralization.

The chapter covers various aspects of federalism in practice, such as the language policy and the relationship between the center and the states.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 FAQs

Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states or provinces. It allows for shared governance and autonomy at different levels.

Federalism in India allows for the accommodation of diverse linguistic, cultural, and regional identities within the framework of a unified nation. It facilitates decentralization, promotes local governance, and ensures that the needs and aspirations of different regions are addressed effectively.

Some key features of federalism in India include the distribution of powers between the union government and state governments, the existence of a written constitution that delineates powers, the presence of an independent judiciary to resolve disputes, and the provision for dual citizenship.

In the United States, federalism follows a "coming together" model where states have equal powers and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government. In contrast, India follows a "holding together" model where the central government has more powers, and some states have more power than others.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 1 Power-sharing

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NCERT Solutions for Chapter 2 Federalism Class 10 Civics

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Related chapters.

• Power Sharing
• Democracy and Diversity
• Gender, Religion and Caste
• Popular Struggles and Movements

Related Questions

• Revision Notes for Chapter 2 Federalism Class 10 Civics
• Important Questions for Chapter 2 Federalism Class 10 Political Science

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CBSE Class 10 Social Science -The Power Sharing & Federalism -Study Notes

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Notes and Study Materials

• Concepts of The Power Sharing
• Concepts of Federalism
• The Power Sharing Master File
• The Federalism Master File
• The Power Sharing NCERT Text Book Chapter
• The Federalism NCERT Text Book Chapter
• The Power Sharing Ncert Solution
• The Federalism Ncert Solution
• Past Many Years Question Papers Solution The Power Sharing
• Past Many Years Question Papers Solution Federalism
• Power Sharing Mind Map
• Federalism Mind Map

Examples and Exercise

• Power Sharing Assignment 1
• Power Sharing Assignment 2
• Power Sharing HOT Q and A
• Federalism Assignment 1
• Federalism Assignment 2
• Federalism HOT Q and A

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Federalism Class 10 Notes PDF Download (Handwritten & Short Notes)

For some students the chapter Federalism can seem to be complex and difficult. Students can easily overcome it with the help of Federalism Class 10 notes as all the topics and concepts are explained in a concise manner. The NCERT Class 10 notes can be beneficial to both teachers and students as it saves time so that they don't need to create their own study resources of Federalism. 

Federalism Class 10 Notes PDF

Through the Federalism Class 10 notes PDF, students can understand the topics in an innovative way so that they can improve their innovative skills. These skills can be implemented while attempting the questions of Federalism and can easily score well in it. With the help of PDF, students can access and complete the chapter Federalism in a proper way. 

Where Can I Find Federalism Class 10 Notes?

Students can find the Federalism Class 10 notes and can engage themselves into learning, steps to download the notes are clearly discussed below: 

• Visit the Selfstudys website. 

• Bring the arrow towards NCERT Books and Solutions.
• A drop down will appear, select class NCERT Notes from the given list.  

• Now select the Class 10th from the list of classes. Select Social Science from the list of classes.
• Again a new page will appear, select the chapter Federalism or search the chapter name.  

Attributes of Federalism Class 10 Notes

In today’s generation the Federalism Class 10 notes has moved from paper to PDFs, this can be more easier for students. Apart from this, there are more attributes: 

• All Concepts are Covered: In the Class 10 Federalism notes, all concepts are covered so that students can cover each concept.
• Explained in an Easy Language: With the help of Federalism Class 10 notes PDF, students can have a prior knowledge about the chapter before starting it.  
• Point Wise Explanation: Each concept in the Class 10 notes of Federalism are explained in a point wise manner. Through this, students can implement the same while attempting the questions related to the chapter Federalism. 
• Chapter Name is Given: Inside the Federalism Class 10 notes PDF download, chapter name is given. With the help of chapter name, students can get an idea about the weightage and can cover Federalism accordingly.  
• Questions are Provided: In the last page of the Class 10 notes of Federalism, questions are given for students to practise well. 
• For CBSE and State Boards: The NCERT Class 10 notes of Federalism are basically for students who follow CBSE and State boards. Through this, students can score well in questions related to the chapter Federalism. 

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Every student have their own preferences to cover the chapter with the help of Federalism Class 10 notes, below are some general guidelines that can be followed: 

• Create Study Environment: Students need to create their own study environment which is different from the usual place so that they can cover the chapter Federalism with the help of notes. Through this students can avoid unnecessary distractions and allow them to focus fully on the Class 10 Federalism notes. 
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• Make Key Points: While completing the Federalism Class 10 notes PDF download, students can make key points in a separate notebook. Through key points, students can revise the chapter Federalism during the last minute. 
• Practise Questions: After completing the Federalism notes, students can definitely practise plenty of questions. By practising a vast amount of questions, students can improve their confidence level during preparation. 

What is the Right Time to Look Through Federalism Class 10 Notes?

The right time to look through the Federalism Class 10 notes depends on various factors: learning style, schedule and academic goals, but students need to know the general guidelines like when to look through the notes that are discussed below:

• Before Class: Students can look through the Class 10 Federalism notes before attending the class, it can help them to be prepared before. This can also make the learning process for students easier while completing the chapter Federalism. 
• After Class: Immediately after attending the class, students can look through the Federalism Class 10 notes PDF, this can improve the understanding towards the chapter.  
• While Preparing: Students can look through the notes of Federalism while preparing for the chapter so that they can keep track of their progress as well as preparation. 
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• Comprehensive Coverage of the Topic: Through the Class 10 Federalism notes, students can have a comprehensive coverage and deep understanding of all the topics.
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• Can Clarify Doubts: The concepts in the Class 10 notes of Federalism are explained in a clear and concise manner so that students can clarify all doubts. 
• Structured Learning: The Federalism Class 10 notes PDF are structured in organised manner so that students can easily learn the concepts and topics. Through this, students can divide the chapter Federalism into segments so that students can improve their understanding. 
• Have a Routine Practice of Questions: After completing the Federalism with the help of Class 10 Social Science Notes , students can practise plenty of questions. By practising plenty of questions, students can develop their knowledge as well as exam taking skills towards the chapter Federalism. 
• Saves the Time: The Federalism Class 10 notes PDF download can save students time to create structured notes as these PDFs are ready made study material, this can have a major impact on students preparation. 

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