similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells essay

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells: Similarities & Differences

Cells are the basic building block of life.

The smallest living organisms only need one of these building blocks and others only need a handful.

More complex life forms on the evolutionary tree, such as moss, saguaro cacti and black bears, are made up of millions or trillions of cells that cooperate to form an individual organism.

All of these cells , whether they operate as a solitary bacterial cell or as part of a complex system such as the human body, can be sorted into two main categories: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells .

Most of the organisms in the world are made of prokaryotic cells, and these are usually unicellular. Prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea .

TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

Most prokaryotes are unicellular and are either archaea or bacteria. Their cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes include larger, more complex organisms such as plants and animals. Only eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Prokaryotes divide via using binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide via mitosis.

Eukaryotes reproduce sexually through meiosis , which allows for genetic variance.

Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually, copying themselves. Despite this, gene transfer processes still allow for genetic variance. One of these is transduction in which viruses move DNA from one bacterium to another.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: The Basics

All of known life on Earth is sorted into a classification system that begins with three categories called domains and spreads out with each descending rank. This is what is commonly known as the tree of life.

The three domains are:

The organisms in Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes, while the organisms in Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.

The Archaea domain has subcategories, but scientific sources differ on whether these categories are phyla or kingdoms. They are:

• Crenarchaeota
• Euryarchaeota
• Korarchaeota

The Bacteria domain used to continue directly down the tree into the single Monera kingdom . However, newer classification systems eliminate Monera and divide the Bacteria domain into the two kingdoms of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, which is sometimes written as Archaea but should not be confused with the domain of Archaea.

The Eukarya domain is divided into four kingdoms. These are:

All plant, protist, fungal and animal cells are eukaryotes. Most of them are multicellular, although there are some exceptions. In contrast, prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – are single-celled organisms, with only a few exceptions. Prokaryotes tend to have smaller cell sizes than eukaryotes.

Major Differences in Cell Structure

The reason for the difference in cell sizes between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells belongs to the different structure and organization between the two types of cells.

The lack of membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes might be the most noticeable difference. While eukaryotic cells contain organelles enclosed in membranes – two examples would be the Golgi body and the endoplasmic reticulum – prokaryotes do not.

Prokaryotes also lack a membrane-bound nucleus, which is another organelle. Without a nucleus or any other organelles, prokaryotic cells are incapable of the kinds of specialized functions that eukaryotic cells engage in.

They cannot perform the advanced functions that cells with many supportive organelles can do.

Eukaryotes store their DNA as chromosomes within the nucleus, but prokaryotes lack the nucleus .

Instead, most of their DNA is in one chromosome-like structure that sits in an area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . This nucleoid does not have a membrane of its own. Additional bits of DNA called plasmids are shaped like rings and exist in the cytoplasm outside the nucleoid.

Differences in Organization

Prokaryotic cells engage in reproduction through a process of cell division called binary fission .

Eukaryotic cells use a different process of cell division called mitosis , which involves a constant cycle of cell growth and development.

There are frequent checkpoints for the cell to go through, monitoring the cell’s external and internal conditions, and redirecting the cell’s resources and functions when necessary.

A fundamental part of all life on Earth is the transfer of genetic material to future generations.

Eukaryotes reproduce sexually through a process called meiosis , which randomly sorts the genes from two parents to form the DNA of the offspring.

Sexual reproduction maximizes the genetic variability of the offspring of two parents, strengthening the genetic line and minimizing the risk of a random mutation wiping out most of a population.

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, which creates a precise copy of the original cell. Genetic variance comes in the form of less complex processes of gene transfer than eukaryotes, such as transduction . In this process, genes are transferred from one bacterial cell to another by means of viral cells.

The viruses grab the plasmids from one bacterium and transfer it to another bacterial cell. The DNA in the plasmid becomes integrated with the other DNA of the recipient cell.

Similarities Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

For all the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, they have some features in common, too.

Both cells have a plasma membrane, which serves as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside.

The plasma membrane uses certain molecules embedded within it to allow foreign bodies to pass into the cell or to allow matter within the cell to pass out of the cell.

Proteins embedded in the membrane do something similar, as well: they act as pumps that push matter into or out of the cell, rather than allowing it to pass through.

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes .

Ribosomes are small organelles used to synthesize proteins as the cell needs them. They can either float freely in the cell or sit on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells, (giving it the designation of "rough," in comparison to its smooth sibling that lacks ribosomes).

They receive messages from messenger RNA molecules , telling them what proteins the cell needs.

They translate these messages into protein molecules by assembling amino acids . Although the process of protein synthesis works differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, it is is closely related and involves ribosomes in both cases.

Related cell biology topics:

• Cell Wall: Definition, Structure & Function (with Diagram)
• Cell Membrane: Definition, Function, Structure & Facts
• Animal vs Plant Cells: Similarities & Differences (with Chart)
• Nucleus: Definition, Structure & Function (with Diagram)
• Golgi Apparatus: Function, Structure (with Analogy & Diagram)
• What Happens to the Nuclear Membrane During Cytokinesis?

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• Arizona State University: Ask a Biologist: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Napa Valley College: Introduction to Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Biology LibreTexts: Prokaryotes
• Palomar College: Major Divisions of Life
• Florida State University: Molecular Expressions: Bacterial Cell Structure
• Western Washington University: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• British Society for Cell Biology: Ribosome

About the Author

Rebecca E. received a degree in human development before attending graduate school in writing. She has an extensive background in cognition and behavior research, particularly the neurological bases for personality traits and psychological illness. As a freelance writer, her specialty is science and medical writing. She's written for Autostraddle, The Griffith Review and The Sycamore Review.

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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences

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Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells possess a nucleus enclosed within a cell membrane, making up one of the three domains of life, Eukaryota. They include multicellular organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi.

Bacteria and Archaea, the other two domains of life, are prokaryotic cells. They do not possess membrane-bound cellular compartments, such as nuclei.

Similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Cell membrane.

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells bear a lipid bilayer, which is an arrangement of phospholipids and proteins that acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external environment of the cell.

Genetic Material

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both use deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the basis for their genetic information. This genetic material is needed to regulate and inform cell function through the creation of RNA by transcription, followed by the generation of proteins through translation.

Ribosomes facilitate RNA translation and the creation of protein, which is essential to the functioning of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

The cytoplasm is the medium in which the biochemical reactions of the cell take place, of which the primary component is cytosol.

In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm comprises everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, including the organelles; the material within the nucleus is termed the nucleoplasm. In prokaryotes the cytoplasm encompasses everything within the plasma membrane, including the cytoskeleton and genetic material.

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

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Eukaryotic cells are ordinarily larger (10 – 100um) than prokaryotic cells (1 – 10um).

Cell arrangement

Eukaryotes are often multicellular whereas prokaryotes are unicellular. There are however some exceptions –unicellular eukaryotes include amoebas, paramecium, yeast.

True membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus bound by a double membrane. It contains the DNA-related functions of the large cell in a smaller enclosure to ensure close proximity of materials and increased efficiency for cellular communication and functions.

In contrast, the smaller prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. The materials are already fairly close to each other and there is only a "nucleoid" which is the central open region of the cell where the DNA is located.

DNA structure

Eukaryotic DNA is linear and complexed with packaging proteins called "histones," before organization into a number of chromosomes

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and is neither associated with histones nor organized into chromosomes. A prokaryotic cell is simpler and requires far fewer genes to function than the eukaryotic cell. Therefore, it contains only one circular DNA molecule and various smaller DNA circlets (plasmids).

Membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells contain many membrane-enclosed, large, complex organelles in the cytoplasm whereas prokaryotic cells do not contain these membrane-bound organelles.

This is a key difference because it allows a high level of intracellular division of labor and contributes to the greater complexity characteristic of eukaryotic cells.

Due to the larger size of the eukaryotic cells, confining certain cellular process to a smaller area also increases the efficiency of functions by improving communication and movement within the cell.

Only eukaryotes possess a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and ER.

Ribosome size

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain many ribosomes; however the ribosomes of the eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic ribosomes i.e. 80S compared to 70S.

Eukaryotic ribosomes also show more complexity than prokaryotic – they are constructed of five kinds of ribosomal RNA and about eighty kinds of proteins. In contrast, prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of only three kinds of rRNA and about fifty kinds of protein.

Cytoskeleton

This is a multicomponent system in eukaryotes composed of microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments. It is required for maintaining cell shape, providing internal organization and mechanical support. It is also paramount in movement and cell division.

Sexual reproduction

Most eukaryotes undergo sexual reproduction whilst prokaryotes reproduce asexually. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes results in offspring with genetic material which is a mixture of the parents’ genome and during this process, genetic variation is generated via sexual recombination.

On the other hand, a prokaryote will reproduce clones of itself via binary fission and relies more on horizontal genetic transfer for variation.

Cell division

This occurs by mitosis for eukaryotic cells and binary fission for prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis then cytokinesis. This involves numerous stages - the nuclear membrane disintegrates then the chromosomes are sorted and separated to ensure that each daughter cell receives two sets (a diploid number) of chromosomes. Following this, the cytoplasm divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells i.e. cytokinesis.

In contrast, prokaryotes undergo a simpler process of binary fission. This is faster than mitosis and involves DNA (nucleoid) replication, chromosomal segregation, and ultimately cell separation into two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell. Unlike mitosis, this process does not involve the nuclear envelope and centromere and spindle formation.

• http://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic_Cell
• www.life.umd.edu/.../ProkaryoticvsEukaryotic.htm
• http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/eukaryotic-cells-14023963
• bscb.org/.../
• http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/mitosis-6656772

Further Reading

• All Cell Content
• Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus
• What Are Organelles?
• Cilia and Flagella in Eukaryotes
• Mitosis vs Meiosis

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2023

Michael Greenwood

Michael graduated from the University of Salford with a Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 2023, and has keen research interests towards nanotechnology and its application to biological systems. Michael has written on a wide range of science communication and news topics within the life sciences and related fields since 2019, and engages extensively with current developments in journal publications.  

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Greenwood, Michael. "Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Eukaryotic-and-Prokaryotic-Cells-Similarities-and-Differences.aspx. (accessed September 10, 2024).

Greenwood, Michael. 2023. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences . News-Medical, viewed 10 September 2024, https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Eukaryotic-and-Prokaryotic-Cells-Similarities-and-Differences.aspx.

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Similarities and Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

In the vast realm of biology, the study of cells serves as a foundational pillar. Cells are the basic units of life, and they come in two primary types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Understanding the similarities and differences between these cellular structures is essential for comprehending the diverse forms of life on Earth.

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells represent the simpler of the two cell types and are predominantly found in bacteria and archaea. These cells lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Instead, the genetic material, typically in the form of a singular circular DNA molecule, floats freely in the cell’s cytoplasm.

Key Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells:

• No Nucleus: The genetic material is not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.
• Single-Celled: Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular.
• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis occurs on smaller ribosomes.
• Cell Wall: A protective cell wall is present, offering structural support.
• Flagella: Some prokaryotes have flagella for movement.

Eukaryotic Cells

On the other hand, eukaryotic cells are more complex and found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. These cells contain a nucleus that houses the genetic material and various membrane-bound organelles, each with specific functions.

Key Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells:

• Nucleus: Genetic material is enclosed within a distinct nucleus.
• Membrane-Bound Organelles: Structures like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus have specific roles.
• Multicellularity: Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular.
• Large Ribosomes: Protein synthesis occurs on larger ribosomes.
• Cytoskeleton: Internal support is provided by a cytoskeleton made of microtubules and microfilaments.

Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Despite their fundamental differences, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share certain features essential for life processes.

1. Cell Membrane:

Both cell types are surrounded by a cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. This semi-permeable barrier regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

2. Genetic Material:

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain genetic material, usually in the form of DNA, which carries the instructions for cellular functions.

3. Cytoplasm:

The cytoplasm, a gel-like substance, fills the interior of both cell types and provides a medium for cellular processes.

4. Ribosomes:

Both cell types have ribosomes involved in protein synthesis. However, the size and structure of ribosomes differ.

Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

1. nucleus:.

The presence of a nucleus is a defining difference. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus that houses the genetic material.

2. Organelles:

Eukaryotic cells boast membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, which are absent in prokaryotic cells.

3. Cell Division:

Cell division processes also differ. Prokaryotic cells divide through binary fission, a simpler process, while eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis for growth and repair.

Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller, ranging from 0.1 to 5 micrometers, whereas eukaryotic cells are larger, typically ranging from 10 to 30 micrometers.

In summary, the distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lies in their structural complexity, with eukaryotic cells displaying a higher degree of organization and specialization. While both cell types share fundamental features, their differences contribute to the incredible diversity of life forms on Earth.

Understanding these cellular disparities enhances our grasp of biological processes and the intricate web of life that spans from microscopic bacteria to complex multicellular organisms.

References:

• Encyclopedia Britannica – Prokaryote
• Encyclopedia Britannica – Eukaryote
• National Center for Biotechnology Information – Prokaryotic Cells
• National Center for Biotechnology Information – Eukaryotic Cells

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Similarities and Differences

All living cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacteria are prokaryotic or prenuclear organisms (organisms without a true nucleus), while fungi, protozoa, helminths, and other organisms are eukaryotic.

A notable characteristic of eukaryotic cells is the presence of membrane-enclosed subcellular organelles with specialized cellular functions such as mitochondria (sites of aerobic respiration) and chloroplasts (sites of photosynthesis in green plants).

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ considerably at the macromolecular level, including chromosomal organization, gene expression, and protein synthesis machinery. For example;

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells – Similarities & Differences

Introduction to similarity and difference between  prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

First of all, all the living things consist of cells.  In a living thing, two types of cells exist that are Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic. Most noteworthy, there is similarity and difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

The organisms with single cell come under prokaryotes while animal and plant cells come under eukaryotes. The cells are responsible for all various activities of the living being. Cells are the structural as well as a working unit of life.

Prokaryotic Cells

According to facts, these cells are the oldest cells. They do not have a proper nucleus. Also, organisms of single cell have these cells. These cells share four parts in common that are plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosomes.

Such a cell does not have any proper structure within it. Nevertheless, DNA exists in the central part of the cell.

Bacteria have a cell wall that acts as an extra layer of protection. This wall maintains shape and prevents the shortage of water.

Eukaryotic Cells

It is a popular fact that the evolution of these cells has taken place from the prokaryotes. These cells have a membrane nucleus. They have proper structures within them.

Also, they contain a definite nucleus. Such a cell is larger in size with a true nucleus. Also, a nuclear layer encloses the chromatin bodies. Both asexual and sexual division occurs in such cells.

Furthermore, these cells are larger in size than the other type. Hence, they show better structural organization and functional efficiency than prokaryotes. Their name means true nucleus.

Organelles have special cellular functions. This is similar to the special functions of the human body have.

Similarities between Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

The following are the similarities between these two cells:

• Firstly, both the cells have ribosomes that influence the process of protein synthesis.
• In both types of cells, DNA exists that relates to genes.
• The cell wall is present in both.
• In both, there are four types of major molecules that are common to both.
• The process of DNA copying is similar in both.
• Some major metabolic pathways are common in both.
• The process of photosynthesis is similar in both.
• In both cells, there are twenty standard amino acids.
• Genetic code is identical in both.
• In both cells, ATP is the energy of source.

The Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell 

This difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryote cell is very important. Both these cells vary in their roles, but both roles are very important. Following are the differences between these two cells:

• Firstly, eukaryotes do have “true” nuclei containing the DNA. The prokaryotes, on the other hand, do not.
• In Eukaryotes, the chloroplasts and mitochondria perform various metabolic processes. On the other hand, in Prokaryotes, similar processes occur across the cell membrane.
• The formation of the cell walls of Prokaryotes is from a different molecule than Eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes have a higher metabolic rate.
• Prokaryotes have a larger surface area.
• Eukaryotic cells are larger in size.

Solved Question for You

Q. Many years ago what type of cells were the only form of life on Earth?

Ans: Millions of years ago prokaryotes were the only form of life on the earth. Afterwards, through the process of evolution, another type of cells came into existence.

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Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Introduction: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Biotic components of the environment include all forms of life from minute bacteria to towering giant Sequoias. However, at the microscopic level, all living organisms are made up of the same basic unit – the cell.

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic cell.

As a result, the cell is referred to as the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.  The word cell has its origins in Latin, and when translated, it means “small room” and was first observed by Robert Hooke – an English natural philosopher in the year 1665.

He also compared his discovery to the cells in a honeycomb, as they showcase a similar structure.

An image illustrating the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Note that the prokaryotic cell is a complete individual organism

Eventual advancements in science and technology shed more light into the cell, with new findings and discoveries about its structure and cellular components.  During the 1950s, scientists postulated the concept of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, with earlier groundwork being laid by Edouard Chatton, a French Biologist in 1925.

Anatomically, cells vary with respect to their classification, therefore, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells differ from each other quite drastically. Read on to explore how they differ from each other.

The term “ prokaryote ” is derived from the Greek word “ pro “, (meaning: before) and “ karyon ” (meaning: kernel). It translates to “ before nuclei. “

Prokaryotes are one of the most ancient groups of living organisms on earth, with fossil records dating back to almost 3.5 billion years ago.

These prokaryotes  thrived in the earth’s ancient environment, some using up chemical energy and others using the sun’s energy. These extremophiles thrived for millions of years, evolving and adapting. Scientists speculate that these organisms gave rise to the eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic cells are comparatively smaller and much simpler than eukaryotic cells. The other defining characteristic of prokaryotic cells is that it does not possess membrane-bound cell organelles such as a nucleus. Reproduction happens  through the process of binary fission.

Structurally, prokaryotes have a capsule enveloping their entire body, and it functions as a protective coat. This is crucial for preventing the process of phagocytosis (where the bacteria gets engulfed by other eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages) The pilus is a hair-like appendage found on the external surface of most prokaryotes and it helps the organism to attach itself to various environments. The pilus essentially resists being flushed, hence, it is also called attachment pili. It is commonly observed in bacteria.

Right below the protective coating lies the cell wall, which provides strength and rigidity to the cell. Further down lies the cytoplasm that helps in cellular growth, and this is contained within the plasma membrane, which separates the interior contents of the cell from the outside environment.  Within the cytoplasm, ribosomes exist and it plays an important role in protein synthesis. It is also one of the smallest components within the cell. 

Some prokaryotic cells contain special structures called mesosomes which assist in cellular respiration . Most prokaryotes also contain plasmids, which contain small, circular pieces of DNA. To help with locomotion,  flagella are present, though, pilus can also serve as an aid for locomotion.  Common examples of Prokaryotic organisms are bacteria and archaea. Also, all members of Kingdom Monera are prokaryotes.

Main Article:   Prokaryotic Cells

The term “ Eukaryotes ” is derived from the Greek word “ eu “, (meaning: good) and “ karyon ” (meaning: kernel), therefore, translating to “ good or true nuclei .” Eukaryotes are more complex and much larger than prokaryotes.   They include almost all the major kingdoms except kingdom monera.

Structurally, eukaryotes possess a cell wall, which supports and protects the plasma membrane. The cell is surrounded by the plasma membrane and it controls the entry and exit of certain substances.

The nucleus contains DNA, which is responsible for storing all genetic information. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Within the nucleus exists the nucleolus, and it plays a crucial role in synthesising proteins. Eukaryotic cells also contain mitochondria, which are responsible for the creation of energy, which is then utilized by the cell.

Present in only plant cells, chloroplasts are the subcellular sites of photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum helps in the transportation of materials. Besides these, there are also other cell organelles that perform various other functions and these include  ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, cytoplasm, chromosomes, vacuoles and centrosomes.

Examples of eukaryotes include almost every unicellular organism with a nucleus and all multicellular organisms.

Main Article:  Eukaryotic Cells

Though these two classes of cells are quite different, they do possess some common characteristics. For instance, both possess cell membranes and ribosomes, but the similarities end there. The complete list of differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is summarized as follows:

Learn more about prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell, their differences and other related topics at BYJU’S Biology

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a prokaryotic cell.

A prokaryotic cell is a primitive type of cell that is characterized by the absence of a nucleus. Furthermore, prokaryotes do not possess membrane-bound cellular organelles. Prokaryotes are exclusively unicellular.

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells are cells that possess a true nucleus along with membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can either be unicellular or multicellular.

What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

The defining characteristic feature that distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the nucleus. In prokaryotic cells, the true nucleus is absent, moreover, membrane-bound organelles are present only in eukaryotic cells. Another major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells are exclusively unicellular, while the same does not apply to eukaryotic cells.

Define Cell?

The cell is the basic functional and structural unit of life. Cell plays a vital role in all biological activities and include membrane-bound organelles, which perform several individual functions to keep the cell alive and active.

What is Ribosome?

The ribosome is a multi-component cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein. Therefore, it is called the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are present both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Compared to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have larger ribosomes in their cells.

List out the unique features of Animal and Plant Cells.

Both animal and plant cells have several unique features. Listed below are some important features:

• In structure, both animal and plant cells are quite similar.
• Both possess nucleus and plasma membrane, a selectively permeable membrane of the cell.
• Both animal and plant cells include membrane-bound organelles with their specialized functions.
• Animal and plant cells have vacuoles, which serve as the storage unit and maintain the shape of the cell.
• Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It stores and provide energy for different cellular activities and is found both in both animal and plant cells.

List out the functions of Chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts are the plastids found in all plant cells. These cell organelles comprise the photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll and are involved in synthesizing food by the process of photosynthesis.

Who discovered Cell and Cell Theory?

The cell was first discovered in the year 1665 by an English natural philosopher Robert Hooke. The Cell Theory was explained by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the year 1830.

Further Reading:

• Competent Cells
• Difference Between Plasmid DNA And Chromosomal DNA

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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes: Key Differences and Similarities

Unveil the mystery behind the microbial world with our ultimate guide on Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes. Explore the key differences between these two kingdoms and expand your knowledge today!

In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. We will cover 27 key differences and similarities, ranging from cell structure and size to genetic material and reproduction.

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes: Overview

Before we discuss the distinctions and similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, let’s briefly introduce these two types of cells.

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without nuclei or other membrane-bound organelles. They are typically smaller and have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea as examples.

In contrast, eukaryotes are organisms that have cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are larger and more complicated in structure than prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists as examples.

Now, let’s move on to the differences and similarities between these two types of cells.

Key Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Cell structure and size.

• Typically, prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells usually have a size of 0.1 to 5 micrometres, whereas eukaryotic cells have a size of 10 to 100 micrometres.
• Eukaryotic cells contain a distinct nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.
• Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, but prokaryotic cells do not.
• Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall consisting of cellulose or chitin, whereas prokaryotic cells have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
• Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA structured into chromosomes, whereas prokaryotic cells contain circular DNA that is not.
• Eukaryotic cells contain cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia for movement, whereas prokaryotic cells have pili and flagella.
• Eukaryotic cells go through mitosis or meiosis, while prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Metabolism and Energy Production

• Prokaryotic cells have a simpler metabolism, while eukaryotic cells have a more complex metabolism.
• Prokaryotic cells can perform anaerobic respiration , while eukaryotic cells can perform both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
• Prokaryotic cells can fix nitrogen, while eukaryotic cells cannot.

Genetic Material

• Eukaryotic cells have numerous linear chromosomes, but prokaryotic cells only have one circular chromosome.
• Eukaryotic cells go through meiosis; prokaryotic cells do not.
• Eukaryotic cells lack plasmids and small, circular DNA fragments that can be transferred between cells but are present in prokaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic cells can have a haploid or diploid genome, whereas prokaryotic cells have a haploid genome.

Gene Expression and Regulation

• Prokaryotic cells have a simpler gene expression and control system than eukaryotic cells.
• Operons are clusters of genes that are transcribed and controlled as a single unit in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells have a simpler mechanism for post-transcriptional modification than eukaryotic cells.

Protein Synthesis

• Prokaryotic cells have a simpler protein synthesis mechanism than eukaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes that are smaller in size than eukaryotic ribosomes.
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a 5′ cap or a poly(A) tail on their mRNA, while eukaryotic cells do.

Cell Division

• Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis.
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a mitotic spindle, while eukaryotic cells do.

Reproduction

• Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually, while eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually or asexually.
• Prokaryotic cells can exchange genetic material through conjugation, transformation, or transduction, while eukaryotic cells do not.

Evolutionary History

• Prokaryotic cells are believed to have evolved before eukaryotic cells.
• The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells and eventually formed a symbiotic relationship with them. This theory is supported by several pieces of evidence, including that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, reproduce independently of the host cell, and are similar in size and shape to certain types of bacteria.

Key Similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

While there are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, they also share some key similarities.

DNA is the genetic material found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. While the organization of DNA varies between the two types of cells,  the DNA’s basic chemical composition remains the same.

Cell Membrane

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain cell membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. This membrane comprises a lipid bilayer permeable to specific chemicals and helps regulate the cell’s internal environment.

Ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis, are found in both types of cells. Although the size and structure of ribosomes change between bacterial and eukaryotic cells, their function is the same.

Metabolism:

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have the ability to metabolize.

Reproduction:

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes reproduce.

Adaptability:

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have the ability to adapt to their environment.

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are capable of evolving over time.

Features of eukaryotic cells not found in prokaryotes: 

• Division of cells into nucleus and cytoplasm , separated by a nuclear envelope containing complex pore structures
• Complex chromosomes composed of DNA and associated proteins that are capable of compacting into mitotic structures
• Complex membranous cytoplasmic organelles (includes the endoplasmic  reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes, and glyoxisomes)
• Specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration (mitochondria) and  photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
• Complex cytoskeletal system (including actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) and associated motor proteins
•  Complex flagella and cilia
• Ability to ingest particulate material by enclosure within plasma membrane vesicles (phagocytosis)
• Cellulose‐containing cell walls (in plants)
• Cell division using a microtubule‐containing mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes
• Presence of two copies of genes per cell (diploidy), one from each parent
• Presence of three different RNA synthesizing enzymes (RNA polymerases)
• Sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and fertilization
• Plant Cell – Definition, Structure, Diagram & Function
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Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic Cell

The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA .

Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution.

Comparison chart

Definition of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-ot-es) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos , pl. -otes ; also spelled "procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular.

Eukaryotes (IPA: [juːˈkæɹɪɒt]) are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives them their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek ευ, meaning good/true, and κάρυον, meaning nut, referring to the nucleus. Animals , plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

The difference between the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms.

• The most fundamental difference is that eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei containing their DNA, whereas the genetic material in prokaryotes is not membrane-bound.

• In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and chloroplasts perform various metabolic processes and are believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria . In prokaryotes similar processes occur across the cell membrane; endosymbionts are extremely rare.
• The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally formed of a different molecule (peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do not have a cell wall at all).
• Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA stored in an area named the nucleoid, while eukaryote DNA is found on tightly bound and organised chromosomes. Although some eukaryotes have satellite DNA structures called plasmids, these are generally regarded as a prokaryote feature and many important genes in prokaryotes are stored on plasmids.
• Prokaryotes have a larger surface area to volume ratio giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate and consequently a shorter generation time compared to Eukaryotes.

• Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in the structure, packing, density, and arrangement of their genes on the chromosome. Prokaryotes have incredibly compact genomes compared to eukaryotes, mostly because prokaryote genes lack introns and large non-coding regions between each gene.
• Whereas nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for proteins or RNA or includes a gene promoter, nearly all of the prokaryote genome codes or controls something.
• Prokaryote genes are also expressed in groups, known as operons, instead of individually, as in eukaryotes.
• In a prokaryote cell, all genes in an operon(three in the case of the famous lac operon) are transcribed on the same piece of RNA and then made into separate proteins, whereas if these genes were native to eukaryotes, they each would have their own promoter and be transcribed on their own strand of mRNA. This lesser degree of control over gene expression contributes to the simplicity of the prokaryotes as compared to the eukaryotes.

• Wikipedia:Eukaryote
• Wikipedia:Prokaryote

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Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes – What are the Similarities, Differences, and Examples

This article covers

Definition: What is prokaryote?

Prokaryotic cell structure.

Examples of prokaryotes

Definition: what is eukaryote, eukaryotic cell structure.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes – key similarities

I. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells follow the “cell theory”, ii. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar chemical compositions, iii. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share similarities in biochemical reactions that are fundamental to all lives, iv. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells obey the central dogma of molecular biology, v. similar cell structures in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, share these four features:

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes – major differences

From prokaryotes to eukaryotes: endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution

How to distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells under a microscope, q&a: some frequently asked questions are quickly answered here, do prokaryotes (bacteria) have a nucleus, do prokaryotes have organelles, do prokaryotes have ribosomes, do prokaryotes (bacteria) have mitochondria, do prokaryotes have a cell wall, do prokaryotes have dna.

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Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

For those that didn't know, there are many similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These are two types of cells that make up living organisms, and this article will cover all the parallelism between them.

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For those that didn’t know, there are many similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These are two types of cells that make up living organisms, and this article will cover all the parallelism between them.

The basic unit of life is cell. Living organisms are divided into two groups on the basis of their cellular structure: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The former evolved 2 billion years before the evolution of latter. Around 3.5 billion years ago, prokaryotic organisms dominated our planet. Then, about 1.5 billion years ago, a nucleated cell called eukaryote evolved. The Cambrian explosion, around 0.5 billion years ago, helped in the evolution of multicellular organisms.

Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae all come under eukaryotic cells, with bacteria being the only organisms that are prokaryotes. They are smaller and simpler in structure as compared to eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cellules have a large surface-to-volume ratio, that helps the nutrients easily and rapidly reach interior parts of the cell. Eukaryotic cellules have a limited surface area, thus, making it very difficult for the nutrients to readily diffuse in the interior parts of the cells. Thus, eukaryotes have complex organs that help them carry out metabolism and other important functions for the survival of the organisms. Although the cells are different in many ways, the main similarity is survival of the organism and carrying out the same process of life.

The Similarities

There are many other cell types in different forms, like neurons, epithelial, muscle cells, etc. But prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the only true cell structures and types. The following points will cover the main similarities.

• The genetic material, i.e., presence of DNA is common between the two cells.
• The presence of RNA is common.
• They both have a cell membrane covering them.
• Resemblances are seen in their basic chemical structures. Both are made up of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats, and vitamins.
• Both of them have ribosomes, which make proteins.
• They regulate the flow of nutrients and waste matter that enters and exits the cellules.
• Basic life processes like photosynthesis and reproduction are carried out by them.
• They need energy supply to survive.
• They both have ‘chemical noses’ that keep them updated and aware of all the reactions that occur within them and in the surrounding environment.
• Both these organisms have a fluid-like matrix called the cytoplasm that fills the cells.
• Both have a cytoskeleton within the cell to support them.
• They have a thin extension of the plasma membrane which is supported by the cytoskeleton.
• Flagella and cilia are found in eukaryotes; likewise endoflagella, fimbriae, pili and flagella are found in prokaryotes. They are used for motility and adhering to surfaces or moving matter outside the cells.
• Some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellules have glycocalyces as a common material. This is a sugar-based structure that is sticky and helps the cells in anchoring to each other; thus, giving them some protection.
• They have a lipid bilayer, known as the plasma layer, that forms the boundary between the inner and outer side of the cell.

There are many differences between them, of which age and structure are the main attributes. It is believed by scientists that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. In short, both are the smallest units of life.

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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Key Differences Essay

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Introduction

Differences between the different kingdoms of species might seem obvious at the surface level, yet, inspecting the subject matter closer, one will realize that the line between the two can be drawn at the cellular level. Furthermore, upon the analysis of the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, one can develop a proper understanding of the environment that is required for the correct functioning of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Thus, a comparison between the two is required to show that there are two distinct groups of organisms that require different environments and conditions.

The presence of a nucleus is the core difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, which is even coded in the names thereof. In addition, unlike a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic one does not have chromosomes but, instead, contains a substitute called plasmids (Kelly and Callegari 4977). Unlike a chromosome, a plasmid does not have a protein membrane and typically takes a linear shape (Kelly and Callegari 4979). Therefore, the complexity of prokaryotic cells is significantly lower than the one of prokaryotic ones.

In addition, the cellular structure of the two types of cells serves as an important distinction. Prokaryotic cells are typically unicellular, whereas eukaryotic ones are multicellular. The described difference leads to another point of comparison, which is the kingdom that the identified types of cells represent. While prokaryotes typically occur in Bacteria and Archaea, eukaryotic cells can be found in Animals and Plants (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”). Thus, a prokaryotic cell can be defined as a simpler life form compared to a more complex eukaryotic one.

Finally, the components that constitute each type of cell are very different, both in their functions and form. It should be noted that there are several organelles that are common for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, eukaryotic cells, as more complex mechanisms, contain the organelles that cannot be found in simpler prokaryotic structures. For example, prokaryotic cells do not have lysosomes and peroxisomes, which play the role of conserving and transporting energy and are an important component of eukaryotic cells (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”). Similarly, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are not found in prokaryotic cells. Overall, the structure of a prokaryotic cell is less complex than the one of a eukaryotic one.

The DNA as a crucial element in the composition of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells also deserves a more detailed analysis as another critical point of difference between the two cell types. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, in prokaryotic ones, the DNA structure is linear due to the arrangement of organelles and, consequently, chromosomes (Kelly and Callegari 4978). At this point, it should be noted that the process of DNA replication is a crucial similarity between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Although the two cell types are distinctively different from each other, the replication of DNA occurs in both cell types according to the same scheme and set of principles.

However, there are some differences in the replication process that allow distinguishing between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell based on the DNA replication characteristics. For example, unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic ones have only one point of origin of their replication, which, in turn, occurs only in two directions (Kelly and Callegari 4978). In addition, the entire replication process occurs at a much faster pace than the one in eukaryotic cells and takes approximately 40 minutes (compared to several hours in a complex eukaryotic cell) (Kelly and Callegari 4977).

The described characteristic allows prokaryotic cells to undergo the replication process in an endless cycle, which is impossible in eukaryotic cells due to the presence of telomeres in their chromosomes (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”). Thus, the DNA replication process can be regarded as one of the crucial differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

The presence of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells as their distinctive feature is the subject of particular interest since the current theories of mitochondria origin allow tracking down the evolution of a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic one. According to the theory of endosymbiotic hypothesis, mitochondria were initially prokaryotic cells (). Moreover, like cells, mitochondria could perform the functions of which eukaryotic cells were incapable (“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure”).

However, since the oxidative processes that mitochondria performed were also essential for the proper functioning of eukaryotic cells, the latter acquired mitochondria via endosymbiosis (). As a result, mitochondria are a crucial component of eukaryotic cells nowadays, yet they are completely absent from prokaryotic ones. Providing opportunities for energy conversion, mitochondria in eukaryotes primarily serve to produce ATP, although it also has several other important functions.

Comparing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is necessary since it provides insightful results that may prompt a more nuanced understanding of the functioning of cells and tissues, as well as the factors that lead to the disruption in the processes of them. Thus, an improved approach toward treating patients will become possible. While the key distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, which is absent in the latter, there are also numerous nuances that allow differentiating between the two cell types.

“Chapter 4 – Cell Structure.” Georgia Highlands College , n.d. Web.

Kelly, Thomas, and A. John Callegari. “Dynamics of DNA Replication in a Eukaryotic Cell.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. 116, no. 11, 2019, pp. 4973-4982.

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells: Differences, Examples and Functions  

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Table of content.

• Introduction
• Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Similarities Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Examples of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell

Types of prokaryotes, prokaryotic cell functions, ecological and practical importance.

• Examples of Prokaryotic Cells
• Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cell functions, importance of eukaryotic cells in the environment.

• Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

All organisms can be divided into two groups – eukaryotes or prokaryotes. The cellular structure determines which group an organism belongs to. In this article, we will explore the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lies in their structure. Prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus and have free-floating genetic material while eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material. Find all the major differences in the table below.

Prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cell table

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes structures

The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have four common features –

• Plasma membrane
• DNA - Genetic coding that determines all the characteristics of organisms

Examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic ( pro - = before; - karyon - = nucleus) cells are single-celled organisms characterised by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound cellular organelles. They are the simplest and oldest forms of life on Earth discovered over 3.5 billion years ago play a crucial role in the biosphere.

All prokaryotic cells have four common components –

• Plasma/cell membrane – it is an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment
• Cytoplasm – it is a jelly-like region within the cell where other cellular components are found
• Nucleoid (DNA) – the genetic material of the cell
• Ribosomes – particles that synthesise proteins

The other commonly found features are –

• Cell wall – it provides structure and protection from the outside environment. It is made of peptidoglycans that are made from carbohydrates and proteins
• Capsule: it is a layer of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall in some bacteria and helps the bacterium attach to surfaces
• Fimbriae: they are thin, hair-like structures that help with cellular attachment.
• Pili: they are rod-shaped structures with multiple roles, including attachment and DNA transfer
• Flagella: they are thin, tail-like structures that assist in movement

Bacteria : These are tiny, single-celled organisms found everywhere, from dirt to our bodies. They come in various shapes and can live in many different conditions. Some help break down materials, while others can cause diseases.

Archaea : These are also single-celled but are quite different from bacteria. They often live in extreme places like hot springs or salty environments. Archaea play important roles in natural processes like recycling nutrients.

Metabolism : Prokaryotic cells use various metabolic processes, including aerobic respiration (with oxygen), anaerobic respiration (without oxygen), and fermentation. They adapt to different environments, thriving in extreme conditions.

Reproduction : They reproduce by binary fission, creating two identical cells, and exchange genes through horizontal transfer, promoting genetic diversity.

Environmental Impact : Prokaryotes play key roles in nutrient cycling, such as nitrogen fixation and decomposition, crucial for ecosystem health.

Human Relevance : They contribute beneficial bacteria for digestion and can be pathogens. In biotechnology, they are used for making medicines, bioremediation, and industrial processes.

Examples of prokaryotic cells

Coli : Common gut bacteria

Streptococcus : Causes infections like strep throat.

Bacillus anthracis : Causes anthrax.

Methanogens : Produce methane in extreme environments.

Thermophiles : Thrive in hot springs and vents.

What is a eukaryotic cell ?

Eukaryotes ( eu - = true; - karyon - = nucleus). are cells that possess a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They can be unicellular or multicellular. Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists, it features a defined nucleus, various organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, and a cell membrane that regulates the entry and exit of substances.

Parts of a eukaryotic cell

A more complex eukaryotic cell has membrane-bound compartments or sacs called organelles. Each of these membrane-bound structures performs specific cellular functions. Organelle means little organ and just like the organs of the body have special functions, organelle have special functions within the cell.

The primary parts of eukaryotic cell are –

• Nucleus : it stores the genetic information (DNA) in chromatin form
• Nucleolus : it is found inside of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced
• Plasma membrane: it is a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell and the organelles within.
• Cytoskeleton: the cell wall provides structure, facilitates cell movement and plays a role in cell division.
• Ribosomes: particles that: synthesise proteins
• Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and responsible for energy production
• Cytoplasm: it is the region of the cell between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane
• Cytosol: it is a gel-like substance within the cell that contains the organelles.
• Endoplasmic reticulum: it is an organelle dedicated to protein maturation and transportation
• Vesicles and vacuoles: they are membrane-bound sacs that perform transportation and storage of nutrients.

Other common organelles found in many, but not all, eukaryotes include the Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts and lysosomes.

Animal Cells : These cells lack a cell wall and chloroplasts but have a flexible membrane. They include various types, like nerve and muscle cells, each with specific functions.

Plant Cells : Plant cells have a rigid cell wall and chloroplasts for photosynthesis. They also have large vacuoles for storage and maintaining structure.

Fungal Cells : Found in fungi, these cells have a cell wall made of chitin. They are involved in decomposing organic matter and can have complex structures.

Protists : A diverse group of single-celled eukaryotes, protists include algae and protozoa. They live in various environments and have features like cilia or flagella for movement.

Metabolism : Cells use cellular respiration for energy and, in plants, photosynthesis to make food.

Reproduction : Mitosis helps with growth and repair, while meiosis ensures genetic diversity in sexual reproduction.

Cell Communication : Cells communicate through signalling pathways, coordinating their activities and responses.

• Nutrient Cycling : Eukaryotes like plants and fungi help recycle nutrients, essential for ecosystem health.
• Photosynthesis : Plants and algae convert sunlight into energy, producing oxygen and supporting food chains.
• Decomposition : Fungi and some protists break down organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil.
• Biodiversity : Eukaryotic cells contribute to diverse ecosystems, from forests to oceans.

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

Animal Cells : Nerve cells, muscle cells, and skin cells.

Plant Cells : Leaf cells, root cells, and stem cells.

Fungal Cells : Yeast cells and mold cells.

Protist Cells : Algae cells, such as those in pond water, and protozoa, like amoebas.

What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various organelles.

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually through binary fission, where the cell divides into two identical cells.

What are examples of prokaryotic cells?

Examples include E. coli, Streptococcus, Bacillus anthracis, methanogens, and thermophiles.

What are the key organelles in eukaryotic cells and their functions?

Key organelles include the nucleus (genetic material storage), mitochondria (energy production), endoplasmic reticulum (protein and lipid synthesis), and Golgi apparatus (protein modification and packaging).

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

Eukaryotic cells reproduce through mitosis (for growth and repair) and meiosis (for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity).

What are the main types of eukaryotic cells?

Major types include animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and protist cells.

What is the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, though their structure may differ slightly.

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in their genetic material?

Prokaryotic cells have DNA located in the nucleoid region without a membrane, while eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a nucleus.

Can prokaryotic cells have specialised functions like eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells can perform specialised functions such as nitrogen fixation and biodegradation, but they lack the compartmentalisation seen in eukaryotic cells.

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contribute to their ecosystems?

Prokaryotic cells play roles in nutrient cycling and decomposition, while eukaryotic cells contribute to photosynthesis, food webs, and complex interactions within ecosystems.

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The Differences and Similarities between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

This essay is about comparing and contrasting eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It highlights the structural and functional differences, such as eukaryotic cells having a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack these features and have a simpler organization. The essay also discusses similarities, including the presence of a plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes in both cell types. It touches on the evolutionary relationship between the two, suggesting that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic ancestors through endosymbiosis. Understanding these distinctions and similarities is essential for fields like microbiology, genetics, and medicine.

How it works

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells epitomize the two cardinal configurations of cellular architecture observed in the biological realm. These cellular variants are delineated by their morphological and functional attributes, reflective of their evolutionary trajectories and ecological roles. Despite their disparities, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells partake in vital life processes, rendering them compelling subjects for juxtaposition.

Eukaryotic cells typically manifest greater intricacy compared to prokaryotic cells. They harbor a distinct nucleus ensheathed within a nuclear envelope, housing their genomic material. This compartmentalization affords heightened regulation and oversight over genetic mechanisms.

Moreover, eukaryotic cells harbor a plethora of membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. These organelles execute specialized functions that augment the cellular efficacy and intricacy. For instance, mitochondria are lauded as the cellular powerhouses, facilitating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through cellular respiration. Conversely, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are implicated in protein and lipid biosynthesis and conveyance.

Prokaryotic cells, exemplified by bacteria and archaea, lack a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genomic material resides in a nucleoid region devoid of a membrane enclosure. This rudimentary organizational schema bespeaks their primordial evolutionary lineage and facilitates rapid proliferation and reproduction. Prokaryotes typically exhibit diminutive proportions compared to eukaryotes, augmenting their favorable surface-area-to-volume ratio. This ratio bestows advantages in nutrient assimilation and waste expulsion. Additionally, prokaryotic cells often possess cell walls comprised of peptidoglycan, providing structural reinforcement and protection. Certain prokaryotes also feature external appendages such as flagella and pili, which facilitate motility and adherence to substrates.

One of the most conspicuous disparities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells pertains to their dimensions. Eukaryotic cells typically exhibit substantially larger dimensions, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in diameter, whereas prokaryotic cells typically measure between 0.1 and 5 micrometers. This pronounced size differential exerts profound influences on cellular intricacy and functionality. Larger eukaryotic cells can accommodate a myriad of organelles and internal structures, fostering intricate life processes. Conversely, the diminutive dimensions of prokaryotic cells expedite rapid molecular diffusion across the cellular membrane, bolstering their rapid growth rates and adaptability.

Despite these disparities, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share several fundamental attributes. Both cell types are ensconced by a plasma membrane, which orchestrates the ingress and egress of substances. Moreover, they both utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their hereditary blueprint and rely on ribosomes for protein synthesis. Foundational metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are conserved across both cell types, underscoring their shared evolutionary lineage. Additionally, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells exhibit a panoply of forms and functions, adapting to diverse environmental exigencies.

The evolutionary nexus between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells presents another intriguing facet. It is widely posited that eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic antecedents via endosymbiosis. As per this hypothesis, select prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger host cells, eventually evolving into organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. This symbiotic alliance conferred a discernible selective advantage, catalyzing the evolution of intricate eukaryotic cells. Substantiating evidence includes the presence of double membranes surrounding these organelles and their circular DNA akin to bacterial genomes.

Comprehending the dichotomies and parallels between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is indispensable across diverse scientific domains, encompassing microbiology, genetics, and evolutionary biology. These insights enrich our understanding of cellular functionalities, the origins of life, and the evolution of complex organisms. Moreover, this comprehension engenders practical ramifications in medicine and biotechnology. For instance, discerning the distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is pivotal in devising antibiotics efficacious against bacteria whilst sparing human cells.

In conclusion, while eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells diverge significantly in their morphological, functional, and dimensional attributes, they converge on fundamental biological processes and evolutionary origins. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their compartmentalized nucleus and organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells exhibit a simpler, archaic morphology. Notwithstanding these disparities, both cellular variants execute indispensable life functions and contribute to terrestrial biodiversity. Recognizing these congruities and divergences amplifies our comprehension of biology and informs a spectrum of scientific and medical breakthroughs.

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The similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Sian Chesher                September

The similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

All cellular life also contains DNA as its genetic material. Cells contain several varieties of RNA molecules and proteins. Most of the proteins are enzymes. All cells are composed of the same basic chemicals: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, fats and vitamins. They also all regulate the flow of nutrients and wastes that enter and leave the cell. All cells undergo and are the result of cell division.

Eukaryote means ‘the true nucleus’, which refers to the large nucleus containing the DNA inside of a membrane.

Eukaryotic cells include organisms such as fungi, green plants, animals and proctoctists. These types of cells and organisms appeared 2000 million years ago, and it is more than likely that they evolved from prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryote means ‘before the nucleus’, which means the DNA isn’t contained inside of the membrane.

Prokaryotic cells have appeared in fossil records from 3500 million years ago and are made up of a variety of organisms known collectively as bacteria.

This is a preview of the whole essay

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have no nuclear membrane; the nuclear membrane is a very porous membrane that allows molecules to easily pass freely from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell are in direct contact with the cytoplasm. In comparison the chromosomes are enclosed in a double-layered nucleus membrane. They also have a much more complicated chromosome structure compared with prokaryotic cells. The cell division that takes place in a prokaryotic cell doesn’t involve the process of meiosis. However, a eukaryotic cell will divide using mitosis and meiosis, yet another difference between these two types of cells.

If present, then the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell will contain peptidoglycan, which are carbohydrate polymers cross-linked by proteins. In contrast with eukaryotic cells, if a cell wall is present, it will contain cellulose or chitin. Chitin is a polysaccharide, as   is    and   , both similar in chemical structure to   . Like cellulose, chitin contributes strength and protection to the organism. So eukaryotic cells are often stronger than prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells usually contain mitochondria, which are the site of aerobic respiration, and they absorb glucose and oxygen. They also provide energy, which is transferred in cells. However these aren’t present in prokaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are present in photosynthetic cells. Ribosomes are organelles found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. There are two types in eukaryotic cells. One is found in the cytoplasm, which is the region between the nucleus and the cell membrane and the other, smaller type is found in the mitochondria. The prokaryotic cells only contain one type of ribosome of one size.

Flagella, if present in eukaryotic cells, have a complex structure, both structurally and bio chemically. But on the other hand if they are present in prokaryotic cells then they have a much simpler structure. The size of these two types of cells is different too. Eukaryotic cells have up to one thousand times more volume than a prokaryotic cell.

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have DNA as their genetic material; they also both contain ribosomes and a membrane bound. They have very similar basic metabolisms.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have evolved. Data supports the theory that prokaryotic cells represent the initial cell type on earth and that the eukaryotic cells have evolved from them.

Document Details

• Word Count 563
• Page Count 2
• Level AS and A Level
• Subject Science

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