how to write references in research paper ppt

Citation and referencing in research work

Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used. Read less

More Related Content

• 1. Citation and Referencing in Research Work
• 2. - to overview referencing practices in research - to explain WHY it is necessary to cite the sources we use to support what we write in our papers; and - to explain HOW to cite these sources in correct APA style (i.e., according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association). Purpose of the presentation
• 3. Overview of the Referencing Style andPractices
• 4. Citation  Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source).  More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.  Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
• 5. References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes:  to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism)[1]  to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources,  to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and  to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.[2] 1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "What Does it Mean to Cite?" MIT Academic integrity. http://web.mit.edu/academicintegrity/citing/whatandwhy.html. 2. Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson, ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation, 4th ed.(New York: Aspen, 2010)
• 6. There are literally hundreds of different referencing styles from which to choose when you are citing the sources of your research material. Different academic disciplines have differing priorities of what is important to the subsequent reader of an academic paper, and different publishing houses have differing rules about the citation of sources. Which referencing style is the right one ?
• 7. Some styles in Practice FACULTY RECOMMENDED REFERENCING STYLES Arts Harvard, Chicago, MLA, APA, University of Auckland Style Business and Economics APA The Business of Writing: Written Communication Skills for Business Students Creative Arts and Industries APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA Education APA Engineering Harvard, Chicago, UoA Engineering Numbered Style Law New Zealand Law Style Guide Medical and Health Sciences Vancouver, APA Science Referencing styles recommended by Science Departments Scientific style and format : the CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers Theology Chicago
• 8. 1. APA stands for "American Psychological Association" and comes from the association of the same name.  Although originally drawn up for use in psychological journals, the APA style is now widely used in the social sciences, in education, in business, and numerous other disciplines. 2. MLA comes from the "Modern Language Association of America" and is used mainly in English and the Humanities. A few of the common referencing styles and their origins
• 9. 3. Chicago is sometimes referred to as Turabian or Chicago/Turabian.  It comes from the "Chicago Manual of Style" and the simplified version of it, "A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations", that Kate Turabian wrote [Source: The Writing Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill].  Chicago is used mainly in the social sciences, including history, political studies, and theology. Styles and their origins cont
• 10. 4. Vancouver originally came from The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors which produced the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" following a meeting that was held in Vancouver in 1978 [Source: Jönköping University Library].  The Vancouver style is used mainly in the medical sciences. Styles and their origins cont
• 11. 5. Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law Review Association.  The Harvard style and its many variations are used in law, natural sciences, social and behavioural sciences, and medicine. Styles and their origins cont If you are unsure which referencing system to use, consult your course guide or ask your lecturer or tutor Thankfully, there are some referencing styles used by the majority of disciplines !
• 12. APA is an author/date referencing system common in the social sciences; it uses parenthetical in-text citations to refer readers to the list of references at the end of the paper. Numbered notes or footnotes are reserved for extra explanatory information that would disrupt the continuity of the text. The date of the research is important in scientific disciplines, since it conveys how recent or indeed historical the material is, thus the author/'s last name and the year of publication appear within the text. Page numbers are used in the text only in the case of direct quotations, not for paraphrased material. Example Pinker (1999) notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease. A brief outlines and difference of the APA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes
• 13. APA The alphabetical Reference List at the end of the paper provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of the author followed by the initials and the year of publication in brackets. In the case of a book with one author, the title of the book comes next, in italics, with just the initial letter of the first words of the title and subtitle capitalised. This is followed by the place of publication, and the name of the publisher. The information in the List of References must be detailed enough to enable the reader to easily locate the edition or volume or issue number, in the case of journals, or web page etc. Example Pinker, S. (1999). Words and rules: The ingredients of language. London: Phoenix. A brief outlines and difference of the APA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes
• 14. The MLA system, common in the arts and humanities, is similar to APA in that it uses parenthetical in-text citations keyed to a List of Works cited at the end of the paper. The author's last name appears in the text close to the borrowed material along with a page number rather than the year. Literature and language rely more on exactly where in the text the quoted material can be found, either directly quoted or paraphrased, rather than the year . Numbered notes or footnotes are only for extra information that would disrupt the continuity of the text. MLA is generally simpler and more economical than other styles; interruptions are kept to a minimum, usually citing just the last name of the author and the relevant page number within the text. Some scholars in the fields of art, dance, history, music, religion, theatre and theology use Documentation Notes (endnotes or footnotes) to document sources. In this case, a list of works cited or a bibliography may be unnecessary. Example Pinker notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (281).
• 15. MLA The List of Works Cited at the end of the paper provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of the author followed by the first names. In the case of a book with one author, the title of the book comes next, italicised, with the initial letter of each significant word in the title capitalised. This is followed by the place of publication, and the name of the publisher, the year of publication, and finally the medium. Example Pinker, Steven. Words and Rules: the Ingredients of Language. London: Phoenix, 1999. Print.
• 16. The Chicago notes-bibliography citation system, used by some humanities and social sciences, signals to the reader by a superscript number at the end of the sentence that a source has been used: Example According to Pinker, memory loss, including memory for words, is an obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease.1 The source of the quotation and information about the author, title and publication details and the relevant page numbers are then cited in a correspondingly numbered footnote at the bottom of the page, or endnote at the end of the paper. If the text is cited again, the subsequent notes may be shortened.2 ________________________________________ 1 Steven Pinker, Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language (London: Phoenix, 1999), 281. 2 Pinker, Words and Rules, 297. Chicago notes
• 17. Although the same information appears in both the notes and the bibliography it serves two different functions: The notes supply a quick check of the source, and the bibliography illustrates the extent of the research and the relationship to earlier studies. Thus both notes and bibliography are usually provided. There are, however, slight differences in punctuation since the notes are designed to be read as text and the bibliography constitutes a list of independent entries. The author's name appears in the notes as first name last name, Mickey Mouse, while the bibliography entry inverts them, Mouse, M. Number all notes consecutively from 1. Substantive notes are inserted as appropriate within the list of footnotes.3 ________________________________________ 3 Supplementary information that would disrupt the flow of the text ... Chicago notes
• 19.  How and when to cite within text according to APA style  How to create a References list, citing a variety of sources:  Print sources  Electronic sources  Media sources  What to do if we come across something unusual not covered In this presentation, We will cover  Personal communication  Materials in Websites  Unpublished sources
• 20. Why Should be Cited? 1. Citing identifies sources used in a research project 2. It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and writers whose words or ideas you borrow, acknowledging their role in shaping your research. 3. It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this material 4. To avoid charges of plagiarism
• 21. What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is:  The unacknowledged use or appropriation of another person’s words or ideas  A form of cheating or stealing  A serious academic offense When we borrow words or ideas from sources to support our argument or research we must give proper credit. By crediting our sources, we avoid plagiarism. If we do not cite a source--intentionally or unintentionally-- we are guilty of plagiarism.
• 22. When Should be Cited? Many students plagiarize unintentionally. Remember, whenever we summarize, paraphrase or quote another author's material we must properly credit our source. If we are using another person’s idea, we must also cite our source! My parent always said, “Don’t wet your bed” (Mom, 1990). When in doubt, give credit to source!
• 23. Summary, Paraphrase, Quote  A summary (aka ‘abstract’) briefly captures the main ideas of your source  A paraphrase is a restatement of the text of your source in your own words  Quotations can be direct (using quotation marks) or indirect (no quotation marks and often introduced by ‘that’)  A noted psychologist states, “As recently as 20 years ago, a bed- wetter was psychologically castigated for what could have been a physiological problem” (Tikling, 2009).  A noted psychologist observes that just two decades ago bed- wetters suffered psychologically for a medical problem that may have had a physiological source (Tikling, 2009). In any of these cases, must credit to source
• 24. How to Cite? There are two parts to citing according to APA style: 1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the body of your essay or paper 2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of your paper Note:  Sources cited in the text must appear in the References page.  Conversely, each entry in the References page must be cited in the text.
• 25. What is APA?  APA = American Psychological Association  Promulgates guidelines for preparing research papers and projects and scholarly manuscripts in the social science  “APA style” refers to a system of citing research sources  For all papers in APA style, use 12-pt, Times New Roman font
• 26. Purpose of APA-style references in the body of a paper? The references in the body of the paper gives appropriate credit to the person or persons whose words or ideas we are using to support what we have written in our paper. If we do not give credit to those whose work we use, we are guilty of plagiarism, which is a VERY serious violation of academic integrity.
• 27. APA provides guidelines for citations In-text citations: “References . . . are cited in text with an author-date . . . and are listed alphabetically in the reference list cited” (Publication Manual, 2010). Reference list citations: “Choose references judiciously . . . [and] reference data must be correct and complete” (Publication Manual, 2009).
• 28. If we use a direct quotation from an original source, we give the author(s) credit for her/his/their words as follows. Where we must include the page number(s) of the quotation to enable the readers to find it. “Cognitive therapy is more effective than psychoanalysis in the treatments of phobias” (Jones & Smith, 2002, p. 44).
• 29. If we paraphrase from a source (i.e., translate it into our own words), we should give the author(s) credit for their ideas as follows. According to Jones and Smith (2002), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis.
• 30. If we refer to a primary source (e.g., a journal article by Jones) we read about in a secondary source (e.g., a textbook by Smith), we must create the following type of citation. According to Jones (as cited in Smith, 2003), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis.
• 31. If we refer to a personal communication (e.g., an e-mail message or conversation) that is not available to the readers, we must include it in the body of our paper in the following way. According to P. J. Jones, Director of the Counseling Center (personal communication, May 1, 2002), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis.
• 32. If we refer to an online source (e.g., the website of the British Psychological Association), we must include it in the body of our paper in the following way. Phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis (British Psychological Association, n.d.).
• 33. Important details to remember...  Use an ampersand (&) between authors when their names are within parentheses. . . . is the most effective treatment (Smith & Jones, 1999)  Use a regular “and” between authors when their names are not within parentheses. . . . is the most effective treatment according to Smith and Jones (1999).  If our source does not have a date, replace the date in the citation with n.d., which is the abbreviation for “no date.” . . . British Psychological Association (n.d.).
• 34. APA-Style References in the Body of the Paper
• 35. In-Text Citations Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence before the punctuation mark.  Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist mostly of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal chemicals (Wasser, 2009). We must provide information that will allow the reader to locate exactly where we found information in our source. Usually this is the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Wasser, 2009)
• 36. In-Text Citations, Cont’d When the author's name appears as part of sentence (known as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in the parenthetical citation. Just give the year of publication:  Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is ultimately a genetically predisposed behavior. When there are two authors, name both authors every time their work is referenced in your paper:  Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling (2008) found that early onset social anxiety disorder results from adverse parental responses to bedwetting.  The study also showed that there was a high rate of alcohol and drug abuse associated with unresolved bedwetting issues (Selbst and Tikling, 2008).
• 37. Other Citation Possibilities When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first author and replace the others with “et al.”:  Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a genetic predisposition for their behaviors.  In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity. When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the others as in second example above in all citing instances. If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency), use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be abbreviated after the first instance:  According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio- economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000) When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if periodical, book, report, use italics:  Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005) A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.
• 38. Other Citation Possibilities When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first author and replace the others with “et al.”:  Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a genetic predisposition for their behaviors.  In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity. When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname and “et al.” for the others as in second example above in all citing instances. If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency), use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups’ names can be abbreviated after the first instance:  According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio- economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000) When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if periodical, book, report, use italics:  Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005) A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008), recommends use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.
• 39. Other Citation Possibilities Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your in-text citation. In that case, you should place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon:  Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic pleasure (Freud 1901; Jung 1905). To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a direct quotation; chapter; figure; table; or equation at the appropriate point in the your text:  In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, “I believe that syphilis leads to erythrophobia only in those people who in their childhood had to energetically suppress their rage toward their parents because of unjust punishment [especially because of punishment for enuresis]” (Brabant, Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271).  Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of enuresis in young children (1916, chapter 3).
• 40. In-text Citing of Electronic Sources Treat electronic sources the same as print sources. Direct quotations from e-sources which don’t have page numbers are referenced by paragraph or heading and paragraph number, if available:  Eiberg, Berendt, and Mohr (1995) concluded in a Danish study that “nocturnal enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age affects about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wide range of frequencies between populations” (para. 4).  A recent Italian study found that “the prevalence of enuresis was higher when the child was from a family of low socio-economic status despite the child's age group” (Chiozza et al., 2002, “Results,” para 3). [This source has > 6 authors (in fact, 8), so ‘et al.’ is used for all authors after the first named author.]
• 41. APA-Style References in the ReferenceSection
• 42. References List  The References list appears at the end of your paper on its own page.  Everything you referenced in your text must be listed in your References list .  Conversely, everything you list in the References list must be cited in your essay.  The References list provides the information needed for a reader to find and retrieve any source used in your paper.
• 43. Sample References Page *Sources are listed alphabetically Indent all lines after the first ½ inch for each reference listed *The entire References page is double-spaced Title “References” is centered at the top of the page Be sure to include the digital object identifier (doi), if the source has one All citations end in a period (.), except those with a doi or URL *All papers in APA style must be in 12- pt., Times New Roman font
• 44. Most Periodical Citations Will Include:  Author  Date  Title  Source information  DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Bennett, H. J. (2004, December). Bedwetting: An overview of treatment options. Nutrition Health Review, 90, 5-7. doi:10.9911.1137/1 Page numbers Last Name, Abbreviated First Commas Source in italics Year, Month (in parentheses) Period All words in title are lower case-- except for first word, first word after a colon, and proper nouns Volume # in italics “digital object identifier”
• 45. Digital Object Identifier (doi)  A unique alphanumeric sequence, starting with “10,” used to identify and to locate an item on the Internet  Example: doi:10.1000/186.ken888.888lee (no period at the end)  Also assigned to print sources  In a database, the doi is sometimes hidden behind a button with the name of the database on it (e.g., PsychINFO) or the word “Article.”  When a doi is present, the URL is not necessary
• 46. General Tips: Print Resources Author’s last name first, then his first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated. Lee, K. If more than one author, but no more than six, list all authors, separated by a comma, and connecting the last with an ampersand: Schulman, S. L., Colish, Y., von Zuben, F. C., & Kodman-Jones, C. Titles of books and periodicals are italicized and only the first word in title and after a colon and proper nouns are capitalized: Water world: Enuresis, the wet and dry of it. Clinical Pediatrics Article and chapter titles appear in regular font with same rules for capitalization: To treat bed-wetting, healthy doses of patience.
• 47. Books : What Should Be Included? Author(s) or Editor(s). (Date of publication). Complete title. Edition (if indicated). Place of publication: Publisher. DOI (if available). Butler, R. J., Green, D., & Procter, H. (2007). Child within: Taking the young person's perspective by applying personal construct psychology. (2nd ed). Chichester, England: Wiley & Sons. 10.1007/978-1-84882-023-4
• 48. Book Examples With one author: Seligman, L. (1999). Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive, systematic guide to treating mental disorders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. With three to six authors: Tikling, S. F., Avulsion, D. T., Bonds, B., & Huckabee, T. S. (2008). Unstoppable leakages: Every child deserves plumbing. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. List all authors Last Name in full, then first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated Italicize title of book Use a colon between the main title and the subtitle Remember to indent all lines after the first line ½ inch Date of publication in parentheses, followed by a period Publisher’s name If city of publication is not welknown, add state postal code
• 49. Books, Cont Editors as authors: Schmandt, J., & Schmundt, R. (Eds.). (1999). Regional bedwetting styles: Impacts and response strategies. New York: Oxford University Press. Book by a corporate author: National Research Council. (1992). China and the damming of the Three Gorges: Opportunities for psychic enuresis. Washington: National Academy. For books with editors, list the editor’(s) name(s) followed by “Eds.” in parentheses. Follow with a period. For corporate author, use full name
• 50. Two or More Sources by the Same Author(s): Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2009). The changing atmosphere: Enuretic raindrops. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Firor, J., Aberding, F. T., & Jakins, P. R. (2010). The adipose greenhouse: Population, climate change, and creating a sustainable water supply. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. List sources by the same author(s) in chronological order of their publication date.
• 51. Periodical Articles: What Should Be Included? Author(s). Article title. (Publication date in parenthesis.). Periodical title (journal, magazine) italicized. Volume # italicized, (Issue # in parentheses), Page numbers of the article. Digital Object Identifier or URL preceded by the phrase, “Retrieved from” (w/o quotation marks) Depends on the type of periodical: Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper But they generally require this information
• 52. What Should Be Included? Journal Articles Author(s). (Date of publication.). Article title. Periodical title (journal, magazine, newspaper) Italicized. Volume #(Issue #), Page #. Digital Object Identifier. Farley, H. W., Long, H., Close, G., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review 60(3), 68-90. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.
• 53. Articles Journal article with doi: Farley, H. W., Long, H., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review, 60(3), 68-90. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116. Magazine: Manthorpe, C, Womening, M., Evadam, J., & Biternatura, L. (2009, May). "Feminists look at the scienc of enuretic doppelgangers. New Scientist 85(3), 29-31. Newspaper: Tilgham, S. M. (2009, September 30). Science vs. women--a radical solution. New York Times, pp. F1, F5. Volume numbers in italics Dates: For journals, year; for magazine, month and if applicable, week; for daily newspaper, date. Note Formats: YYYY, MMM, DD. Issue # in parentheses Periodical titles in italics In a newspaper article reference, use “pp.” if more than one page, “p.” if only a single page.
• 54. General Tips Electronic Resources Digital Object Identifier (doi): Imperative that you include the doi if it’s available e.g., doi:10.3598.23444/k8iei.777 (no period at the end) Uniform Resource Locator (URL): If the doi is not available, use the URL (begins with “http:”) preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from” e.g., Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com (no period at the end) Database: Generally not necessary to identify, unless the database is archival (e.g., JSTOR, ERIC)
• 55. Internet Sources What Should Be Included? Author(s), if available: (Date electronic publication was last updated.). Title of the document. Title of scholarly project, database, periodical, or website. URL address Woo, C., & Hwang, D. (2010). Adjunctive behaviors in enuretic preschoolers. In S. Sue (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2010 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavi oralism
• 56. Websites Joyce, J., Dedalus, S., Bloom, L., & Bloom, M. (2009). Chiastic structure and its affect on Mobius strips, Escher prints, and enuretic behaviors of gimpy gertys. HyperJoyce Studies. Hypermedia Joyce Studies, 10. Retrieved from http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/main/essays.php?essay=joyce Yee, P., & Yee, K. (2008). Climatological impacts on and fractal patterns of urinal stains. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov
• 57. Electronic Articles Journal: Laurance, A. R. A. B. (2008). Can carbon- laundering save bedsheets? Bioscience, 58(4), 286-87. doi:10.2010.1492/cc.3shps Digital Object Identifier No period Volume #(Issue#), page numbers
• 58. Electronic Articles, Cont.. Newspaper: Ball, J. N., Chain, A., & Bonds, B. (2008, October 9). “Warmer climates a determinant in free-flow enuretic behaviors.” Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A5. Source in italics Date article was published If only a single page, use “p.”; if continuous pages, use hyphen, e.g., A1-A5
• 59. Electronic Books Electronic versions of print book: Salty, J. (2009). Bed-time stories for bedwetters: Putting a cork in it [10th ed.]. doi: 10.1036/00713393722 Sweet, W. (2010). Kicking the bedwetting habit: What it takes to dry up [Rev. ed.]. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com Electronic-only book: Trojan, S. C. (n.d.). Creating a climate for change: Communicating change and facilitating social change. Retrieved from http://www.googlebooks.com/itemID=456 Info re: editions, volume numbers, page numbers go in brackets followed by a period
• 60. Other Sources Other sources can also be used and cited •Technical & research reports •Meetings & symposia •Doctoral dissertations & master’s theses •Audiovisual media •Data sets, software, measurement instruments, and apparatus •Internet messages boards, electronic mailing lists, online communities
• 61. Other Sources What Should Be Included? Technical reports: Browning, R. & Barrett, E. (2006). Romantic auras and enuretic halos (Report No. 1869). Devonshire, England. National Institute of Mental Health. Task Force on Female Enenurism. (2008). Report on the sexualization of prepubscent girls diagnosed with enurism. Retreived from http://www.nimh.gov/taskforceenurism/sexualization Meetings & symposia, published proceedings: Hegel, J., Bach, J. S., & Maeterninck, F. (2008, May). Dialectics, atonal harmony, francophile politics and interdisciplinary enuretics. In Godel, J. (Chair), 109th Symposium of Enuretics Anonymous. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Enuretics Anonymous, Thailand.
• 62. What is the purpose of APA-style references in a reference section? The references in your reference section provide your readers with the information necessary to retrieve the sources you cited in the body of your paper by performing a library or online search.
• 63. What questions are answered in an APA- style reference that will enable a reader to perform a successful search?  Who wrote this document?  When was it written?  What was its title?  Where was it published?  Who published it?
• 64. EXAMPLES
• 65. Example Suppose you paraphrased information from a book titled Sigmund Freud: Champion of the Unconscious by Gerald R. Smith and Thomas T. Ferguson that was published by Worth Publishers of St. Paul, Minnesota in 2001.
• 66. Who wrote it? Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T.
• 67. When was it written?  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001).
• 68. What was its title?  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious.
• 69. Where was it published?  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:  If two or more publisher locations are given, use the location listed first in the book or, if specified, the location of the publisher’s home office.
• 70. Who published it?  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.  Include only the publisher’s name, without any unnecessary words like Publisher, Co., or Inc., but do retain the words Books or Press.
• 71. Important details to remember...  Spacing  Use of the ampersand (&)  Use of italics  Capitalization  Hanging indentation  Primary and secondary sources
• 72. Spacing  Follow each punctuation mark (e.g., comma, period, and colon) with one space.  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
• 73. Use of the ampersand (&)  Use an ampersand before the final author and precede it with a comma.  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
• 74. Use of italics  Italicize the title of the book.  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
• 75. Capitalization  Capitalize only the first word in the title of a book, except for proper nouns and the first word that follows a colon.  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
• 76. Hanging paragraph indentation  Use Word’s hanging indent command to indent the second and all following lines of your reference.  (FormatParagraphIndent and SpacingSpecial Hanging)  Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
• 77. Important exceptions to the rules
• 78. All the important words in the title of a journal are capitalized, and the journal title and its volume number are italicized. If page numbers start at 1 in each issue of a volume, put the issue number in parenthesis—but not in italics—immediately after the volume number. Jones, L. K. (2003). The social life of chimpanzees. Journal of Animal Behavior, 7(2), 1-18.
• 79. If two references by the same author(s) with the same date appear in the text of your paper, one will appear as Jones (2006a) and the other will appear as Jones (2006b). The a or b will be determined by how they are alphabetized in the reference section, not the order in which they appear in the text. In this case, the references in the reference section would look like the following because the B in Birds comes before the Z in Zebra. (Please note that an A or a The at the beginning of a title is ignored in the alphabetizing process.) Jones, T. J. (2006a). Birds are smart creatures. Dallas, TX: Harcourt. Jones, T. J. (2006b). A zebra is a striped horse. Peoria, IL: Wiley.
• 80. When a book has no author, use the publisher as the author and replace the publisher with the word “Author.” Harvard University. (1999). The diary of William James. Cambridge, MA: Author.
• 81. When referencing an online source, follow the title with the date you retrieved it and its url. Do not put a period after the url. Smith, J. N. (n.d.). Careers for psychology majors. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from Yale University, Psychology Department Web site: http://www.YalePsych.edu/jobs If the document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a university or government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself.
• 82. When referencing a publication of limited circulation (e.g., a class syllabus or handout), follow its title with the mailing and/or email address of where it can be obtained. Jones, P. J. (2004). Syllabus for PSY B301 Abnormal Psychology. (Available from the Butler University Psychology Department, 402 Main Street, Indianapolis, IN 46222-3456)
• 83. Personal communications that cannot be retrieved by readers (e.g., conversations, classroom discussions, email messages) are not included in the reference section of your paper.
• 84. Other Sources What Should Be Included? Doctoral dissertations: Wannabee, R. J. (1996). Bedwetters and broomsticks: An inquiry into discipline and enurism (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from University Microfilms. (Accession No. 192883-96) Audiovisual Media, video: Hitchcock, A. (Director). (1957). Rear window on enuretic behavior among adults [DVD]. Available from Universal Studios. Internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and online communities— blog post: Jobs, S. (2010, June 6). I-phone 4 and enuretic ring tones [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/newproducts/iphone/4/php
• 85. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (2010.) 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Trimmer, J. F. A guide to MLA documentation: with an appendix to APA style. (2010.) 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth. If you come across anything not mentioned in this presentation or need further information, consult the Publication Manual of the APA in the library! Subtitle for this slim, but handy guide is “with an appendix to APA style.”
• 86. The End Please send comments or suggestions about this presentation to Rajendra P Sharma GPO: 21488 Kathmandu, Nepal January 2015 [email protected]

How to Cite Sources in Presentations: A Detailed Guide

Learn how to cite sources in presentations accurately to enhance credibility and engage your audience effectively.

Understanding the Importance of Citing Sources

Choosing the right citation style.

• APA (American Psychological Association) : Often used in the social sciences.
• MLA (Modern Language Association) : Common in humanities.
• Chicago/Turabian Style : Frequently used in business, history, and fine arts.
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) : Preferred in technical fields.

How to Cite Sources in the Slide Content

• "Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower." - Steve Jobs (Apple Inc.)
• According to research by Harvard Business Review, innovative companies outperform the market average by 45%.
• 75% of marketers saw an increase in engagement through targeted emails. (Source: Mailchimp, 2023)

Incorporating Citations Visually

Tools and software for managing citations.

• EndNote: Great for managing references and bibliography.
• Zotero: Useful for collecting, organizing, managing, and citing research sources.
• Mendeley: Helps in organizing research, creating bibliographies, and even networking with other researchers.

Best Practices for Citing Sources in Presentations

• Be Consistent: Use the same citation style throughout your presentation.
• Keep it Readable: Make sure that citations do not clutter your slides. Keep them brief and to the point.
• Verify Sources: Always double-check the credibility of your sources before including them in your presentation.
• Practice Ethical Citing: Always give credit where it's due, even for images, videos, and music.

Create PPT using AI

Just Enter Topic, Youtube URL, PDF, or Text to get a beautiful PPT in seconds. Use the bulb for AI suggestions.

character count: 0 / 6000 (we can fetch data from google)

upload pdf, docx, .png, .mp4

less than 2 min

Mehjabi Khan

How Many Words to Include in a 5-Minute Presentation?

18 August 2024

What to Say After a Presentation: Key Phrases and Strategies

How to Download Presentations From Gamma AI PPT Maker?

What Should a Presentation Speech Include? A Comprehensive Guide

What are Presentation Skills? A Comprehensive Guide

What is a Presentation Deck? A 2024 Guide

17 August 2024

What is a Keynote Presentation? A 2024 Guide

How to Curve Text in PowerPoint

Stunning presentations in seconds with AI

Install MagicSlides app now and start creating beautiful presentations. It's free!

Get AI-Generated Presentations Ready in Seconds

Free AI PPT Tools

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Media File: APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation

This resource is enhanced by a PowerPoint file. If you have a Microsoft Account, you can view this file with   PowerPoint Online .

Select the APA PowerPoint Presentation link above to download slides that provide a detailed review of the APA citation style.

APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Powerpoint Presentations

• What Kind of Source Is This?
• Advertisements
• AI-Generated Content
• Books & eBooks
• Book Reviews
• Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings
• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Government Documents
• Images, Charts, Graphs, Maps & Tables
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Personal Communication (Interviews, Emails)
• Social Media
• Videos & DVDs
• Paraphrasing
• Works Cited in Another Source
• No Author, No Date etc.
• Sample Paper, Reference List & Annotated Bibliography
• Powerpoint Presentations

On this Page

Powerpoint presentations - what do i need to cite, powerpoint presentations - where do my citations go, other digital assignments - where do my citations go, quick rules for an apa reference list.

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. Here are nine quick rules for this Reference list.

• Start a new page for your Reference list. Centre the title, References, at the top of the page.
• Double-space the list.
• Start the first line of each reference at the left margin; indent each subsequent line five spaces (a hanging indent).
• Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the reference. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
• For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first (and middle, if listed) initials followed by periods.
• Italicize the titles of these works: books, audiovisual material, internet documents and newspapers, and the title and volume number of journals and magazines.
• Do not italicize titles of most parts of works, such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document.
• In titles of non-periodicals (books, videotapes, websites, reports, poems, essays, chapters, etc), capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and all proper nouns (names of people, places, organizations, nationalities).
• If a web source (not from the library) is not a stable archived version, or you are unsure whether it is stable, include a statement of the accessed date before the link.

What am I legally required to cite in my digital assignment?

According to the Copyright Act, you must cite the sources (images, videos, books, websites, etc.) that you used in your digital assignment ( 29.21(1)(b) ). You must cite the source (where you got the information from) and the creator of the content (if available). You must also make sure that any copyrighted materials you used in your assignment meet the conditions set out in section  29.21  of the Copyright Act. For a list of conditions and more information, please visit:  http://studentcopyright.wordpress.com/mashups/

What citation style do I use for the sources in my digital assignment?

There is no one required citation style, so please defer to your instructor's directions and citation style preference.

List your sources in a slide at the end of the Powerpoint presentation, with footnotes throughout your presentation as applicable.

You could also provide a print copy of the sources you used to those attending your presentation.

Seneca Libraries has the following recommendations for how to organize your list of sources for digital assignments. Please check with your instructor first:

Videos you create: 

List your sources in a credits screen at the end of the video.

Websites you create:

• For images, include a citation under each image using this format “From: XXXX” and then make the image a link back to the original image ( example  - picture of little girl). Or list the citation at the bottom of the web page.
• For quotes or material from other sources, include an in-text citation that links back to the original material ( example  – second paragraph).

Images you create: 

If possible list your sources at the bottom or side of the image ( example ). Otherwise, include a list of citations alongside the image wherever it’s uploaded (e.g. Flickr, Blackboard).

**Please note that the above are recommendations only and your instructor may have a preference and directions for how and where you list your sources for your assignment.**

If you don't receive specific instructions from your instructor, try to include your citations in a way that doesn't impact the design of your digital assignment.

For more information please contact Seneca Libraries copyright team at  [email protected]

• << Previous: Sample Paper, Reference List & Annotated Bibliography
• Next: More Help? >>
• Last Updated: Oct 26, 2024 10:00 AM
• URL: https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/apa

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago

How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago

Let’s be honest: Sometimes the best information for a paper comes straight from a professor’s PowerPoint presentation. But did you know that source needs to be cited?

Whether you’re making use of your instructor’s lecture materials or pulling information from a Powerpoint found online, you need to make sure to cite your sources if you use information from it in a project or paper.

Here’s a run -t hrough of everything this page includes:  

• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style

By now, you’re probably familiar with how to cite websites, books or journal articles, but not as knowledgeable about how to cite a Powerpoint presentation. In actuality, citing PowerPoint presentations aren’t all that different from citing written materials, so don’t let yourself be phased! It’s not too hard and compiling an MLA works cited or APA reference page doesn’t take too long—each one should take just a few minutes to create.

To help you with the process, we’ve put together a handy guide demonstrating how to cite a PowerPoint presentation in three commonly used citation styles: MLA, APA and Chicago.

Let’s start by looking for basic information you’ll need for the citation.

Information you may need to cite a PowerPoint Presentation:

• Author or authors of the presentation
• Presentation title
• Date of publication/presentation
• Place of publication/where the presentation was given
• URL (if used to locate the presentation)

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format:

MLA format citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. Presentation Title. Month Year, URL. PowerPoint Presentation.

Example citation :

Park, Lisa. Effective Working Teams . Jan. 2011, https://www.company.meetings/teams. PowerPoint Presentation.

In-text citation structure:

(Last Name)

Example in-text citation:

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format:  

APA reference structure:

Author or Presenter Last Name, Middle Initial. First Initial. (Date of publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Conference Name, Location. URL

Example reference:

Park, L. (2011, March 24-28). Effective working teams [PowerPoint presentation]. Regional Dairy Workers National Conference, New York, NY, United States. https://www.company.meetings/teams

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style:

Chicago citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Presentation Title.” Lecture, Location of Lecture, Month Day, Year.

Example citation:

Park, Lisa. “Effective Working Teams.” Lecture, The Plaza Hotel, New York, NY, January 11, 2011.

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: how to cite a powerpoint that has multiple authors..

For a presentation with multiple authors, list the authors alphabetically by last name for the full reference citation. The citation will list each author by Last Name, First Initial.

If the PowerPoint has just two authors, separate them with a comma and an ampersand (&). If the PowerPoint has more than two authors, list the authors separated by commas.

Reference examples:

Felner, D., & Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Felner, D., Nguy, A., Becham, G. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

For an in-text citation for two authors, give both surnames separated by an ampersand (&) followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

For an in-text citation for three or more authors, list the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

In-text citation examples:

(Felner & Nguy, 2021)

(Felner et al., 2021)

For a PowerPoint with two presenters or authors, include both names in the full works-cited citation. The names need to be written as follows: First presenter’s Last Name, First Name, and then the second presenter’s First Name and Last Name.

For an in-text citation, simply list the surnames of both presenters.

In-text citation example:

(Nguy and Felner)

Work-cited entry example:

Nguy, Anna and Dominic Felner. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

For a PowerPoint with three or more presenters, only list one presenter’s name followed by a comma and “et al.”

For an in-text citation for three or more authors or presenters , list the surname given in the full works-cited citation followed by “et al.”

(Nguy et al.)

Nguy, Anna et al. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

Solution #2 How to cite a slideshow that wasn’t made with PowerPoint

If making a full works-cited citation for a slideshow that was made with another program other than PowerPoint, include the medium in brackets instead of PowerPoint.

If the presentation is not in PowerPoint, and you can’t determine what software was used, include the word “slideshow” in brackets in place of PowerPoint.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Prezi presentation]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other APA in-text citation (author last name, year).

(Nguy, 2021)

At the end of your full works-cited citation, include the program the slideshow was made with, formatted as:  ______ Presentation.

If you are uncertain of the program used, end your citation with “slideshow” followed by a period. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation. Apr. 2021. Prezi Presentation. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation . Apr. 2021. Slideshow.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other MLA in-text citation (author last name).

Hello all paper writers! Take a moment to try our spell checker , or refresh your knowledge on English basics with our EasyBib grammar guides ! Discover a determiner definition , learn what is an adverb , review an interjection list , and more.   

Updated April 26, 2021.

Citation Guides

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• Citation Examples
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Page Numbers
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide
• Bibliography
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• View MLA Guide

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

To cite PowerPoint presentation slides, include the author name, year/date of presentation, the title, the source description, the website and/or university name, and the URL where the source can be found.

If the PowerPoint presentation is not accessible to the reader, cite the slides as personal communication.

If you want to cite a PowerPoint in MLA or APA style, you need to have basic information including the name of the author(s), title of the presentation, date and place of publication, and URL. For in-text citations, you need to include only the author name(s) in MLA style and author name(s) and year in APA style.  

APA in-text citations

(Author Surname, publication year)

(Dhanalakshmi, 2004)

MLA in-text citations

(Author Surname)

(Dhanalakshmi)

Citation Basics

Harvard Referencing

Plagiarism Basics

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.)

• What's New in the 7th ed.?
• Principles of Plagiarism: An Overview
• Basic Paper Formatting
• Basic Paper Elements
• Punctuation, Capitalization, Abbreviations, Apostrophes, Numbers, Plurals
• Tables and Figures
• Powerpoint Presentations
• Reference Page Format
• Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
• Books and Reference Works
• Webpage on a Website
• Discussion Post
• Company Information & SWOT Analyses
• Dissertations or Theses
• ChatGPT and other AI Large Language Models
• Online Images
• Online Video
• Computer Software and Mobile Apps
• Missing Information
• Two Authors
• Three or More Authors
• Group Authors
• Missing Author
• Chat GPT and other AI Large Language Models
• Secondary Sources
• Block Quotations
• Fillable Template and Sample Paper
• Government Documents and Legal Materials
• APA Style 7th ed. Tutorials
• Additional APA 7th Resources
• Grammarly - your writing assistant
• Writing Center - Writing Skills This link opens in a new window
• Brainfuse Online Tutoring

Formatting a Powerpoint Presentation in APA 7th Style

The apa 7th manual and the apa website do not provide any specific rules about using apa format or citation in powerpoint slides. , here are some recommended guidelines:, 1. always follow any specific instructions given by your instructor., 2. you will need in-text citations on a powerpoint slide where you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing someone else's ideas. , 3. you also will include a reference list as your powerpoint's last slide (or slides). , this youtube video from smart student shows you how to create apa7th in-text citations and a reference list: .

• Citing and Referencing in Powerpoint Presentations | APA 7th Edition This video will show you how to create APA 7th in-text citations and a Reference page for your PowerPoint presentation.
• << Previous: Tables and Figures
• Next: Reference Page Examples >>
• Last Updated: Oct 14, 2024 1:11 PM
• URL: https://national.libguides.com/apa_7th