reference letter resume

How to List References on a Resume [w/ Examples]

You’ve applied for an office position. You can’t wait to get an interview with the HR department.

Everything seems good to go, but now, the HR asked you for a list of your references.

So, how do you do this?

Are you supposed to attach it to your resume? Who do you include in your resume references? Is there a custom format style? 

Well, kick back and relax because we’re here to help answer all your uncertainties!

Read on to learn everything you need to know about listing references on a resume.

• Whether you should or shouldn’t put a reference sheet on your resume.
• How to properly list references on a resume (with pro-tips).
• The best way to format a “References” section.
• Helpful resume references examples.

Should You Include References on a Resume? 

The general common practice that the majority of resume experts agree on is that you should NOT add a list of references to your resume . 

Because, generally, the HR department doesn’t have time to go through every candidate’s list of references. They have a lot more important things to do than reach out to all the references every single candidate ever provided.

That’s why references aren’t requested until after your interview has gone well or right before you are hired.

But here’s the thing: 

That’s not an unshakable no.

If the job description explicitly states that you should include references on your resume, without question, include one! 

This is very straightforward on its own, you’ll know when you see it. 

Some consulting firms, for example, tend to ask for testimonials on your performance from previous employers before they hire you. 

In this case, it's best if you do include the contact information of the people providing you with their positive feedback, so the HR can check how legitimate they are.

Bottom line: 

Every word on your resume should be full of value and quality. References add unnecessary space. Insert them only when required or if you’re asked to submit testimonials.

Want to save time? Get your resume done in under 5 minutes, with our resume builder . Quick and simple, ready-made templates that will do all the work for you.  

How to List References on a Resume [+ Example]

Now, let’s say you’re requested to provide a list of references. 

What’s the best way to display it? 

• Reference's First Name & Last Name - Tim Borden
• Professional Position / Title - Marketing Coordinator
• Name of the Reference's Company - Zen Corporation
• Business Address - Blaine Ave
• City, State, Zip of Company - Atlantic City, NJ, 07030
• Phone Number of Reference - (600) 753 9216
• Email Address of Reference - [email protected]

It’s best to stay ahead of the game. 

Keeping a list of possible references is something that should be done in advance, even when you’re not looking for a job. 

When you’re searching for a new position, you want to have a list of several names to contact. 

You wouldn’t want to struggle coming up with good fits on short notice, would you? 

Here are some more tips to keep in mind: 

You should always start your list with your biggest fan first : your most important and impressive reference. 

And no, this shouldn’t be your mom. Instead, you’d want your previous boss to vouch for you. 

Busy employers may not contact all of your references, but they will likely start at the top of the list. Glowing recommendations shouldn’t be left last!

What’s more, it’s important to clarify your relationship . 

It’s crucial to include what your working relationship to the reference is and how long you’ve known them for. 

But do not overshare . Don’t add more than the items we mentioned on the list unless required. 

And never include the personal mail addresses of your references for two reasons:

They will surely not be contacted via snail mail. 

And they might not want all of their personal information shared. 

Last, but not least:

Choose your references appropriately. 

Always choose the best references for the specific job under consideration. 

Let’s say you want to assert your marketing skills. In this situation, you could seek references from a former boss who can attest to that. Somebody like the Head of Marketing or Chief Marketing Officer . 

How to Format a Resume References Section 

Learning how to arrange a reference section is just as vital as other sections of your resume or cover letter. 

A messy, carelessly formatted reference page will lose your employer's interest. 

So how do you write one that’s eye-catching and professional?

First, put your references on a separate sheet . Add an exclusive reference page, as the last page of your resume. 

Keep the same format for your reference sheet as your resume and cover letter, meaning use the same font, margins, and color scheme. 

• Start off at the very top with your name, address, and phone number. You should place this information on that side of the page that fits the look of your cover letter and resume. (left, right or in the middle).
• Next, write the date. Then start with your employer's information in this specific order: name, job position, company name, and company address.
• Finally, follow up with a preferred title/subtitle: name the section References or Professional References .

If you’ve included personal references as well, you could also add “Personal References” as a subtitle. 

Use the formatting we discussed in the previous section to list your references.

Ditch the common “References available upon request”. 

This is a frequent mistake. Employers formerly know this and it’s an overworked phrase. The general rule of thumb is to keep your resume as brief as possible. Why misuse the space? 

How Many References Should You Include in Your Resume? 

Though there really isn’t a written rule anywhere about how many references you should include, the most fitting number would be three to five . 

Based on your career level though, there is a general division of two groups:

Regular and/or first-time job seekers , should usually provide 3 to 4. 

Whereas people applying for senior roles should include a longer list: about 5 to 7 references. 

In that case, it’s sufficient to list one reference for all the different points in your professional record. 

Who is a Good Reference For Your Resume? 

It’s important that all the references in your resume are all deliberately selected individuals . 

Everyone’s aunt thinks that they are special, but what does your previous manager think about your work ethic?

To figure out who’s a good reference for you, you should take personal experience into consideration: that means what stage in your career you’re currently in. 

Because you’d list different people at different points in your career. 

If you are a student or recent graduate with little to no work practice, you would want to get references from:

• Guidance tutors or counselors
• Course teachers and professors 

Any of these people can speak positively about your best skills, qualities, and experiences. 

When you have some professional background, however, even at an entry-level position , you have more variety in selecting a good reference. 

You could use former colleagues or managers as well as project , master , doctorate supervisors from your most current studies. 

If you are a professional candidate , this process becomes simpler as your preferred references will be more acquainted with giving and requesting references. 

• If you don’t have a lot of professional references to count on, you can reach out to just about anyone that can provide you with a valuable character reference.
• If a friend works in the company you are applying to, you could also use them as a reference.

Other important things you should consider:

• Ask for permission and say thank you. Fill in your references before handing over their contact information to an eventual employer. It’s solely common courtesy. Send them a copy of your resume as well, so that both of you are in harmony for when the manager calls. Don’t forget to be grateful either. If you get the job, take them out on lunch to properly say thank you. Follow up, a little acknowledgment can go a long way! 
• DO NOT use family members. This is unconventional and discouraged. The people you use as references should be unrelated to you, in a familial sense. Of course, our mothers have countless nice things to say about us, but their opinion isn’t relevant on a resume. It might also appear as though you don’t have enough people to vouch for you. 
• Avoid people you’ve confronted. Be careful in not adding individuals you are or have once been in professional conflict with. You can never be too sure if they’re still holding a grudge against you. Play it safe. 
• Make sure they are comfortable. Especially if they’re a person you are currently still working with, confirm they are okay with you searching for a new job. If you’re trying to keep it a secret from your employer though, it’s best not to ask a current coworker at all. You can never know for certain how ethical or pleased with your success one is. 

In the end, the basic point of a reference is for the employers to get a true reflection of your work ethics, background, character, and personality. 

Find people who can properly display all of the above for you.

3+ Good & Bad Resume Reference Sheet Examples

So many rules! 

But don’t worry - we have some great examples for you to help put them into practice: 

GOOD EXAMPLE:

MY BEST AND FAVORITE REFERENCE - inappropriate title 

Martha Payne - a family member as a reference 

2809 Candlelight Drive - including home address

870-294-1238 - wrong listing order, the reference phone number should be second to last

Nursing Assistant - unrelated to your industry or position

Newlife Hospital

4164 Fittro Street 

Lurton, AR, 72848

[email protected]

Martha is my auntie. She’s not only a well-respected member of the community but a remarkable nurse. She was the one who raised me and I consider her my mother. She knows me better than anybody else and I couldn’t have chosen a better person to speak of my character. - prolonged and unprofessional description 

References available upon request - overused unnecessary phrase

• providing them only one reference 

Key Takeaways

Here’s a recap of what we learned in this post:

• References ARE NOT supposed to be on your resume. So when in doubt, DON’T include a list to your resume. 
• On rare occasions though, references may be added on a resume. If you decide to do so, put your list on a separate sheet. Don’t forget to match it to the style of your cover letter and resume.
• Be intelligent with your reference choices. Your number of references should correspond to your career stage. Put your most glowing references on the top. Selected those who are closest to your line of work. Avoid people you’ve ever had professional conflicts with.
• Be diplomatic. Always ask for permission before listing them as references. Email them a copy so that you’re both on the same page. Don’t forget to thank them afterward. 
• Use the correct formatting. List your references precisely as we showed you in this guide. There’s a definite, proper way to arrange entries and the structure of the page itself - don’t contradict it. Use the examples we gave you as a guide.

Suggested readings:

• How to Write a Resume & Land That Job? [21+ Examples]
• What to Put On a Resume [7+ Job-Winning Sections]
• CV vs. Resume - What are the Differences & Definitions [+ Examples]

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How to Write a Reference Letter (Template & Examples)

By Ammar Ahmed

Published: January 29, 2024

A reference letter serves as a formal endorsement of an individual’s skills, character, and achievements, typically penned by a former employer, colleague, or academic mentor. 

This guide aims to empower professionals with the tools and knowledge to craft effective reference letters, combining best practices with practical templates to streamline this essential task.

Types of Reference Letters

Understanding the different types of reference letters is crucial for professionals, as each type caters to specific contexts and highlights various aspects of an individual’s profile. Below, we explore three key types: Professional, Academic, and Character Reference Letters.

Professional Reference Letters

Professional reference letters are written by a previous employer, supervisor, or professional colleague. They focus on the applicant’s work experience, skills, and professional achievements. These letters are often required during job applications or for career advancement opportunities. 

These letters should detail the individual’s role, responsibilities, key accomplishments, and work ethic. It’s essential to mention specific instances where the individual demonstrated their skills and contributed to the organization’s success.

Related Article: Who to Use for Professional References 

Academic Reference Letters

Academic reference letters are typically requested for educational pursuits, such as college admissions, scholarships, or academic awards. Written by teachers, professors, or academic advisors, these letters highlight the individual’s academic achievements, intellectual capabilities, and potential for future success in their field of study. 

They should reflect on the individual’s academic performance, participation in class, and any notable projects or research work. This type of letter often emphasizes the individual’s dedication, curiosity, and ability to overcome academic challenges.

Character Reference Letters

Character reference letters focus primarily on the personal attributes of an individual. They are usually written by someone who knows the person well but is not a family member, such as a mentor, family friend, or community leader. 

These letters are particularly important when assessing an individual’s suitability for a role that requires a high degree of trust and integrity. They should provide insights into the individual’s character, values, and behaviors, illustrating how these traits have been beneficial in various situations.

Related Article : How Many References Should You Have? 

Letter of Recommendation Examples

In crafting a letter of recommendation, it’s essential to tailor the content to the specific needs and strengths of the individual. Whether it’s for a professional role, character assessment, or a remote work position, each letter should effectively highlight the candidate’s unique qualities and contributions. 

These examples are designed to provide a clear understanding of how to articulate a candidate’s abilities and achievements in a manner that resonates with the recipient, ensuring the letter is both compelling and relevant to the candidate’s desired opportunity.

Professional Employment Reference Letter

Taylor Robinson Hiring Committee Chair Innovatech Solutions 321 Future St. Techville, TV 32167 April 5, 2024

Dear Mr./Ms. Robinson,

It is with great enthusiasm that I recommend Laura Smith for the position of Project Manager at Innovatech Solutions. As the Senior Director of Project Management at TechGenius, I had the privilege of observing Laura’s professional growth and remarkable contributions over her four-year tenure as an Assistant Project Manager.

Laura’s standout achievement was her leadership in the “GreenTech Initiative” project in 2020. Under her guidance, the project not only met but exceeded its objectives, achieving a 30% increase in energy efficiency for our client’s products. Her strategic planning, combined with her ability to seamlessly integrate new technology into existing systems, was critical to the project’s success. Laura’s innovative approach and meticulous attention to detail were instrumental in securing a 15% grant for future sustainability projects for TechGenius.

Beyond her technical skills, Laura’s interpersonal abilities truly set her apart. Her team leadership and conflict resolution skills were pivotal during challenging project phases, ensuring team cohesion and maintaining client satisfaction. Her mentorship of junior staff members has left a lasting positive impact on our department.

I am confident that Laura will bring the same level of exceptional performance, dedication, and innovation to the Project Manager role at Innovatech Solutions. Her blend of strategic foresight, technical expertise, and leadership ability makes her an excellent fit for your team. I strongly recommend her for this position and believe she will be a valuable asset to your organization.

Please feel free to contact me for any further information or clarification.

John Doe Senior Director of Project Management, TechGenius [email protected] +1 555 123 4567

Character Reference Letter for a Coworker

Jane Doe Human Resources Manager Green Earth Initiatives 123 Business Rd. Business City, BC 12345 January 1, 2024

Dear Ms. Doe,

I am writing to express my wholehearted support for Emily Johnson’s application for the Community Outreach Coordinator position at Green Earth Initiatives. As Emily’s coworker at Design & Innovate Corp for over five years, I have had the privilege of witnessing her exceptional character and dedication to community service.

Emily has always been more than just a proficient graphic designer ; she is a driving force for positive change within our community. One of her most notable contributions was her volunteer work with the local “Food for All” campaign, where she not only designed impactful promotional materials but also played a crucial role in organizing community food drives. Her efforts helped raise awareness and significant donations for the cause, demonstrating her compassion and commitment to helping those in need.

What truly sets Emily apart is her genuine empathy and integrity. She often takes the initiative to support new team members and creates an inclusive and welcoming work environment. Her ability to connect with people from diverse backgrounds, combined with her strong ethical values, makes her an outstanding role model and team player.

Emily’s passion for community engagement, along with her innate ability to inspire and mobilize people toward a common goal, makes her an ideal candidate for the Community Outreach Coordinator role. I am confident that her exceptional interpersonal skills and dedication to social causes will enable her to excel in this position and make a meaningful impact at Green Earth Initiatives.

Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require any further information or insights regarding Emily’s character and abilities.

Warm regards,

David Thompson Senior Graphic Designer, Design & Innovate Corp [email protected] +1 555 678 9101

Remote Work Employment Reference Letter

Alex Martinez Hiring Manager VirtualTech Inc 456 Justice Ave. Law City, LC 45678 March 10, 2024

Dear Attorney Martinez,

I am delighted to recommend Mark Benson for the position of Lead Software Engineer at VirtualTech Inc. As the CTO of NetSolutions, where Mark has been working remotely for the past three years, I have had ample opportunity to observe his exceptional technical abilities and adaptability to the remote working model.

During his tenure with us, Mark was instrumental in developing our flagship product, CloudSync, a complex cloud storage solution. His technical expertise, particularly in cloud computing and cybersecurity, was vital in overcoming the project’s significant challenges. Despite the remote setting, Mark’s consistent communication and collaboration were standout qualities. He regularly led virtual team meetings and coding sessions, ensuring that all team members, regardless of their location, were aligned and engaged.

What impresses me most about Mark is his self-motivation and time management skills, crucial in a remote work environment. He has an innate ability to prioritize tasks effectively and meet deadlines without compromising on the quality of work. His initiative to conduct weekly virtual training sessions for the team not only enhanced our collective skill set but also fostered a sense of community and teamwork among remote employees.

Mark’s blend of technical acumen, excellent communication, and leadership skills, along with his proven ability to thrive in a remote work environment, makes him an ideal candidate for VirtualTech Inc. I am confident that he will be a valuable asset to your team and contribute significantly to your company’s success in the digital realm.

Please feel free to contact me if you would like further information or specific examples of Mark’s work and achievements.

Susan Lee Chief Technology Officer , NetSolutions [email protected] +1 555 234 5678

What to Include in a Reference Letter

When composing a reference letter, it’s essential to include certain key elements to ensure the letter is effective and provides a comprehensive overview of the candidate’s qualifications.

These elements include:

1. Sender’s Information

The sender’s information is a critical component of any reference letter, as it establishes the credibility and authority of the person writing the letter.

This section should be clearly outlined at the top of the letter and include the following details:

• Name: The full name of the individual writing the reference letter.
• Title or Position: The professional title or position of the sender, which adds weight to the reference. This should be the current title or the one held while working with the individual being recommended.
• Company or Organization: The name of the company or organization where the sender is employed or affiliated.
• Contact Information: Including an address, phone number, and email address is crucial. It not only offers a means for the recipient to verify the information or seek further clarification but also demonstrates transparency and openness.

2. Recipient’s Information

• Name: The full name of the recipient. If the recipient’s name is not known, a general title or department can be used, such as “Hiring Manager” or “Admissions Committee.”
• Title or Position: Including the recipient’s professional title or position helps in directing the letter to the appropriate person, especially in large organizations where multiple individuals may be involved in the decision-making process.
• Company or Organization: The name of the company or organization where the recipient works. This acknowledges the professional setting into which the candidate is seeking entry or advancement.
• Address: The full postal address of the company or organization. 

3. Salutation

The salutation in a reference letter is more than just a formality; it sets the tone for the communication and shows respect for the recipient.

Here are key elements to consider:

• A Formal Greeting: Begin with a formal greeting such as “Dear,” which is universally recognized as professional and respectful.
• Addressing the Recipient: If you know the recipient’s name, use it directly after the greeting, e.g., “Dear Mr. Smith,” or “Dear Dr. Jones.” 
• Inclusive and Respectful Language: If the recipient’s name or gender is unknown, use a neutral and inclusive salutation like “Dear Hiring Manager,” “Dear Selection Committee,” or “To Whom It May Concern”. 

4. Opening Paragraph

The opening paragraph of a reference letter is pivotal in establishing the context of your relationship with the candidate and setting the stage for the endorsement to follow.

Here are some elements to include in this initial section:

• Introduce Yourself: Start by introducing yourself to give the recipient an understanding of who you are. Mention your name and your professional position or title, as this adds credibility to your recommendation.
• Your Relationship with the Candidate: Clearly state your professional or academic relationship with the person you are recommending. This could be as their supervisor, colleague, professor, or mentor.
• Duration of Relationship: Include how long you have known the individual. This time frame helps the recipient gauge the depth and extent of your experience with the candidate.
• Purpose of the Letter: Briefly mention the purpose of your letter – to recommend the individual for a specific position, program, or opportunity. This sets a clear context for the rest of your letter.

5. Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs are the core of the reference letter, where you provide detailed insights into the candidate’s qualifications, skills, achievements, and character.

Here’s how to structure this section effectively:

• Specific Examples and Details: Use concrete examples to illustrate the person’s skills and qualifications. For instance, if you are highlighting their leadership skills, mention a specific project they led and the positive outcomes that resulted from it.
• Highlight Relevant Experiences and Accomplishments: Discuss experiences that directly relate to the position or opportunity the individual is pursuing. For example, if they’re applying for a managerial role focus on instances where they demonstrated effective management skills.
• Unique Qualities or Strengths: Point out any unique strengths or qualities that make the individual stand out. This could include exceptional problem-solving skills, innovative thinking, or a strong commitment to teamwork.
• Personal Anecdotes or Stories: Including a brief story or anecdote can make your letter more engaging and memorable. This could be an instance where the individual overcame a significant challenge or went above and beyond in their role.
• Balanced Perspective: While it’s important to focus on positive attributes, offering a balanced perspective can add authenticity to your letter. If appropriate, you can mention areas where the candidate has shown growth during your relationship.

Remember, the goal of these paragraphs is to provide a vivid picture of the candidate’s abilities and character. Well-chosen examples and stories make your endorsement more convincing and help the recipient understand why the individual is an excellent fit for the opportunity.

6. Closing Paragraph

The closing paragraph of a reference letter is where you encapsulate your overall recommendation and express your support for the individual.

Here are some elements to include:

• Summarize Key Points: Briefly restate the most important qualities, achievements, or skills of the candidate that you have highlighted in the letter. This reinforces your endorsement and reminds the reader of the candidate’s suitability for the position or opportunity.
• Express Your Strong Recommendation: Clearly state your confidence in the candidate and your belief in their suitability for the role or opportunity. Use affirmative language like, “I highly recommend,” or “I am confident that,” to leave no doubt about your support.
• Offer to Provide Further Information: Indicate your willingness to provide additional information or clarification if needed. This shows your genuine support and readiness to assist further in the candidate’s application process.
• Contact Information Reminder: Although your contact information is already at the top, a brief reminder here ensures that it is easily accessible for the reader, should they wish to follow up with you.

7. Closing Salutation

Here’s how to conclude your letter appropriately:

• Use a Professional Closing: Opt for a formal and universally accepted closing phrase. Common examples include “Sincerely,” “Best regards,” or “Yours truly.” 
• Consistency with the Tone: Ensure that the closing salutation matches the overall tone of your letter. If your letter is highly formal, a closing like “Sincerely” is appropriate. For a slightly less formal tone, “Best regards” can be a good choice.
• Space for Signature: If you are sending a hard copy or a scanned version of the letter, leave space for your handwritten signature above your typed name. This personal touch adds authenticity to the document.
• Typed Name and Title: Below the signature space, type your full name and title again. 

Related Article: When Do Employers Check References?

Reference Letter Template

This reference letter template is designed for professionals to easily adapt and customize according to the specific needs of the individual being recommended. Simply fill in the blanks and modify the text as necessary to suit your context.

[Your Name] [Your Title or Position] [Your Company or Organization] [Your Contact Information (Address, Phone Number, Email)] [Date]

[Recipient’s Name] [Recipient’s Title or Position] [Recipient’s Company or Organization] [Recipient’s Address]

Dear [Recipient’s Name],

I am writing to recommend [Candidate’s Full Name] for [Position/Opportunity/Program] at [Recipient’s Company/Organization/School]. As [Your Position] at [Your Company/Organization], I have had the pleasure of working with [Candidate’s Name] for [Duration of Relationship] and have witnessed [his/her/their] significant contributions first-hand.

[In this paragraph, provide specific examples of the candidate’s skills, achievements, and qualities. Mention a particular project or responsibility and the impact of their work. Highlight any unique attributes that set the candidate apart.]

[This paragraph should continue to build on the candidate’s qualifications. Include personal anecdotes or stories that illustrate their capabilities and character. Focus on how their contributions positively affected your team or organization.]

I am confident that [Candidate’s Name] will bring [his/her/their] remarkable [skills/qualities, such as leadership, creativity, dedication] to [Recipient’s Company/Organization/School]. [His/Her/Their] ability to [specific skill or contribution] makes [him/her/them] well-suited for [Position/Opportunity/Program]. I strongly endorse [his/her/their] candidacy and believe [he/she/they] will be a valuable addition to your [team/program/organization].

Please feel free to contact me at [Your Contact Information] if you require any further information or specific examples of [Candidate’s Name]’s work and achievements.

[Your Handwritten Signature (if applicable)]

[Your Typed Name] [Your Position]

Related Article: How to Provide References for a Job

Tips for Writing Letters of Recommendation

Crafting effective letters of recommendation requires a delicate balance of showcasing the candidate’s strengths, providing specific examples, and employing persuasive language. Here are some valuable tips to help you navigate the intricacies of this crucial task.

Quantify Achievements

When writing a letter of recommendation, it’s powerful to quantify the candidate’s achievements. Use specific figures and statistics to illustrate their accomplishments. For example, instead of saying “significantly increased sales,” specify “increased sales by 30% over six months.” This provides concrete evidence of their capabilities and makes their achievements more tangible and credible. Quantifying contributions also helps the recipient gauge the scale and impact of these accomplishments, offering a clearer picture of the candidate’s potential.

Connect to the Position or Opportunity

Tailor the letter to the specific position or opportunity the candidate is applying for. Highlight skills and experiences that are directly relevant to the job requirements or academic program. For instance, if the candidate is applying for a leadership role, emphasize their successful team management experiences. This shows that you understand what the role entails and have thoughtfully considered how the candidate’s skills and experiences make them a good fit, making your recommendation more relevant and persuasive.

Include Keywords

Identify important terms in the job listing or academic program description, such as “project management,” “analytical thinking,” or “creative problem-solving,” and weave them into your letter. This not only tailors the letter to the specific role but also ensures it passes through any automated screenings, increasing the chance that your recommendation will be read by decision-makers.

Leverage Technology for Reference Letter Management

Utilize technology platforms for efficient reference letter management. For example, online reference request platforms simplify the process of requesting, writing, storing, and submitting letters of recommendation. These tools often offer templates, reminders, and the ability to submit letters directly to institutions or employers. 

Leveraging such technology can streamline the process, ensuring timely submission and organization of your reference letters, while also offering a secure way to manage sensitive personal information contained within these documents.

Related Article: Reference Check Questions

About the Author

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How and When to Include References on a Resume

It used to be considered essential to include references on a resume — back when your dad thought a polyester leisure suit with a 3-inch-wide tie was the height of fashion. But times change, and today a resume that includes references is considered old-fashioned and undesirable — in all but a few limited circumstances. 

What happened? Did it suddenly become irrelevant if a job seeker had former employers who could vouch for her amazing talents? Did new employers lose interest in hearing from college professors who affirmed that this new grad was the most promising student they ever had?

We’ll get into the reasons in a bit. But first, just so you know we’re not crazy, allow us to quote from the first five responses we got to the Google search “Should I include references on a resume?”

• “Job references should never be included on a resume.”
• “[I]t is a best practice to leave references off your resume.”
• “Unless specifically requested, references do not belong on a resume. It is almost never a good idea to include them….”
• “As a rule of thumb, you don’t need to include references in your resume.”
• “Do not put ‘Reference available upon request’, or the names and contact points of the references themselves.” 

And those were just the first five hits! 

If you prefer to get your career advice in a video, check out Career Coaching’s “Should You Include References on Your Resume?” We would quibble with this career coach on whether a resume should be two pages instead of one, but otherwise his advice lines up with ours 100%.

This article will explore the whys and wherefores of the now-dead references list on modern resumes — and the very few exceptions where they can be included. Buckle up, references fans, because it’s going to be a rough ride! 

Many people struggle when faced with the task, do I add all my experience to my resume? While there are no hard-and-fast rules concerning your previous employment, the following tips should help you give you a better idea of whether or not it's necessary to list all of your past jobs on your resume.

Why are references on a resume no longer used?

Sort of like video killed the radio star, we can thank the internet for killing the idea of references on a resume. The short answer is: references on a resume are usually sensitive information and should not be widely distributed due to privacy concerns. There’s also the idea of digital etiquette, which dictates you shouldn’t mention people willy-nilly, opening them up to unexpected calls and messages. 

Before the 1990s, when you couldn’t send mail without licking a stamp, resumes were relatively private documents that were printed on paper, enclosed in an envelope and dropped in a mailbox. Sure, a resume might be passed around an office, hand to hand, but this didn’t make the references’ names, addresses or phone numbers accessible to millions.

That all changed with the electronic revolution, which turned resumes into digital documents that actually could be accessible to millions. Today you can (and probably should) post your resume on LinkedIn or any number of other totally public job-search websites. So do you think your old boss would be thrilled to know that you’ve put his name, title, employer, phone number and email address in front of potentially billions of people? Probably not.

Identity theft, spoofing and hacking are real-world dangers that we all face today. “Privacy” has become one of the watchwords of the information age, a shrinking commodity to be guarded as closely as possible. Even if you want to sell your car on Facebook or Craigslist, you might not want to publish your phone number or email address for all the world to see — you want people to approach you through a private channel.

So that’s the primary reason that references on a resume have fallen out of vogue, to avoid publicizing people’s private contact information. But other reasons abound. If hiring managers are looking for references, they don’t need to have their secretaries fire up their IBM Selectric and type a letter to your last employer inquiring about your job performance. 

People today are far easier to find and much easier to contact — no Pony Express needed. And if employers DO want references, you can send them in a personal email, which unlike a resume does entail a certain expectation of privacy.

When is it OK to include references on a resume?

If an employer specifically asks you to include references on a resume, forget everything we’ve said and do it! But you will rarely receive this request, so this issue will not come up very often.

If an employer is seeking references, be sure that the employer wants the references to be listed “on your resume.” It might be a better idea to include references in a separate attachment that is not actually part of your resume. 

Every resume needs to have five components: 

• Header : Your contact info
• Summary/profile : Your “elevator pitch”
• Employment history : Your professional track record
• Education : Where did you go to school?
• Skills : What are you really good at?

That’s a lot of information to include in a one-page document, and most experts agree that a resume should be only one page. Two pages are sometimes considered OK, especially if your job history is so stellar that you were both an astronaut and a brain surgeon. But for ordinary mortals, no hiring manager has ever complained that a one-page resume is too short.

So references almost always present two problems: 1) Nobody was expecting them, and 2) References will usually make your resume spill over onto a second page.

Even worse, this second reference page in a resume might be totally blank at the bottom, containing nothing but references, in just a few lines at the top. This kind of spill-over is never a good idea, and it suggests that you need to trim your text to hold your resume to one page.

Resume without references

This resume has everything it needs and fits perfectly onto one page.

Resume with references

Including references often adds an unnecessary second page.

Should I include a separate references page?

Should you include a separate references page that is not actually part of your resume? This is a much better solution if the employer has specifically requested references. Creating a separate document that is solely for references resolves the problem of putting people’s private contact info on your public resume.

In North America, the gold standard is a one-page resume. In the UK and certain other countries, however, two-page resumes are more common. But if you do choose to create a two-page resume, that doesn’t mean you should include references just because you have more room. Provide what is asked for and what is expected. Reference pages usually aren’t required, so you’re better off using the second page of a resume as additional real estate for your employment history, educational achievements, job qualifications and certifications .

How to deal with professional references

Having said all that, great professional references could be the secret sauce that seals the deal. If you were a speechwriter for President Barack Obama, hopefully that would appear somewhere in your employment history, and possibly in your summary . But if your friend Barack has offered to vouch for you to future employers, think twice before you include his private email and personal cellphone on your public resume.

You could include this info in a separate attachment, or even as part of your cover letter. But does it belong in your public resume? Most experts would say no, and Barack Obama would probably agree.

Can I include references without their permission?

No way! You’re buying a one-way ticket to unemployment hell if you blindside former employers by listing them as references on a resume without even checking with them first.

A job search is a process, and you can’t just skip a bunch of steps. If you used to be Bill and Melinda Gates’ nanny, you can’t just put their private contact info on your resume without getting their permission first. 

If you need character references on a resume, reach out to your most promising prospects. How do you ask someone to be your reference? Explain what you’re up to, what kind of job you’re seeking and why you need a reference. If you used to work for Warren Buffett, he’s probably busy earning another $1 billion today, but he might have five minutes to dash off a note saying you were a great bookkeeper.

Speaking of which, instead of seeking permission to publish their contact info, why not ask former employers for a short testimonial about what an awesome employee you were? You can probably get far more mileage from a professional reference letter than from a phone number that Elon Musk doesn’t answer anyway.

How to list references on a resume?

The name, title and company of the reference will be enough for any resume. It is not obligatory to include their email or contact details as you will be asked for these details when it comes to collecting references at the end of the process. If you include their contact details on every resume, you will find that they are contacted by lots of random employers who are curious about finding out more about you but not at the job offer stage yet. They definitely won't appreciate all this attention and will soon remember you far less favourably. You need to keep your referess on side.

If you are asked to provide references, three is ideal, two is too few and four may be too many. If you list references at all, providing three is a good rule of thumb. But always ask yourself whether references are needed at all, and if so whether they could be provided in a separate document.

The referees should ideally all be professional contacts from your previous employers, ideally more senior than you and happy to provide a reference. Some companies ask for any reference requests to be directed to HR, so it is acceptable to include the name of the HR Manager if appropriate. Always ask their permission, though - don't assume that they would be happy to be contacted directly either. Some companies prefer reference requests to filter through their generalist HR inbox.

Should I include references if my resume is too short?

No. Do not include references just to pad a short resume. If you’re just starting out in the world, like a high school or college student who hasn’t graduated yet, pump up your resume with your academic achievements, summary statement, internships , volunteer work and/or job-related skills. Tell your own story, and don’t expect someone else to tell it for you.

Should I say ‘References available upon request’?

The phrase “References available upon request” used to be popular but is widely frowned upon today. Employers will assume that references are available upon request, so there's no real need to say so. This not only takes up and extra section on the resume, it adds absolutely zero value to the person reading it. Don't be annoyingly formal.

Resume references examples

If you do want to include professional references, here are some resume reference examples:

Generally, your professional references will be from companies you’ve already mentioned in your employment history, or professors at colleges mentioned in your education section . So there may be little need to explain who these people are. But in some cases, you may also want to include a line that provides more information about who these individuals are.

Key takeaways

• Do not include references on a resume unless an employer asks you to.
• Look for alternative methods of spotlighting a former employer’s endorsement, like a recommendation letter.
• Never include professional references without first checking with each person you list.
• If you do include references, list three of them.

Best of luck in your job hunt — and should any employer ever ask why you didn’t include any references on your resume, feel free to cite Resume.io as a reference!

• Career Blog

Professional Reference Letter: 10 Best Examples for 2024

A professional reference letter is a document that is typically written by an employer or a colleague, with the purpose of providing a recommendation for someone who is applying for a job or seeking admission to academic programs. It is a formal document that provides an assessment of the recipient’s qualifications, abilities, and suitability for the position or program in question.

Professional reference letters are crucial in any job application process, as they provide a third-party perspective on the applicant’s character, work ethic, and overall performance. They serve as proof of the applicant’s professional experience and expertise, giving potential employers or academic institutions more confidence in their decision-making process.

There are several types of reference letters, each with a specific purpose. The most common types include employment reference letters, academic reference letters, character reference letters, and personal reference letters. Each type is written by a different type of author, and each contains specific information that is relevant to the intended recipient.

In this article, we will explore the various types of professional reference letters, as well as provide 10 examples of the best reference letters for each type. Whether you are a job seeker or a recommender, understanding the importance of reference letters and how to craft them effectively is crucial in today’s competitive job and academic markets.

Who asks for a Professional Reference Letter

A professional reference letter is often requested by employers, academic institutions or even professionals themselves. These letters provide valuable insights into an individual’s character, work ethic, and skills, which potential employers or academic institutions can use to make informed decisions.

Situations when a Professional Reference Letter may be required

A professional reference letter may be required in various situations such as:

Job applications: Employers may request professional reference letters from job applicants to verify their qualifications, experience, and character.

Admissions to academic institutions: Academic institutions may ask applicants to provide reference letters from their employers or teachers to gain insights into their personality, work ethics, and academic abilities.

Professional licensing: Professionals seeking to obtain professional licensing in their field may be required to provide professional reference letters to establish their competence and abilities.

Business partnerships: Business partners may ask for professional reference letters to verify the credibility, expertise, and reputation of potential partners.

Who to ask for a Professional Reference Letter

It is essential to choose individuals who are familiar with your work or academic performance to write your reference letters. Here are some people to consider:

Employers or supervisors: If you are applying for a job or seeking professional licensing, your current or former employers or supervisors can write reference letters that highlight your skills, work ethics, and achievements.

Colleagues or coworkers: Your colleagues who have worked closely with you can write balanced and detailed reference letters about your interpersonal and collaborative skills.

Professors or academic advisors: If you are applying for academic programs, your professors or academic advisors can write reference letters about your academic achievements, research abilities, and academic potential.

Clients or customers: If you are self-employed or seeking business partnerships, your clients or customers can write reference letters that speak to your expertise, credibility, and customer service skills.

A professional reference letter is a valuable asset that can help you succeed in your career or academic pursuits. By choosing the right individuals to write your reference letters, you can ensure that you present yourself in the best light possible to potential employers, academic institutions or business partners.

What to include in a Professional Reference Letter

This letter can be the difference between landing a job or not, so it’s important to include the key elements.

The key elements of a Professional Reference Letter

Introduce yourself – Begin by introducing yourself and your professional relationship with the candidate. This should include your job title and how long you’ve known the candidate.

Describe the candidate’s skills and qualities – The body of the letter should focus on the attributes, skills, and experience that make the candidate an excellent candidate for the position they are applying for. Discuss their strengths and provide specific examples that illustrate these qualities.

Include specific achievements – It’s essential to highlight any specific accomplishments or projects that the candidate has been involved in. This demonstrates their contributions and value to their previous workplace.

Mention areas of improvement – While it’s important to highlight the candidate’s strengths, it’s also essential to discuss areas where they could improve. This demonstrates that you have a well-rounded perspective on the candidate.

Conclude with a recommendation – End the letter with a strong recommendation and reiterate your confidence in the candidate’s abilities. Provide your contact details if the hiring manager has any further questions.

Tips for writing a strong Professional Reference Letter

Be sincere – A Professional Reference Letter should be an honest and heartfelt endorsement of the candidate. Avoid using generic phrases or descriptions that could apply to anyone.

Be specific – Provide concrete examples that demonstrate the candidate’s skills and achievements. This will make the letter more convincing and create a strong impression of the candidate’s abilities.

Be concise – Keep the letter short and to the point. Employers are often inundated with resumes and reference letters, so a concise letter is more likely to be read and given proper consideration.

Highlight what makes the candidate stand out – Focus on the qualities and attributes that make the candidate unique and demonstrate their value as an employee.

Proofread carefully – Grammatical errors, misspellings or typos can detract from the letter’s effectiveness. Thorough proofreading will ensure that the letter is polished and professional.

Including these key elements in a Professional Reference Letter and following these tips will ensure that you craft a strong, effective letter that can help the candidate stand out as an excellent candidate for the job.

10 Best Examples of Professional Reference Letters

If you’re writing a reference letter, it’s important to know which type of letter is needed. Here are ten examples of professional reference letters:

Example 1: Character Reference

This type of letter is used to attest to someone’s personal character and can be used in a variety of settings. A character reference letter is often requested of individuals applying for jobs or apartments, or in legal cases.

Example 2: Professional Reference Letter for a Job

This letter is used to provide supporting evidence for someone who is seeking employment. It typically includes information on the person’s skills, experience and performance in previous roles.

Example 3: Reference Letter for a Graduate School Applicant

A reference letter for a graduate school applicant is used to provide information on the student’s academic performance, work ethic, and potential for success in a graduate program.

Example 4: Reference Letter for Freelancers

This letter is used by freelancers seeking new work, and often includes information on the individual’s work ethic, time management skills, and attention to detail.

Example 5: Reference Letter for Volunteer Work

A reference letter for volunteer work is used to attest to someone’s experience and dedication to volunteerism. This type of letter can be used in a variety of settings, from job applications to scholarship opportunities.

Example 6: Reference Letter for Business Ventures

This letter is used to provide support for someone starting a new business venture. It often includes information on the person’s experience, skills and work ethic.

Example 7: Reference Letter for Co-Workers

A reference letter for a co-worker is used to provide information on someone’s performance in a previous job. It’s often requested by individuals switching companies or industries.

Example 8: Academic Reference for Scholarship

An academic reference letter is used to provide information on students applying for scholarships. It includes details on their academic performance, character, and activities outside the classroom.

Example 9: Reference Letter for Legal Proceedings

This type of letter is used to provide support in legal proceedings, such as custody battles or immigration cases. It often includes information on the person’s character and history.

Example 10: Reference Letter for Immigration

A reference letter for immigration is used to provide information on someone’s experience and contributions to a community. It often includes information on the person’s work and family life, as well as their impact on the community.

Sample Structure for Professional Reference Letter

Introduction.

A professional reference letter can be a game-changer for job seekers. It can provide potential employers with valuable insight into a candidate’s character, work ethic, and achievements. Therefore, it is crucial to structure reference letters in a way that highlights the best qualities of the job applicant.

Relationship with Applicant

As a writer of a reference letter, it is important to clearly state the nature of the relationship between the writer and the candidate. This can include the length of the relationship, the capacity in which the reference writer knew the candidate (i.e., employer, mentor, colleague), and the context in which the writer is writing the recommendation.

Performance Evaluation

One of the essential components of a reference letter is a performance evaluation. The writer should give an honest assessment of the candidate’s skills, abilities, and achievements. Specific examples can help provide evidence to support a recommendation. Details about the candidate’s work ethic, communication skills, and leadership qualities can also be included to strengthen the letter.

Recommendations

Based on the performance evaluation, a recommendation should naturally follow. The writer can recommend the candidate for their skills, experience, or qualities that make them an ideal fit for a particular role. It’s important to include why you believe the candidate would excel in a particular job or industry.

In the concluding part of the reference letter, the writer should summarize the key points about the candidate, emphasize their strengths, and reiterate their recommendation. The writer can also offer their willingness to provide additional information or answer further questions.

Best Practices for Writing a Professional Reference Letter

A professional reference letter can hold significant weight in a job application process or for other professional endeavors. However, writing a compelling and effective letter requires following specific guidelines and avoiding common mistakes. Here are some best practices for writing a professional reference letter:

Do’s and Don’ts

Do’s:.

• Be factual and honest. The reference letter should reflect the skills and qualities of the person being recommended accurately.
• Use a business format and professional language.
• Highlight specific skills and accomplishments that relate to the job or opportunity being pursued.
• Provide concrete examples that demonstrate the candidate’s abilities.
• Include contact information for the writer for follow-up questions.

Don’ts:

• Exaggerate the candidate’s accomplishments or write anything misleading.
• Include any negative information or personal opinions that could harm the candidate’s chances.
• Use emotional language. Keep the tone respectful and neutral.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

When writing a reference letter, there are common mistakes that should be avoided to ensure the letter makes a positive impact. Here are some common mistakes to avoid:

• Providing general, vague, or irrelevant information about the candidate.
• Failing to proofread the reference letter for grammar and spelling errors.
• Neglecting to address the specific needs of the job or opportunity the candidate is pursuing.
• Writing a generic reference letter that doesn’t speak to the candidate’s individual strengths and abilities.
• Forgetting to include specific details and examples that support the claims made in the letter.

Tips and Tricks for Effective Letter Writing

To write an effective reference letter that stands out from the rest, here are some tips and tricks to keep in mind:

• Start by reviewing the candidate’s resume, cover letter, and job application to understand their professional background and goals.
• Use a formal business letter format and begin with a clear introduction that states the reason for the letter.
• Describe the candidate’s relevant skills and experiences in detail, providing concrete examples that demonstrate their abilities.
• Use language that is clear, concise, and professional, avoiding jargon or overly technical terms.
• End the letter with a strong, confident conclusion that leaves a lasting impression.

A professional reference letter has the power to make a positive impact on a candidate’s professional opportunities. By following these best practices, avoiding common mistakes, and using these tips and tricks, you can create a compelling and effective letter that accurately represents the strengths and skills of the person being recommended.

Professional Reference Letter Template

If you are ever asked to provide a reference letter for a former coworker or employee, it can be overwhelming to know where to start. That’s why having a professional reference letter template is incredibly helpful. With a template, you can easily customize the letter to fit the specific needs of the person you are recommending.

Below is a professional reference letter template that you can use as a basis for your own letter. Simply fill in the blanks with the appropriate information, and customize the content according to the person’s skills and accomplishments.

Dear [Recipient’s Name],

I am writing to recommend [Name] for [position/program]. I had the pleasure of working with [Name] at [Company Name], where they [briefly describe their role and achievements].

During their time at [Company Name], [Name] demonstrated exceptional [skills]. They consistently [give specific examples of their work or accomplishments]. [Name] was also an excellent team player and was always willing to lend a hand to their colleagues.

I have no doubt that [Name] would excel in [position/program]. Based on my experience working with them, I strongly recommend them for the role.

Please don’t hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.

[Your Name]

Using a professional reference letter template like this can save you time and ensure that your letter is well-written and comprehensive. Don’t forget to tailor your letter to the specific needs of the recipient and include specific examples of the person’s skills and accomplishments. With a great reference letter, you can help someone land their dream job or program.

How to Request a Professional Reference Letter

If you’re applying for a new job or seeking admission to a professional school, then you know how important it is to have a strong application package. A professional reference letter, in addition to your resume and cover letter, is one of the most critical components of your application materials. It showcases your knowledge, skills, and abilities, as well as your professional reputation.

So, how do you request a professional reference letter? There are several things to keep in mind when reaching out to someone for such a letter.

How to Ask for a Professional Reference Letter

First and foremost, it’s crucial to have a good working relationship with the person you are requesting a letter from. Someone who knows you well, can speak about your specific skills and accomplishments, and has worked with you in a professional capacity is an ideal reference.

When you reach out to this person, it’s important to be direct and upfront about your reason for requesting the letter. Clearly state why you need a reference letter, what the time frame is for submitting your application materials, and what exactly you would like this person to include in the letter.

It’s also a good idea to provide some resume or CV material, so your reference has more information about your skills and experience. Providing a sense of what you hope to accomplish with the new opportunity can also be helpful context, and make the reference letter more personalized and targeted.

Things to Keep in Mind While Requesting a Professional Reference Letter

Here are a few additional things to keep in mind as you request a professional reference letter:

Always ask for permission before listing someone as a reference, and make sure they are comfortable providing a letter.

Give your reference plenty of time to write the letter, and ask if they need any additional information or materials from you.

Be sure to provide context for the reference, including the specifics about the job or school you are applying for.

Make sure to thank your reference in person and with a follow-up thank you note after they have provided the letter.

Remember, requesting a professional reference letter is a common practice in the job and admissions processes, so don’t be shy about asking for one. Take the time to find the right reference, make a clear request, and express gratitude for their support. With these steps, you’ll be well on your way to a strong and impressive application package.

Professional Reference Letter vs Personal Reference Letter

When an individual is applying for a job, higher education, or any other opportunity that requires a reference, they must provide reference letters. Reference letters come in two forms: personal reference letters and professional reference letters. Despite seeming similar, there are key differences between the two types of reference letters.

Key differences between a Professional Reference Letter and Personal Reference Letter

Professional Reference Letter  A professional reference letter is written by an individual’s former employer, colleague, or supervisor. The letter focuses on an individual’s skill set, work experience, and accomplishments. The professional reference letter provides insight into an individual’s work ethic and their ability to perform in a professional setting. It demonstrates how an individual’s skills and accomplishments align with the job or position they are applying for. A professional reference letter is a formal letter, usually composed on company letterhead.

Personal Reference Letter  A personal reference letter is written by someone who knows the individual on a personal level such as a friend, family member, or neighbor. A personal reference letter is intended to describe an individual’s character as a person; it emphasizes their personal traits, interests, and the role that they play in the community. It is an informal letter, with a similar tone to a recommendation letter.

When to use a Professional Reference Letter vs Personal Reference Letter

When an individual is applying for a job, higher education, or an opportunity that requires a reference letter, it is essential to understand when to use a professional or personal reference letter.

Professional Reference Letter  A professional reference letter should be used when the applicant wants to demonstrate their professional skills and experience to a potential employer. This reference letter should include information about an individual’s previous employment, job duties, accomplishments, and how their skills apply to the job position they are applying for.

Personal Reference Letter  A personal reference letter should be used when the applicant wants to highlight their character and personal qualities. It should include examples that showcase the individual’s personal traits, strengths, and the value they add to social groups, communities, or volunteering organizations. A personal reference letter is not usually suitable for job applications unless specifically solicited by the employer.

Understanding the differences between professional and personal reference letters is crucial when applying for a job or opportunity. Depending on the application requirements, it is essential to choose the most suitable reference letter that aligns with the job or position the applicant is applying for.

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9 Sample Excellent Recommendation Letters for Your Job

Letters of Recommendation

Anyone who's applied for a job knows how important recommendation letters can be to getting hired. While you've probably asked for a reference letter in the past, you may be less familiar with writing one. If someone asks you for a reference, how can you produce a great letter that will help your employee, colleague, or friend get hired?

To help you through the writing process, we're providing nine samples of effective letters of recommendation (scroll down to skip to the samples!). By reading through these examples, you'll gain a clear understanding of how to structure your own letters.

Before getting to the free recommendation letter samples, let's briefly review the role that reference letters play in the hiring process. Why are they important, and what makes some stand out over others?

Why Are Recommendation Letters Important?

Many employers request recommendation letters to help them decide who to hire or internally promote. Throughout the hiring process, the applicant strives to present herself in the best light. Beyond the interview and resume, hiring managers look to recommendation letters to confirm the candidate's qualifications and to gain insight from an outside party.

The hiring manager wants to know what experiences the candidate will bring to the new role, how she'll contribute to the company or organization, and how she'll behave in the day-to-day. Recommendation letters can point to a candidate's future performance by talking about her past achievements.

Reference letters can also shed light on what it's like to manage, work with, or, in the case of a character reference, be friends with the person under consideration. They complement the candidate's story and suggest what she'll bring to the table in her next job.

If you get asked to write a letter for someone, it's safe to assume you want to do a good job. Helping someone get hired is not just a satisfying good deed, but it's also good professional karma! So how can you turn those good intentions into a stand-out employee letter of recommendation?

Each letter will, of course, be different, but good letters share certain key features. Read on to learn about three important characteristics of strong reference letters.

Your recommendation letter's not the time to be cagey about your identity! The hiring manager wants to know who you are and why you're qualified to recommend the applicant.

What Makes a Recommendation Letter Stand Out? 3 Key Features

Strong letters give positive descriptions of a candidate's skills in a concise and powerful way. Beyond using language that's clear and error-free, what elements should your recommendation letter include to be effective?

As you write your letter, make sure it does the following:

#1: Explains Why You're Qualified to Recommend the Candidate

In order to hold weight, a recommendation letter should come from a reputable source. If an employer wants a professional reference, then the writer of that letter probably worked with the candidate in a supervisory capacity. Some employers will also be interested in letters from a colleague or, occasionally, a friend, neighbor, or family member. Most letters, though, will be written by a supervisor, manager, or boss of some sort.

In the first paragraph, you should explain who you are and how you know the candidate. How long did you work with her and in what capacity? By explaining your relationship, you show that you're qualified to give an honest assessment.

If someone who feels like a relative stranger asks you to write a letter, you might consider declining or recommending someone else to write it. If you didn't get to know the candidate's work performance or only did so in a way completely unrelated to the new position, then you might not be able to provide a helpful letter of recommendation from employer to employee.

The best letters are written by people who can speak to the candidate's skills and accomplishments. Make sure to state clearly in the beginning of your letter who you are and why your opinion matters.

#2: Customized to the New Position

While you should speak to the candidate's accomplishments in her past role, you should also show why she'd make a good fit in the next one. Even if the candidate's making a career change, you can explain why she'll be able to do well in the new industry.

Here's where open communication with the applicant is important. She should share the job description so you have a clear understanding of the position's requirements. As the writer, you're not expected to do much research on the new job. The candidate should provide you with everything you need to know to customize your letter.

By drawing on this information, you can express confidence that the candidate will succeed in the new role. Then when the hiring manager reads your letter, she'll feel reassured that the candidate would make a good fit.

#3: Uses Specific Examples and Anecdotes

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, your letter should provide specific examples about the candidate. Don't just list adjectives like, "friendly, intelligent, and hard-working"; instead, present circumstances in which the candidate demonstrated those qualities. To borrow a favorite phrase of English teachers, "show, don't just tell."

Not only will examples point to the value the candidate brought to your organization or company, but they'll also paint a picture of how she works in day-to-day operations. Using two to three specific anecdotes in your letter will boost its level of persuasiveness. It will also sidestep a common rec letter trap: becoming a generic list of cliches.

Just as you should only write a recommendation letter if you feel qualified to assess the candidate, you should also only write it if you can provide a great one. While you don't want to go over the top and sound insincere, your letter should be a strongly positive endorsement.

Sample Recommendation Letters

As you read through the nine free job recommendation letters below, notice how they all share the three key features described above, even though they differ in terms of their source and target audience. Below are nine sample recommendation letters, each followed by an analysis of what it does well!

• Sample Recommendation Letter 1: Written by a Direct Manager for a Full-Time Employee
• Sample Recommendation Letter 2: Written by a Principal for a Teacher
• Sample Recommendation Letter 3: Written by a Direct Manager for a Part-Time Employee
• Sample Recommendation Letter 4: Written by a Manager for a Remote Worker
• Sample Recommendation Letter 5: Written by a Supervisor for an Internal Promotion
• Sample Recommendation Letter 6: Written by a Supervisor for a Student Intern
• Sample Recommendation Letter 7: Written by a Coworker
• Sample Recommendation Letter 8: Written by a Professor for a Former Student
• Sample Recommendation Letter 9: Written by a Friend as a Character Reference

After checking out the above samples of recommendation letters, read on for some final thoughts on how to write an excellent letter of recommendation for an employee, coworker, or friend.

Now that you've got all the building blocks, you can put them together into a powerful letter of recommendation!

Writing Strong Letters of Recommendation: Final Thoughts

While the above samples of recommendation letters will help guide you through the letter writing process, they can't look exactly like your final product. Writing a letter is a significant undertaking, as it requires you to customize your words to the candidate and make your letter unique. Even though the specifics will vary, strong letters of recommendation do have certain features in common. Each letter should...

Use an Official Format

The sample letters show the proper format for a recommendation letter. They have the employer's name, position, company, and company's address at the top. To give one example, here's the header for recommendation letter sample #1:

Ms. Greta Johanssen Sales Manager Streambase Corp. 66 Western Boulevard Santa Fe, New Mexico 87500

You should also use official letterhead that has your name and contact information across the top, in whatever way you've chosen to present it. Each letter is addressed to a specific person, a greeting that's more personal than, "Dear Hiring Manager." Typically, paragraphs are single-spaced with a double space in between each one.

Finally, every letter concludes with an invitation to contact the writer for any further information. Then the writer may include her position, company, phone number, and email below her name.

Start with a Strong Opener

The strongest letters start out with an immediate statement of support. They might say, "It's my honor," "It's my pleasure," or "I'm very pleased to provide this letter of recommendation for Joe." Stating the obvious with a sentence like, "I'm writing to recommend Joe," looks weak beside a more enthusiastic opener.

In the first paragraph, explain who you are and why you're qualified to recommend the candidate. Write a line or two of praise about her professional and personal strengths, perhaps with a summary of the main points you'll present in the rest of the letter.

Include Two to Three Specific Examples

As mentioned above, strong letters typically include two to three body paragraphs with specific anecdotes about the candidate. They don't just describe the applicant's great qualities and accomplishments; they give examples and prove to her prospective employer that she's made achievements in the past that predict future success.

You might talk about a project or responsibility of the applicant or the value she's brought to your company. Consider relevant qualities like flexibility, initiative, leadership, growth, collaboration, interpersonal skills, and/or ability to perform within a certain environment or culture.

To Sum Up...

Depending on your relationship with the candidate, you might focus more on her work performance or personal character in your recommendation letter. An employer will focus more heavily on professional skills while a coworker may add personal qualities.

A friend or neighbor providing a character reference would produce the most personal letter. It falls upon the candidate to choose her recommenders wisely and to share any relevant information about the prospective position to help them write the best letter they can.

As long as you incorporate the key features discussed above and take the time to make your letter positive and specific, you'll provide a strong recommendation letter that will help your employee, colleague, or friend get hired. And who knows—perhaps in a year or two, she'll be writing a recommendation letter for you!

What's Next?

Are you tasked with writing a recommendation letter for a student applying to college? If so, check out these samples of recommendation letters from teachers and counselors, along with additional writing tips and a thorough recommendation letter template!

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• 3 Examples of Excellent Recommendation Letters from Counselors
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Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT.

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Recommendation Letter for Internship: Examples and What Makes a Good One

Early in your career, resumes often don't say much (we've all been there). But with a strong recommendation letter, you'll have the evidence you need to showcase your skills and make your application shine. Yes, you could be one recommendation letter away from landing your dream internship .

A recommendation letter for an internship shows the hiring team that you're serious about the position and willing to go the extra mile to prove you're a good fit. “These letters offer glimpses into a candidate's capabilities beyond what resumes or academic records may reveal,” says Jarir Mallah, Human Resources Manager at the tech company Ling .

We reunited the best tips from human resources professionals, team leaders, and even a generative AI specialist to give you the ultimate guide on how to write an internship recommendation letter.

What is an internship recommendation letter?

An internship recommendation letter is a document that serves to endorse someone based on their personal character or academic performance. It is typically written by a person who knows the candidate well, such as a professor, mentor, or previous employer, and it details the applicant's qualifications, skills, and potential to excel in a professional setting.

“That being the case, the testimony that a candidate has certain hard and soft skills is not met with some second guessing”, says Martin Gasparian, owner of the law firm Maison Law who frequently conducts internship interviews. “As it's written by a highly respected person, I don't have any problem trusting it.”

A strong internship reference letter fills in the gaps that an entry-level candidate's resume might have. It provides personal insights that only firsthand observations can offer, significantly enhancing their appeal to potential employers.

What to include in an internship reference letter?

An outstanding internship recommendation letter focuses on real-world examples so the hiring team can envision how your abilities manifest on a practical level. It can include academic achievements and personal projects, for example.

“A recommendation letter for an internship should corroborate your skills, character, and potential, and confirm your ability to adapt, learn, and contribute in a professional environment,” Mallah says. “It should be specific about strengths , connect these skills to potential contributions you may bring to the role, and share instances where these skills have shone through.”

Put that recommendation letter to work — check out open jobs on The Muse and land your next interview »

How many letters of recommendation do you need for an internship?

The exact number depends on the company you’re applying to, but it’s common to be asked for one to four letters of recommendation. Always check the specific requirements in the internship application—or the recruiter might tell you during the interview process . Sending multiple letters can give a well-rounded view of your skills and character, but ensure each one offers a unique perspective.

How to ask for a recommendation letter

Follow these steps on how to choose the right person to write a recommendation letter and approach them appropriately.

1. Choose the person wisely

Approach someone who knows you well and can speak to your strengths, work ethic, and character. This could be a professor or a mentor who has observed your skills and performance over time. Make sure they have a positive view of your abilities and are in a position to give you a strong endorsement.

2. Ask politely and plan ahead

Writing a recommendation letter takes time, and a polite request shows your appreciation for their effort. Approach the person respectfully and provide ample time for them to write the letter—ideally a few weeks before the deadline.

3. Provide background information

Help the chosen person to write a detailed and relevant letter by giving them information about the internship, your resume, and a summary of your accomplishments and goals. Remind them of specific projects or experiences you’ve shared to help them craft a more personalized and impactful letter.

Recommendation letter for internship: Examples

Having concrete examples can be incredibly helpful in guiding someone on how to write one for you. We compiled some recommendation letter examples tailored to different fields to serve as inspiration and ensure you know exactly what you're asking for.

Marketing internship recommendation letter: Example #1

Dear Recruiter/Hiring Manager/Hiring Team,

I am writing to recommend [Your Name] for the marketing internship at [Company Name]. As [Your Position/Title] at [Your University/Organization], I have had the pleasure of working with [Your Name] for [Duration], during which time they have demonstrated exceptional creativity, strategic thinking, and a strong work ethic.

One of [Your Name]’s notable projects involved developing a social media campaign that increased our engagement by 35% in just two months. Their ability to analyze market trends and craft compelling content is impressive and speaks volumes about their potential in the marketing field.

I am confident that [Your Name] will be an asset to your team and excel in the marketing internship role at [Company Name]. Please feel free to contact me if you need further information.

Sincerely, [Your Recommender’s Name] [Your Recommender’s Title] [Your Recommender’s Contact Information]

Finance internship recommendation letter: Example #2

It is my pleasure to recommend [Your Name] for the finance internship position at [Company Name]. As [Your Title] at [Your University/Organization], I have closely observed [Your Name]’s academic and professional growth over the past [Duration].

[Your Name] has consistently shown a keen understanding of financial principles and a knack for detailed analysis. During their time with us, they successfully led a team in a financial modeling project that resulted in a 15% cost reduction for a simulated company scenario. Their analytical skills, combined with their teamwork and leadership abilities, make them a standout candidate for this internship.

I wholeheartedly endorse [Your Name] for the finance internship and believe they will bring valuable insights and energy to your organization.

[Your Recommender’s Name] [Your Recommender’s Title] [Your Recommender’s Contact Information]

Engineering internship recommendation letter: Example #3

I am pleased to recommend [Your Name] for the engineering internship at [Company Name]. As [Your Position/Title] at [Your University/Organization], I have had the opportunity to supervise [Your Name] in several engineering projects over the past [Duration].

[Your Name] possesses exceptional problem-solving skills and a strong foundation in engineering principles. One of their significant contributions was in a collaborative project where they developed an innovative solution to optimize the efficiency of a mechanical system, leading to a 20% improvement in performance.

Their dedication, technical expertise, and ability to work well in a team environment make [Your Name] an ideal candidate for your engineering internship program. I am confident that they will excel in this role and contribute positively to your team.

Internship recommendation letter template

Not quite there yet? Here's a template you can use to streamline the process.

I am writing to recommend [Your Name] for the [Internship Position] at [Company Name]. As [Your Recommender’s Position/Title] at [Your University/Organization], I have had the pleasure of knowing [Your Name] for [Duration]. During this time, [Your Name] has demonstrated exceptional [skills/qualities], including [specific example or project].

[Your Name] has consistently shown [positive traits such as leadership, creativity, and dedication], which makes them an excellent candidate for the [Internship Position] at [Company Name]. Their [specific skills or experiences] have prepared them well for this opportunity, and I am confident they will excel in this role.

Please feel free to contact me if you need further information.

Make your mark in a process dominated by AI

The more internship testimonial letters, the easier the interview process.

We get it—a lack of experience can make you nervous and feel less prepared compared to other candidates. However, having recommendation letters for internships from established professionals can really boost your chances. These letters can be instrumental in helping employers make informed decisions. So yes, it's definitely worth it!

Once you've got that interview, check out our 30+ Best Tips on How to Prepare for a Job Interview

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• Resume and Cover Letter
• How to List References on...

How to List References on Your Resume (With Examples)

7 min read · Updated on July 30, 2024

To include references on your resume or not? That is the question

At some point in your job search, an employer, recruiter, or HR professional is likely to ask you for a list of resume references. Many people will include a list of references right on their resume, or at least allude to the fact that references are available. The big question is… should you do either of these things?

If you're at the point of your job search where you need to know how to list references on your resume (or whether you should include them at all), you've come to the right place. In this article, we'll cover the following topics:

Whether you're supposed to put references on a resume

Why you should (or shouldn't) include resume references 

Where your references belong – and how to write them up

Who qualifies as a good resume reference

Let's get started!

Are you supposed to put references on a resume?

No, you are not supposed to put references on a resume

Instead, focus on providing the details that will convince a recruiter or hiring manager to contact you for an interview. Remember, your cover letter and resume are designed to get you the interview. The details you highlight on the resume during the job search should support this goal.

While it varies from company to company, most employers won't ask for your resume references until they're ready to reach out to them. This typically doesn't happen until you've made it through the initial interview rounds and are among the final candidates for a job. If, for any reason, an employer wants your references earlier in the process, rest assured they'll give you a chance to provide them. There's no need to place references on your resume when they won't be used until you're one of the final candidates.

That said, you should brainstorm a list of potential resume references as soon as you start submitting job applications, so you're ready when a prospective employer has specifically requested your professional references.

Why not include references on a resume?

Including references on a resume is simply a waste of space

Resume real estate is valuable and, as you know, when it comes to writing your resume, you only get so many pages to work with. Don't waste that space by putting a resume references section or adding the phrase “References available upon request.” 

Many employers usually won't ask for this information until you're further along in the interview process - and they know you'll provide references if they request them. Additionally, adding references to your resume can cause your application to get hung up in the applicant tracking system, or ATS , the software the company uses to manage candidates.

ATS can be programmed to automatically email references when they're found in the scanning process. If your reference doesn't respond to the automated message sent out by the ATS, your application could get caught in a pending status.

Where do you put references, if not on a resume?

Rather than putting references on your resume, type them up on a separate document

On a separate reference page, include the person's first name and last name, current job title and company name, email address, and phone number. Be sure to check with each of your professional references ahead of time, to confirm that the person is willing to be your reference and to verify which phone number and email address they'd like you to share with employers.

It's also helpful to add a line that explains to the reader how you've come to know this reference. For example,

It could be as simple as mentioning that you “worked together in Company XYZ's marketing department from July 2015 to November 2017,” or 

That your professional reference was your “direct supervisor at ABC Institute between 2018 and 2019.” 

You don't have to write a paragraph explaining your relationship to a reference, but it's nice to provide the employer or hiring manager with a little context.

When you type up your best resume references, consider using the same header information and font style that was used for your resume, so that the documents appear to be part of one overall package - even if they're not attached to one another. 

Resume references example: how to write your references

For example, if we were writing up resume references to accompany Alexa Campbell's resume , they might look something like this: 

Who should you ask to be a reference?

When choosing your professional references, select three to five people who have insight into your hard and soft skills and who you trust to say good things about you and your job performance. 

A good rule of thumb is to have at least three professional references – five if you're applying for an executive position. 

EXPERT TIP: If you opt to have more than three to five professional references, then the extras can be personal references. 

As you approach each person you want to have as a reference, give them an idea of the position you're applying for and how your skills match the role. This will help them know what to say when they're contacted. 

For the professional references

Try to find professional references who know about your skills and can talk about your career achievements in a way that aligns with what the job wants. Most of the time, your professional references will be talking about your hard skills – the things you know how to do from education and experience. 

Professional resume references examples include:

Former supervisors or managers

A leader at a place you volunteer

For the personal references

It is okay to have personal references, but you should never provide personal references INSTEAD OF professional references. Always, always give professional references first and then personal ones. You'd list the same details about your personal references as you do the professional references – Name, Title (who they are to you), phone, and email. Adding a couple of personal references can help boost your candidacy, as these folks will probably talk a lot about your soft skills , which employers value. 

Personal resume references examples include (note that not a single personal reference in the following list is a relative – your mom and grandma should not appear on your reference list!):

Academic Advisors

Sports Coach

Members of your network

Maximize resume space to improve job search impact

Having a good set of resume references to lean on while you search for a job is great, as they can help you get from interview to job offer. However, because of the limited space on your resume, you should create a separate document that contains just your references.

Remember, the goal of your resume is to get an interview. Before you sit down to speak with the hiring manager or recruiter, your references aren't going to help you. As such, you should aim to include only those details on your resume that will win an interview. 

When it's time to give your references to a hiring manager, make sure that you have a carefully curated list of contacts that can confidently speak to your abilities and how your skills match up with what the company is hiring for. 

Is your resume not getting results? Request a free review to find out how your resume is falling short .

This article was originally written by Amanda Augustine and has been updated by Marsha Hebert. 

Recommended reading:

What to Remove From Your Resume Right Away

How to Keep a Bad Reference From Ruining Your Career

Everything You Need to Know About References for Your Job Search

Related Articles:

Do Hiring Managers Actually Read Cover Letters?

How to Create a Resume With No Education

Why You Lose When You Lie on Your Resume: Learning From Mina Chang

See how your resume stacks up.

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7 Common Mistakes to Avoid While Searching for a Job

1. Your Resume or Cover Letter Isn’t Specific to the Job

The same resume and cover letter won’t work for every employer or every job. Tailor your resume to the job you’re applying for. Employers want a candidate who matches their job description, so make sure to highlight your most relevant experience for each position. When writing your cover letter, showcase the skills that are most applicable to the specific job. Identify the characteristics or skills that are in the job description and show how your experience relates to them. A cover letter gives potential employers a more complete understanding of your skillset.

2. Your Resume Isn’t Formatted Correctly for an Applicant Tracking System

As the use of technology and artificial intelligence (AI) increases, so does the number of employers that use applicant tracking systems (ATS) and AI to read resumes. You could be the perfect candidate for a job, but your resume may be missing certain keywords or AI may not be able to read it. This can cause your resume to be rejected and not make it to the hiring manager’s desk.

3. You’re Applying for the Wrong Jobs

Carefully look at the jobs you’re applying for to ensure you have the right level of qualification. Most people stay away from applying to jobs they are not qualified for, but being overqualified can be just as problematic. Employers don’t want to hire a candidate who is overqualified because they are more likely to get bored in the position and leave. Employers don’t want to have to fill the position again in six months.

4. You’re Not Letting Your Professional Network Know About Your Job Search

You may have built a professional network of colleagues in the field you’re interested in, but are you utilizing your network? Make sure your network knows that you are looking for a job. Share your job search on LinkedIn, post on personal social media, and talk about your job search while not at work. Often, knowing the right people can get you an interview or even a job. If you’re looking to grow your network, check out our blogs on Networking and Tips for Networking .

5. You’re Not Prepared for Your Interview

Interviews and phone screenings give the interviewer an opportunity to get to know you. It is important to be prepared for both after applying for a job. Some phone screens are scheduled, and others aren’t. Be sure to answer the phone in a professional manner, be familiar with the company’s work, be prepared to ask questions about the position, and have an idea of how much you’d like to be paid. For more tips on how to have a great interview, read our blog post about preparing for interviews or our video interview blog post .

6. You Didn’t Prepare Your References

It is important to inform your references that you’re applying for jobs. Make sure you have their permission to use them as a reference and inform them of the positions you’re applying for. Different positions require different skills, so if they know the position you are applying for they can highlight your skills that fit that position. You may also want to send them your cover letter and resume, so they are up to date on your current work experience. You could even ask them for feedback. Read our previous blog posts to learn how to secure a reference and prepare a reference .

7. You Experienced Setbacks in the Interview Process

Portraying the right amount of excitement and skills is essential in the interview process. You want to highlight your skillset and why you think you’re a good candidate. It is important to show enthusiasm about the position and the company. Make sure to show up a little early and dress appropriately for the job .

How Can Ticket to Work Help

Social Security's Ticket to Work (Ticket) Program supports career development for people ages 18 through 64 who receive Social Security disability benefits (SSDI/SSI) and want to work. Through this free and voluntary program, eligible participants can work with service providers to receive the services and supports they need to find and maintain employment as they move toward financial independence through work.

The Ticket Program can support you throughout every step of your job search. Through the Ticket Program, a service provider such as an Employment Network (EN) can assist you with your job search. ENs can help you write your resume and cover letter, find the right jobs to apply for and prepare you for an interview. If you’re not having success in your job search, you can ask your service provider for suggestions to improve your chances.

To learn more about the Ticket to Work Program, call the Ticket to Work Help Line at 1-866-968-7842. For callers who are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, call 1-866-833-2967 (TTY). Hours are Monday through Friday, 8 a.m.- 8 p.m.; or visit https://choosework.ssa.gov .

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