oxford geography dissertation

• About this Website
• Accessibility
• Copyright © 2015

School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1865 285070 | Email: [email protected] | [email protected]

These pages are part of Oxford Alumni Online .

• Cookie info
• Privacy notice
• Oxford Alumni Online Privacy policy
• Terms and conditions
• Accessibility Statement

• Share on LinkedIn
• Share on Facebook

Average intake: 4

• St John’s has an excellent reputation as a college in which to study geography. As well as the Fellows (Tutorial Fellows Ian Klinke , Hashem Abushama, Jennifer Richards , Professorial Fellow Gillian Rose and Emeritus Research Fellows Linda McDowell and Jack Langton ) , there is a good mix of undergraduate, MSc and DPhil Geographers in College.
• There are numerous opportunities for academic and social interactions between Geographers in all years and statuses through the College Geography Society – known as the Martin Society, after Freddie Martin, a previous Fellow in Geography.
• The Martin Society is a key focus for undergraduate Geographers who organise its activities. In a typical year, these include 8 lunchtime seminars (given by undergraduates), 4 evening seminars (given by visiting speakers), a weekend reading party (see images from field trips to Belfast and Aberystwyth below), usually held in the Easter vacation, and an end-of-year dinner. All these activities are open to all Geographers in College.

• Our students are part of a School of Geography that has consistently been at the top of various rankings of undergraduate Geography courses.
• The College Library has a wide-ranging collection of the books and journals for both the core and optional courses.
• Our undergraduates do well in university examinations, particularly in the dissertation component.
• Many of our students continue in higher education or research institutions; others go into teaching and aid agencies.  We also have very successful lawyers, bankers, financiers and entrepreneurs among our Geographer alumni.

Read a profile from a St John's student studying Geography here . Watch two videos from Geography students at St John's:

Martin Society field trips (Belfast, 2017, Aberystwyth 2019)

In order to watch this video you will need to accept advertising cookies.

Related information

• Selection criteria

Geography tutors

Dr Hashem Abushama

Departmental Lecturer in Geography

Professor Ian Klinke

Tutorial Fellow in Human Geography

Dr Jenny Richards

Supernumerary Teaching Fellow in Physical Geography

Our website uses cookies

We use essential and non-essential cookies that improve the functionality and experience of the website.

For more information, see our cookies policy.

Necessary cookies

Necessary cookies ensure the smooth running of the website, including core functionality and security. The website cannot function properly without these cookies.

Analytics cookies

Analytical cookies are used to determine how visitors are using a website, enabling us to enhance performance and functionality of the website. These are non-essential cookies but are not used for advertising purposes.

Advertising cookies

Advertising cookies help us monitor the effectiveness of our campaigns as well as enabling advertising to be tailored to you through retargeting advertising services. This means there is the possibility of you seeing more adverts from us on other websites that you visit.

• Save settings

• Why choose Jesus?
• Available Subjects
• Available subjects
• Accommodation
• Hall & Meals
• Libraries & Facilities
• Accessibility
• Clubs & Societies
• Student Perspectives
• Health and Wellbeing
• Our Departments
• Our Research News
• Environmental Sustainability
• Equality, Equity, Diversity & Inclusion
• Publications
• Notable Old Members
• TE Lawrence
• Governance, Policies and Procedures
• The History of Jesus College
• Libraries and Archives
• Cheng Kar Shun Digital Hub
• Jesus College Chapel
• Cheng Yu Tung Building
• Jesus College on Film
• Conferences & Events
• Bed & Breakfast
• Planning Your Visit
• JC Intranet
• News & Events
• Access & Outreach
• Make a gift
• 1571 Society
• Fundraising Priorities
• Sporting Memories of Jesus College
• Gift Recognition
• The Development Team
• Alumni Events
• Communications
• Alumni groups
• Graduations
• Book Event Tickets
• Book dinner in hall
• Book accommodation
• Book a meeting room
• Book a degree ceremony
• Book the chapel

Study here/Undergraduate studies/ Available Subjects / Geography

The oxford geography degree introduces students to key themes, concepts and issues ranging from climate and environmental change, inequality, social, economic and cultural transformation, biodiversity loss, geomorphological processes in drylands, geographical data science, post-colonialism and globalization..

The School of Geography and the Environment is internationally recognised for their quality of research and teaching. The School also hosts three research centres:

• Environmental Change Institute
• Transport Studies Unit
• Smith School for Enterprise and the Environment

Academics from all the centres are involved in teaching and research supervision of undergraduates. The OUCE building, in the University Science Area on South Parks Road, contains lecture rooms, laboratories, computing facilities and tutors’ offices, and is within a few a minutes’ walk of the Radcliffe Science Library and the Bodleian Library.

Approximately ninety undergraduates are admitted to read Geography at Oxford each year.

Undergraduates’ activities in Oxford are divided between University and College: in this respect Geography is like other subjects. Lectures, practicals and field classes are arranged by the University and attended by students from all the colleges. Similarly, examinations are set by the University. On the other hand, tutorials and discussion groups are organised by the College and attended only by Jesus College students.

Jesus College were a pioneer Oxford college in awarding Scholarships and Exhibitions in Geography, and since that time over 60 years ago, the subject has retained a firm place in the College.

Course structure

During their three-year course, undergraduates take two public examinations – the Preliminary Examination at the end of the first year and the Honour School at the end of the third year.

The Preliminary Examination consists of four papers (exams):

1. Earth System Processes (physical geography: Atmosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere) 2. Human Geography (‘Space and Place’, ‘Networks and Mobilities’, and ‘Power and identity’) 3. Geographical Controversies (critical issues faced by modern geographers) (a) 1 examination (b) I practical folder 4. Geographical Techniques (research techniques in physical and human geography) (a) 1 examination (b) 1 fieldwork notebook

The Honour School is examined in one compulsory subject, two Foundational courses (from a choice of three) and three options (plus 3 extended submitted essays). Candidates also undertake a significant piece of independent research between their second and third years, leading to a geographical dissertation. Students also undertake a week’s fieldwork during the Easter Vacation of their second year: currently this is in either Berlin or Tenerife.

Compulsory course: Geographical Thought (1 Examination Paper & 1 fieldwork notebook) Foundational Courses: 1. Earth System Dynamics (1 examination paper) 2. Environmental Geography (1 examination paper) 3. Space, Place and Society (1 examination paper)

Optional subjects are available to all students at all colleges in their second and third years. Applicants should consult the School website for details.

Geography provides undergraduates with a varied course ranging in content from earth history, environmental problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss, global geopolitics, the future of global cities, aid and developmental issues, and in method from GIS and computational modelling to focus groups, questionnaires, philosophical discourse, and textual analysis.

Dissertation research has taken recent Jesus geographers to study topics, such as autonomous spaces for queer working class women in London; perceptions of home amongst hypermobile airline cabin staff; the Bodele depression and dust in the Sahara; sacred forests in Kenya; and the palaeo-ecological history of coastal swamps in Georgia.

College teaching is undertaken mostly in paired tutorials and college-based discussion groups. Oxford terms are short and intense – each is only eight weeks – so students are expected to do a good deal of vacation reading, thinking and writing. University lecture courses in Geography are numerous and varied, but emphasis is on the need for each student to learn for themselves.

Lectures and tutorials are supplemented by reading and discussion of written work with college teachers.

Prof Patricia Daley

Prof Patricia Daley is the Helen Morag Fellow and Tutor in Geography, and a Professor in Human Geography of Africa at the School of Geography and the Environment. She teaches the human geography components of the course, including development geographies, geopolitics, economic globalization, African societies, and the philosophical and methodological underpinnings of the discipline of geography. Her research interests are in African politics and political ecology; political and gender-based violence, refugees, ethnicity, citizenship and sustainable peace.

Prof Richard Grenyer

Prof Richard Grenyer is a Fellow and Tutor in Geography, and an Associate Professor in Biodiversity and Biogeography at the School of Geography and the Environment. He teaches the physical aspects of the geography course, including ecology, geomorphology, remote sensing, statistics, biogeography, biodiversity conservation, and global environmental change. His research interests are in the role of space in macroevolution, and how to use mathematics and computing to make conservation more efficient and effective. He particularly works on mammals and plants.

The deadline to submit your application for undergraduate study via UCAS is 15 October. Please refer to the University’s webpages  for detailed information on how to apply.

Places available at Jesus College

Eight places are typically offered to read Geography, among a total College entry of around 100 undergraduates.

Academic requirements

Academic requirements for this subject can be found here.

Selection Criteria

The specific selection criteria are given on the department’s website  here .

Admissions tests

You do not need to take a written test as part of an application for this course.

Written work

You do not need to submit any written work when you apply for this course.

Applicants receive two interviews: one in human and one in physical geography. In the interview applicants may be asked to comment on a variety of textual, graphical, cartographic and tabulated data which are given to them during the interview, and may be asked questions arising from other aspects of their school education to date. We are looking for an ability to identify key arguments and to express these clearly. No prior training is required for anything at the interview.

Deferred Entry

Please refer to the Departmental website for subject-specific advice.

The Tutors have no objection in principle to offering a place to a candidate who wishes to defer entry for a year, provided this intention is made known at the outset. You must apply for deferred entry at the time of application to Oxford: you cannot change your mind after an offer has been made.

You should be aware that applicants who are offered places for deferred entry will generally be among the very strongest of the cohort for their subject, and the College limits its offers of deferred places in order not to disadvantage candidates applying in the following year. In some cases, an applicant for deferred entry may be offered a place for non-deferred entry instead.

Joint Schools

There are no Joint Schools for Geography.

The School of Geography and the Environment has one of the largest graduate and advanced study programmes in the UK. The following degrees are offered:

• DPhil Geography and the Environment
• MSc or MPhil Biodiversity, Conservation and Management
• MSc or MPhil Environmental Change and Management
• MSc or MPhil Nature, Society and Environmental Governance
• MSc or MPhil Water Science, Policy and Management
• 1+1 MBA at the Said Business School and any MSc above (2 years)

Numerical, research, laboratory and argument skills are developed by geographers and are much appreciated by a range of employers. Geography graduates go on to a very wide variety of careers. A number of graduating Jesus geographers continue with their subject as teachers, researchers or planners, but many go into business, the civil service and into professions, such as law or accountancy.

Please use the links below for further information:

• The University of Oxford undergraduate admissions
• The School of Geography and the Environment
• Suggested subject resources

If you have any questions about entrance requirements, or about applying to study at Jesus College, please contact the Admissions Officer:

Email: [email protected] Web:  www.jesus.ox.ac.uk

• Oxford Thesis Collection
• Climate Research Collection
• CC0 version of this metadata

Responsible investment and ESG: an economic geography

There is a growing awareness of, and commitment to, Responsible Investment (RI) in the institutional investment markets internationally. RI is defined as the consideration of environmental, social and/or governance (ESG) issues in long-term oriented investment decision-making. As the role of ESG in determining investment risk and opportunity becomes more evident, and as ESG data becomes more available, RI is increasingly seen as an area of potential investment innovation. This thesis appli...

Email this record

Please enter the email address that the record information will be sent to.

Please add any additional information to be included within the email.

Cite this record

Chicago style, access document.

• HARNETT D.PHIL THESIS.pdf (pdf, 2.8MB)

Why is the content I wish to access not available via ORA?

Content may be unavailable for the following four reasons.

• Version unsuitable We have not obtained a suitable full-text for a given research output. See the versions advice for more information.
• Recently completed Sometimes content is held in ORA but is unavailable for a fixed period of time to comply with the policies and wishes of rights holders.
• Permissions All content made available in ORA should comply with relevant rights, such as copyright. See the copyright guide for more information.
• Clearance Some thesis volumes scanned as part of the digitisation scheme funded by Dr Leonard Polonsky are currently unavailable due to sensitive material or uncleared third-party copyright content. We are attempting to contact authors whose theses are affected.

Alternative access to the full-text

Request a copy.

We require your email address in order to let you know the outcome of your request.

Provide a statement outlining the basis of your request for the information of the author.

Please note any files released to you as part of your request are subject to the terms and conditions of use for the Oxford University Research Archive unless explicitly stated otherwise by the author.

Contributors

Bibliographic details, item description, related items, terms of use, views and downloads.

If you are the owner of this record, you can report an update to it here: Report update to this record

Report an update

We require your email address in order to let you know the outcome of your enquiry.

Baichuan Liu wins the RGS Political Geography Research Group Undergraduate Dissertation Prize

The Royal Geographical Society's Political Geography Research Group has named Baichuan Liu as the winner of the 2022 undergraduate dissertation prize for his dissertation: 'To Make Live Yet Let Die: Biopolitics on the Practices of Targeted Poverty Alleviation in China.'

Baichuan Liu recently graduated from the BA in Geography course at the University of Oxford's School of Geography and the Environment (SoGE). His dissertation explores the practices of poverty alleviation and the ways these practices relate to biopolitics and biopower in rural China.

Commenting on the work, Baichuan said: "I spent around a month across two villages in Western China, conducting interviews and participant observation across multiple stakeholders (village officers, volunteers and villagers) to observe and understand the ways in which poverty alleviation practices have an everyday impact on their lives. My findings have shown the incessant drive of capitalist forces were transforming villagers into urban consumers, and the imperfections of these transitions have severe exclusionary consequences. I believe that this research does not solely contribute to the conceptualisations of biopolitics, but also highlights the ways in which poverty alleviation may incur unintended consequences."

Overall, the panel said it was 'impressed by the conception and execution of this outstanding piece'.

On receiving the award, Baichuan comments: "Winning this prize meant a lot to me, especially given that English is not my first language. On the one hand, this prize really encourages me to consider a potential career in the academia, as I am very intellectually interested in the ways in which the field of development can be theorised. On the other hand, winning this prize consolidates my passion onto working in a field; the fieldwork experiences I had in Western China were unforgettable, despite all sorts of difficulties."

Baichuan is currently pursuing a double master of public administration at the LSE and Columbia SIPA and hopes to work in international development in the future.

Each year, the Royal Geographical Society's Research Groups recognise outstanding work from undergraduate and postgraduate students at higher education institutions both in the UK and overseas. More information about the prize is available on the RGS website .

NEWS 22 Jul 2024 SoGE awarded Gold and Silver at the Green Impact and LEAF awards 2024

IN THE MEDIA 12 Jul 2024 Avoidable deaths have increased: the damning data political parties aren’t discussing

NEWS 08 Jul 2024 Master's Dissertation by Lubasi Limweta Recognised by Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema

Education - Dissertations, Theses and Current Research

Website feedback

Accessibility Statement - https://visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/accessibility

Google Analytics - Bodleian Libraries use Google Analytics cookies on this web site. Google Analytics anonymously tracks individual visitor behaviour on this web site so that we can see how LibGuides is being used. We only use this information for monitoring and improving our websites and content for the benefit of our users (you). You can opt out of Google Analytics cookies completely (from all websites) by visiting https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout

© Bodleian Libraries 2021. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence

• Study and research support
• Academic skills

Dissertation examples

Listed below are some of the best examples of research projects and dissertations from undergraduate and taught postgraduate students at the University of Leeds We have not been able to gather examples from all schools. The module requirements for research projects may have changed since these examples were written. Refer to your module guidelines to make sure that you address all of the current assessment criteria. Some of the examples below are only available to access on campus.

• Undergraduate examples
• Taught Masters examples

• Search Menu
• Sign in through your institution
• Browse content in Arts and Humanities
• Browse content in Archaeology
• Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology
• Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
• Archaeology by Region
• Archaeology of Religion
• Archaeology of Trade and Exchange
• Biblical Archaeology
• Contemporary and Public Archaeology
• Environmental Archaeology
• Historical Archaeology
• History and Theory of Archaeology
• Industrial Archaeology
• Landscape Archaeology
• Mortuary Archaeology
• Prehistoric Archaeology
• Underwater Archaeology
• Zooarchaeology
• Browse content in Architecture
• Architectural Structure and Design
• History of Architecture
• Residential and Domestic Buildings
• Theory of Architecture
• Browse content in Art
• Art Subjects and Themes
• History of Art
• Industrial and Commercial Art
• Theory of Art
• Biographical Studies
• Byzantine Studies
• Browse content in Classical Studies
• Classical History
• Classical Philosophy
• Classical Mythology
• Classical Numismatics
• Classical Literature
• Classical Reception
• Classical Art and Architecture
• Classical Oratory and Rhetoric
• Greek and Roman Papyrology
• Greek and Roman Epigraphy
• Greek and Roman Law
• Greek and Roman Archaeology
• Late Antiquity
• Religion in the Ancient World
• Social History
• Digital Humanities
• Browse content in History
• Colonialism and Imperialism
• Diplomatic History
• Environmental History
• Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours
• Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
• Historical Geography
• History by Period
• History of Emotions
• History of Agriculture
• History of Education
• History of Gender and Sexuality
• Industrial History
• Intellectual History
• International History
• Labour History
• Legal and Constitutional History
• Local and Family History
• Maritime History
• Military History
• National Liberation and Post-Colonialism
• Oral History
• Political History
• Public History
• Regional and National History
• Revolutions and Rebellions
• Slavery and Abolition of Slavery
• Social and Cultural History
• Theory, Methods, and Historiography
• Urban History
• World History
• Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning
• Language Learning (Specific Skills)
• Language Teaching Theory and Methods
• Browse content in Linguistics
• Applied Linguistics
• Cognitive Linguistics
• Computational Linguistics
• Forensic Linguistics
• Grammar, Syntax and Morphology
• Historical and Diachronic Linguistics
• History of English
• Language Evolution
• Language Reference
• Language Acquisition
• Language Variation
• Language Families
• Lexicography
• Linguistic Anthropology
• Linguistic Theories
• Linguistic Typology
• Phonetics and Phonology
• Psycholinguistics
• Sociolinguistics
• Translation and Interpretation
• Writing Systems
• Browse content in Literature
• Bibliography
• Children's Literature Studies
• Literary Studies (Romanticism)
• Literary Studies (American)
• Literary Studies (Asian)
• Literary Studies (European)
• Literary Studies (Eco-criticism)
• Literary Studies (Modernism)
• Literary Studies - World
• Literary Studies (1500 to 1800)
• Literary Studies (19th Century)
• Literary Studies (20th Century onwards)
• Literary Studies (African American Literature)
• Literary Studies (British and Irish)
• Literary Studies (Early and Medieval)
• Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers)
• Literary Studies (Gender Studies)
• Literary Studies (Graphic Novels)
• Literary Studies (History of the Book)
• Literary Studies (Plays and Playwrights)
• Literary Studies (Poetry and Poets)
• Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature)
• Literary Studies (Queer Studies)
• Literary Studies (Science Fiction)
• Literary Studies (Travel Literature)
• Literary Studies (War Literature)
• Literary Studies (Women's Writing)
• Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
• Mythology and Folklore
• Shakespeare Studies and Criticism
• Browse content in Media Studies
• Browse content in Music
• Applied Music
• Dance and Music
• Ethics in Music
• Ethnomusicology
• Gender and Sexuality in Music
• Medicine and Music
• Music Cultures
• Music and Media
• Music and Religion
• Music and Culture
• Music Education and Pedagogy
• Music Theory and Analysis
• Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti
• Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques
• Musicology and Music History
• Performance Practice and Studies
• Race and Ethnicity in Music
• Sound Studies
• Browse content in Performing Arts
• Browse content in Philosophy
• Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art
• Epistemology
• Feminist Philosophy
• History of Western Philosophy
• Metaphysics
• Moral Philosophy
• Non-Western Philosophy
• Philosophy of Language
• Philosophy of Mind
• Philosophy of Perception
• Philosophy of Science
• Philosophy of Action
• Philosophy of Law
• Philosophy of Religion
• Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
• Practical Ethics
• Social and Political Philosophy
• Browse content in Religion
• Biblical Studies
• Christianity
• East Asian Religions
• History of Religion
• Judaism and Jewish Studies
• Qumran Studies
• Religion and Education
• Religion and Health
• Religion and Politics
• Religion and Science
• Religion and Law
• Religion and Art, Literature, and Music
• Religious Studies
• Browse content in Society and Culture
• Cookery, Food, and Drink
• Cultural Studies
• Customs and Traditions
• Ethical Issues and Debates
• Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts
• Natural world, Country Life, and Pets
• Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge
• Sports and Outdoor Recreation
• Technology and Society
• Travel and Holiday
• Visual Culture
• Browse content in Law
• Arbitration
• Browse content in Company and Commercial Law
• Commercial Law
• Company Law
• Browse content in Comparative Law
• Systems of Law
• Competition Law
• Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law
• Government Powers
• Judicial Review
• Local Government Law
• Military and Defence Law
• Parliamentary and Legislative Practice
• Construction Law
• Contract Law
• Browse content in Criminal Law
• Criminal Procedure
• Criminal Evidence Law
• Sentencing and Punishment
• Employment and Labour Law
• Environment and Energy Law
• Browse content in Financial Law
• Banking Law
• Insolvency Law
• History of Law
• Human Rights and Immigration
• Intellectual Property Law
• Browse content in International Law
• Private International Law and Conflict of Laws
• Public International Law
• IT and Communications Law
• Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law
• Law and Politics
• Law and Society
• Browse content in Legal System and Practice
• Courts and Procedure
• Legal Skills and Practice
• Legal System - Costs and Funding
• Primary Sources of Law
• Regulation of Legal Profession
• Medical and Healthcare Law
• Browse content in Policing
• Criminal Investigation and Detection
• Police and Security Services
• Police Procedure and Law
• Police Regional Planning
• Browse content in Property Law
• Personal Property Law
• Study and Revision
• Terrorism and National Security Law
• Browse content in Trusts Law
• Wills and Probate or Succession
• Browse content in Medicine and Health
• Browse content in Allied Health Professions
• Arts Therapies
• Clinical Science
• Dietetics and Nutrition
• Occupational Therapy
• Operating Department Practice
• Physiotherapy
• Radiography
• Speech and Language Therapy
• Browse content in Anaesthetics
• General Anaesthesia
• Neuroanaesthesia
• Clinical Neuroscience
• Browse content in Clinical Medicine
• Acute Medicine
• Cardiovascular Medicine
• Clinical Genetics
• Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
• Dermatology
• Endocrinology and Diabetes
• Gastroenterology
• Genito-urinary Medicine
• Geriatric Medicine
• Infectious Diseases
• Medical Toxicology
• Medical Oncology
• Pain Medicine
• Palliative Medicine
• Rehabilitation Medicine
• Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology
• Rheumatology
• Sleep Medicine
• Sports and Exercise Medicine
• Community Medical Services
• Critical Care
• Emergency Medicine
• Forensic Medicine
• Haematology
• History of Medicine
• Browse content in Medical Skills
• Clinical Skills
• Communication Skills
• Nursing Skills
• Surgical Skills
• Browse content in Medical Dentistry
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Paediatric Dentistry
• Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics
• Surgical Dentistry
• Medical Ethics
• Medical Statistics and Methodology
• Browse content in Neurology
• Clinical Neurophysiology
• Neuropathology
• Nursing Studies
• Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Gynaecology
• Occupational Medicine
• Ophthalmology
• Otolaryngology (ENT)
• Browse content in Paediatrics
• Neonatology
• Browse content in Pathology
• Chemical Pathology
• Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
• Histopathology
• Medical Microbiology and Virology
• Patient Education and Information
• Browse content in Pharmacology
• Psychopharmacology
• Browse content in Popular Health
• Caring for Others
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Self-help and Personal Development
• Browse content in Preclinical Medicine
• Cell Biology
• Molecular Biology and Genetics
• Reproduction, Growth and Development
• Primary Care
• Professional Development in Medicine
• Browse content in Psychiatry
• Addiction Medicine
• Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• Forensic Psychiatry
• Learning Disabilities
• Old Age Psychiatry
• Psychotherapy
• Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health
• Browse content in Radiology
• Clinical Radiology
• Interventional Radiology
• Nuclear Medicine
• Radiation Oncology
• Reproductive Medicine
• Browse content in Surgery
• Cardiothoracic Surgery
• Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery
• General Surgery
• Neurosurgery
• Paediatric Surgery
• Peri-operative Care
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Surgical Oncology
• Transplant Surgery
• Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
• Vascular Surgery
• Browse content in Science and Mathematics
• Browse content in Biological Sciences
• Aquatic Biology
• Biochemistry
• Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
• Developmental Biology
• Ecology and Conservation
• Evolutionary Biology
• Genetics and Genomics
• Microbiology
• Molecular and Cell Biology
• Natural History
• Plant Sciences and Forestry
• Research Methods in Life Sciences
• Structural Biology
• Systems Biology
• Zoology and Animal Sciences
• Browse content in Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Computational Chemistry
• Crystallography
• Environmental Chemistry
• Industrial Chemistry
• Inorganic Chemistry
• Materials Chemistry
• Medicinal Chemistry
• Mineralogy and Gems
• Organic Chemistry
• Physical Chemistry
• Polymer Chemistry
• Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry
• Theoretical Chemistry
• Browse content in Computer Science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Computer Architecture and Logic Design
• Game Studies
• Human-Computer Interaction
• Mathematical Theory of Computation
• Programming Languages
• Software Engineering
• Systems Analysis and Design
• Virtual Reality
• Browse content in Computing
• Business Applications
• Computer Security
• Computer Games
• Computer Networking and Communications
• Digital Lifestyle
• Graphical and Digital Media Applications
• Operating Systems
• Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography
• Atmospheric Sciences
• Environmental Geography
• Geology and the Lithosphere
• Maps and Map-making
• Meteorology and Climatology
• Oceanography and Hydrology
• Palaeontology
• Physical Geography and Topography
• Regional Geography
• Soil Science
• Urban Geography
• Browse content in Engineering and Technology
• Agriculture and Farming
• Biological Engineering
• Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building
• Electronics and Communications Engineering
• Energy Technology
• Engineering (General)
• Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology
• History of Engineering and Technology
• Mechanical Engineering and Materials
• Technology of Industrial Chemistry
• Transport Technology and Trades
• Browse content in Environmental Science
• Applied Ecology (Environmental Science)
• Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science)
• Environmental Sustainability
• Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science)
• Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science)
• Natural Disasters (Environmental Science)
• Nuclear Issues (Environmental Science)
• Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science)
• Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science)
• History of Science and Technology
• Browse content in Materials Science
• Ceramics and Glasses
• Composite Materials
• Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion
• Nanotechnology
• Browse content in Mathematics
• Applied Mathematics
• Biomathematics and Statistics
• History of Mathematics
• Mathematical Education
• Mathematical Finance
• Mathematical Analysis
• Numerical and Computational Mathematics
• Probability and Statistics
• Pure Mathematics
• Browse content in Neuroscience
• Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience
• Development of the Nervous System
• Disorders of the Nervous System
• History of Neuroscience
• Invertebrate Neurobiology
• Molecular and Cellular Systems
• Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System
• Neuroscientific Techniques
• Sensory and Motor Systems
• Browse content in Physics
• Astronomy and Astrophysics
• Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
• Biological and Medical Physics
• Classical Mechanics
• Computational Physics
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics
• History of Physics
• Mathematical and Statistical Physics
• Measurement Science
• Nuclear Physics
• Particles and Fields
• Plasma Physics
• Quantum Physics
• Relativity and Gravitation
• Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics
• Browse content in Psychology
• Affective Sciences
• Clinical Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Criminal and Forensic Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Evolutionary Psychology
• Health Psychology
• History and Systems in Psychology
• Music Psychology
• Neuropsychology
• Organizational Psychology
• Psychological Assessment and Testing
• Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction
• Psychology Professional Development and Training
• Research Methods in Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Browse content in Social Sciences
• Browse content in Anthropology
• Anthropology of Religion
• Human Evolution
• Medical Anthropology
• Physical Anthropology
• Regional Anthropology
• Social and Cultural Anthropology
• Theory and Practice of Anthropology
• Browse content in Business and Management
• Business Ethics
• Business Strategy
• Business History
• Business and Technology
• Business and Government
• Business and the Environment
• Comparative Management
• Corporate Governance
• Corporate Social Responsibility
• Entrepreneurship
• Health Management
• Human Resource Management
• Industrial and Employment Relations
• Industry Studies
• Information and Communication Technologies
• International Business
• Knowledge Management
• Management and Management Techniques
• Operations Management
• Organizational Theory and Behaviour
• Pensions and Pension Management
• Public and Nonprofit Management
• Social Issues in Business and Management
• Strategic Management
• Supply Chain Management
• Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice
• Criminal Justice
• Criminology
• Forms of Crime
• International and Comparative Criminology
• Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
• Development Studies
• Browse content in Economics
• Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics
• Asian Economics
• Behavioural Finance
• Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics
• Econometrics and Mathematical Economics
• Economic History
• Economic Systems
• Economic Methodology
• Economic Development and Growth
• Financial Markets
• Financial Institutions and Services
• General Economics and Teaching
• Health, Education, and Welfare
• History of Economic Thought
• International Economics
• Labour and Demographic Economics
• Law and Economics
• Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
• Microeconomics
• Public Economics
• Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
• Welfare Economics
• Browse content in Education
• Adult Education and Continuous Learning
• Care and Counselling of Students
• Early Childhood and Elementary Education
• Educational Equipment and Technology
• Educational Strategies and Policy
• Higher and Further Education
• Organization and Management of Education
• Philosophy and Theory of Education
• Schools Studies
• Secondary Education
• Teaching of a Specific Subject
• Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs
• Teaching Skills and Techniques
• Browse content in Environment
• Applied Ecology (Social Science)
• Climate Change
• Conservation of the Environment (Social Science)
• Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science)
• Management of Land and Natural Resources (Social Science)
• Natural Disasters (Environment)
• Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science)
• Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science)
• Sustainability
• Browse content in Human Geography
• Cultural Geography
• Economic Geography
• Political Geography
• Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies
• Communication Studies
• Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences
• Browse content in Politics
• African Politics
• Asian Politics
• Chinese Politics
• Comparative Politics
• Conflict Politics
• Elections and Electoral Studies
• Environmental Politics
• Ethnic Politics
• European Union
• Foreign Policy
• Gender and Politics
• Human Rights and Politics
• Indian Politics
• International Relations
• International Organization (Politics)
• International Political Economy
• Irish Politics
• Latin American Politics
• Middle Eastern Politics
• Political Behaviour
• Political Economy
• Political Institutions
• Political Methodology
• Political Communication
• Political Philosophy
• Political Sociology
• Political Theory
• Politics and Law
• Politics of Development
• Public Policy
• Public Administration
• Qualitative Political Methodology
• Quantitative Political Methodology
• Regional Political Studies
• Russian Politics
• Security Studies
• State and Local Government
• UK Politics
• US Politics
• Browse content in Regional and Area Studies
• African Studies
• Asian Studies
• East Asian Studies
• Japanese Studies
• Latin American Studies
• Middle Eastern Studies
• Native American Studies
• Scottish Studies
• Browse content in Research and Information
• Research Methods
• Browse content in Social Work
• Addictions and Substance Misuse
• Adoption and Fostering
• Care of the Elderly
• Child and Adolescent Social Work
• Couple and Family Social Work
• Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work
• Emergency Services
• Human Behaviour and the Social Environment
• International and Global Issues in Social Work
• Mental and Behavioural Health
• Social Justice and Human Rights
• Social Policy and Advocacy
• Social Work and Crime and Justice
• Social Work Macro Practice
• Social Work Practice Settings
• Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice
• Welfare and Benefit Systems
• Browse content in Sociology
• Childhood Studies
• Community Development
• Comparative and Historical Sociology
• Economic Sociology
• Gender and Sexuality
• Gerontology and Ageing
• Health, Illness, and Medicine
• Marriage and the Family
• Migration Studies
• Occupations, Professions, and Work
• Organizations
• Population and Demography
• Race and Ethnicity
• Social Theory
• Social Movements and Social Change
• Social Research and Statistics
• Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
• Sociology of Religion
• Sociology of Education
• Sport and Leisure
• Urban and Rural Studies
• Browse content in Warfare and Defence
• Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research
• Land Forces and Warfare
• Military Administration
• Military Life and Institutions
• Naval Forces and Warfare
• Other Warfare and Defence Issues
• Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution
• Weapons and Equipment

Explore our collection

• Open Access Resources
• Open Access Content

At OUP, we are committed to opening the doors to research you can trust.

Journal articles and monographs published under open access terms are available to the public with unrestricted access to read and re-use. By publishing trusted OA research, we are helping fulfill the Press’s mission to further the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. We are proud to be the largest university press publisher of open access research with more than 120 fully OA journals, 250 OA books, and over 400 journals with OA options for authors.

In 2022, OUP published over 22,000 open access articles , and retains the second highest mean lifetime citation rate for OA articles among major competitors, demonstrating the reach, quality, and impact of our publishing.

Our commitment to publishing world-leading, trusted open access research is unwavering, and we believe that OA options provide opportunities for researchers across all disciplines. Take a moment to learn more about OA publishing in the arts and humanities across journals and books.

Open Access at OUP

Explore Open Access journal articles and book chapters

Latest open access articles, latest open access chapters, stay informed.

Sign up for email updates from Arts & Humanities

Celebrate SHAPE at OUP

• About Oxford Academic
• Publish journals with us
• University press partners
• What we publish
• New features  
• Open access
• Institutional account management
• Rights and permissions
• Get help with access
• Accessibility
• Advertising
• Media enquiries
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Languages
• University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
• Cookie settings
• Cookie policy
• Privacy policy
• Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.