criminal justice essay ielts

Crime and punishment IELTS model essay with vocabulary

Our band nine sample essays give you the opportunity to learn from successful essays that show off the best structure, vocabulary and grammar. This IELTS essay on crime and punishment explores the advantages and disadvantages of harsh punishment for criminals.

band Nine Sample Essay

In some countries, crimes are punished harshly. what are some advantages and disadvantages of this approach.

Several nations have opted to implement a system of strict penalties, such as long jail sentences and execution, for crimes. In this essay, I will explore the advantage that this is a good deterrent with the disadvantage that this harms rehabilitation .

Punitive measures can help deter future crime. If people can see that crimes will be punished harshly, they are far less likely to want to commit a crime . Because people consider risk versus reward before acting, making crime as risky as possible by increasing punishment can stop criminals. Conversely, when countries have light punishments for crimes like shoplifting , people in those countries might feel like it is worth the risk to do these crimes.

However, these strong punishments also increase recidivism by failing to rehabilitate people. One of the main purposes of sending people to prison is to prevent them from committing crimes when they leave; however, making prisons and other punishments too strict works against this purpose. When criminals have a heavily punitive experience, they lose self-confidence and become distrustful of authority , meaning they are more likely to be involved in crime when they leave prison. Alternatively, if prisoners have access to training and support, such as drug rehabilitation programs and anger management classes, they are far more likely to rejoin society in a productive way. 

In conclusion, the correct punishment for crimes is a complex issue. On the one hand, strong measures deter crime; on the other hand, the same measures make it more likely for prisoners to reoffend .

crime and punishment vocabulary

Although crime and punishment is a common topic in the IELTS exam, there, thankfully, is not too much vocabulary you need to know for it. Let’s take a look at some of the high level vocabulary in this answer to kick start your learning.

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Ielts essay # 287 - fixed punishments for each type of crime, ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay:, some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment..

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IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic: Many offenders commit more crimes after serving the first punishment

Updated On Aug 08, 2024

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Get access to the IELTS Writing Task 2 band 9 sample answer of 'Many Offenders Commit More Crimes After Serving The First Punishment’ here!

Table of Contents

Band 8 sample essay, band 9 sample essay, other essays related to crime and punishment.

IELTS Writing Prediction Questions for 2024

In IELTS Writing Task 2 , students are asked to write a formal essay of at least 250 words, in 4-5 paragraphs based on the given writing task 2 essay topics. The task is similar for both Academic and General Training with regards to the type of questions and the scoring, but the topics given for General Training will be slightly easier than Academic.

Given below is an IELTS problem and solution essay with sample answers that will help you to practise and get a good score.

Before that, take a look at IELTS Writing Task 2 Preparation Tips !

Many offenders commit more crimes after serving the first punishment. Why is this happening, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem?

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Do you have an essay on this topic? Please post it in the comments section. One of our IELTS trainers will evaluate your essay from an examiner’s point of view and reply to the comment. This service is completely FREE of cost.

Cause/ Solution Essay

Introduction

Introduce the essay topic and paraphrase it by giving a proper preface. Then, state the essay’s intent in two subsequent paragraphs, i.e., the causes and solutions for the essay topic.

Paragraph 1: A large proportion of criminals leave prison only to reoffend, owing to a lack of rehabilitation and reskilling opportunities in prison

Paragraph 2: These criminals can take effective measures to keep engaged in activities that will help them acquire new skills.

State the solution

Most criminals tend to commit crimes again, once they are released from jail. This is mainly because of the lack of rehabilitation in prisons and also the difficulty they face in finding employment. There are a lot of solutions to overcome this situation. In this essay, we will explain why the criminals commit the same crime again and the reasons to overcome this.

The main reason for the repetition of crimes is the lack of reskilling options in jails. Since they are unable to find the right employment, they resort to unfair means to earn their daily bread. Another reason is that there aren’t strict laws to keep them under control.

Some effective measures are imposing strict punishments and improving their skills like craft making, fashion designing, catering and so on. They will be engaged in work once they are out of prison and become self-sustained.

To sum up, the government must closely monitor the criminals even after they are out of prison and ensure that there is a reduction in crime rate so that we can make the world a better place to live in.

Several criminals are likely to commit other offences after serving their initial term, owing to their incapacity to maintain economic stability and difficulty finding suitable employment. However, there are several options for dealing with this scenario, such as providing financial assistance and instilling the necessary skills. This essay will look at why criminals commit the same crimes over and over again and how to avoid them.

To begin with, most first-time convicts commit crimes after serving their first sentence due to the lack of employment options and opportunities to retrain and master new skills to make a living. Moreover, since society does not accept the convicts as respectable people anymore, they join hands with their criminal friends and perpetuate the same crimes, such as pickpocketing or robbing, to make ends meet and avail basic necessities. As a result, the financial hardships of the perpetrators prompt them to recommit the crimes regardless of the repercussions.

There are some viable measures to rehabiliate habitual criminals. The government can provide financial assistance to them after they complete their sentence as this will help them stabilize their economic status and make a living for themselves. The government can also ensure that criminals have the opportunity to retrain vital skills while in prison, as this will help them find stable work after their sentence is over and will improve their reintegration into society and financial development.

To sum up, the convicts recommit the crimes owing to a lack of financial help, job opportunities, and rehabilitation. Still, crime rates would drop considerably if the government implemented the above-mentioned measures and kept a close eye on first-time offenders once set free.

• Rehabilitation

Meaning: the action of restoring someone to a healthy or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness Eg: The older woman was sent to a rehabilitation centre.

Meaning: succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty) Eg: It was difficult for John to overcome the loss of his pet.

Meaning: teach (a person, especially an unemployed person) new skills Eg: The University started a reskilling program for the students.

Meaning: the action of repeating something that has already been said or written. Eg: The staff was fired due to her repetition of mistakes.

• Earn (one’s) daily bread

Meaning: to do work of any kind for a living Eg: The man earned his daily bread by working at a construction site.

• Self-sustaining

Meaning: able to continue in a healthy state without outside assistance Eg: Kay was self-sustaining from his business.

Meaning: observe and check the progress or quality of (something) over a period of time Eg: The teacher monitored the students during the exam.

Meaning: make certain that (something) will occur or be the case Eg: My mother ensured that I scored good marks.

Meaning: turn to and adopt (a course of action, especially an extreme or undesirable one) so as to resolve a difficult situation. Eg: Jill had to resort to a loan from the bank.

Meaning: force (an unwelcome decision or ruling) on someone Eg: The government imposed strict travel restrictions.

There are also other related essays that you can make use of while practicing for IELTS Writing task 2 essays. The list is given below:

Juvenile Criminal

• Some people say that when children under 18 are committing a crime they should be punished, while others believe they should be educated. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give your own opinion.
• Studies show that criminals get a low level of education. Some people believe that the best way to reduce crime is by educating people in prison so they can get a job after leaving prison. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
• In some countries, a high proportion of criminal acts are committed by teenagers. Why has this happened? What can be done to deal with this?
• Some people who have been in prison become good citizens later. Some people think that having these people to give a talk to school students is the best way to tell them about the dangers of committing a crime. Do you agree or disagree?

More Writing Task 2 Essay Topics

• Some People Prefer to Spend Their Lives Doing The Same Things and Avoiding Change
• Some People Believe That Reading Stories From a Book is Better Than Watching Tv or Playing Computer Games for Children.
• Some People Say That Economic Growth Is The Only Way to End Hunger and Poverty
• Scientific Research Should Be Carried Out and Controlled by the Government
• The Tradition of Families Getting Together to Eat Meals is Disappearing
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Proven tips to score Band 9 in IELTS Writing

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Soon after graduating with a Master’s in Literature from Southern Arkansas University, she joined an institute as an English language trainer. She has had innumerous student interactions and has produced a couple of research papers on English language teaching. She soon found that non-native speakers struggled to meet the English language requirements set by foreign universities. It was when she decided to jump ship into IELTS training. From then on, she has been mentoring IELTS aspirants. She joined IELTSMaterial about a year ago, and her contributions have been exceptional. Her essay ideas and vocabulary have taken many students to a band 9.

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Crime and Punishment [IELTS Topics]

Posted by David S. Wills | Nov 20, 2020 | IELTS Tips | 0

If you have practised for IELTS writing, then you have more than likely encountered the IELTS topic of crime and punishment . I am not talking about the book by Russian novelist , Fyodor Dostoevsky. Instead, I mean the general topic that covers issues relating to crime, criminals, police, the law, and methods of punishing lawbreakers.

This is a pretty common topic in IELTS writing and also in the speaking test, so today I would like to show you some useful vocabulary and also to run through some crime and punishment IELTS essays so that you can better understand this topic.

IELTS Vocabulary for Crime and Punishment

If you want to prepare for the topic of crime and punishment, then you should learn some vocabulary to help you discuss it with ease. A great way to start is to read some news articles about crime. You can try searching your favourite English-language news source. I recommend the BBC , but any high-quality news outlet is fine. You might also find it useful to search Wikipedia for crime-related topics, such as “ capital punishment .” These will invariably contain many useful words. For example:

Of course, I usually stress that you should not just learn words in isolation. Try to learn groups of words that commonly go together or longer phrases that might help you. For example, you could learn some adjectives and nouns that go together:

• law-abiding citizens
• hardened criminals

It is also worth noting that the word “criminal” can be a noun or an adjective:

• criminal behaviour (adjective)
• an unrepentant criminal (noun)

Notice that I am mixing adjectives and nouns to provide more accurate and also colourful language. This is a good way to improve your writing skills – but of course it only helps when the language is used accurately.

Here is a video that I recently made covering the topic of crime and punishment as it relates to IELTS. This includes some useful vocabulary to talk about the court system:

• attorney vs solicitor
• capital punishment and its synonyms
• jail vs prison

More Vocabulary: Types of Crime and Criminals

If you want to talk about crime, then it would be useful to know the name of various crimes and also the criminal associated with them. Here’s a list of crime words I made for you:

IELTS Speaking: Crime and Punishment

The topic of crime and punishment could be considered quite controversial in some ways. Think about the issues that arise: imprisonment, violence, reforming criminals. These are serious issues that cannot be summed up in short sentences without further justification. As such, this is not a common topic for part one of the speaking test.

Likewise, you probably would not be asked to talk about this for part two. Can you imagine if the cue card said, “Describe a criminal you know?” 🤨 That would not really be appropriate. It has the potential to make people feel embarrassed or ashamed or even to completely draw a blank.

Therefore, crime and punishment mostly arises in part three of the IELTS speaking test. This is where you are asked about bigger issues that require more thought and explanation. These can be viewed as similar to the sorts of question you see in task two of the writing exam.

IELTS Speaking Part 3 Questions: Crime

Here are some example questions and answers from part three of the speaking test:

Q: Do you think that young criminals should be sent to prison for serious crimes?

A: No, I do not think that it is right to send young offenders to prison. In fact, that seems to be the worst way to deal with them. In any advanced society, juvenile delinquents should be dealt with through education, with the intention of reforming them into law-abiding adults. Sending them to jail or prison simply puts them in contact with other criminals and makes them more likely to commit further offenses.

Q: What do you think makes people commit acts of violent crime?

A: Well, crimes have different motivations. Some are committed out of desperation and others are crimes of passion. In other words, they are spur-of-the-moment offenses that had no forethought. Then there are other crimes that are definitely pre-meditated. These are the worst ones and probably the hardest to pin down in terms of motivation. In any case, it is hard to say what makes people do these things, except that it depends entirely upon the individual case.

Q: Do you think that video games encourage young people to commit crimes?

A: No, absolutely not, and the scientific consensus nowadays appears to back that stance. The idea that video games encourage people to commit crimes is laughable. If this was true, we would have to go and censor TV and books, and even change how we report the news. People who are going to commit crimes do so for a variety of reasons, but to suggest that they do it to imitate a game is quite absurd. If someone really did claim that their crime was inspired by a computer game, they would probably be lying or else they had underlying mental issues that made them particularly susceptible to outside influences.

Crime and Punishment IELTS Essay Topics

This topic is much more common in the writing exam than other parts because it requires the expression of complex ideas. As such, you will see many IELTS writing task 2 questions about crime and punishment.

Common sub-topics include:

• young people and crime
• capital punishment
• reasons for criminal behaviour
• reforming offenders

Crime and Punishment IELTS Essay

Here is a quite representative task 2 essay question:

Some people think that offenders should be put in prison. Others, however, believe that providing offenders with education and training is more effective than putting them in prison. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Sample Band 9 Answer

For thousands of years, people have discussed the different ways of dealing with criminals, and even in the modern era there is a great degree of disagreement on this subject. Some believe that prison is an effective measure, but others argue that education and training would be better. This essay will look at both sides of the argument and then argue in favour of a balanced approach.

For centuries, prisons have been used as a way of both punishing criminals and keeping them away from law-abiding citizens. Although it works as a deterrent and also as a practical means of keeping society safe, it is not without its controversy. For one thing, prisons are notorious hubs of gang activity, and impressionable young lawbreakers can easily be moulded into hardened criminals during a short stint behind bars. Moreover, prisons are violent places where young offenders can be raped, beaten, or even killed during their sentence, and when they are released they carry with them the stigma of their incarceration. This means that they will struggle to return to normal society and, for this reason, recidivism rates can be quite high in some places. Thus, although prisons are an effective means of punishing people and keeping society safe, they are not without substantial problems.

On the other hand, educating and training criminals is controversial because people tend to think of it as overly lenient. Many law-abiding citizens believe that those who break the law should be punished harshly or else there is little reason to adhere to the rules. However, this approach should not be seen as rewarding criminals but rather rehabilitating people who were pushed to extreme actions by their unfortunate circumstances. Statistically, most prison inmates come from backgrounds of poverty and abuse, so giving them a helping hand can be more beneficial than punishing them and then hoping that they do not return to a life of crime.

In conclusion, this is an extremely complex issue that requires serious scrutiny, but it appears as though prison should be reserved only for violent and habitual offenders while the majority of petty criminals should be dealt with through education and training.

Notes on the Answer

There was a lot of great vocabulary in this answer for the purposes of a descriptive and thoughtful essay:

• impressionable young lawbreakers
• a short stint behind bars
• the stigma of their incarceration
• recidivism rates
• rehabilitating
• requires serious scrutiny
• petty criminals

Task 1 – Crime-related Essays

For IELTS writing task 1, it is also possible that you could have to describe data about crime. This is harder to predict because it really could be about almost anything, but here is an example of a line graph about various types of criminal activity:

The line graph shows changes in crime rates over a ten-year period in the city centre of Newport. Three types of crimes are listed, two of which ended the period at roughly similar levels to where they began, and one experienced a major drop.

In 2003, which was the beginning of the recorded period, burglary was the most common type of crime in Newport, with just under 3,500 cases reported. This rose slightly the following year, before entering into a long downward trend, reaching a low of about 1,200 in 2008. After this, the number of burglaries reported fluctuated until 2012.

The number of car thefts was about 2,800 in 2003, and ended the period slightly lower, at 2,700. During the decade-long period, it fluctuated, reaching low points in 2006 and 2008. Car theft was the second most common type of crime in 2003, but the fall in burglaries meant that from 2008 onwards, they were the most common crime in Newport.

Robberies were the least common crime and followed a somewhat similar trend to that of car thefts, starting and ending the period with around 700 incidents. It fluctuated only slightly during the ten-year period.

This essay originally appeared here .

About The Author

David S. Wills

David S. Wills is the author of Scientologist! William S. Burroughs and the 'Weird Cult' and the founder/editor of Beatdom literary journal. He lives and works in rural Cambodia and loves to travel. He has worked as an IELTS tutor since 2010, has completed both TEFL and CELTA courses, and has a certificate from Cambridge for Teaching Writing. David has worked in many different countries, and for several years designed a writing course for the University of Worcester. In 2018, he wrote the popular IELTS handbook, Grammar for IELTS Writing and he has since written two other books about IELTS. His other IELTS website is called IELTS Teaching.

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Crime & Punishment Essay Titles

IELTS Essay Questions for the Topic of Crime & Punishment. All essay questions below are reported by IELTS candidates and seem to have been repeated over the years. Regardless of the years the questions were reported, you could get any question below in your test. You should, therefore, prepare ideas for all questions given below. This topic is more likely to appear in the Academic test than the GT writing test. However, all candidates should prepare for all topics to be safe.

Crime & Punishment Essay Questions for IELTS Writing Task 2

The crime rate nowadays is decreasing compared to the past due to advance technology which can prevent and solve crime. Do you agree or disagree? (Reported 2017, 2021 Academic Test)

Many criminals commit further crimes as soon as they released from prison. What do you think are the causes of this? What possible solutions can you suggest? (Reported 2015, 2017, 2022 Academic Test)

It is often thought that the increase in juvenile crime can be attributed to violence in the media. Do you agree that this is the main cause of juvenile crime? What solutions can you offer to deal with this situation? (common question)

In some societies, the number of crimes committed by teenagers is growing. Some people think that regardless of age, teenagers who commit major crimes should receive adult punishment. To what extent do you agree? (2020, 2023)

Some countries are struggling with an increase in the rate of crime. Many people think that having more police on the streets is the only way to reduce crime. To what extent do you agree? (2018, 2020)

Some people think that women should not be allowed to work in the police force. Do you agree or disagree?

Many crimes are often related to the consumption of alcohol. Some people think that the best way to reduce the crime rate is to ban alcohol. Do you think this is an effective measure against crime? What other solutions can you suggest?

Some people think certain prisoners should be made to do unpaid community work instead of being put behind bars. To what extent do you agree? (Reported 2017, 2020, GT Test)

Many people believe that having a fixed punishment for all crimes is more efficient. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a fixed punishment? (common question)

Some people think that the government should be responsible for crime prevention, while others believe that it is the responsibility of the individual to protect themselves. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

The death penalty is the best way to control and reduce serious crime. To what extent do you agree? (2018, 2020)

While it is sometimes thought that prison is the best place for criminals, others believe that there are better ways to deal with them. What is your opinion? (common question – this is often reworded with a focus on the best ways to deal with criminals)

Crime rate, in most countries, is often higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Why do you think that is? What can be done to reduce the crime rate?

Some people think that poverty is the reason behind most crimes. Do you agree or disagree?

Internet crime is increasing rapidly as more and more people are using the internet to make financial transactions. What can be done to tackle this problem ?

Some people think that the parents of children who commit crime should also receive a punishment. Do you agree or disagree? (2020)

Reported essay questions are from students who have taken their IELTS test. That means questions may have appeared more frequently than have been reported. These questions may vary slightly in wording and focus from the original question. Also note that these questions could also appear in IELTS speaking part 3 which is another good reason to prepare all topics thoroughly.

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IELTS Writing Task 2 essay sample 3119 – Band 6.5

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

Write at least 250 words.

Policies and Government , Society and Community , Task 2 essay , Writing samples , Writing topics

The writing sample displayed here is the work of IELTS candidates and has been assessed by our team for guidance and practice purposes. These scores are not official IELTS scores.

Candidate’s Response:

An increasing number of offenders usually reoffend once they have released from prison. In my opinion, this is mainly because of the lack of rehabilitation and difficulty in finding employment once they released. There are a number of solutions which should be implemented to deal with criminals who reoffend.

Firstly, the main reason for most first-time offenders committing crimes again, once they have been released from prison, is due to the lack of rehabilitation whilst in prison. In other words, offenders are not given a chance to retrain and learn new skills for their future or develop a deeper understanding of correct moral behaivour and instead mixed with other criminals, which only strengthens their criminal intentions. Secondly, repeat offending is also owing to the difficulty in finding employment after being released. As a result, many of them struggle financially which certainly leads them back to crime, regardless of the consequences.

There are two effective solutions to deal with problems of reoffending. One way to tackle this issue is to ensure that all criminals entering prisons are given the chance to retrain and learn useful skills that will ensure them a job after serving their punishment. It will help them reintegrate back into society and give them some means of supporting themselves financially. Another method of dealing with repeat offending is to have more supervision and checks in places when offenders are back to society. It would hopefully prevent them from taking any chances and deter them from reoffending as they are being so closely watched.

In conclusion, providing training in prison and also close observation when first-time offenders are released are effective methods in dealing with these issues. If governments implemented these solutions, crime figures would soon drop.

Presented By: Shahab Hosseinzadeh

February 20, 2024

IELTS Writing Band Descriptors:

Thank you indeed for writing this essay. Main ideas are well arranged and organized. They are presented and discussed quite comprehensively, but the development in minor supporting sentences requires improvement. We suggest more examples, instances, or even personal experiences to be added to the main ideas.

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IELTS Writing Task 2 essay sample 3382 – Band 7.0

Culture and Traditions , Education , Family and Relationships , Task 2 essay , Writing samples

In some cultures, children are often told that they can achieve anything if they try hard enough.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of giving children this message?

Protected: IELTS Writing Task 2 essay sample 3375 – Band 7.5

Health and Well-being , Science and Research , Task 2 essay , Writing samples

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Band 9 sample essay about crime

Home  »  IELTS BAND 9 ESSAYS  »  Band 9 sample essay about crime

Crime is a big problem in the world; many believe that nothing can be done to prevent it. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give your own opinion.

Crime is unquestionably one of the most prevailing and worrying aspects in any society, and its prevention should be taken seriously. Crime prevention can be executed in various ways, firstly through a sustained honest presence in the community and secondly through international cooperation.

A local presence by incorruptible law enforcement authorities may be costly, however, the long-term investment would pay dividends in the future. A safer region would encourage trade, investment and set an invaluable example for younger generations.

For example, crime has dramatically been reduced in the Favelas around Rio de Janiero in Brazil. This was achieved largely through the government committing large funds of money to stationing police headquarters in and around the slums. These financial expenditures greatly benefited the community.

Secondly, due to the large-scale severity and the global impact that crime has in some areas of the world, global cooperation is critical. Operating in a different way would incur significant financial losses and render any expenditure futile.

For example, Somalian pirates in Africa have reigned terror amongst many ocean transport companies in the area. Only through large-scale international cooperation was policing the area possible. Therefore, crime reduction can be attributed to a joint effort between countries.

To conclude, illegal activities are a costly and dangerous fact in the present global economy; however, through large-scale government investment prevention is an attainable goal. Also, spreading the expense through international cooperation the resources invested can be significantly more effective in reducing criminals’ effectiveness abroad.

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IELTS Essays About Crime

Jump to: Opinion Essays , Discussion Essays , Discussion and Opinion Essays , or Situation Essays

Opinion Essays

The death penalty should be available as a punishment for serious crimes.

To what extent do you agree?

Certain groups of society believe that the most efficient way of lowering crime rates is to be able to implement the death penalty for crimes which are the most serious. Others believe that this is not the case and makes no difference. Personally, I am completely against the use of the death penalty and this essay shall explore some of the reasons for this view point.

Firstly, a major drawback of the death penalty is that it is irreversible and could be handed out incorrectly. Although forensic scientists are becoming more and more advanced there is still a chance that mistakes are made and innocent people are executed. A classic case of this was Colin Ross, who in 1922 was executed but later evidence proved that he was actually innocent and in fact he was later pardoned in 2008.

In addition to the above arguments is the fact that some people are of the opinion that the death penalty has no place in a civilized society. To kill another human being for whatever reason should be considered a very low immoral act which demonstrates a lack of appreciation for the precious gift of life which we have all been given. Furthermore, most major religions of the world express the need for forgiveness. Executing inmates on death row is as far from this particular teaching as you could get.

Overall, it can be said that innocent people can be executed wrongfully and that a truly developed society should be able to find a more productive way of dealing with serious criminals. I therefore remain firmly of the stand point that the death penalty is totally unethical and ineffective

Internet crime is increasing rapidly as growing numbers of people purchase goods over the internet. What can be done to tackle this problem?

Following a significant increase in the number of financial transactions taking place online in recent years, internet crime levels have also increased dramatically. I believe this is due to the fact that people often think that they are safe when they are sat behind a computer and that they cannot be caught easily. This essay shall explore some ways of reducing these types of crimes.

One of the most effective ways of reducing online crime levels might be to make every internet user log-in with their passport number or national identification card number. Most countries assign at least one of these numbers to each citizen so this would make it very easy to track down who had done what crime and when. If potential criminals were made to identify themselves online in this manner when they first log on then it may cause them to think twice about conducting illegal activities.

Another method which may also aid online crime reduction would be to regulate the websites that the general public was allowed to access. This would mean that rather than the public being able to visit any type of websites they want to, they would only be allowed to access websites which were secure and not linked in any way to criminal activity. For example, certain web-sites such as Alphabaymarket.com sell fire-arms and drugs and are infamous for being places where illegal activities and transactions take place. Eliminating access to them could therefore aid in crime level reduction.

Overall, making people identify themselves online and restricting access to certain web-sites could help in online crime reduction. Personally, I feel the government need to take responsibility for implementing some or all of the above ideas.

Some people believe that poverty is the cause of most crimes.

Do you agree or disagree?

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While some people believe prison is the best place for criminals others think that there are better ways to handle them.

What is your opinion?

Violence in society increases when more violence is shown on television.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

In some communities the teenage crime rate is growing. Some people believe that regardless of age, teenagers who commit major crimes should receive punishment that is the same as an adults.

Some people believe certain prisoners should be forced to do community work with no pay rather than being simply kept inside a prison cell.

The crime rate nowadays is lower than in the past because of the increased use of advanced technology which can prevent and solve crimes.

Some countries are experiencing an increase in the rates of crime. Many people believe that getting more police walking the streets is the best way to prevent crime from occurring.

Discussion Essays

Back to top

Many people think that having one single fixed punishment for all crimes would be more effective.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a fixed punishment?

Discussion and Opinion Essays

Some people think that giving harsher prison sentences and punishments is the best way to reduce crime rates, others however believe there are alternative methods that need to be explored.

Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.

Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to hand out longer prison sentences, whilst other people think that there are better methods of doing reducing crime.

Discuss both views and give your opinion .

Some people think that the government should be responsible for reducing crime, where as others believe individuals should take responsibility for their own safety and security.

Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

Many criminals after being released go on to commit further crimes as soon as they are allowed out of prison.

What do you think are the causes of this and what possible solutions can you suggest?

Situation Essays

In some poorer areas of large cities people are too afraid to leave their houses at night time due to a fear of crime.

What are the causes of crime in those areas and what can be done to tackle those problems?

In many large cities around the world youth crime is growing at a fast rate.

What are the reasons for this and suggest some solutions.

Crime rates in most countries are often higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

What do you think are the reasons for this and what can be done to lower the crime rates?

It is thought that the increase in youth crime rates can be linked to an increase in violence shown in the media.

Do you agree that this is the main factor causing juvenile crime and what ideas can you offer to deal with the situation?

Many crimes are often linked to the consumption of alcohol. Some people think that banning alcohol sales would dramatically reduce crime.

Do you think it is an effective measure against crime and what other solutions can you suggest?

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IELTS vocabulary: crime and punishment

Updated: April 7th 2022

In IELTS writing task 2 various topics come up, such as the environment, family, society, work, technology, education, food and diet, health, sports and sometimes crime. The topic of crime is difficult for many students as there is so much vocabulary surrounding this.

When learning new words you should always learn how the words collocate in a sentence. Research has shown that the best method is to learn set phrases and ‘chunks of language’ not single word lists when learning a new language. When learning new phrases practice making sentences with them to see how they look in context. 

To see an IELTS essay model answer on the topic of ‘crime’ click the blue button below and make note of any new words you find.

Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentences. Others, however, believe there are better alternative ways of reducing crime. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Some people argue that longer jail terms are the most effective way to lower the crime rate, whereas others think that it is possible to reduce criminal offences using different methods. This essay argues that serious offenders should serve longer prison time because society needs to be protected from dangerous criminals.

On the one hand, it is widely felt that prolonged incarceration is necessary for people who commit terrible crimes to reduce the crime rate, and I completely agree with this view. This is because serious criminals such as murderers, rapists or violent offenders need to be kept away from society for as long as possible. If they are released early they will most likely re-offend and go on to commit terrible acts. For instance, evidence suggests that crime rates in developed countries, which have very long prison sentences or the death penalty for murder, are considerably lower than those with lenient sentences.

On the other hand, there is an argument that relying on sentencing to longer incarceration periods is not effective in lowering crime. In other words, society should find ways to tackle the issue of re-offending. To illustrate this, studies from the UK Government have shown that most ex-inmates tend to re-offend because they cannot integrate back into society. Hence, they need support such as education and job training to rebuild their life rather than spending years behind bars. I believe that helping them is essential to stop them from re-offending, however, heavier penalties for serious crimes must not be overlooked.

In conclusion, despite differing views on how to reduce crime, I believe keeping hardened criminals in jail for extended periods is essential to deter them from going back into society and endangering public safety.

Types of crime:

For definitions and meaning go to www.dictionary.com and type the word into the ‘definitions’ box at the top of the page..

Serious crimes

• Fraud / Scam 
• Manslaughter
• Attempted murder
• Drug smuggling
• Human trafficking
• Embezzlement
• Organised crime
• Corporate crime

Less serious crimes

• Shoplifting
• Petty crime / Misdemeanour
• Juvenile crime
• Drink driving
• Texting while driving
• Jumping a red light/traffic violations
• Pickpocketing
• Possession of drugs (in some countries this is a serious crime)

People who carry out the crimes (in red)  notice the article ‘a’ before the person

Burglary – a burglar Theft – a thief Pickpocketing – a pickpocket Murder – a murderer Robbery – a robber Mugging – a mugger Fraud – a fraudster Scam – a scammer Shoplifting – a shoplifter Hacking – a hacker Arson – an arsonist Offence – an offender Crime – a criminal

Example sentences:

Click the button below to see these words in context.

• Online fraud and internet banking scams are rising all over the world now.
• The number of phishing scams has increased recently.
• Extortion is commonly used by organised crime syndicates in many countries.
• She was imprisoned for 25 years for committing murder.
• He spent 8 years in jail for committing manslaughter .
• Shoplifting is common among people who are experiencing poverty.
• Petty crime, such as shoplifting, has decreased considerably in this town.
• Juvenile crime was a serious issue in London during the 1970s.
• He spent 1 year in prison for burglary.
• Human trafficking is a major problem worldwide now.
• Corporate crime, such as bribery , is widespread among developed nations.
• The number of muggings in London is much lower now compared to a decade ago.
• He was charged with assault and sentenced to prison for 6 months.
• A parking fine is usually considered to be a misdemeanour .
• He pleaded guilty to  attempted murder  and was given a lengthy jail term.

Collocations and set phrases:

Here are some common phrases and collocations connected to crime with some example sentences to show how they fit in the context of a sentence.

bring crime rates down / reduce crime rates 

• The government has announced new policies to reduce crime rates.
• The government has announced new policies to bring crime rates down.

sentenced to prison / to be given a prison sentence 

• He was sentenced to 3 months in prison for fraud. 
• He was given a 2-year prison sentence for robbery. 

found guilty of a crime

• He was found guilty of fraud and was given 2 years in prison by the Judge.

convicted of a crime

• He was convicted of murder and was given life imprisonment.

jail / prison / behind bars / incarcerated /  locked up 

• The judge sentenced him to 6 months in prison.
• The judge sentenced him to 6 months in jail.
• He was incarcerated for 5 years.
• Many people believe that long term incarceration is the best punishment for murder.
• Dangerous criminals need to be locked up.
• He is serving 2 years behind bars for arson.

serving time/imprisonment

• He is serving time behind bars for fraud .
• Imprisonment for serious offences should be far higher than for less serious crimes.

commit a crime / c riminal activities / break the law

• The number of crimes committed rose by 12% last year. 
• He committed a serious crime so he will be punished accordingly. 
• Criminal activities have been increasing due to far fewer police patrols in the city centre. 
• If you break the law you could go to jail or get a fine.

offenders / lawbreakers / offences / re-offend / re-offending

• Offences such as shoplifting and theft have declined in recent years. 
• The number of serious offenders in the UK has dropped by 5% this year.
• Law courts must deal with  lawbreakers effectively.
• Many serious criminals tend to re-offend after being released from prison.
• Re-offending is common among those that were jailed for long periods.

accused of wrongdoing 

• The politician was accused of wrongdoing so he resigned from his post.

heavy penalties / strict penalties / harsh treatment 

• The police give heavy penalties to anyone caught drinking and driving.
• Strict penalties for drunk driving are widely believed to be the most effective policy.
• In some societies, harsh treatment in prison is considered the best way to deter serious crimes.

a lenient sentence / get off lightly / a soft option

• Although the offender was accused of manslaughter, he got a lenient sentence of only 9 months.
• Considering that he was convicted of assault, he got off lightly with only a fine.
• Fines for drunk driving offences are often believed to be a soft option.

the criminal justice system

• The criminal justice system in Japan is in desperate need of reform.

convicts / prisoners / inmates

• In developing countries, many of the inmates receive harsh treatment in prison.
• The news reported that there were two escaped convicts on the loose.
• Many of the prisoners took part in riots protesting the extremely harsh conditions of the jail

rehabilitation/counselling sessions

• In Norway, there is an emphasis on rehabilitation of offenders with regular counselling sessions , rather than long periods in jail.

integrate back into society 

• It is very difficult for someone who has been in jail for many years to integrate back into society.

held under house arrest

• The businessman is being held under house arrest while authorities investigate the charges of embezzlement against him.

community service

• Many people would argue that community service is just a soft option for criminals.

act as a deterrent

• The main advantage of long prison sentences is that they act as a deterrent.

pay a hefty fine

• The police are giving out hefty fines of $500 to anyone caught speeding.

seek compensation

• The defendants’ lawyer is seeking compensation for the wrongful imprisonment of his client.

a miscarriage of justice

He was wrongfully convicted of murder and spent 10 years in prison due to a miscarriage of justice.

Other useful phrases

Take a look at the example sentences and check the online dictionary for the full definition here www.dictionary.com

• Court   –  The case will be heard in court next Monday
• Court case –  After the high profile court case he was followed everywhere by the press.
• The judge –  The judge sentenced him to 3 years in prison.
• The defendant –  The defendant wanted more time to prepare his case.
• The jury –    The jury came to a decision and found the defendant not guilty.
• Charged with a crime –  The defendant was charged with robbery.
• Guilty –  She was found guilty of shoplifting
• Innocent – He was found innocent and not charged with any crime.
• Evidence / Proof – There was no evidence or proof to show that he committed the crime.
• Verdict –   The jury reached a verdict and found the defendant guilty of fraud.
• In custody –  She spent 5 days in custody awaiting her sentence.
• Trial –  He is currently in custody and is awaiting trial.
• Witness –  The witness was given police protection as it was a high profile murder case.
• Make an appeal –  The defence lawyer made an appeal to the judge as he felt that the punishment was very unfair.
• Seek damages – The defendant is seeking damages for unlawful imprisonment.

Leave a comment below if you have any questions.

Leave a comment cancel reply.

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• Reducing Crime Essay

Model IELTS Essays - Reducing Crime

IELTS essays can be on a variety of topics, and this writing sample is about  reducing crime .

As with the previous essay , there are two opinions, and you must discuss each one and your opinion must also be given.

In the previous essay, the writers opinion was given in the conclusion. In this one, a separate body paragraph discusses the writers opinion.

If you do this though you have to be very careful not to just repeat what you have said in a previous paragraph into the third paragraph.

It has to be something new.

IELTS Essays - Reducing Crime

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentences. Others, however, believe there are better alternative ways of reducing crime.

Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

IELTS Essays - Model Answer:

Crime is a serious and growing problem in most societies. Although many people believe that the best way to tackle this is to place people in prison for longer periods, others are of the opinion that other measures will be more effective.

There are benefits of giving offenders longer prison sentences. Firstly, spending a long time in prison provides an opportunity for the prison services to rehabilitate a prisoner. For example, someone who has committed a serious offence such as assault will need a long time in prison in order to be sure they can be re-educated not to re-offend. In addition to this, longer prison sentences will act as a deterrent for someone who is thinking of committing a crime.

However, some people argue that leaving people in prison for a long time means that they will mix with other criminals and so their character will not improve. One alternative is community service. This gives an offender the opportunity to give something positive back to society, and so it may improve their character. Also, the government could focus its resources on the causes of crime, which would lead to less crime in the future.

In my opinion, it is important to look at alternative methods. Many countries have lengthy prison sentences, but crime has continued to increase throughout the world, so it is clear that this is not completely effective. That said, long prison sentences should remain for those who commit serious crimes such as assault or murder, as justice for the victim and their family should take priority.

To conclude, there are good arguments for and against long sentences, so governments must continue to research the various methods of crime reduction to ensure effective policies are in place.

(290 words)

Learn more crime vocabulary

The writer of this essay has produced a well balanced and coherent piece of writing.

They clearly answer the question. The first body paragraph is dedicated to discussing the merits of long sentences, and the second body looks at alternative methods. Finally, the writer provides their own opinion on the issue.

Very important for IELTS essays, each paragraph has a clear central topic which is expanded upon in the supporting sentences.

Regarding grammar, the writer has successfully demonstrated their ability to use a mix of sentence structures, including a variety of complex sentences (although... someone who... in order to... means that... which would...).

Ideas are coherently presented by using transition words (Firstly,... For example,... In addition to this,... However, .... In my opinion,... To conclude,...).

It is important in IELTS essays to have good topic related vocabulary in order to achieve a higher score, and this is evident in this piece of work (re-offend... rehabilitate... re-educated... deterrent... committing a crime...).

Also of importance with regards to vocabulary is to vary your word choices and not to repeat the same word. This can be done by using synonyms, as the writer has done with the word alternative 'ways', using variations of this (methods... measures...).

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IELTS Writing Task 2: Gender Equality in Leadership – Sample Essays for Different Band Scores

Gender Equality In Leadership is a topic that has gained significant attention in recent years, both in society and in IELTS examinations. As an IELTS Writing Task 2 expert, I have observed a growing trend in questions related to this subject. Based on my analysis of past IELTS exams and current global trends, there’s a high probability that test-takers will encounter this theme in future tests.

Let’s examine a relevant question that has appeared in recent IELTS exams:

Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Analyzing the Question

This question asks us to discuss two contrasting views on criminal punishment and provide our own opinion. The key aspects to address are:

• Fixed punishments for each type of crime
• Considering circumstances and motivations when deciding punishments
• Our personal stance on the issue

Now, let’s look at sample essays for different band scores.

Sample Essay 1 (Band 8-9)

In the realm of criminal justice, there is ongoing debate about whether punishments should be standardized or tailored to individual cases. While some advocate for fixed penalties, others argue for a more nuanced approach that considers the unique circumstances of each crime. In my opinion, a balanced system that incorporates elements of both perspectives would be most effective.

Proponents of fixed punishments argue that this approach ensures consistency and fairness in the justice system. By establishing predetermined penalties for specific crimes, the law becomes more transparent and easier to enforce. This standardization can potentially deter criminal behavior, as potential offenders are clearly aware of the consequences of their actions. Moreover, it eliminates the possibility of bias or inconsistency in sentencing, which can sometimes occur when judges have too much discretion.

On the other hand, those who support case-by-case consideration of circumstances and motivations contend that justice cannot be served through a one-size-fits-all approach. They argue that each crime occurs within a unique context, and factors such as the offender’s background, mental state, and intentions should be taken into account. This perspective allows for more rehabilitative and restorative justice approaches, potentially reducing recidivism rates. It also acknowledges the complexity of human behavior and the diverse factors that can lead to criminal acts.

In my view, an ideal criminal justice system would strike a balance between these two approaches. A framework of standard minimum and maximum sentences for different categories of crimes could provide a foundation of consistency and deterrence. Within this framework, judges could then consider mitigating or aggravating factors to adjust the sentence appropriately. This hybrid model would maintain the benefits of predictability and fairness while still allowing for the nuanced application of justice based on individual circumstances.

In conclusion, while fixed punishments offer consistency and clarity, considering individual circumstances in sentencing allows for a more nuanced and potentially rehabilitative approach to justice. A system that combines elements of both perspectives would likely be most effective in addressing the complexities of criminal behavior while maintaining public confidence in the justice system.

(Word count: 329)

Explanation of Band 8-9 Score

This essay demonstrates the characteristics of a high band score (8-9) for several reasons:

Task Achievement : The essay fully addresses all parts of the task, discussing both views and clearly presenting a personal opinion.

Coherence and Cohesion : The ideas are logically organized with clear progression throughout. Each paragraph has a clear central topic, and the essay uses a range of cohesive devices effectively.

Lexical Resource : The essay uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features. Examples include “realm of criminal justice,” “nuanced approach,” and “rehabilitative and restorative justice approaches.”

Grammatical Range and Accuracy : It uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy. Complex sentences are used effectively, and there are no noticeable errors.

Development of Ideas : Each main point is well-developed with clear explanations and supporting ideas.

Sample Essay 2 (Band 6-7)

People have different opinions about how criminals should be punished. Some think there should be set punishments for each crime, while others believe we should look at each case individually. I will discuss both views and give my opinion.

Those who support fixed punishments say it makes the law clearer and fairer. If everyone knows exactly what punishment they will get for a crime, it might stop some people from breaking the law. It also means that two people who commit the same crime will get the same punishment, which seems fair. This system is simpler and might be easier for courts to use.

On the other hand, people who think each case should be judged separately say that every crime is different. They believe we should look at why someone committed a crime and what their situation was. For example, someone who steals food because they are hungry might deserve a different punishment than someone who steals for fun. This approach could help people learn from their mistakes and become better citizens.

In my opinion, the best solution is to use a mix of both ideas. We could have some basic rules about punishments for different crimes, but also let judges change the punishment a bit depending on the situation. This way, the law would be clear, but also fair to each person.

To conclude, while fixed punishments have some advantages, I think it’s important to consider individual circumstances too. A system that combines both approaches would probably work best for society.

(Word count: 263)

Explanation of Band 6-7 Score

This essay demonstrates the characteristics of a Band 6-7 score for the following reasons:

Task Achievement : The essay addresses all parts of the task, discussing both views and presenting a personal opinion. However, the ideas could be more fully developed.

Coherence and Cohesion : The essay is generally well-organized with clear overall progression. Basic cohesive devices are used, but they could be more sophisticated.

Lexical Resource : There is a sufficient range of vocabulary for the task, with some attempts at more sophisticated words. However, the language is less precise and varied compared to the Band 8-9 essay.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy : A mix of simple and complex sentence forms is used, with generally good control. There are no major errors that impede communication.

Development of Ideas : Main ideas are relevant, but some could be more fully extended. The arguments are clear but less nuanced than in the higher band essay.

Key Vocabulary to Remember

Criminal justice (noun) /ˈkrɪmɪnl ˈdʒʌstɪs/: The system of law enforcement, involving the detection, apprehension, trial, and punishment of suspected offenders.

Deterrent (noun) /dɪˈterənt/: Something that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.

Recidivism (noun) /rɪˈsɪdɪvɪzəm/: The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.

Mitigating factors (noun phrase) /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪtɪŋ ˈfæktərz/: Circumstances that may reduce the severity or culpability of a criminal act.

Rehabilitative (adjective) /ˌriːəˈbɪlɪteɪtɪv/: Intended to restore someone to health or normal life through training and therapy.

Nuanced (adjective) /ˈnjuːɑːnst/: Characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression.

Aggravating factors (noun phrase) /ˈæɡrəveɪtɪŋ ˈfæktərz/: Circumstances that increase the severity or culpability of a criminal act.

Transparency (noun) /trænsˈpærənsi/: The quality of being done in an open way without secrets.

Discretion (noun) /dɪˈskreʃn/: The freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation.

Restorative justice (noun phrase) /rɪˈstɔːrətɪv ˈdʒʌstɪs/: A system of criminal justice that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large.

Understanding how to approach topics like gender equality in leadership for IELTS Writing Task 2 is crucial for success in the exam. By analyzing sample essays at different band scores, you can see how to structure your response, develop your ideas, and use appropriate vocabulary and grammar.

For future practice, consider exploring related topics such as:

• The role of education in promoting gender equality in leadership positions
• Government policies to encourage more women in high-level corporate roles
• The impact of cultural norms on gender representation in political leadership

Remember, the key to improving your IELTS Writing score is practice. Try writing your own essay on the topic we discussed today and share it in the comments section below. This active practice will help you refine your skills and prepare effectively for your IELTS exam.

If you’re looking for more resources on gender equality in leadership, you might find these articles helpful: How to Promote Gender Equality in Leadership Positions and Importance of Gender Equality in Leadership .

• Education Vocabulary
• Health Vocabulary
• IELTS essay samples
• IELTS Writing
• Sample Essay
• Vocabulary List

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Notable Places in the Area

Vrubel museum.

Dormition Cathedral, Omsk

Omsk Academic Drama Theatre

• Categories: administrative territorial entity of Russia , city or town , big city and locality
• Location: Omsk Oblast , Western Siberia , Siberia , Russia , Eastern Europe , Europe
• View on Open­Street­Map

Omsk Satellite Map

Popular Destinations in Western Siberia

Explore these curated destinations.

IELTS Essay: Crime Prevention

by Dave | Real Past Tests | 13 Comments

This is an IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of whether or not crime prevention should receive more attention from the real IELTS exam.

A really interesting topic!

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Some believe that more action should be taken to prevent crime, while others feel that crime is being tackled effectively now.

Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.

Though crime rates have fallen to historic lows in most nations, there are many who feel further action is still required. In my opinion, there should always be criminal prevention efforts, however, on level, crime is being opposed adequately.

Those who believe crime requires greater prioritisation identify its effects, particularly in underserved segments of a population. Crime is still pervasive in areas rife with poverty, such as in neglected neighborhoods in inner cities. An illustrative example of this would be the infamous favelas of Brazil. Residents in these communities must remain constantly vigilant for muggings and robberies and there is a high likelihood that in their lifetime they will come into contact with criminal elements. The causes of such crime-ridden slums are complex but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world deserve meaningful countermeasures.

Nonetheless, criminal activity already receives sufficient funding as evidenced by its decline. Crime is best tackled through a combination of economic, educational, and criminal justice reform and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a concomitant effect on crime. Criminality is therefore being addressed and it would be unrealistic to expect a world without crime given the realities of human nature. Instead of diverting more money towards an area on the mend already, governments can continue to also fund schools, hospitals, state universities, defense, infrastructure and a host of other areas that may themselves indirectly contribute to eradicating crime.

In conclusion, though crime impacts the daily lives of many citizens, it is already being successfully curbed and there are other key areas deserving of budgetary consideration. Governments must nonetheless balance these concerns and remain vigilant towards changes in this promising pattern.

1. Though crime rates have fallen to historic lows in most nations, there are many who feel further action is still required. 2. In my opinion, there should always be criminal prevention efforts, however, on level, crime is being opposed adequately.

• Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
• Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here .

1. Those who believe crime requires greater prioritisation identify its effects, particularly in underserved segments of a population. 2. Crime is still pervasive in areas rife with poverty, such as in neglected neighborhoods in inner cities. 3. An illustrative example of this would be the infamous favelas of Brazil. 4. Residents in these communities must remain constantly vigilant for muggings and robberies and there is a high likelihood that in their lifetime they will come into contact with criminal elements. 5. The causes of such crime-ridden slums are complex but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world deserve meaningful countermeasures.

• Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
• Explain your main idea.
• Develop it with specific examples.
• Continue to develop it.
• State the result.

1. Nonetheless, criminal activity already receives sufficient funding as evidenced by its decline. 2. Crime is best tackled through a combination of economic, educational, and criminal justice reform and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a concomitant effect on crime. 3. Criminality is therefore being addressed and it would be unrealistic to expect a world without crime given the realities of human nature. 4. Instead of diverting more money towards an area on the mend already, governments can continue to also fund schools, hospitals, state universities, defense, infrastructure and a host of other areas that may themselves indirectly contribute to eradicating crime.

• Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
• Explain your new main idea.
• Include specific details and examples.
• The more specific, the better.

1. In conclusion, though crime impacts the daily lives of many citizens, it is already being successfully curbed and there are other key areas deserving of budgetary consideration. 2. Governments must nonetheless balance these concerns and remain vigilant towards changes in this promising pattern.

• Summarise your main ideas.
• Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean?

Though crime rates have fallen to historic lows in most nations, there are many who feel further action is still required . In my opinion, there should always be criminal prevention efforts , however, on level , crime is being opposed adequately .

Those who believe crime requires greater prioritisation identify its effects, particularly in underserved segments of a population . Crime is still pervasive in areas rife with poverty , such as in neglected neighborhoods in inner cities . An illustrative example of this would be the infamous favelas of Brazil. Residents in these communities must remain constantly vigilant for muggings and robberies and there is a high likelihood that in their lifetime they will come into contact with criminal elements . The causes of such crime-ridden slums are complex but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world deserve meaningful countermeasures .

Nonetheless, criminal activity already receives sufficient funding as evidenced by its decline. Crime is best tackled through a combination of economic, educational, and criminal justice reform and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a concomitant effect on crime. Criminality is therefore being addressed and it would be unrealistic to expect a world without crime given the realities of human nature . Instead of diverting more money towards an area on the mend already, governments can continue to also fund schools, hospitals, state universities, defense , infrastructure and a host of other areas that may themselves indirectly contribute to eradicating crime .

In conclusion, though crime impacts the daily lives of many citizens , it is already being successfully curbed and there are other key areas deserving of budgetary consideration . Governments must nonetheless balance these concerns and remain vigilant towards changes in this promising pattern .

crime rates how many people commit crimes

fallen going down

historic lows lowest points in history

further action more effort

required needed

criminal prevention efforts trying to stop crime

on level overall

opposed adequately being countered well

greater prioritisation identify need more resources focus on

underserved segments of a population poorer people

pervasive goes throughout

rife with poverty lots of poor people

neglected not payed attention to

inner cities deep in the city

illustrative example instance that shows this well

infamous favelas notorious slums of Brazil

residents people living there

remain constantly vigilant always pay attention

muggings stealing money

robberies taking things

high likelihood good chance of

lifetime whole life

come into contact with meet with

criminal elements people involved in crime

crime-ridden slums neighborhoods with a lot of crime

complex complicated

deserve meaningful countermeasures should be countered effectively

criminal activity committing crimes

sufficient funding enough money

evidenced by supported by

best tackled number 1 way to fix

combination joint

criminal justice reform changing laws related to crime

concomitant related/caused by

addressed dealt with

unrealistic not feasible

realities facts

human nature facts of how people are

diverting sending in another direction

on the mend getting better

fund give money to

defense military, etc.

infrastructure roads, buildings, etc.

host of other areas many other places

indirectly not directly

eradicating crime getting rid of crime

daily lives everyday life

citizens residents

successfully curbed adequately cut down on

key areas main parts

budgetary consideration thinking about money

nonetheless regardless

balance these concerns keep everything in perspective

remain vigilant keep paying attention

promising pattern hopeful trend

Pronunciation

kraɪm reɪts   ˈfɔːlən   hɪsˈtɒrɪk ləʊz   ˈfɜːðər ˈækʃ(ə)n   rɪˈkwaɪəd ˈkrɪmɪnl prɪˈvɛnʃən ˈɛfəts ɒn ˈlɛvl əˈpəʊzd ˈædɪkwɪtli ˈgreɪtə praɪˈɒrɪˌtaɪzeɪʃən aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ   ˈʌndə sɜːvd ˈsɛgmənts ɒv ə ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən pɜːˈveɪsɪv   raɪf wɪð ˈpɒvəti nɪˈglɛktɪd   ˈɪnə ˈsɪtiz ˈɪləstreɪtɪv ɪgˈzɑːmpl   ˈɪnfəməs ˈfeɪvələ ˈrɛzɪdənts   rɪˈmeɪn ˈkɒnstəntli ˈvɪʤɪlənt   ˈmʌgɪŋz   ˈrɒbəriz   haɪ ˈlaɪklɪhʊd   ˈlaɪftaɪm   kʌm ˈɪntuː ˈkɒntækt wɪð   ˈkrɪmɪnl ˈɛlɪmənts kraɪm-ˈrɪdn slʌmz   ˈkɒmplɛks   dɪˈzɜːv ˈmiːnɪŋfʊl ˈkaʊntəˌmɛʒəz ˈkrɪmɪnl ækˈtɪvɪti   səˈfɪʃənt ˈfʌndɪŋ   ˈɛvɪdənst baɪ   bɛst ˈtækld   ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃən   ˈkrɪmɪnl ˈʤʌstɪs ˌriːˈfɔːm   kənˈkɒmɪtənt   əˈdrɛst   ˌʌnrɪəˈlɪstɪk   ri(ː)ˈælɪtiz   ˈhjuːmən ˈneɪʧə daɪˈvɜːtɪŋ   ɒn ðə mɛnd   fʌnd   dɪˈfɛns ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌkʧə   həʊst ɒv ˈʌðər ˈeərɪəz   ˌɪndɪˈrɛktli   ɪˈrædɪkeɪtɪŋ kraɪm ˈdeɪli lɪvz   ˈsɪtɪznz səkˈsɛsfʊli kɜːbd   kiː ˈeərɪəz   ˈbʌʤɪtəri kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs   ˈbæləns ðiːz kənˈsɜːnz   rɪˈmeɪn ˈvɪʤɪlənt   ˈprɒmɪsɪŋ ˈpætən

Vocabulary Practice

Remember and fill in the blanks:

Though c______________s have f__________n to h________________s in most nations, there are many who feel f_____________n is still r_____________d . In my opinion, there should always be c_________________________s , however, o_________l , crime is being o_____________________y .

Those who believe crime requires g_______________________________y its effects, particularly in u_________________________________n . Crime is still p_____________e in areas r____________________y , such as in n____________d neighborhoods in i_____________s . An i_____________________e of this would be the i___________________________ s of Brazil. R__________s in these communities must r_____________________________t for m__________s and r__________s and there is a h___________________d that in their l_________e they will c___________________________________________s . The causes of such c________________________s are c____________x but the results for millions of individuals in cities around the world d_____________________________________s .

Nonetheless, c____________________y already receives s___________________g as e____________________y its decline. Crime is b_________________d through a c_______________n of economic, educational, and c________________________m and as developing countries become wealthier, there is a c______________t effect on crime. Criminality is therefore being a_______________d and it would be u______________c to expect a world without crime given the r___________s of h___________________e . Instead of d______________g more money towards an area o_________________d already, governments can continue to also f_____d schools, hospitals, state universities, d_________e , i_______________e and a h__________________s that may themselves i____________y contribute to e____________________e .

In conclusion, though crime impacts the d______________s of many c____________s , it is already being s_________________d and there are other k_____________s deserving of b____________________n . Governments must n________________________________________s and r________________t towards changes in this p____________________n .

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic in the video below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/what-caused-the-crime-decline/477408/

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

Truth in Crime

• Why do witnesses of crimes sometimes disagree in their accounts?
• How can modern technology help solve crimes?
• Will teaching children to be honest reduce crime in the future?
• Should there be more severe penalties for crimes like libel?
• How will the detection of lies change in the future?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related topic below and then check with my sample answer:

Some people believe that there should be a fixed punishment for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 

IELTS Essay: Fixed Punishments

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13 Comments

I have written essay on this may I share it with you???

Sure, Vardan!

This is amazing way of explaining thank you

You’re very welcome, Harikiratkaur!

thanks for the info

You’re welcome!

How much this attempt of yours would score, can you please explain ?

hey dear prof….thanks for your effort ..but most of your samples are really complex and hard to follow…as Pauline Cullen says: your essay should not be similar to reading passage…

Thank you, Armin.

There are many ways to write an essay and I try to give students some new academic language that they can use. A lot of my students enjoy the essays for the ideas in them as well.

There are simpler models available and some of my essays are written more simply.

There are no fixed rules – only different ways to meet the expectations of the band descriptors.

in the end of paragraph i think we should follow contribute to plus infinitive

Hi Mohamed – eradicating crime is a verb phrase so that is the correct grammar.

If you wrote contribute to eradicate crime, that would be incorrect.

thank u very much

You’re welcome, Mahamed!

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Omsk Oblast

Omsk Oblast ( Russian : О́мская о́бласть , romanized :   Omskaya oblast' ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ), located in southwestern Siberia . The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers (53,900   sq   mi) . Its population is 1,977,665 ( 2010 Census ) [9] with the majority, 1.12 million, living in Omsk , the administrative center .

Prehistory and the Middle Ages

Exploration of siberia, russian empire, soviet years, post-soviet era, administrative divisions, demographics, notable people, sister relationships.

The oblast borders Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south.

Omsk Oblast shares borders with Kazakhstan ( North Kazakhstan Region and Pavlodar Region ) to the south, Tyumen Oblast in the west and Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east. It is included in the Siberian Federal District .

The territory stretches for 600   km (370   mi) from north to south and 300   km (190   mi) from west to east. The main water artery is the Irtysh River and its tributaries the Ishim , Om , Osha , and Tara Rivers. The region is located in the West Siberian Plain , consisting of mostly flat terrain. In the south is the Ishim Plain , gradually turning into steppe, forest and swampy taiga to the north. The soil is sandy and silty. [10] Along the Irtysh River, in t. N. Irtysh region, there is an "oasis" microclimate, with a wooded landscape and gullies. There, the most fertile land in the region can be found. The Omsk region contains many lakes, the largest of which are Tenis -Saltaim, Ik, Ebeyty , Ulzhay and Tobol-Kushly.

The highest elevation in the Omsk region - about 150   m (490   ft) Upland village, the lowest elevation is the water's edge on the Irtysh - 41 metres (135   ft) , near the village of Little Beach. [ clarification needed ]

The property is located in Omsk region 28 specially protected natural territories of regional destinations. Including parks in Bolshereche and Omsk ("Bird's harbor"). [ clarification needed ]

The oblast has a classic continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Average January temperatures range from −42 to −30   °C (−44 to −22   °F) . Average July temperatures range from 25 to 28   °C (77 to 82   °F) and can reach up to 35   °C (95   °F) and even 40   °C (104   °F) . Annual rainfall averages 300–400   mm (12–16   in) . Sunny days predominate.

The southern plains have notably longer and warmer summers and a delayed onset of freezing temperatures. They are also significantly drier than the northern forests, receiving only 250–300   mm (9.8–11.8   in) precipitation annually. Winters, however, are as severe on the plains as they are further north. Spring rains are rare, but late spring freezes are not. The early part of the summer is frequently dominated by hot, dry southern winds.

As of 1   February   2016 , [ update ] on the territory of the Omsk region, there are 35 areas that have the status of protected areas (PAs), regional and local importance.

Archeological findings indicate that the present day territory of the oblast has been inhabited for the last 14,000 years. Neolithic societies in the area lived by fishing and hunting. About three thousand years ago, pastoralism began to take hold. Ust'-Ishim man , the remains of a man that lived 45,000 years ago, was discovered in Omsk Oblast.

Various Turkic states dominated the area throughout the Medieval era. The most notable of these were the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Siberian Khanate . Siberian Tatars , Mongols , Khanty and Mansi tribes, along with others, inhabited the territory.

The Russian history of Omsk began with the 1584 arrival of a Cossack force under the command of ataman Yermak Timofeyevich , who defeated local rulers and established nominal Russian control of the area. To support further expansion tsars Feodor I and Boris Godunov initiated the construction of fortified settlements and military outposts in the south of Siberia in order to defend their subjects from raiding nomadic tribesmen and to exert authority over local populations, specifically over the tribute-paying Siberian Tatars of The Baraba Lands. The first permanent Russian settlement in the region, the city of Tara , was founded in 1594, soon it began to play an important part in fur trade that connected Russia with Central Asia and China.

In 1716 a fortress was constructed at the confluence of the Om and Irtysh rivers on the orders of sublieutenant Ivan Bugholtz. The fortress would form the nucleus for the development of the future city of Omsk. By the second half of the 18th century, Omsk fortress was the largest building of any kind in the eastern part of Russia.

As Russian settlements continued to spread through the Yenisei , Tobol and Irtysh watersheds in the course of the 18th century, so did the development of the Omsk and the surrounding region. In 1753 a customs post was established to tax goods brought into the city by the ever-increasing trade with Kazakh tribesmen. In 1764, when the Siberian provinces of Russia were organized into two governorates with centers in Irkutsk and Tobolsk , the city of Tara and the fortress of Omsk were assigned to the latter. In 1780, on the orders of Catherine the Great the fortress was transferred to Kolyvan Oblast . By this time Omsk had grown to the size of a small city, however, from 1797 to 1804 it did not possess its own uyezd .

In 1804, the territories surrounding Omsk were organized into the Omsk Okrug . The city rose to prominence when Siberia was once again reorganized in 1822, Omsk became the administrative center of the General Governorate of Eastern Siberia rising above the old center of Siberia, Tobolsk. The new governorate was divided into oblasts around the cities of Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogrsk populated by Russian colonists and okrugs populated by Kazakh nomads. In subsequent reforms the name of the Oblast was changed repeatedly to The Oblast of The Siberian Kyrgyz (1854), Akmolinsk Oblast (1868), and Omsk Oblast (1917) before finally reverting to the Omsk Governorate in 1918. The authority of the oblast followed further expansion of the empire to Central Asia and included significant parts of modern-day Kazakhstan .

In the 19th century, Omsk, given its strong system of frontier fortresses, became notorious as a premier destination for political exiles and prisoners from the European part of the Russian Empire. Decembrists , Polish rebels , French prisoners of war and political activists of every stripe found their way to Siberia. Among them was Fyodor Dostoyevsky , who spent four years (1850–1854) at the Omsk prison. [11]

The early nineteenth century also saw the growth of industry in the city and in the rest of the Irtysh basin. The Siberian Cossack Army was headquartered in Omsk after 1808 and contributed to the development of the city, by the beginning of the 20th century the Cossacks were a dominant component in the society of both the city of Omsk and the surrounding lands, having reached a population of 174 thousand and holding title to five million hectares of agricultural land. The 18th and 19th centuries also saw the influx of a significant number of German immigrants both from Russia's Volga Regions and from abroad.

In 1925 the Omsk governorate was dissolved into the newly formed Siberian Krai and again reorganized, this time as an Oblast by order of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 7 December 1934. Parts of the Ob-Irtysh Oblast and the West Siberian Krai as well as the southern part of Chelyabinsk Oblast were given over to Omsk. In 1943, Kurgan Oblast created from the western portion of the Chelyabinsk Oblast also got a number of Omsk territories. In 1944, the northern part of the Omsk Oblast along with the districts previously transferred to Kurgan became newly established Tyumen Oblast that included Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs.

The 1950s saw the creation of the petroleum processing industry, as well as the development of various high-technology facilities that came to define the economy of the Oblast for the remainder of the century.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union the oblast became part of the newly independent Russian Federation. The independence of Kazakhstan gave Omsk an international border to the south, while continued federal policy aiming to rectify the effects of Stalin era population transfers led to the creation of a national German district in an area with a significant, although not a majority, German population around the town of Azovo . On 19 May 1996 Omsk Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. [12] This agreement would be abolished on 21 December 2001. [13]

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Omsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament .

The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Omsk Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast which is the legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Omsk Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia .

As of 18 January 2019, the departmental register of registered non-profit organizations of the Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Oblast contains information on 2537 non-profit organizations, including 1332 public associations (national associations - 60, regional branches of political parties - 46, trade unions - 328, children's and youth public associations - 55), 308 religious organizations, 30 Cossack societies, and 20 public associations of Cossacks. For example, in the Omsk Oblast there are regional branches of the political parties United Russia , A Just Russia , the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , and others. [14]

As of 2008 , [ update ] Omsk Oblast is the 23rd largest economy in Russia, with a gross regional product of 10.2 billion dollars.

The economy of Omsk Oblast is heavily industrial, with well developed, and growing, service and financial sectors. Agriculture represents a smaller, but still significant, portion of the economy.

Economic activity is concentrated in Omsk, with over sixty-six thousand private enterprises registered, ranging from small-scale retailers to billion-dollar manufacturing. [15]

Omsk was ranked by Forbes as the 6th-best city in Russia for business in 2008, an improvement over its 20th-place ranking the previous year. [16]

The oblast and city governments have made efforts to improve the business climate and foster small enterprise through various incentives and government programs designed to ease the bureaucratic red-tape, a notorious feature of Russian business life, and to generate cooperation within the business community. [17]

The bulk of industrial output, as of 2009, is concentrated in food and tobacco processing ($900 million), hydrocarbon processing ($6.7 billion), chemical manufacturing ($500 m), plastics manufacturing ($200 m) and the manufacture of electrical components ($280 m). The remainder of the economy is dominated by the retail sector and agriculture.

The largest industrial enterprises include the aerospace manufacturer Polyot , the Omsk Aggregate Plant, the agricultural manufacturer Sibzavod, Omsk Baranov Motorworks, and Omsktransmash , which manufactures the T-80 main battle tank. Additionally, Omsk Rubber, the Technical Hydrocarbon Plant, Omsk-Polymer and Omsk Hydrocarbon Processing Plant, represent the petroleum and hydrocarbon industry. Omsk Hydrocarbon is one of the most important oil refineries in Russia. [18]

The oblast operates four thermal power plants, which makes it largely self-sufficient from the standpoint of energy generation.

Agricultural production is concentrated in the Isil'rul'skii District and produces wheat, barley, flax, sunflower, potato, various fruits and vegetables as well as meat, poultry and dairy products.

The food processing sector includes several breweries, a distillery and numerous food packaging enterprises.

Population : 1,858,798   ( 2021 Census ) ; [19] 1,977,665   ( 2010 Russian census ) ; [9] 2,079,220   ( 2002 Census ) ; [20] 2,140,336   ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [21]

Vital statistics for 2022: [22] [23]

• Births: 16,092 (8.6 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 25,900 (13.8 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [24] 1.52 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [25] Total — 69.02 years (male   — 64.48, female   — 73.45)

According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was: [9]

• 85.8% Russian
• 4.1% Kazakh
• 2.7% Ukrainian
• 2.6% German
• 0.4% Armenian
• 0.3% Belarusians
• other groups of less than five thousand persons each
• 57,518 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [26]

According to Russia's 2002 Census , Omsk Oblast has one of the lowest birth rates in Siberia. However, birth rates remain higher than the average in heavily German districts - Azovsky Nemetsky National District (24% German), Moskalensky, Poltavsky (22% Ukrainian & 11% German) and Isilkulsky (8% German), even as significant emigration to Germany acts to reduce the overall birth rate. [27] In 2009, the lowest death rate was recorded for Azovsky German National Raion (9.4 per 1000) and the highest birth rate was recorded for Moskalenskom (17.0 per 1000), Isilkulskom (15.2), Maryanovsky (15.8), Pavlogradski (15.8), Tevrizskom (16.6), Ust-Ishim (15.4) and Sherbakulskom (16.2). Regions with the highest population growth were Moskalensky area (5.5 ppm), Azovsky German National Raion (4.8 ppm), Sherbakulsky (3.8 ppm) and Pavlogradskij (3.2 ppm). [28]

Ethnic Russian birth rate in the province is significantly lower than that of the ethnic Kazakhs (by 50%) and that of ethnic Germans (by 20%), according to the 2002 Census.

According to a 2012 survey [29] 35.7% of the population of Omsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% adheres to Islam , 1% to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 0.5% to the Catholic Church . In addition, 39% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist , and 5.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. [29]

• John Kornievsky (1910–1984), Russian Greek Catholic priest

• 2007 Siberian orange snow
• List of Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast
• List of rural localities in Omsk Oblast
• Омская область

Related Research Articles

Omsk is the administrative center and largest city of Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is situated in southwestern Siberia and has a population of over 1.1 million. Omsk is the third largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk, and the twelfth-largest city in Russia. It is an important transport node, serving as a train station for the Trans-Siberian Railway and as a staging post for the Irtysh River.

Tyumen Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. It is located in Western Siberia, and is administratively part of the Urals Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen Oblast, including its autonomous okrugs, is the third-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 3,395,755 (2010).

Tara is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tara and Irtysh Rivers at a point where the forested country merges into the steppe, about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 27,318 (2010 Russian census) ; 26,888 (2002 Census) ; 26,152 (1989 Soviet census) .

Isilkul is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 120 kilometers (75 mi) west of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 24,482 (2010 Russian census) ; 26,549 (2002 Census) ; 26,430 (1989 Soviet census) .

Nazyvayevsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 120 kilometers (75 mi) west of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 11,615.

Kalachinsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Om River along the busiest segment of the Trans-Siberian Railway, 100 kilometers (62 mi) east of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 23,556 (2010 Russian census) ; 24,247 (2002 Census) ; 25,014 (1989 Soviet census) .

Tyukalinsk is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located 60 kilometers (37 mi) northeast of the Nazyvayevsk railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway and 120 kilometers (75 mi) northwest of Omsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,275 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,007 (2002 Census) ; 12,191 (1989 Soviet census) .

Sherbakulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast on the border with Kazakhstan. The area of the district is 2,300 square kilometers (890 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Sherbakul. Population: 21,342 ; 25,486 (2002 Census) ; 29,906 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Sherbakul accounts for 32.7% of the district's total population.

Sedelnikovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,200 square kilometers (2,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Sedelnikovo. Population: 10,943 ; 12,211 (2002 Census) ; 12,890 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Sedelnikovo accounts for 48.6% of the district's total population.

Azovsky Nemetsky National District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,400 square kilometers (540 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Azovo. In the Russian Census of 2010, the population was 22,925. The population of Azovo accounts for 26.2% of the district's total population.

Isilkulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,800 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Isilkul. Population: 18,942 ; 22,216 (2002 Census) ; 22,691 (1989 Soviet census) .

Maryanovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,700 square kilometers (660 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Maryanovka. Population: 27,595 ; 27,802 (2002 Census) ; 30,173 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Maryanovka accounts for 31.3% of the district's total population.

Omsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Rostovka. Population: 94,086 ; 94,251 (2002 Census) ; 90,461 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Rostovka accounts for 5.8% of the district's total population.

Sargatsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,800 square kilometers (1,500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Sargatskoye. Population: 20,014 ; 22,320 (2002 Census) ; 23,923 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Sargatskoye accounts for 40.8% of the district's total population.

Tevrizsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 9,800 square kilometers (3,800 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Tevriz. Population: 15,485 ; 18,090 (2002 Census) ; 20,249 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Tevriz accounts for 45.1% of the district's total population.

Ust-Ishimsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 7,846 square kilometers (3,029 sq mi).} Its administrative center is the rural locality of Ust-Ishim, which, as its name indicates, is located at the confluence of the Ishim River with the Irtysh.

Znamensky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,700 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Znamenskoye. Population: 12,427 ; 13,876 (2002 Census) ; 15,046 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Znamenskoye accounts for 42.6% of the district's total population.

Abatsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Abatsky Municipal District . It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,080 square kilometers (1,580 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Abatskoye. Population: 19,837 ; 23,566 (2002 Census) ; 26,453 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Abatskoye accounts for 40.1% of the district's total population.

Azovo is a rural locality and the administrative center of Azovsky Nemetsky National District of Omsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 5,997 (2010 Russian census) ; 5,376 (2002 Census) ;

Ust-Ishim is a rural locality and the administrative center of Ust-Ishimsky District, Omsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,802 (2010 Russian census) ; 5,060 (2002 Census) ; 5,795 (1989 Soviet census) .

• ↑ Президент Российской Федерации.   Указ   №849   от   13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу   13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.   20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation.   Decree   # 849   of   May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District . Effective as of   May 13, 2000.).
• ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации.   №ОК 024-95   27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2.   Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. ( Gosstandart of the Russian Federation.   # OK 024-95   December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2.   Economic Regions , as amended by the Amendment   # 5/2001 OKER. ).
• ↑ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)" . Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography . Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 1 September 2022 .
• ↑ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 23 January 2019 .
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article   68.1 of the Constitution of Russia .
• 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Ишимская степь ; Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 30 vols. — Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (in Russian)
• ↑ "История Омской области" . Omskobl.ru. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Newsline - May 20, 1996 Yeltsin Promises to Maintain Stability, Plays Regional Card" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 20 May 1996 . Retrieved 2 May 2019 .
• ↑ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF) . Demokratizatsiya : 146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
• ↑ "Список общественных объединений, имеющих право участвовать в выборах - Управление Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации по Омской области" [ List of public associations eligible to participate in elections - Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Region ] . to55.minjust.ru . Retrieved 11 March 2019 .
• ↑ Отчёт о работе администрации города Омска в 2005—2009 годах
• ↑ "Журнал "Forbes" - 30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2010" (in Russian). 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 .
• ↑ Галина Балашенко «Заниматься бизнесом станет проще» // «Домашняя газета» № 22 (065), 9 июня 2010 года
• ↑ Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas Volume 2: Strategic Investment and Business Information ISBN   978-1-577-51030-7 p. 131
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [ All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers ] . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989   года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly .
• ↑ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Демографический ежегодник России" [ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia ] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) . Retrieved 1 June 2022 .
• ↑ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше" . Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Демография Омской области" . Demograf.omskmintrud.ru. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• ↑ "Демография Омской области" . Demograf.omskmintrud.ru. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .
• 1 2 3 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012.
• ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. Archived .
• ↑ Hungary Russia sister city relationships