case study questions class 12 psychology chapter 1

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CBSE Class 12

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Important Case Study Based Questions 2023: Read and Solve for Tomorrow's Exam

Psychology important case study questions for cbse class 12: practice important psychology case study-based questions for cbse class 12. these questions are important for the upcoming cbse class 12 psychology board exam 2023..

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Exam 2023: Hello students! kudos to the efforts you put into tackling your 2023 board examinations. We understand that the last few weeks were tremendously tiring, both mentally and physically. Don’t worry, take a deep breath and relax as this is the final phase of your CBSE examination 2023. The class 12 Psychology exam is the last in the lane. Its paper code is 037. The exam is planned for 05th April 2023, that is, tomorrow. The exam will be for 3 hours scheduled between 10.30 AM to 01.30 PM. We believe you have already solved the sample question and previous year papers for Class 12 Psychology and must be aware of the exam pattern. If not, please refer to the links below.

CBSE Class 12 Psychology Previous Year Question Papers: Download pdf
CBSE Board Class 12 Psychology Sample Paper 2022-23 in PDF

CBSE Class 12 Psychology, Important Case Study-Based Questions:

Case 1: .

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow:

Sundar, a college-going 20-year-old male, has moved from his home town to live in a big city. He has continuous fear of insecurity and feels that enemy soldiers are following him. He gets very tense when he spots anyone in a uniform and feels that they are coming to catch him. This intense anxiety is interfering with his work and relationship, and his friends are extremely concerned as it does not make any sense to them. Sundar occasionally laughs abruptly and inappropriately and sometimes stops speaking mid-sentence, scanning off in the distance as though he sees or hears something. He expresses concern about the television and radio in the room potentially being monitored by the enemies. His beliefs are fixed and if they are challenged, his tone becomes hostile.

Q1. Based on the symptoms being exhibited, identify the disorder. Explain the other symptoms that can be seen in this disorder.

Q2. Define delusion and inappropriate affect. Support it with the symptoms given in the above case study.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Alfred Binet, in 1905, was requested by the French government to devise a method by which students who experienced difficulty in school could be identified. Binet and his colleague, Theodore Simon, began developing questions that focused on areas not explicitly taught in schools those days, such as memory, and attention skills related to problem-solving. Using these questions, Binet determined which were the ones that served as the best predictors of school success.

Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa. Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of mental age or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group. This first intelligence test is referred to as the Binet-Simon Scale. He insisted that intelligence is influenced by many factors, it changes over time, and it can only be compared in children with similar backgrounds.

Q1 . Identify the approach on which the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale is based. Discuss its features.

Q2 . ‘Binet quickly realised that some children were able to answer more advanced questions than older children were generally able to answer and vice versa’. Why do individuals differ in intelligence? Using examples, give reasons for your answer.

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow :

All the Indian settlers were contemptuously and without distinction dubbed “coolies” and forbidden to walk on footpaths or be out at night without permits.

Mahatma Gandhi quickly discovered colour discrimination in South Africa and confronted the realisation that being Indian subjected him to it as well. At a particular train station, railway employees ordered him out of the carriage despite his possessing a first-class ticket. Then on the stagecoach for the next leg of his journey, the coachman, who was white, boxed his ears. A Johannesburg hotel also barred him from lodging there. Indians were commonly forbidden to own land in Natal, while ownership was more permissible for native-born people.

In 1894, the Natal Bar Association tried to reject Gandhi on the basis of race. He was nearly lynched in 1897 upon returning from India while disembarking from a ship moored at Durban after he, his family, and 600 other Indians had been forcibly quarantined, allegedly due to medical fears that they carried plague germs.

Q1. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination ? On the

basis of the incidents in the above case study, identify a situation for each

which are examples of prejudice and discrimination.

Q2. What do you think could have been a source of these prejudices ? Explain

any two sources.

Read the given case carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Harish belonged to a family of four children, him being the eldest. Unlike any first born, he was not given the attention he should have had. His father worked as an accountant, while his mother stayed at home to look after the kids. He dropped out of school and could barely manage to get work for a little salary.

His relationship with his family played an important role in building his disposition. He felt a certain feeling of insecurity with his siblings, especially his brother Tarun, who was able to finish college because of parental support.

Due to the hopelessness Harish felt, he started engaging in drinking alcohol with his high school friends. Parental negligence caused emotional turmoil. He also had insomnia which he used as a reason for drinking every night.

Over time, Harish had to drink more to feel the effects of the alcohol. He got grouchy or shaky and had other symptoms when he was not able to drink or when he tried to quit.

In such a case, the school would be the ideal setting for early identification and intervention. In addition, his connection to school would be one of the most significant protective factors for substance abuse. His school implemented a variety of early intervention strategies which did not help him as he was irregular and soon left school. Some protective factors in school would be the ability to genuinely experience positive emotions through good communication.

(i)It has been found that certain family systems are likely to produce abnormal functioning in individual members.

In the light of the above statement, the factors underlying Harish's condition can be related to model.

(A) Humanistic

(B) Behavioural

(D) Psychodynamic

(ii) Over time, Harish needed to drink more before he could feel the effects of the alcohol. This means that he built a alcohol. towards the

(A) Withdrawal

(B) Tolerance

(D) All of the above

(iii)He got grouchy or shaky and had other symptoms when he was not able to drink or when he tried to quit. This refers to

(A) Low willpower symptoms.

(B) Addiction symptoms

(D) Tolerance symptoms

(iv) Which of the following is not true about substance related and addictive disorders?

(A) Alcoholism unites millions of families through social interactions and get-togethers.

(B) Intoxicated drivers are responsible for many road accidents.

(D) Excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health.

Read the given case carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Monty was only 16 years when he dealt with mixed emotions for every couple of months. He shares that sometimes he felt like he was on top of the world and that nobody could stop him. He would be extremely confident. Once these feelings subsided, he would become depressed and lock himself in the room. He would neither open the door for anyone nor come out.

He shares, "My grades were dropping as I started to breathe rapidly and worry about almost everything under the sun. I felt nervous, restless and tense, with an increased heart rate. My family tried to help but I wasn't ready to accept." His father took him to the doctor, who diagnosed him. Teenage is a tough phase as teenagers face various emotional and psychological issues. How can one differentiate that from a disorder? Watch out when one is hopeless and feels helpless. Or, when one is not able to control the powerful emotions. It has to be confirmed by a medical practitioner.

During his sessions, Monty tries to clear many myths. He gives his perspective of what he experienced and the treatment challenges. "When I was going through it, I wish I had met someone with similar experiences so that I could have talked to her/him and understood why I was behaving the way I was. By talking openly, I hope to help someone to cope with it and believe that it is going to be fine one day."

Now, for the last five years Monty has been off medication and he is leading a regular life. Society is opening up to address mental health issues in a positive way, but it always helps to listen to someone who has been through it.

(i)Monty's symptoms are likely to be those of

(A) ADHD and anxiety disorder

(B) Bipolar disorder and generalised anxiety disorder

(D) Schizophrenia

(ii) During his sessions, Monty tried to clear many myths. Which one of the following is a myth?

(A) Normality is the same as conformity to social norms.

(B) Adaptive behaviour is not simply maintenance and survival but also includes growth and fulfilment.

(D) Genetic and biochemical factors are involved in causing mental disorders.

(iii) With an understanding of Monty's condition, which of the following is a likely symptom he may also be experiencing?

(A) Frequent washing of hands

(B) Assuming alternate personalities

(D) Prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object

(iv) Teenage is a tough phase as teenagers face various emotional and psychological issues. The disorder manifested in the early stage of development is classified as,

(A) Feeding and eating disorder

(B) Trauma and stressor related disorder

(D) Somatic symptom disorder

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On what day CBSE Class 12 Psychology 2023 exam is? + As per the official schedule, the CBSE class 12 psychology exam will be conducted on 05th April 2023. It would a Wednesday.
Is it important to solve case study questions for CBSE Class 12 Psychology exam? + Yes, as per the updates made by the CBSE Board in the past few years, the psychology paper now carries case study questions. It is of 4 marks with multiple subparts. Thus, students are advised to practice case-based questions to score fully in this section.
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Class 12 Psychology Case...

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions

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Are you having trouble preparing for the CBSE Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions? Are you looking for a wide range of Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions? Then you’ve landed in the right place. Students can explore Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions to assist them in answering a range of questions concerning the case study.

Other ed-tech sites may provide limited study material for Class 12 Psychology students, but myCBSEguide has a variety of questions that cover all aspects of Class 12 Psychology including case study questions. Class 12 Psychology questions are designed to help students understand and retain the material covered. In addition, myCBSEguide also offers practice tests and sample papers to help students prepare for Class 12 Psychology exams.

All About Class 12 Psychology Case Study

What is a case study.

A case study is a scenario in a specific professional environment that students must analyze and answer based on specific questions provided about the circumstance. In many cases, the scenario or case study includes a variety of concerns or problems that must be addressed in a professional setting.

Case Study Questions in Class 12 Psychology

Class 12 Psychology Case-Based Questions are a new feature to the exam. Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions are easy to comprehend and will help you get good grades. You may also get free access to the most recent NCERT textbooks for Class 12 Psychology and all other subjects on myCBSEguide, which had been designed in accordance with the most recent Class 12 CBSE/NCERT Psychology curriculum and examination pattern.

Sample Case Study Questions in Class 12 Psychology

Below are some examples of Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions. These Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions will be extremely beneficial in preparing for the upcoming Class 12 Psychology exams. Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions are created by qualified teachers using the most recent CBSE/NCERT syllabus and books for the current academic year. If you revise your Class 12 Psychology exams and class tests on a regular basis, you will be able to achieve higher marks.

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question 1

Read the case given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option: This is a story of three students Ruby, Radhika and Shankar who were enrolled in an Undergraduate Psychology Program in a University. Ruby was the admission officer’s dream. She was selected for the program as she had perfect entrance test scores, outstanding grades and excellent letters of recommendation. But when it was time for Ruby to start coming up with ideas of her own, she disappointed her professors. On the other hand, Radhika did not meet the admission officer’s expectations. She had good grades but low entrance exam scores. However, her letters of recommendation described her as a creative young woman. She could design and implement research work with minimal guidance at college. Shankar ranked somewhere in between the two students. He was satisfactory on almost every traditional measure of success. But rather than falling somewhere in the middle of his class at college, Shankar proved to be an outstanding student. His strength lay in the ability to not only adapt well to the demands of his new environment but also to modify the environment to suit his needs.

Identify the theory of intelligence which best explains the intelligence of all the three students in the story:

One Factor Theory
Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
Hierarchical Model of Intelligence
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Identify the type of intelligence Ruby possesses.

Componential
Experiential

Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about Radhika’s intelligence?

People high on this quickly find out which information is crucial in a given situation.
It is also called experiential intelligence.
It involves modifying the environment to suit the needs.
It reflects in creative performances.

Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): Shankar is not high in contextual intelligence. Reason (R): Shankar was good at adapting well to the demands of his new environment and modifying the environment to suit his needs. Options:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true, but R is false.
A is false, but R is true.

Out of the three students mentioned in the story, who are/is more likely to be a successful entrepreneur?

Radhika and Shankar
Ruby and Radhika

Identify the three components of intelligence that Ruby is high on

Knowledge acquisition, Meta, creativity
Knowledge acquisition, Meta, performance
Knowledge acquisition, Meta, planning
Planning, performance, adaptability

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question 2

Refer to the picture given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option:

Which type of personality assessment is being depicted in the above picture?

Projective Technique
Psychometric Tests
Behavioural Analysis
Self-report Measures

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this test?

It reveals the unconscious mind.
It can be conducted only on an individual basis.
Its interpretation is objective.
The stimuli are unstructured.

Identify the name of the test from the options given below.

Thematic Appreciation Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Theatre Apperception Test
Theatre Appreciation Test

Which of the following statements are NOT true of this test? i. In the first phase, called performance proper, the subjects are shown the cards and are asked to tell what they see in each of them. ii. The second phase is called inquiry. iii. Each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations. iv. The subject is asked to tell a story describing the situation presented in the picture. Choose the correct option:

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of this test?

It requires sophisticated skills and specialised training
It has problems associated with reliability of scoring
It has problems associated with validity of interpretations
It is an indirect measure of assessment.

Identify the stimuli that are used in such kinds of tests as given in the above picture.

Picture cards

NOTE- The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates in lieu of questions 55 to 60. Answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option.

Nafisa feels that she is liked by her peers in class. This reflects that she ________.

is high on self-efficacy
is high on social self-esteem
possesses a high IQ
is an introvert

Discrepancy between the real self and ideal self often results in ________.

self-actualisation
self-regulation
unhappiness and dissatisfaction
intrapsychic conflicts

If an individual is fat, soft and round along with a temperament that is relaxed and sociable, then he/she is said to have the characteristics of an:

Gurmeet was given a personality test to assess how he expresses aggression in the face of a frustrating situation. Identify the test most suitable for this.

Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test
Eysenck Personality questionnaire
16 Personality Factors Test

According to Karen Horney the origin of maladjustment can be traced to ________.

the inferiority feelings of childhood.
basic anxiety resulting from disturbed interpersonal relations.
overindulgence of the child at early stages of development.
failure to deal with intrapsychic conflicts.

An individual’s sole concern with the satisfaction of ________ needs would reduce him/her to the level of animals.

belongingness

Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question 3

Read the case given below and answer the questions

Mental health professionals have attempted to understand psychological disorders using different approaches through the ages. Today, we have sophisticated facilities and hospitals dedicated to the treatment of the mentally ill. While studying the history of psychological disorders it is interesting to note that some practices from ancient times are still in use. Take the case of Lakshmi and her daughter, Maya. Maya exhibits abnormal behaviours and Lakshmi believes that this is because of evil spirits that have possessed her. She has been taking her daughter to a self-proclaimed healer, who uses counter-magic and prayer to cure her. Stigma and lack of awareness prevents Lakshmi from using the modern facilities and hospitals that provide quality mental health care. On the other hand, when young Rita reported seeing people and hearing voices, mental health professionals at a modern facility were able to understand her hallucinations using a convergence of three approaches. Psychologists use official manuals like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) to indicate presence or absence of disorders. Today there is increased compassion for people who suffer from disorders and a lot of emphasis is placed on providing community care.

Identify the method used by the healer to cure Maya’s illness. How does this theory from ancient times explain Maya’s treatment?
Which approach do you think would best explain Rita’s treatment? How do you think DSM – 5 and ICD -10 help mental health professionals in indicating the presence or absence of disorders?

Class 12 Psychology syllabus at a glance

Class 12 Psychology students must have a better comprehension of Class 12 Psychology New curriculum in order to have a positive impression of the exam pattern and marking scheme. By studying the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus, students will learn the unit names, chapters within each unit, and sub-topics. Let’s have a look at the Class 12 Psychology Syllabus, which contains the topics that will be covered in the CBSE test framework.

CBSE Class – 12 Psychology (Code No. 037) Syllabus

Course Structure

Benefits of Solving Class 12 Psychology Case Study Question

You will be able to locate significant case study problems in your class quizzes and examinations because we offer the best collection of Class 12 Psychology case study questions 2. You’ll be able to go over all of the crucial and challenging themes from your CBSE Class 12 Psychology textbooks again.
Answers to all Class 12 Psychology case study questions have been supplied.
Class 12 Psychology Students in Class will be able to download all Psychology chapter-by-chapter assignments and worksheets in PDF format.
Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions will aid in the enhancement and improvement of topic understanding, resulting in higher exam scores.

myCBSEguide: The best platform for Class 12 Psychology

myCBSEguide is the best platform for Class 12 Psychology students. It offers a wide range of resources that are not only helpful for academic purposes but also for personal development. The platform provides access to a variety of online courses, mock tests, and practice materials that can help Class 12 Psychology students ace their exams. Additionally, the forum on the website is a great place to interact with other students and get insights into different aspects of the subject. Overall, myCBSEguide is an invaluable resource for anyone pursuing Class 12 Psychology.

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4 thoughts on “Class 12 Psychology Case Study Questions”

where are the answers? atleast give answers with the questions so we can know our mistakes

No answers ?.

teri behen ko naman

Dude what about the answers?

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Exam Questions
Exam Questions Class 12

Psychology Class 12 Exam Questions

Please refer to Psychology Class 12 Exam Questions with solutions below. These important exams solved questions have been prepared based on the latest books and syllabus issued by CBSE, NCERT, and KVS. Our team of expert teachers of Class 12 Psychology has designed these based on the latest examination guidelines and the type of questions expected to come in the examinations.

Exam Questions Class 12 Psychology

We have provided exam questions with solutions for all chapters in Standard 12 Psychology. You should learn these before the examinations as the answers have been designed to help you get better marks. You can click on the chapter-wise links below to access all problems and solutions for free. These will also help you to clear all concepts and improve your understanding of Psychology in Class 12.

Chapterwise Important Questions Class 12 Psychology

It is important for students to prepare for Class 12 Psychology exams properly and practice questions and answers which have been designed based on the latest guidelines on the type of questions to be asked in the upcoming class 12 Psychology examination. We have also provided MCQ Questions for Class 12 Psychology which will be very useful for students. This year more MCQ-based questions and Case study-based questions are expected in examinations. We have provided all the latest questions which are expected to come in exams on our website. Students in Class 12 should download these questions in Pdf and share with teachers and friends.

Exam question for class 12 biology chapter 9 strategies for enhancement in food production, exam question for class 12 biology chapter 2 sexual reproduction in flowering plants, notes for class 12 accountancy chapter 3 reconstitution of a partnership firm – admission of a partner.

Important Questions and Answers

1 mark Questions
2 Marks Questions
3 Marks Questions
4 Marks Questions
6 Marks Questions
Multiple Choice Questions

Chapter wise Questions and Answers

Chapter 1: Variations in Psychological Attributes
Chapter 2: Self and Personality
Chapter 3: Meeting Life Challenges
Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches
Chapter 6: Attitude and Social Cognition
Chapter 7: Social Influence and Group Processes
Chapter 8: Psychology and Life
Chapter 9: Developing Psychological Skills

Chapter Wise Mutilple Choice Questions and Answers

Chapter 1: Variations in Psychological Attributes - MCQ
Chapter 2: Self and Personality - MCQ
Chapter 3: Meeting Life Challenges - MCQ
Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders - MCQ
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches - MCQ
Chapter 6: Attitude and Social Cognition - MCQ
Chapter 7: Social Influence and Group Processes - MCQ
Chapter 8: Psychology and Life - MCQ
Chapter 9: Developing Psychological Skills - MCQ

Sample Question Papers

Sample Question Paper 1
CBSE Solved Question Paper - 2017

List of Questions and Answers

Q 1. As per psychology what is individual differences?

Ans: It refers to the distinctiveness and variations in people’s characteristics and behaviour patterns.

Q 2. When the behaviour is influenced more by situational factors it is called as __________.

Ans: Situationism

Q 3. What is Assessment as per Psychology?

Ans: It refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation, wherein multiple ways are involved in comparing the attributes.

Q 4. What are the important assessment attributes for Psychologist?

Ans: Intelligence : It is the global capacity to understand the world, think in a sensible and logical manner, and use the resources available with you effectively to face challenges. Aptitude : refers to an individual's underlying potential to acquire any new skills. Interest : refers to an individual’s choice for engaging in one or more specific activities in comparison to others. Personality : refers to an individual’s strong characteristics that make this person different from others. Personality assessment helps us to explain an individual’s behaviour and predict how she/he will behave in future.Whether the individual will be dominant or submissive, moody or emotionally stable, introvert or extrovert etc. Values : refers to an individual’s strong and lasting beliefs about an ideal mode of behaviour. Assessment of values helps in understanding the dominant values of a person (example : political, religious, social or economic).

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Q 5. What are the Assessment Methods used by Psychologist?

Ans: Psychological Test : is used to measure an individual's mental and/or behavioural characteristics.The tests are done on psychological attributes like intelligence, aptitude, values, personality.These tests are used for the purpose of clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement and training. Interview : is a process of getting information from a person on a one-to-one basis.It is used mainly by employer to select employees for his organisation, used by salesperson by making door-to-door visit to sell the product, counsellor interacts with a client,journalist interviewing important people. Case Study : in-depth study of an individual's psychological attributes , its history regarding his/her psychosocial and physical environment.Case studies are widely used by clinical psychologists.Case studies on the lives of great people can also be highly inspiring for those willing to learn from their life experiences. Case study involves gathering of data based on different methods like interview, observation, questionnaires,psychological tests etc. Observation : is a systematic organised and objective procedure to record behavioural phenomena that occurs naturally in real time.For example mother-child interactions. Self-Report : Self-Report is a method in which a person provides factual information about herself/himself and/or opinions, beliefs, etc. that s/he holds. Such information may be obtained by using an interview schedule or a questionnaire, a psychological test, or a personal diary.

Q 6. How do psychologists characterise and define intelligence.

Ans: For Psychologists intelligence is the key parameter that shows how individuals differ from one another. The attributes noticed in an intelligent person are mental alertness, ready wit, quickness in learning, and ability to understand relationships. As per oxford dictionary, intelligence is defined as the power of perceiving, learning, understanding, and knowing. As per Alfred Binet the first psychologists who worked on intelligence , defines intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well. Wechsler psychologists defined intelligence as the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with her/his environment. Gardner and Sternberg psychologists says that an intelligent individual not only adapts to the environment, but also actively modifies or shapes it.

Q 7. Explain briefly the multiple intelligences identified by Gardner?

Ans: As per Gardner , intelligence is not a single entity; rather distinct types of intelligences exist Here are some important points as what Gardner feels on multiple intelligence. a) intelligences are independent of each other. b) Different types of intelligence interact and work together to find a solution to a problem. Mr Gardner Identified 8 types of intelligence and here are the details: Linguistic skill involved in using the language, how well he/she reads, speaks, writes and understand others.Poet and Writers are very strong in linguistic intelligence. Logical-Mathematical skill mainly possess problem solving ability, very high on thinking logically,good at abstract reasoning and can solve mathematical problems with ease.Scientists and Nobel prize winners are good example with Logical-Mathematical Intelligence. Spatial skill is more of understanding visual images and patterns. It refers to the abilities involved in forming, using, and transforming mental images.Pilots, sailors, sculptors, painters, architects, interior decorators, and surgeons are likely to have highly developed spatial intelligence. Musical skill has more detail understanding of producing, creating and manipulating musical patterns. Persons high on this intelligence are very sensitive to sounds and vibrations, and in creating new patterns of sounds. Bodily-Kinaesthetic is to make use of your whole body for problem solving or construction of products.Athletes, dancers, actors, sportspersons, gymnasts, and surgeons are likely to have such kind of intelligence Interpersonal skill involves understanding behaviours , their motives , feelings and form a comfortable relationship with others.Psychologists, counsellors, politicians, social workers, and religious leaders are likely to possess high interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal skill deals with knowing one's internal strengths and limitations and using that knowledge to effectively relate to others.Philosophers and spiritual leaders present examples of this type of intelligence. Naturalistics skill involves awareness of our relationship with natural world, i.e. analysing the beauty of species present, flora and fauna etc. Hunters, farmers, tourists, botanists, zoologists, and bird watchers possess more of naturalistic intelligence.

Q 8. Triarchic theory of intelligence was proposed by _________.

Ans: Robert Sternberg

Q 9. How does the triarchic theory help us to understand intelligence?

Ans: Triarchic theory of intelligence was proposed by Robert Sternberg in the year 1985. As per Sternberg intelligence is defined as "the ability to adapt,to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture". According to the theory, there are three basic types of intelligence and they are : Componential, Experiential, and Contextual. Componential also called as analytical intelligence mainly deals with the analysis of information to solve a particular problem. There are three components involved with Componential intelligence: Knowledge acquisition component : this component is responsible to learn and acquire knowledge to carry out the task. meta or a higher order component : this component deal with plans about how to do the task. performance component : this component involves of actually getting the task done. Experiential also called as creative intelligence deals in past experiences to solve problems.Persons high on this aspect integrate different experiences in an original way to make new discoveries and inventions. Contextual also called as practical intelligence deals with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis.Persons high on this aspect easily adapt to their present environment or select a more favourable environment than the existing one, or modify the environment to fit their needs. Therefore, they turn out to be successful in life.

Q 10. "Any intellectual activity involves the independent functioning of three neurological systems". Explain with reference to PASS model.

Arousal / Attention
Simultaneous and Successive Processing
It helps person to process any information
Arousal makes you focus your attention on your task which needs to be completed.
Simultaneous and Successive Processing deals with how the brain processes the information, builds the relation between the data available and integrate them into a meaningful pattern which is understandable.
Simultaneous processing helps you in grasping the meaning and relationship between the given abstract figures.
Successive processing takes place when you have all the required information serially and how one step will lead to the next step and so on.
Planning is an important feature of intelligence.
It comes into picture once the information is collected and processed.
It allows us to think of the possible courses of action, implement them to reach a target, and evaluate their effectiveness.
If a plan fails, it is modified to suit the requirements of the task being done.

Q 11. What is Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?How do psychologists classify people on the basis of their IQ scores?

William Stern, a German psychologist, devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient.
When MA = CA , IA = 100
If MA > CA, IQ > 100
If MA < CA, IQ < 10
People with an IQ scores in the range of 90–110 have normal intelligence.
People with an IQ below 70 are suspected to have "mental retardation".
People with an IQ above 130 are considered to have exceptional talents.

Q 12. Find out the IQ of a 14-year-old child with a mental age of 16.

Q 13.___________was defined by Binet and Simon as being two mental age years below the chronological age.

Q 14.State few characteristics of emotionally intelligent persons.

Perceive and be sensitive to your own’s feelings and emotions.
Perceive and be sensitive to others people’s emotions by paying attention to their tone, body language and facial expressions.
Relate your emotions to your thoughts so that you take them into account while solving problems or making decisions.
Understand the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of your emotions.
Control your emotions and their expression while dealing with self and others to promote harmony and peace.

Q 15.Analyse the features of creativity tests.

One of the important feature is creativity test are they are open ended,which means that it makes a person think different answers to the questions or problems based on their experiences which comes their way.
Creativity test involves off-the-beaten track divergent thinking and has the ability to produce different ideas.
The tests require people to think creatively for example ability to think of a variety of ideas on a given topic/situation, alternative ways of looking at things, problems or situations etc.
Creativity test makes a person to see new relationships between seemingly unrelated things, ability to guess causes and consequences, ability to put things in a new context, etc.

Q 16.Bring out three points of difference between Individual and Group tests

Q 17.Draw the normal curve and show the percentagewise distribution of IQ scores in general population.

Q 18.Explain the following psychological attributes : (i) Intelligence (ii) Aptitude

Q 19.Defined Mental Retardation.Analyse the levels of Mental Retardation.

mild retardation (IQs 55–69),
moderate retardation (IQs 40–54),
severe retardation (IQs 25–39), and
profound retardation (IQs below 25)

Q 20.What is Cognitive Assessment System(CAS)?

Q 21.Analyse the role of hereditary influences on intelligence.

The intelligence of identical twins brought up together mostly shows 90% similarity.
Twins separated in their childhood also shows similarity in terms of behaviour, personality and intellectual characteristics.
The intelligence of identical twins brought up in different environments is almost 72%.
Fraternal twins brought up together shows intelligence similarity of about 60%.
Brothers and sisters brought up together shows intelligence similarity of about 50%.
Siblings which are brought up separately shows intelligence similarity of about 25%.
In case of adopted children intelligence is more close towards their biological parents rather than adoptive parents.As they grow , they slowly start picking up and get closer with intelligence of their adoptive parents.
Children which are comes from deprived homes and later adopted in families having ,good food , good family background and quality schooling makes their intelligence improved.
So mostly all Psychologists come to a conclusion that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture).

Q 22.What is contextual intelligence?

Ans: Contextual also called as practical intelligence is the ability to deal with environmental demands that we come across on a daily basis.

Q 23.Define Aptitude.

Ans: It is a combination of characteristics that indicates an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training.

Q 24.Distinguish between simultaneous processing and successive processing with examples.

Q 25.Are there cultural differences in the conceptualisation of intelligence?

Mostly observed in technologically advanced societies.
These societies has a person well versed in skills like attention,observation,analysis, speed, performance, and achievement.
Technological intelligence is not popular in Asian and African societies.
Mostly adopted by Indian culture which deals with connection with social and world environment.
The sanskrit word “buddhi” which means intelligence is the knowledge of one’s own self based on conscience, will and desire.
As per Indian Tradition following aspects plays a very important role:
Cognitive capacity deals with sensitivity to context, understanding, discrimination, problem solving, and effective communication.
Social competence deals with respect for social order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy, concern about others, recognising others perspectives.
Emotional competence deals with self-regulation and self-monitoring of emotions, honesty, politeness, good conduct, and self-evaluation.
Entrepreneurial competence deals with commitment, persistence, patience,hard work, vigilance, and goal-directed behaviours.

Q 26.How can you differentiate between verbal and performance tests of intelligence?

Q 27.All persons do not have the same intellectual capacity. How do individuals vary in their intellectual ability? Explain.

The IQ has to be below 70 and they are judged as having sub-average intelligence.
The second relates to deficits in adaptive behaviour i.e the inability to be independent and deal with everyday’s task.
The individuals in this category has to be observed right from childhood till the age of 18.
mild retardation (IQs 55–69) : Mild retardation people are little slower in comparison to other their peers, but they can do their jobs and handle families independently.
moderate retardation (IQs 40–54) :The people with moderate retardation lag behind their peers in language and motor skills. They can be trained for social, communication skills and self care skills.
severe retardation (IQs 25–39) : are incapable of managing life and need constant care for their entire lives.
profound retardation (IQs below 25) : are incapable of managing life and need constant care for their entire lives.

Q 28.What are the characteristics of gifted children?

Advanced logical thinking, questioning and problem solving behaviour.
High speed in processing information.
Superior generalisation and discrimination ability.
Advanced level of original and creative thinking.
High level of intrinsic motivation and self-esteem.
Independent and non-conformist thinking. • Preference for solitary academic activities for long periods.

Q 29.________ behaviour refers to a person’s capacity to be independent and deal effectively with one’s environment.

Ans:Adaptive

Q 30. ___________ is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.

Ans: Giftedness

Q 31.Which of the two, IQ or EQ, do you think would be more related to success in life and why?

To deal with students who are affected by stresses and challenges of the outside world.
Success in academic achievement.
Encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their antisocial activities.
Prepares students to face the challenges of life outside the classroom.

Q 32.How is "aptitude" different from "interest" and "intelligence"? How is aptitude measured?

Aptitude refers to special abilities in a particular field of activity. It is a combination of characteristics that indicates an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training.
The knowledge of aptitude can help us to predict an individual’s future performance.
Interest is a preference for a particular activity whereas aptitude is the potentiality to perform that activity.
A person may be interested in a particular job or activity, but may not have the aptitude i.e the skills required to take the interest further. Similarly, a person may have the potentiality for performing a job, but may not be interested in doing that. In both cases, the outcome will not be satisfactory.
Intelligence : It is the global capacity to understand the world, think in a sensible and logical manner, and use the resources available with you effectively to face challenges.
An intelligent person are mental alertness, ready wit, quickness in learning, and ability to understand relationships.
Intelligence is also defined as the power of perceiving, learning, understanding, and knowing.
Clerical Aptitude, Mechanical Aptitude, Numerical Aptitude, and Typing Aptitude are independent aptitude tests.
Multiple Aptitude Tests exist in the form of test batteries, which measures aptitude in several separate but homogeneous areas.
Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT), the General Aptitude Tests Battery (GATB), and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) are well-known aptitude test batteries.
DAT is most commonly used in educational settings. It consists of 8 independent subtests: (i) Verbal Reasoning, (ii) Numerical Reasoning, (iii) Abstract Reasoning, (iv) Clerical Speed and Accuracy, (v) Mechanical Reasoning,vi) Space Relations, (vii) Spelling, and (viii) Language Usage.

Q 33.What is Assessment ?

Ans: Assessment refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation, often using multiple methods in terms of certain standards of comparison.

Q 34.Explain theory of Primary Mental Abilities by Louis Thurstone ?

(i) Verbal Comprehension (grasping meaning of words, concepts, and ideas),
(ii) Numerical Abilities (speed and accuracy in numerical and computational skills),
(iii) Spatial Relations (visualising patterns and forms),
(iv) Perceptual Speed (speed in perceiving details),
(v) Word Fluency (using words fluently and flexibly),
(vi) Memory (accuracy in recalling information), and
(vii) Inductive Reasoning (deriving general rules from presented facts).

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CBSE Class 12 Psychology Exam 2023 : Important Case Study Based Questions with Solutions

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The exam is planned for 05th April 2023, that is, tomorrow. The exam will be for 3 hours scheduled between 10.30 AM to 01.30 PM.

As you know the tail segment of the paper comprises case study-based questions that require deep thinking and an eye for details. To help you with that, we have added important case study-based questions for your practice. Keep up with this post for the questions.

Case 1:

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow:

Q1. Based on the symptoms being exhibited, identify the disorder. Explain the other symptoms that can be seen in this disorder.

Q2. Define delusion and inappropriate affect. Support it with the symptoms given in the above case study.

Read the case and answer the questions that follow.

Q1 . Identify the approach on which the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale is based. Discuss its features.

Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow :

All the Indian settlers were contemptuously and without distinction dubbed “coolies” and forbidden to walk on footpaths or be out at night without permits.

Q1. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination ? On the

basis of the incidents in the above case study, identify a situation for each

which are examples of prejudice and discrimination.

Q2. What do you think could have been a source of these prejudices ? Explain

any two sources.

Read the given case carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Over time, Harish had to drink more to feel the effects of the alcohol. He got grouchy or shaky and had other symptoms when he was not able to drink or when he tried to quit.

(i)It has been found that certain family systems are likely to produce abnormal functioning in individual members.

In the light of the above statement, the factors underlying Harish's condition can be related to model.

(A) Humanistic

(B) Behavioural

(D) Psychodynamic

(ii) Over time, Harish needed to drink more before he could feel the effects of the alcohol. This means that he built a alcohol. towards the

(A) Withdrawal

(B) Tolerance

(D) All of the above

(iii)He got grouchy or shaky and had other symptoms when he was not able to drink or when he tried to quit. This refers to

(A) Low willpower symptoms.

(B) Addiction symptoms

(D) Tolerance symptoms

(iv) Which of the following is not true about substance related and addictive disorders?

(A) Alcoholism unites millions of families through social interactions and get-togethers.

(B) Intoxicated drivers are responsible for many road accidents.

(D) Excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health.

Read the given case carefully and answer the questions that follow:

(i)Monty's symptoms are likely to be those of

(A) ADHD and anxiety disorder

(B) Bipolar disorder and generalised anxiety disorder

(D) Schizophrenia

(ii) During his sessions, Monty tried to clear many myths. Which one of the following is a myth?

(A) Normality is the same as conformity to social norms.

(B) Adaptive behaviour is not simply maintenance and survival but also includes growth and fulfilment.

(D) Genetic and biochemical factors are involved in causing mental disorders.

(iii) With an understanding of Monty's condition, which of the following is a likely symptom he may also be experiencing?

(A) Frequent washing of hands

(B) Assuming alternate personalities

(D) Prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object

(iv) Teenage is a tough phase as teenagers face various emotional and psychological issues. The disorder manifested in the early stage of development is classified as,

(A) Feeding and eating disorder

(B) Trauma and stressor related disorder

(D) Somatic symptom disorder

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CBSE Important Questions for Class 12 Psychology are available in Printable format for Free Download.Here you may find NCERT Important Questions and Extra Questions for Class 12 Psychology chapter wise with answers also. These questions will act as chapter wise test papers for Class 12 Psychology. These Important Questions for Class 12 Psychology are as per latest NCERT and CBSE Pattern syllabus and assure great success in achieving high score in Board Examinations

Total Papers :

Psychology Topics to be covered for Class 12

Individual Differences in Human Functioning, Assessment of Psychological Attributes, Intelligence, Theories of Intelligence: Psychometric Theories of Intelligence, Information Processing Theories, Theory of Multiple Intelligences, TriarchicTheory of Intelligence, Planning, Attention-Arousal and Simultaneous Successive Model of Intelligence, Individual Differences in Intelligence, Culture and Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Special Abilities: Aptitude: Nature and Measurement10.Creativity
Self and Personality, Concept of Self, Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self, Culture and Self, Concept of Personality, Major Approaches to the Study of Personality, Assessment of Personality
Nature, Types and Sources of Stress, Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and Health, Coping with Stress, Promoting Positive Health and Well-being
Meaning of Development, Factors Influencing Development, Context of Development, Overview of Developmental Stages
Concepts of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders, Classification of Psychological Disorders, Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour, Major Psychological Disorders
Nature and Process of Psychotherapy, Types of Therapies, Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
Explaining Social Behaviour, Nature and Components of Attitudes, Attitude Formation and Change, Prejudice and Discrimination, Strategies for Handling Prejudice, Social Cognition, Schemas and Stereotypes, Impression Formation and Explaining, Behaviour in the Presence of Others, Pro-social Behaviour
Nature and Formation of Groups, Type of Groups, Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour, Conformity, Compliance and Obedience, Cooperation and Competition, Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict: Nature and Causes, Conflict Resolution Strategies
Human-Environment Relationship, Environmental Effects on Human Behaviour, Promoting Pro-environmental Behaviour, Psychology and Social Concerns
Developing as an effective Psychologist, General Skills, Observational Skills, Specific Skills, Interviewing Skills7.Counselling Skills

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Importance of Question Bank for Exam Preparation?

There are many ways to ascertain whether a student has understood the important points and topics of a particular chapter and is he or she well prepared for exams and tests of that particular chapter. Apart from reference books and notes, Question Banks are very effective study materials for exam preparation. When a student tries to attempt and solve all the important questions of any particular subject , it becomes very easy to gauge how much well the topics have been understood and what kind of questions are asked in exams related to that chapter.. Some of the other advantaging factors of Question Banks are as follows

Since Important questions included in question bank are collections of questions that were asked in previous exams and tests thus when a student tries to attempt them they get a complete idea about what type of questions are usually asked and whether they have learned the topics well enough. This gives them an edge to prepare well for the exam.Students get the clear idea whether the questions framed from any particular chapter are mostly either short or long answer type questions or multiple choice based and also marks weightage of any particular chapter in final exams.
CBSE Question Banks are great tools to help in analysis for Exams. As it has a collection of important questions that were asked previously in exams thereby it covers every question from most of the important topics. Thus solving questions from the question bank helps students in analysing their preparation levels for the exam. However the practice should be done in a way that first the set of questions on any particular chapter are solved and then solutions should be consulted to get an analysis of their strong and weak points. This ensures that they are more clear about what to answer and what can be avoided on the day of the exam.
Solving a lot of different types of important questions gives students a clear idea of what are the main important topics of any particular chapter that needs to focussed on from examination perspective and should be emphasised on for revision before attempting the final paper. So attempting most frequently asked questions and important questions helps students to prepare well for almost everything in that subject.
Although students cover up all the chapters included in the course syllabus by the end of the session, sometimes revision becomes a time consuming and difficult process. Thus, practicing important questions from Question Bank allows students to check the preparation status of each and every small topic in a chapter. Doing that ensures quick and easy insight into all the important questions and topics in each and every individual. Solving the important questions also acts as the revision process.

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Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 Important Questions

Chapter 1: Variations in Psychological Attributes

CBSE Class 12
Chapter 1: Variations in Psychological Attributes Notes

Individual Differences in Human Functioning

Psychology Book Class-12
Publication
PathSet Publications
Each one of us is unique as we exemplify a typical combination of various traits i.e. different traits exist in an individual in varying degrees or intensities.
Individual Differences refers to distinctiveness and variations among people's characteristics and behaviour patterns.
Situationism states that situations and circumstances in which one is placed influence one's behaviour.
Sometimes, the situational influences are so powerful that individuals with differing personality traits respond to them in almost the same ways. The situationist perspective views human behaviour relatively more as a result of influence of external factors

Assessment of Psychological Attributes

It is the first step in understanding a psychological attribute.
It refers to the measurement of psychological attributes of individuals and their evaluation, often using multiple methods in terms of certain standards of comparison.
Psychological assessment uses systematic testing procedures to evaluate abilities, behaviours, and personal qualities of individuals.
There are two types of Assessment:

Characteristics of Psychological Attributes

Complex in nature
Multi-dimensional (Cognitive, Emotional, Social, etc.)

Psychological Attributes

Intelligence

Personality

Assessment Methods

Psychological Test

It is an objective and standardised measure of an individual's mental and/or behavioural characteristics.
They are used for:
Clinical diagnosis
Personnel selection
It involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis.
It is used when:
Counsellor interacts with a client -Salesperson makes a door-to-door survey
Employer selects employees
It is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of her/his psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of her/his psychosocial and physical environment.
It is used by clinical pcychologists.
Observation
It involves employing systematic, organised, and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomena occuring naturally in real time.

Self Report

It is a method in which a person provides factual information about herself / himself and/or opinions, beliefs, etc. that she/he holds.
Such information may be obtained by using an interview schedule or a questionnaire, a psychological test or a personal diary.

Intelligence and Theories of Intelligence

Definitions of Intelligence

Theories of Intelligence

There are two approaches to theories of intelligence:

Psychometric approach/ Structural approach

considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities
expresses the individual's performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities

A. Uni or one factor theory (by Alfred Binet)

According to him, intelligence consists of one similar set of abilities which can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual's environment.

B. Two factor theory (by Charles Spearman)

According to him, intelligence consists of:

i. General factor (g-factor) which includes mental operations which are primary and common to all performances.

ii. Specific factors (s-factors) which contains specific abilities which allow individuals to excel in their respective domains / fields. For eg, singing, dancing, cooking etc.

C. Theory of Primary Mental Abilities (by Louis Thurstone)

It states that intelligence consists of 7 primary abilities, independent of each other:

i. Verbal Comprehension - grasping meaning of words, concepts and ideas

ii. Numerical Abilities - speed and accuracy in numerical and computational skills

iii. Spacial Relations - visualising patterns and forms

iv. Perceptual speed - speed in perceiving details

v. Word Fluency - using words fluently and flexibly

vi. Memory - accuracy in recalling information

vii. Inductive Reasoning - deriving general rules from presented facts

D. Hierarchical Model of Intelligence (by Arthur Jensen)

This model consists of abilities operating at two levels:

It is the associative learning in which output is more or less similar to the input (for eg rote learning and memory)

ii. Level II

It is also called cognitive competence which involves higher order skills as they transform the input to produce an effective output.

E. Structure of Intellect model (J.P. Guilford)

It classifies intellectual traits among 3 dimensions:

i. Operations

what the respondent does
includes cognition, memory recording, memery retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation

ii. Contents

the nature of materials or information on which intellectual operations are performed.
includes visual, auditory, symbolic (letters and numbers), semantic (words), behavioural (information about people's behaviour, attitudes, needs).

iii. Products

the form in which information is processed by the respondent.
classified into units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications.

Information-Processing Approach

describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving
focuses on how an intelligent person acts
emphasizes on studying cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour

A. Theory of Multiple Intelligences (by Howard Gardner)

According to him,

intelligence is not a single entity
distinct types of intelligence exist -independent of each other
different types of intelligences interact and work together to find a solution to a problem

He described 8 types of intelligences:

i. Linguitic Intelligence

skills involved in the production and use of language
use language fluently and flexibly
to express one's thinking and understand others
'word-smart' people who are sensitive to different shades of word meanings, articulate, and can create linguistic images in their mind.
examples: poets and writers

ii. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

skills in scientific thinking and problem solving
think logically and critically
engage in abstract reasoning
can manipulate symbols to solve mathematical problems
examples: Scientists and Nobel Prize winners

iii. Spatial Intelligence

skills in forming visual images and patterns -abilities involved in forming, using, and transforming mental images.
can easily represent the spatial world in the mind
examples: Pilots, Sailors, Sculptors, Painters, Architects, Interior decorators, Surgeons

iv. Musical Intelligence

sensitivity to musical rhythms and patterns
capacity to produce, create and manipulate musical patterns
sensitive to sounds and vibrations
sensitive to creating new patterns of sounds
examples: Musicians, Sound Engineers, Singers, Instrumentalists

v. Bodily-Kinaesthetic Intelligence

using whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively for display or construction of products and problem solving
examples: Athletes, dancers, actors, surgeons, gymnasts, sportspersons

vi. Intrapersonal Intelligence

awareness of one's own feelings, motives and desires
knowledge of one's internal strengths and limitations
using that knowledge to effectively relate to others
have finer sensibilities regarding their identity, human existence and meaning of life
examples: Philosophers, Spiritual leaders

vii. Interpersonal Intelligence

sensitivity to subtle aspects of others' behaviours
skill of understanding the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people
bond into a confortable relationship with others
examples: counsellors, psychologists, politicians, social workers, religious leaders

viii. Naturalistic Intelligence

sensitivity to the features of natural world -complete awareness of our relationship with the natural world
recognising the beauty of different species of flora and fauna
useful in making subtle discriminations in the natural world.
examples: Hunters, farmers, tourists, botanists, zoologists, bird watchers

B. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (by Robert Sternberg)

He views intelligence as the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one's goals and those of one's society and culture.

According to this theory, there are 3 types of intelligences:

i. Componential Intelligence / Analytical Intelligence

The analysis of information to solve problems
Think analytically and critically
Succeed in schools
This intelligence has three components:

a. Knowledge Acquisition - responsible for learning and acquisition of the ways of doing things.

b. Meta or Higher order - involves planning concerning what to do and how to do

c. Performance - involves actually doing things

ii. Experiential Intelligence / Creative Intelligence

involved in using past experiences creatively to solve novel problems.
reflected in creative performance.
integration of different experiences in an original way to make new discoveries and inventions.
quickly find out which information is crucial in given a situation.

iii. Contextual Intelligence / Practical Intelligence

involves the ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis.
called 'street smartness' or 'business sense'
easily adapt to their present environment or select a favourable environment than the existing one or modify the environment to fit their needs.
successful in life

C. PASS Model of Intelligence (by J.P. Das, Jack Naghieri and Kirby)

According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain. These units are responsible for the following:

i. Arousal / Attention

State of arousal is basic to any behaviour as it helps us in attending to stimuli.
Arousal and attention enable a person to process information.
An optimum level of arousal focuses our attention to the relevant aspects of a problem.
Too much or too little arousal would interfere with attention.

ii. Simultaneous and Successive Processing

Information can be integrated into your knowledge system either:

a. Simultaneously

Simultaneous processing takes place when you perceive the relations among various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension. Example - Raven's Progressive Matrices Test - It helps us in grasping the meaning and relationship between the given abstract figures.

b. Successively

Successive processing takes place when we remember all the information serially so that the recall of one leads to the recall of another.

Example - Learning of digits, alphabets, multiplication tables

iii. Planning (essential feature of intelligence)

Planning is activated, after the information is attended to and processed.
allows us to think of the possible courses of action, implement them to reach a target, and evaluate their effectiveness.

These processes (Arousal/Attention, Simultaneous and Successive Processing and Planning) are interactive and dynamic.

Cognitive Assessment System (by Das and Naglieri)

battery of tests
consists of verbal as well as non-verbal tasks
measure cognitive functions
independent of schooling
between 5 to 18 yrs of age
results can be used to remedy cognitive deficits of children with learning problems.

Intelligence: Interplay of Nature and Nurture

Intelligence: Interplay of Nature and Nurture/ Product of complex interaction of Nature and Nurture

Correlation of intelligence :

Identical twins reared together - 0.90
Identical twins reared in different environments - 0.72
Fraternal twins reared together - 0.60
Siblings reared together - 0.50
Siblings reared apart - 0.25
Children's intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. However, as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents.
Environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background and quality of schooling increases intelligence.
Heredity is something that sets a range within which an individual's development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.

Assessment of Intelligence

1905 - Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon - first attempt to formally measure intelligence (Binet-Simon Scale)
Mental Age (MA) is a measure of a person's intellectual development relative to people of her/his age group.
Chronological Age (CA) is the biological age from birth.
Retardation was defined as being two mental age years below the chronological age.
IQ = MA/CA x 100 (by William Stern in 1912)

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) refers to mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. The number 100 is used as a multiplier to avoid the decimal point.

MA = CA, IQ = 100

MA > CA, IQ > 100

MA < CA, IQ < 100

For example, a 10-year-old child with a mental age of 12 would have an IQ of 120 (12/10 x 100), whereas the same child with an MA of 7 would have an IQ of 70 (7/10 x 100).
The scores of most people tend to fall in the middle range of the distribution. Only a few people have either very high or very low scores.
The frequency distribution for the IQ scores tends to approximate a bell-shaped curve, called the normal curve. This type of distribution is symmetrical around the central value, called the mean.
Mean IQ score in a population is 100.
People with IQ scores in the range of 90–110 have normal intelligence.
Those with IQ below 70 are suspected to have ‘intellectual disability’, while persons with IQ above 130 are considered to have exceptional talents.

Variations of Intelligence

Intellectual Deficiency

Children face enormous difficulty in learning even very simple skills
These children who show intellectual deficiency are 'intellectually disabled'
The American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) views intellectual disability as "significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental age."

Three features of the above definition are:

'significantly sub-average intellectual functioning' is a must to be regarded as intellectually disabled having IQ below 70.
'deficits in adaptive behaviour' where, adaptive behaviour means a person's capacity to be independent and deal effectively with one's environment.
deficits must be observed during the 'developmental period' i.e. between 0 and 18yrs of age.
Taught to work and function with special attention
Some cannot be trained and require institutional care throughout their lives
Different levels of intellectually disability:

Intellectual Giftedness

Higher performance because of their outstanding potentialities.
Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas
Talent refers to remarkable ability in a specific field. The highly talented are sometimes called 'prodigies'.
Giftedness depends on a combination of high ability, high creativity, and high commitment, from teachers’ point of view.
Gifted children show early signs of intellectual superiority. Even during infancy and early childhood, they show:
larger attention span
good recognition memory
preference for novelty
sensitivity to environmental changes
early appearance of language skills

Characteristics of gifted children are:

Types of Intelligence Tests

Individual or Group Tests

Individual Tests
Individual tests are administered to one person at a time.
These tests require the test administrator to establish a rapport with the subject and be sensitive to her/his feelings, moods expressions during the testing session.
These allow people to answer orally in a written form or manipulate objects as per the tester's instructions.

Group Tests

A group intelligence test can be administered to several persons simultaneously.
These do not allow an opportunity to be familiar with the subjects' feelings.
They seek written answers usually in a MCQ format.

Verbal, Non-verbal or Performance Tests

Verbal Tests

These tests require subjects to give verbal responses either orally or in written form.
These tests can be administered only to literate people.

Non-Verbal Tests

The non-verbal tests use pictures or illustrations as test items. These can be administered on illiterate people as well.
Example- Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test

Performance Tests

Performance tests require subjects to manipulate objects and other materials to perform a task.
Written language is not necessary for answering the items.
They can be easily administered to people from different cultures.
Example- Kohs' Block Design Test

Culture-Fair or Culture-Biased Tests

Culture-Fair Tests

Culture-fair or culturally appropriate tests are those that do not discriminate against individuals belonging to different cultures.
These tests are developed in a manner that they assess experiences common to all cultures or have questions in which language usage is not required.
Non-verbal and performance tests help reduce the cultural bias usually associated with verbal tests.

Culture-Biased Tests

Culture-biased tests are designed for a specific population and show biased results for a specific group, culture, and population due to cultural influence.

Misuses of Intelligence Tests

Poor performance on a test may make the child ashamed and thereby adversely affect their performance and self-respect.
The results of the test may invite discriminatory practices / treatment from parents, teachers and elders in the society.
Intelligence tests do not capture creative potentialities and practical side of intelligence.
They do not relate much to success in life.
Administering a test biased in favour of high class and middle class populations may underestimate the IQ of children coming from disadvantaged sections of the society.

Intelligence Testing in India

S.M. Mohsin made a pioneering attempt in constructing an intelligence test in Hindi in the 1930s.
C.H. Rice attempted to standardise Binet’s test in Urdu and Punjabi.
At about the same time, Mahalanobis attempted to standardise Binet’s test in Bengali.
Attempts were also made by Indian researchers to develop Indian norms for some western tests including RPM, WAIS, Alexander’s Passalong, Cube Construction, and Kohs’ Block Design.
Long and Mehta prepared a Mental Measurement Handbook listing out 103 tests of intelligence in India that were available in various languages.
Since then, a number of tests have either been developed or adapted from western cultures.
The National Library of Educational and Psychological Tests (NLEPT) at the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has documented Indian tests. Critical reviews of Indian tests are published in the form of handbooks. NLEPT has brought out the handbooks in the area of intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and interests.

Culture and Intelligence

Culture is a collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes and achievements in art and literature.
The cultural environment provides a context for intelligence to develop.
Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, has argued that culture provides a social context in which people live, grow and understand the world around them.

For example, in less technologically developed societies, social and emotional skills in relating to people are valued, while in technologically advanced societies, personal achievement founded on abilities of reasoning and judgment is considered to represent intelligence.

Vygotsky also believed that cultures, like individuals, have a life of their own; they grow and change, and in the process specify what will be the end-product of successful intellectual development.
According to him, while elementary mental functions (e.g., crying, attending to mother’s voice, sensitivity to smells, walking, and running) are universal, the manner in which higher mental functions such as problem solving and thinking operate are largely culture-produced.
Sternberg's notion of contextual or practical intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of culture.

Technological Intelligence

In technologically advanced societies, personal achievement founded on abilities of reasoning and judgement is considered to represent intelligence.
Focus on individualistic orientation.
Technologically advanced societies adopt child rearing practices that foster skills of:
Generalisation and abstraction
Minimal moves
Mental manipulation, among children.
In these societies, people are well-versed in skills of:
Attention
Performance
Achievement orientation

Intelligence tests developed in western cultures look precisely for these skills in an individual.

Intelligence in the Indian Tradition

Integral Intelligence (Intelligence in the Indian tradition)

Gives emphasis on connectivity with the social and world environment.
From a holistic perspective, equal attention is paid to cognitive and non cognitive processes as well as their integration as a part of intelligence.
Focus on collectivistic orientation
Value self-reflection
Less technologically developed societies value social and emotional skills in relating to people
Buddhi, according to J.P. Das includes such skills as:
Mental effort
Determined action
Opinions,

along with cognitive competence such as:

Discrimination
Understanding

Buddhi is the knowledge of one's own self based on conscience, will and desire.

Buddhi has affective and motivational components besides a strong cognitive component.

Emotional Intelligence

Considers that intelligence includes emotions.
Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions.
It is the feeling side of intelligence.
Salovey and Mayer defined emotional intelligence as " the ability to monitor one's own and other's emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions."
Emotional Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express intelligence.
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to process emotional information accurately and efficiently.
Applications of Emotional Intelligence:
Emotional intelligence is receiving increasing attention of educators for dealing with students who are affected by stresses and challenges of the outside world.
Programmes aimed at improving students’ emotional intelligence have beneficial effects on their academic achievement.
They encourage cooperative behaviour and reduce their antisocial activities.
These programmes are very useful in preparing students to face the challenges of life outside the classroom.

Characteristics of Emotionally Intelligent People are:

Aptitude : Nature and Measurement

Aptitude and Intelligence

People with similar intelligence differed widely in acquiring certain knowledge or skills.
Therefore, individuals with similar level of intelligence may have different aptitudes. For example, two students who have more or less the same level of intelligence, one may have a high verbal reasoning aptitude whereas the other student may have high numerical reasoning aptitude and low verbal reasoning aptitude.

Aptitude and Interest

A person may be interested in a particular job or activity, but may not have the aptitude for it. Similarly, a person may have the potentiality for performing a job, but may not be interested in doing that. In both cases, the outcome will not be satisfactory.
For example, a student with high mechanical aptitude and strong interest in engineering is more likely to be a successful mechanical engineer.
Therefore, in order to be successful in a particular field, a person must have both aptitude and interest.

Aptitude tests are available in two forms:

Independent (specialised) Aptitude Tests

Examples: Clerical Aptitude, Mechanical Aptitude, Numerical Aptitude, and Typing Aptitude

Multiple (generalised) Aptitude Tests

Multiple Aptitude Tests exist in the form of test batteries, which measure aptitude in several separate but homogeneous areas.

Examples: Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT), the General Aptitude Tests Battery (GATB), and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) are well-known aptitude test batteries.

Among these, DAT is most commonly used in educational settings. It consists of 8 independent subtests: (i) Verbal Reasoning, (ii) Numerical Reasoning, (iii) Abstract Reasoning, (iv) Clerical Speed and Accuracy, (v) Mechanical Reasoning, (vi) Space Relations, (vii) Spelling, and (viii) Language Usage.

J.M. Ojha has developed an Indian adaptation of DAT.

Several other aptitude tests have been developed in India for measuring scientific, scholastic, literary, clerical, and teaching aptitudes.

Creativity and Intelligence

Creativity is the ability to produce ideas, objects, or problem solutions that are novel, appropriate and useful.
Manifestations of creativity can be observed in:
a novel solution to a problem
an invention
composition of a poem or a painting
new chemical process
an innovation in law
a breakthrough in preventing a disease, etc
One common element among these is the production of something new and unique.
Creativity is not just limited to a selected few — the artist, the scientist, the poet or the inventor. An ordinary individual who is engaged in simple occupations like pottery, carpentry, cooking, etc. can also be creative.
Individuals vary in terms of the level and the areas in which they exhibit creativity and that all may not be operating at the same level.
Another level of creativity is working on what has already been established earlier by way of modifications, by putting things in new perspectives or to new use.
Children express creativity mostly through physical activities and in non-verbal ways.
Creativity is determined by both heredity and environment. Limits of the creative potential are set by heredity, and environmental factors (such as motivation, commitment, family support, peer influences, training opportunities, etc.) stimulate the development of creativity.
Terman, in the 1920s, found that:
persons with high IQ were not necessarily creative
creative ideas could come from persons who did not have a very high IQ
Both high and low level of creativity can be found in highly intelligent children and also children of average intelligence.
The same person, thus, can be creative as well as intelligent but it is not necessary that intelligent ones, in the conventional sense, must be creative.

Intelligence, therefore, by itself does not ensure creativity.

However, it has been found that the relationship between creativity and intelligence is positive.
All creative acts require some minimum ability to acquire knowledge and capacity to comprehend, retain, and retrieve.
Hence, a certain level of intelligence is required for creativity but beyond that intelligence does not correlate well with creativity.

Features of Creativity Tests

Some of the famous psychologists who have developed creativity tests are:

Wallach and Kogan

Features of Intelligence Tests

Related Chapter Name

Chapter 2 :self and personality.

Concept of Self
Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self
Culture and Self
Concept of Personality
Major Approaches to the Study of Personality
Assessment of Personality

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Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 MCQ

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 MCQ Variations in Psychological Attributes with explanation in English Medium for CBSE Exams 2024-25. Grade 12th Psychology chapter 1 MCQ and Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Solutions are taken from the latest NCERT textbook and answers also confined to NCERT books.

Diya is a hard working girl who shows dedication, perseverance and perseverance. All your actions are intentional. Such qualities focus on the ____ aspect of integrative intelligence. a) social skills b) cognitive ability c) Entrepreneurship d) Emotional abilities

Answer: c) Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial skills combine creativity, initiative, problem-solving, ability to use resources, and knowledge of finance and technology. These competencies enable entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial employees to induce and adapt to change.

Name the psychologist who proposed the concept of IQ.

William Stern: Stern proposed a change to the previously calculated intelligence formula using the difference between a person’s mental age and chronological age. Instead, Stern proposed dividing a person’s mental age by their chronological age to arrive at a single ratio.

View Answer

How is intelligence quotient measured?

IQ = MA x CA x 100: Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is the score you get on an intelligence test. Originally the quotient (ratio): IQ = MA/CA x 100 [MA is mental age, CA is chronological age]. Values are now calibrated against a baseline of actual population values.

The structure of the intelligence model is

J.P. Guilford: Joy Paul Guilford proposed a theory for the structure of intelligence, which in previous versions assumed 120 capacities. In The Nature of Human Intelligence (1967), Guilford argued that competencies can be classified into his five types of operations, his four types of content, and his six types of products.

Riya has very good verbal reasoning skills and is very interested in reading. She is more likely to succeed than

Journalists: A student with a high aptitude for verbal reasoning and a keen interest in reading is a journalist. Journalists research, write, edit, proofread and archive news, features and articles. Her work has been used on television and radio, in print magazines, magazines and newspapers.

Given the PASS model of intelligence: a) Binet, Terman and Kirby b) Jacques Naglieri c) J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby d) None of the above.

Answer: c) J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby Explanation:- J.P Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby created the PASS (Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive)THEORY of intelligence (1994). They argued that an individual’s intellectual activity is determined by three functional units of the brain.

________ Binet scale revised by Stanford University for US schoolchildren.

Terman: Louis Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University, is the expert who conducted Binet’s original test and standardized it on a sample of American participants. Initially, this was known as the Revised Stanford-Binet His Scale, but is now more commonly known as the Stanford-Binet IQ.

Spearman says there are generative possibilities that humans use in adapting to different kinds of intellectual tasks. This factor is

General Factor: General Intelligence, also known as the g-factor, refers to the presence of a wide range of intellectual abilities that influence performance on measures of cognitive performance. General Factor is a hypothetical cause of individual variability in general ability, which represents an individual’s ability to perceive associations and draw conclusions therefrom.

________ refers to an individual’s potential skill acquisition potential.

Suitability: Aptitude refers to an individual’s potential to acquire a skill. Aptitude is an innate or acquired ability to do something. Skills can range from developed knowledge, acquired or mastered skills (aka skills), talents, or required attitudes.

_____ refers to the abilities involved in forming, using, and transforming mental images. a) Spatial b) Musical c) Naturalistic d) Intrapersonal

Answer: a) Spatial Spatial refers to the abilities involved in forming, using, and transforming mental images.Meaning of spatial is relating to the position, area, and size of things: This task is designed to test children’s spatial awareness

Test to measure performance, i.e. predict what can be achieved in training

Aptitude Test: Aptitude tests are designed to assess a person’s abilities or predict what they could learn or do if they received the proper education and guidance. Represents a level of ability to perform a particular type of task.

Two intelligence factors have been shown to be

Spearmen: Spearman’s Rank Correlation measures the strength and direction of the association between two ranked variables. It basically tells you how monotonic the relationship between two variables is, or how well the relationship between the two variables can be represented using a monotonic function.

Test results ______ If reliable, reproducible and consistent.

Trusted: Reliable results are accurate, reproducible and consistent from one test event to another. In other words, if the testing process were repeated on a group of test takers, they would yield essentially the same results.

Empirical Intelligence

Use Past Experience Creatively: The ability to come up with new ideas and solutions in dealing with new situations is considered creative intelligence. Also called experiential intelligence. This form of intelligence involves using existing knowledge and skills to deal with new problems and situations.

An IQ below _______ is generally considered mentally retarded a) 100 b) 70 c) 120 d) 110

Answer: b) 70 Scores on the IQ test fall along a normal (bell-shaped) curve with an average IQ of 100, and an individual with intellectual disability is typically 2 standard deviations below the average (with an IQ of less than 70).

______ is an exceptional general ability demonstrated by excellent performance in a wide range of fields.

Giftedness: Student with gift and talents perform or have the capability to perform at higher levels compared to others of the same age, experience, and environment in one or more domains. They want modification to their educational experience to learn and realize their potential.

What is the IQ range for people with severe intellectual disability?

25 to 39: The average score for the IQ test is 100. These labels are often attached to IQ scores: 1 to 24: Severe intellectual disability. 25-39 years: Severe intellectual disability. 40-54 years: Moderate intellectual disability.

What is an individual’s preference for participating in one or more specific activities compared to others?

Interest: Interest is the price paid to borrow money or the cost charged to lend money. Interest is usually given as an annual percentage of the loan amount. This percentage is called the interest rate on the loan. For example, if you deposit money in a savings account, the bank will pay you interest.

Nia is a determined young lady, who shows responsibility, diligence and tolerance. All her way of behaving is objective coordinated. Such characteristics focus on _______ facet of integral intelligence. a) Cognitive capacity b) Emotional competence c) Social competence d) Entrepreneurial competence.

Answer: d) Entrepreneurial competence Entrepreneurship competencies combine creativity, a sense of initiative, problem-solving, the ability to marshal resources, and financial and technological knowledge. These competencies enable entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial employees to provoke and adapt to change.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1. Till 1879, psychology was a branch of ………. (a) physics (b) philosophy (c) physiology Answer: (b) philosophy

Question 2. Psychology is a science. (a) natural (b) social (c) biological Answer: (b) social

Question 3. …………………. is considered as founder of Psychoanalysis. (a) Wilhelm Wundt (b) Carl Rogers (c) Sigmund Freud Answer: (c) Sigmund Freud

2. Match the pair

3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1. Psychology is a study of mental processes. Answer: True

Question 2. Case study method is quite often used by clinical psychologists. Answer: True

Question 3. An experimenter is a person on whom the experiment is conducted. Answer: False

4. Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1. In which year was the first psychology laboratory established? Answer: The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

Question 2. Who is considered as the ‘Father of American Psychology’? Answer: William James, founder of Functionalism school of thought of psychology is considered ‘Father of American Psychology’.

Question 3. What is meant by an experimenter? Answer: The person who conducts the experiment is called the experimenter.

5. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1. Replicability Answer: Replicability is one of the key features of science. Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.

Question 2. Correlation coefficient. Answer: Correlation coefficient is the measurement of the correlation between two or more variables. Its value extends between -1.00 to +1.00. The concept was first introduced by Sir Francis Galton. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is the most commonly used type of correlation coefficient.

6. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1. Observation method Answer: Observation method is a research method that is employed in conditions where experiments may not be possible or even necessary. Observation is used by child psychologists and social psychologists. It may be carried out in a natural setting, for e.g., observing candidates waiting their turn for an interview. It may also be carried out in controlled conditions. The following factors should be kept in mind while carrying out the observation

it should be done systematically.
a comprehensive list of behaviours to be observed must be prepared.
the persons should not be aware of being observed.

The disadvantages of observation are:

it is a time consuming method.
objectivity is difficult to maintain during observation.
it is difficult to establish cause-effect relationships.

Question 2. Survey method Answer: A survey is a research method used to collect data from a pre-determined group of respondents, i.e., a sample. It is used to obtain information about the preferences, opinions, etc., of the ‘sample’ population. It makes use of tools like questionnaire, checklist, interviews, etc. Survey method is employed by social psychologists, industrial psychologists, etc. The researcher must ensure that-

sample of respondents is representative of the population.
questions should not be ambiguous.

The disadvantages of survey method are:

it is a very subjective method,
it lacks reliability.

Question 3. Case study method Answer: Case study method is a qualitative research method employed by clinical psychologists. It provides intensive, descriptive information about an individual from multiple sources such as family, peers, school, academic and health records, etc. This helps to assess the person’s level of psychological and social functioning. Researchers may employ techniques like observation, interview, psychological tests, etc. Psychologist such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget made extensive use of case study method. However, this method is very time consuming and subjective.

Question 4. Importance of rationality Answer: Rationality implies being agreeable to reason. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.” According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling psychology. Rationality is important because:

It allows us to make decisions in new or unfamiliar situations by helping us to gather and process relevant information.
It enables the person to exhibit tolerance and flexibility.
A rational person accepts oneself unconditionally and assumes responsibility for their own behaviour.
Rationality helps to understand and respect the views and interests of others.

7. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1. Science Answer: The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence. The key features of science are empirical evidence, objectivity, scientific causality, systematic exploration and replication.

Question 2. Objectivity Answer: Objectivity is one of the key features of science. It refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc. Science objectively studies some particular phenomenon.

8. Answer the following questions in detail.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology A Scientific Discipline 1

(iii) Zero correlation – A change in one variable leads to no significant change in the other variable, for e.g., height and intelligence.

Question 2. Explain some of the challenges in establishing psychology as a science. Answer: Many criticisms of psychology as a science have been made on practical, philosophical and ethical grounds. The challenges in establishing psychology as a science are: (i) It is in preparadigmatic state – According to American philosopher, Thomas Kuhn, psychology is still in a preparadigmatic state as it has not succeeded in producing a cumulative body of knowledge that has a clear conceptual cove.

(ii) Issues related to objectivity and validity – Methods used in psychology such as introspection, surveys and questionnaires are subjective. Due to this, psychology lacks two criteria of science, i.e., objectivity and validity.

(iii) Issues related to predictability and replicability – In psychology it is difficult to make exact predictions as people respond differently in different situations. Test result are more varied and hence difficult to replicate.

(iv) Objectifying humans – According to some psychologists, subjecting human behaviour to experimentation amounts to objectifying individuals.

Question 3. Explain the key features of science. Answer: The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence. They key features of science are:

Empirical evidence – It refers to acquiring information through direct observation or experiments. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence.
Objectivity – This refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist, setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc.
Scientific causality – Science aims to establish a cause-effect relationship between the variables under consideration, i.e., the effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable.
Systematic exploration – Science adopts a sequential procedure for studying various phenomena. It includes scientific steps like formulating a hypothesis, collection of facts, scientific generalisation etc.
Replication – Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.
Predictability – Science involves describing and explaining phenomena as well as to make predictions accordingly.

Question 4. Write detailed information of the experimental method in psychology. Answer: The systematic observation about a certain problem under controlled laboratory conditions is called an experiment. For example, Albert Bandura conducted experiment to investigate if social behaviours i.e., aggression can be acquired by observation and imitation. The steps involved in an experiment are:

identifying the problem
formulation a hypothesis
selecting an experimental design
conducting the experiment and data collection
data analysis
drawing conclusions

The key terms of experimental method with examples are:

Problem: To study the effect of music on the level of blood Pressure.
Hypothesis: The music will help in regulating the level of blood pressure.
Independent variable: Music.
Dependent variable: Level of blood pressure.
Intervening variables: Age, gender, all other sounds other than music, etc.
Experimenter : A person who will be conducting this experiment. (May be you or your psychology teacher.)
Participant : A person on whom this experiment will be conducted. (May be your family member/ friend.)

The two variables in an experiment are:

Independent Variable (I.V.) – It is the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes systematically to study it’s effect on the D.V. (Cause).
Dependent Variable (D.V.) – the variable that may change due to manipulation of the I.V. (effect).

The features of the method are:

it is the most objective and scientific method of studying behaviour
it helps to establish cause-effect relationship between two or more variables
the findings of an experiment are verifiable

The limitations of the method are:

it may not be possible to control all intervening variables
it has a limited scope, i.e., there may be ethical constraints or risk factors
experimenter’s expectations or participant attitude may influence the conclusions

Question 5. Explain the characteristics of a rational individual. Answer: One of the significant aims of individuals is attainment of happiness. However, in the pursuit of happiness, one should not be driven by irrational influences or compromise on social norms and ethics. Psychology helps to improving life quality by applying the concept of rationality in daily life. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.” According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling Psychology.

According to Ellis, rational people possess characteristics such as:

Understanding both self-interest and social interest – Rational people understand what choices help them to grow and take responsibility for their actions. They are also careful not to violate other’s rights.
Self-direction – The person does not demand excessive attention or support from others as he/she assumes the responsibility for his/her own life.
Tolerance – It is the willingness to accept beliefs and behaviour patterns of others that may differ from our own way of thinking.
Flexibility – Rational people tend to be flexible and unbiased in their thoughts and actions.
Self-acceptance and self-responsibility – A rational person accepts him/herself unconditionally as well as responsibility for his/her thoughts, emotions and behaviour.

The concept of rationality can be explained as:

How Rational Am I?

Question 1. Identify the strongest and the weakest characteristics in you from those explained by Dr. Albert Ellis. Answer: Rational people are psychologically healthy and show adaptive reasoning and good decision making. According to Dr. Albert Ellis, some characteristics of rational persons are:

Understanding self-interest and social interest
Self-direction
Flexibility
Self-acceptance and self-responsibility.

The strongest characteristic in me is self-direction. The weakest characteristic in me is flexibility.

Question 2. How will you work on your weakest characteristic? Write two strategies. Answer: Two strategies that I can use to improve the flexibility in my life is:

Adopt an unbiased perspective and non-judgmental thinking
Practicing meditation and mindfulness.

(A) Identify the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable.

To study the effect of colour on moods.
To study the effect of positive feedback on self-confidence.
To study the effect of loud noise on concentration levels.
To study the effect of exposure to classical music on reading skills.
To study the effect of a type of diet on weight loss.
To study the effect of a fertilizer on crop growth.
To study the effect of solving previous years exam papers on scores in the exam.
To study the effect of worker’s participation in decision making on job satisfaction.

(B) Identify the type of correlation.

Gender and Intelligence.
Cold weather and sales of air conditioners.
Low income and standard of living.
Consuming foods with antioxidants and immune system.
Speed and time taken to cover a distance.
Heads/tails,on flipping a coin and result when you flip another time.
Colour of the hair and learning a dance form.
Average temperature in a city and ice cream sales in it.
Chain smoking and lifespan.
Intelligence and language development.
Increasing age after 60 years and physical agility.
Level of water in a fish tank and area of fish habitat.
Large number of trees felled and probability of soil erosion.
More hours spent at work and available leisure time.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 1)

Read the following statements. Think and discuss whether the given statements are facts or myths and misconceptions about psychology: (i) Psychology is just common sense and not a real science. (ii) Psychology is simply a pseudoscience. (iii) Psychologists are simply mind readers or the face readers. (iv) Psychology is related only to the study of crazy people who are in need of therapy. (v) Psychologists, psychiatrists and counsellors have the same professional qualifications and their jobs are almost of the same nature. (vi) Anyone with a degree in psychology can provide counselling to a need person. Answer: Answer: All the statements are misconceptions. Statement 1, 2 are misconceptions because Psychology is a social science that fulfils the criteria of a science, e.g., it employs the scientific method.

Statement 3 is a misconception. Psychologists are trained professionals in some field of psychology, e.g., counselling psychology. They employ tools like observation, case study, experiments, etc.

Statement 4 is a misconception. There are numerous branches of psychology such as Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Environmental Psychology, etc.

Statement 5 is a misconception. Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors and focus on medication management. Psychologists employ psychotherapy such as CBT, REBT, etc.

Statement 6 is a misconception. A counsellor is a person who has academic qualifications as well as professional training in counselling techniques.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 3)

Read the following statements and discuss about the same in the classroom: (i) Psychology is a science because it fulfils many conditions of science. (ii) Psychology is not an exact science like physics or chemistry. (iii) Psychology is a social science that studies human (and animal) behaviour and mental processes. (iv) Psychology uses some objective research methods, it examines cause-and-effect relationships to produce laws governing human behaviour and its findings can be verified. (v) Psychology can be distinguished from pseudoscience and folk wisdom as psychology has evidence against its theories. (vi) The subject matter of psychology is complex as human behaviour is dynamic and the mental processes are abstract. Therefore, the theories of psychology are not as universal, exact and precise as those in physics and chemistry. Answer:

Psychology fulfils conditions of science such as acquiring empirical evidence, objectivity, predictability, scientific causality, etc.
Psychology is a social science which deals with human beings. It is not a physical science.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
Psychology uses objective methods like controlled laboratory experiments and aims to establish scientific causality and verifiable theories.
Psychology is not based on folk wisdom, pseudo knowledge or myths. It is based on systematic exploration and acquisition of empirical evidence.
Psychology is a social science so its theories cannot be universal or exact as in the physical science. Human behaviour is constantly evolving and unpredictable.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 4)

Visit the website given below and collect information about various schools of thought of psychology: https://www. verywellmind.com/psychology-schools-of-thought-2795247 Answer:

Structuralism – Focused on breaking down mental processes into the basic elements using techniques like introspection.
Functionalism – Focused on the mind’s functions and adaptations.
Gestalt school – Focused on looking at the ‘whole’ rather than individual elements.
Behavioural school – Focused on study of observable behaviour.
Psychoanalytic school – Emphasized the influence of the ‘unconscious’ on behaviour.
Humanistic school – It developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviourism. It focused on individual free will, personal growth and concept of self-actualization (achieving one’s full potential).
Cognitive school (Cognitivism) – Focused on the study of mental processes like learning, perception, memory etc.

In recent times, Behavioural school, Cognitive school and Humanistic school remain influential. Most psychologists adopt an eclectic approach drawing upon different perspectives.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 5)

Find out the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable from the experiment ideas given below: (i) To study the effect of practice on memory. (ii) To study the effect of mental set on problem solving. (iii) To study the effect of noise pollution on the speed of writing. (iv) To study the effect of colour on perception. (v) To study the effect of feedback on decision making. Answer:

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 8)

Discuss about the following topics that can be studied using correlation study method: (i) Bunking lectures and score in exams (ii) Weight and intelligence (iii) Amount of salary and level of job satisfaction (iv) Rehearsal and forgetting (v) Height and aptitude in music (vi) Urbanization and pollution (vii) Speed of vehicles and road accidents Answer: (a) Positive correlation

Urbanization and pollution
Speed of vehicles and road accidents

(b) Negative correlation

Bunking lectures and score in exams
Rehearsal and forgetting

Weight and intelligence
Height and aptitude in music

MCQ Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Variations in Psychological Attributes

Check the below NCERT MCQ Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Variations in Psychological Attributes with Answers available with PDF free download. MCQ Questions for Class 12 Psychology with Answers were prepared based on the latest syllabus and examination pattern issued by CBSE, NCERT and KVS. Our teachers have provided below Variations in Psychological Attributes Class 12 Psychology MCQs Questions with answers which will help students to revise and get more marks in exams

Variations in Psychological Attributes Class 12 Psychology MCQs Questions with Answers

Refer below for MCQs Variations in Psychological Attributes with solutions. Solve questions and compare with the answers provided below

Question. Emotional competence refers to (a) Self-monitoring of emotions (b) Self-competence to handle behaviour (c) Discrimination of behaviour (d) Persistence in behaviour

Question. Entrepreneurial Competence refers to: (a) Respect for social order (b) Self-exposure (c) Discrimination (d) Commitment

Question. _________ is a method in which a person provides factual information about herself/ himself.

Self-Report

Question. “Intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully and deal effectively with the environment”. This definition was proposed by: (a) Wechsler (b) Binet (c) Gardner (d) Sternberg

Question. The _________ approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities.

Psychometric

Question. The concept of ‘Emotional Intelligence’ has been proposed by: (a) Morgan and Murray (b) Binet and Simon (c) Salovey and Mayer (d) Guilford and Thurstone

Question. Match the two lists and choose the correct match from the given options: List A List B (i) One-factor theory (a) Thurstone (ii) Two-factor theory (b) Binet (iii) Structure of Intellect Model (c) Spearman (iv) Theory of Primary Mental Abilities (d) Guilford Options A. (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(b) B. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) C. (i)-(a), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b) D. (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a)

Question. Two-factor theory was proposed by: (a) Charles Spearman (b) Arthur Jensen (c) Howard Gardner (d) J.P. Guilford

Question. _____________ proposed hierarchical model of intelligence consisting of abilities operating at two levels. (a) Binet (b) Wechsler (c) Jensen (d) Spearman

Question. The Structure-of-Intellect Model was proposed by: (a) Charles Spearman (b) Arthur Jensen (c) Howard Gardner (d) J.P. Guilford

Question. The Theory of Multiple Intelligences was proposed by: (a) Charles Spearman (b) Arthur Jensen (c) Howard Gardner (d) J.P. Guilford

Question. If a person has a skill of understanding the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people, he/she is said to have (a) Interpersonal intelligence (b) Intrapersonal intelligence (c) Linguistic intelligence (d) Social intelligence

Question. A student with high aptitude in verbal reasoning and strong interest is reading is more likely to succeed as a ____________. (a) Journalist (b) Engineer (c) Athlete (d) Agriculturalist

Question. General feature of most of the creative tests is that they are _____________.

Open-ended

Question. Ability to use past experiences creatively to solve novel problems is known as: (a) Musical intelligence (b) Interpersonal intelligence (c) Experiential intelligence (d) Contextual intelligence

Question. The notion of contextual intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of______________.

Question. ‘Selection of environment’ to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture is an intelligent act. It is given by: (a) Sternberg (b) J. P. Guilford (c) Charles Spearmanq (d) Louis Thurstone

Question. The concept of IQ was proposed by _____________.

William Stern

Question. The ratio which states the relationship between mental age and the chronological age is called the: (a) Developmental Quotient (DQ) (b) Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (c) Performance Quotient (PQ) (d) None of the above

Question. The speed with which one accomplishes a task refers to one’s intellectual capacity.(True/False)

Question. Enduring beliefs about the ideal mode of behaviour is called _________.

Question. The range of average IQ is//69:. (a) 110–120 (b) 90–110 (c) 105–115 (d) 120–140

Question. An IQ below __________ is generally considered intellectually disabled (a) 100 (b) 70 (c) 120 (d) 110

Question. ___________ intellectually disabled people have IQ ranging from 25 to 39. (a) Mild (b) Moderate (c) Severe (d) Profound

Question. Which factor influences more in aptitude formation? (a) Caste (b) Age (c) Intelligence (d) Family

Question. Individual’s underlying potential for acquiring skills is known as _____________.

Question. ____________ is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others.

Question. Howard Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence is known as: (a) Theory of Primary Mental Abilities (b) Triarchic Theory (c) Theory of Multiple Intelligences (d) Two-factor Theory

We hope you liked MCQ Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Variations in Psychological Attributes with answers provided above. In case you have any questions please post them in the comments section below and our Psychology teachers will provide a response. Also read DK Goel Class 12 Solutions

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Table of Contents

Psychology Class 12 Chapter 1 MCQs Questions With Answers Variations in Psychological Attributes

Write choosing the correct options.

1. Variations in Psychological Properties

1. According to situationism, what influences our behaviour?

(a) personal characteristics

(b) situational factors

(d) polite behaviour towards others

2. The first step in understanding a psychological quality is-

(a) observation of behaviour

(B) Keeping an eye on the way of talking

(d) intelligence test

3. The ability to understand the environment, use resources, think etc. is called-

(a) Intelligence

(b) interest

4. The method, in which the person himself provides information about his beliefs, opinions, is called?

(a) Interview

(b) self-reporting

5. From the time of which psychologist, importance was given to the study of individual differences?

(d) Gardner

6. What type of intelligence is considered to be the ability to create mental images, use them and modify them on the mental plane?

(a) logical

(b) mathematical

(d) interpersonal

7. J.J. By what name is the model (intelligence) presented by P. Das, Nag Lauri and Kirby known in brief?

8. What is believed to be the result of a complex interaction of heredity and environment?

(a) disease

(b) behaviour

(d) intelligence

9. The concept of IQ was developed by which psychologist?

(a) William Stern

(b) Howard Gardner

(d) Lewis Terman

10. Contrary to the concept of technical intelligence, what can be said about the way intelligence has been understood in the Indian tradition?

(a) Practical wisdom

(b) integrated intelligence

(d) Reasoning

Chapter 1 Intelligence And Aptitude
Chapter 2 Self And Personality
Chapter 3 Human Strengths And Meeting Life Challenges
Chapter 4 Psychological Disorders
Chapter 5 Therapeutic Approaches And Counselling
Chapter 6 Attitude And Social Cognition
Chapter 7 Social Influence And Group Processes
Chapter 8 Psychology And Life
Chapter 9 Developing Psychological Skills

अध्याय 1 – मनोवैज्ञानिक गुणों में विभिन्नताएँ
अध्याय 2 – आत्मा एवं व्यक्तित्व
अध्याय 3 – जीवन की चुनौतियाँ का सामना
अध्याय 4 – मनोवैज्ञानिक विकार
अध्याय 5 – चिकित्सा उपागम
अध्याय 6 – अभिवृति एवं सामाजिक संज्ञान
अध्याय 7 – सामाजिक प्रभाव एवं समूह प्रक्रम
अध्याय 8 – मनोविज्ञान एवं जीवन
अध्याय 9 – मनोवैज्ञानिक कौशलों का विकास

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Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 MCQ

Name the psychologist who proposed the concept of IQ.

How is intelligence quotient measured?

The structure of the intelligence model is

Riya has very good verbal reasoning skills and is very interested in reading. She is more likely to succeed than

________ Binet scale revised by Stanford University for US schoolchildren.

Spearman says there are generative possibilities that humans use in adapting to different kinds of intellectual tasks. This factor is

________ refers to an individual’s potential skill acquisition potential.

Test to measure performance, i.e. predict what can be achieved in training

Two intelligence factors have been shown to be

Test results ______ If reliable, reproducible and consistent.

Empirical Intelligence

______ is an exceptional general ability demonstrated by excellent performance in a wide range of fields.

What is the IQ range for people with severe intellectual disability?

What is an individual’s preference for participating in one or more specific activities compared to others?

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline

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