thesis scholarly articles

While Sandel argues that pursuing perfection through genetic engineering would decrease our sense of humility, he claims that the sense of solidarity we would lose is also important.

This thesis summarizes several points in Sandel’s argument, but it does not make a claim about how we should understand his argument. A reader who read Sandel’s argument would not also need to read an essay based on this descriptive thesis.  

Broad thesis (arguable, but difficult to support with evidence) 

Michael Sandel’s arguments about genetic engineering do not take into consideration all the relevant issues.

This is an arguable claim because it would be possible to argue against it by saying that Michael Sandel’s arguments do take all of the relevant issues into consideration. But the claim is too broad. Because the thesis does not specify which “issues” it is focused on—or why it matters if they are considered—readers won’t know what the rest of the essay will argue, and the writer won’t know what to focus on. If there is a particular issue that Sandel does not address, then a more specific version of the thesis would include that issue—hand an explanation of why it is important.  

Arguable thesis with analytical claim 

While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake” (54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well” (51) is less convincing.

This is an arguable analytical claim. To argue for this claim, the essay writer will need to show how evidence from the article itself points to this interpretation. It’s also a reasonable scope for a thesis because it can be supported with evidence available in the text and is neither too broad nor too narrow.  

Arguable thesis with normative claim 

Given Sandel’s argument against genetic enhancement, we should not allow parents to decide on using Human Growth Hormone for their children.

This thesis tells us what we should do about a particular issue discussed in Sandel’s article, but it does not tell us how we should understand Sandel’s argument.  

Questions to ask about your thesis 

• Is the thesis truly arguable? Does it speak to a genuine dilemma in the source, or would most readers automatically agree with it?  
• Is the thesis too obvious? Again, would most or all readers agree with it without needing to see your argument?  
• Is the thesis complex enough to require a whole essay's worth of argument?  
• Is the thesis supportable with evidence from the text rather than with generalizations or outside research?  
• Would anyone want to read a paper in which this thesis was developed? That is, can you explain what this paper is adding to our understanding of a problem, question, or topic?
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Writing a Paper: Thesis Statements

Basics of thesis statements.

The thesis statement is the brief articulation of your paper's central argument and purpose. You might hear it referred to as simply a "thesis." Every scholarly paper should have a thesis statement, and strong thesis statements are concise, specific, and arguable. Concise means the thesis is short: perhaps one or two sentences for a shorter paper. Specific means the thesis deals with a narrow and focused topic, appropriate to the paper's length. Arguable means that a scholar in your field could disagree (or perhaps already has!).

Strong thesis statements address specific intellectual questions, have clear positions, and use a structure that reflects the overall structure of the paper. Read on to learn more about constructing a strong thesis statement.

Being Specific

This thesis statement has no specific argument:

Needs Improvement: In this essay, I will examine two scholarly articles to find similarities and differences.

This statement is concise, but it is neither specific nor arguable—a reader might wonder, "Which scholarly articles? What is the topic of this paper? What field is the author writing in?" Additionally, the purpose of the paper—to "examine…to find similarities and differences" is not of a scholarly level. Identifying similarities and differences is a good first step, but strong academic argument goes further, analyzing what those similarities and differences might mean or imply.

Better: In this essay, I will argue that Bowler's (2003) autocratic management style, when coupled with Smith's (2007) theory of social cognition, can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover.

The new revision here is still concise, as well as specific and arguable.  We can see that it is specific because the writer is mentioning (a) concrete ideas and (b) exact authors.  We can also gather the field (business) and the topic (management and employee turnover). The statement is arguable because the student goes beyond merely comparing; he or she draws conclusions from that comparison ("can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover").

Making a Unique Argument

This thesis draft repeats the language of the writing prompt without making a unique argument:

Needs Improvement: The purpose of this essay is to monitor, assess, and evaluate an educational program for its strengths and weaknesses. Then, I will provide suggestions for improvement.

You can see here that the student has simply stated the paper's assignment, without articulating specifically how he or she will address it. The student can correct this error simply by phrasing the thesis statement as a specific answer to the assignment prompt.

Better: Through a series of student interviews, I found that Kennedy High School's antibullying program was ineffective. In order to address issues of conflict between students, I argue that Kennedy High School should embrace policies outlined by the California Department of Education (2010).

Words like "ineffective" and "argue" show here that the student has clearly thought through the assignment and analyzed the material; he or she is putting forth a specific and debatable position. The concrete information ("student interviews," "antibullying") further prepares the reader for the body of the paper and demonstrates how the student has addressed the assignment prompt without just restating that language.

Creating a Debate

This thesis statement includes only obvious fact or plot summary instead of argument:

Needs Improvement: Leadership is an important quality in nurse educators.

A good strategy to determine if your thesis statement is too broad (and therefore, not arguable) is to ask yourself, "Would a scholar in my field disagree with this point?" Here, we can see easily that no scholar is likely to argue that leadership is an unimportant quality in nurse educators.  The student needs to come up with a more arguable claim, and probably a narrower one; remember that a short paper needs a more focused topic than a dissertation.

Better: Roderick's (2009) theory of participatory leadership  is particularly appropriate to nurse educators working within the emergency medicine field, where students benefit most from collegial and kinesthetic learning.

Here, the student has identified a particular type of leadership ("participatory leadership"), narrowing the topic, and has made an arguable claim (this type of leadership is "appropriate" to a specific type of nurse educator). Conceivably, a scholar in the nursing field might disagree with this approach. The student's paper can now proceed, providing specific pieces of evidence to support the arguable central claim.

Choosing the Right Words

This thesis statement uses large or scholarly-sounding words that have no real substance:

Needs Improvement: Scholars should work to seize metacognitive outcomes by harnessing discipline-based networks to empower collaborative infrastructures.

There are many words in this sentence that may be buzzwords in the student's field or key terms taken from other texts, but together they do not communicate a clear, specific meaning. Sometimes students think scholarly writing means constructing complex sentences using special language, but actually it's usually a stronger choice to write clear, simple sentences. When in doubt, remember that your ideas should be complex, not your sentence structure.

Better: Ecologists should work to educate the U.S. public on conservation methods by making use of local and national green organizations to create a widespread communication plan.

Notice in the revision that the field is now clear (ecology), and the language has been made much more field-specific ("conservation methods," "green organizations"), so the reader is able to see concretely the ideas the student is communicating.

Leaving Room for Discussion

This thesis statement is not capable of development or advancement in the paper:

Needs Improvement: There are always alternatives to illegal drug use.

This sample thesis statement makes a claim, but it is not a claim that will sustain extended discussion. This claim is the type of claim that might be appropriate for the conclusion of a paper, but in the beginning of the paper, the student is left with nowhere to go. What further points can be made? If there are "always alternatives" to the problem the student is identifying, then why bother developing a paper around that claim? Ideally, a thesis statement should be complex enough to explore over the length of the entire paper.

Better: The most effective treatment plan for methamphetamine addiction may be a combination of pharmacological and cognitive therapy, as argued by Baker (2008), Smith (2009), and Xavier (2011).

In the revised thesis, you can see the student make a specific, debatable claim that has the potential to generate several pages' worth of discussion. When drafting a thesis statement, think about the questions your thesis statement will generate: What follow-up inquiries might a reader have? In the first example, there are almost no additional questions implied, but the revised example allows for a good deal more exploration.

Thesis Mad Libs

If you are having trouble getting started, try using the models below to generate a rough model of a thesis statement! These models are intended for drafting purposes only and should not appear in your final work.

• In this essay, I argue ____, using ______ to assert _____.
• While scholars have often argued ______, I argue______, because_______.
• Through an analysis of ______, I argue ______, which is important because_______.

Words to Avoid and to Embrace

When drafting your thesis statement, avoid words like explore, investigate, learn, compile, summarize , and explain to describe the main purpose of your paper. These words imply a paper that summarizes or "reports," rather than synthesizing and analyzing.

Instead of the terms above, try words like argue, critique, question , and interrogate . These more analytical words may help you begin strongly, by articulating a specific, critical, scholarly position.

Read Kayla's blog post for tips on taking a stand in a well-crafted thesis statement.

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Guide to Scholarly Articles

Getting started, what makes an article scholarly, why does this matter.

• Scholarly vs. Popular vs. Trade Articles
• Types of Scholarly Articles
• Anatomy of Scholarly Articles
• Tips for Reading Scholarly Articles

Scholarship is a conversation.

That conversation is often found in the form of published materials such as books, essays, and articles. Here, we will focus on scholarly articles because scholarly articles often contain the most current scholarly conversation.

After reading through this guide on scholarly articles you will be able to identify and describe different types of scholarly articles. This will allow you to navigate the scholarly conversation more effectively which in turn will make your research more productive.

The distinguishing feature of a scholarly article is not that it is without errors; rather, a scholarly article is distinguished by a few characteristics which reduce the likelihood of errors. For our purposes, those characteristics are expert authors , peer-review , and citations .

• Expert Authors  - Authority is constructed and contextual. In other words it is built through academic credentialing and lived experience. Scholarly articles are written by experts in their respective fields rather than generalists. Expertise often comes in the form of academic credentials. For example, an article about the spread of various diseases should be written by someone with credentials and experience in immunology or public health.
• Peer-review  - Peer-review is the process whereby scholarly articles are vetted and improved. In this process an author submits an article to a journal for publication. However, before publication, an editor of the journal will send the article to other experts in the field to solicit their informed and professional opinions of it. These reviewers (sometimes called referees) will give the editor feedback regarding the quality of the article. Based on this process, articles may be published as is, published after specific changes are made, or not published at all.
• Citations  - One of the key differences between scholarly articles and other kinds of articles is that the former contain citations and bibliographies. These citations allow the reader to follow up on the author's sources to verify or dispute the author's claim.

There is a well-known axiom that says "Garbage in, garbage out." In the context of research this means that the quality of your research output is dependent on the information sources that go into you own research. Generally speaking, the information found in scholarly articles is more reliable than information found elsewhere. It is important to identify scholarly articles and prioritize them in your own research.

• Next: Scholarly vs. Popular vs. Trade Articles >>
• Last Updated: Aug 23, 2023 8:53 AM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/scholarly-articles

From Thesis to Journal Articles: Expert Tips on Publishing in PubMed

Soon after concluding a dissertation, researchers set their eyes on getting published! Publishing in top-notch, peer reviewed journals that are archived by PubMed is indeed a dream for every researcher. Articles published and hosted by PubMed serve as measurable touchstones that demonstrate scholarly accomplishments. However, heading into the world of journal publications immediately after authoring a thesis is not an easy feat! Right from determining what to publish, how many papers can be written from the thesis to deciding where to publish them, everything needs to be planned wisely.

How Does a Thesis Differ From a Manuscript?

One of the very first things to understand is that a thesis cannot be straightforwardly translated into an article. Here’s why there has to be a lot of rewriting. A thesis is drafted based on academic requirements. It has chapters, and can be lengthy with no word limit as such. Authors have to present all their results including raw data with complete description of designs, methods, and experimental protocols. On the other hand, authors have to write an article/manuscript according to the journal guidelines with strict adherence to the style and format. Every section has to be succinct and coherent. Authors should report only selective and most relevant findings to make the article impressive!

How to Adapt a Thesis Into a Manuscript

1. If your thesis focuses on diverse research objectives, narrow down the focus on a single question.

2. Based on your research topic, identify an appropriate target journal. Match your objectives with the aims and scope of the journal.

3. Pay attention to your writing style. Check the recommendations made by the journal including the suggested structure and reference style.

4. Journal articles are typically much shorter in length (4000 to 7000 words) and more concise than a thesis. Therefore, you have to trim the length and make them crisper. Instead of simply cutting and pasting pieces from your thesis, it is always better to rewrite every section. Repurpose selected segments of your thesis while focusing on the main findings you want to convey to your readers.

5. Use your thesis introduction to write the abstract. Clearly state the aim of your study, the relevance of your research, methodologies used, the main findings, and a short concluding statement as to whether your objective were met.

6. Your introduction must provide the rationale and context for your research keeping in mind the scope of the target journal. Cite the most important and recent literature . Select references that directly focus on the research findings you plan to present. Blend in your literature together by grouping and citing similar studies with a common description. For example: Several studies have reported enhanced signaling and neuroprotection in association with blackberry supplementation [12-18].

7. While writing your methods section, remember that editors or reviewers may not require every detail for methods that have been validated and used in previously published papers. Keep this section brief while ensuring that there is sufficient description for methods that are novel. This helps in avoiding any concerns related to research reproducibility. Affirm that you provide the most pertinent information. For instance your sampling method, selection criteria for inclusion or exclusion for participants, data analysis methods etc.

8. Include only those results that are most specific to your research question. Present and exclusively discuss findings that are most interesting and relevant to the research objectives stated in the introduction section. Use tables and figures to display your results in a more effective manner. Club literature based on whether they support or refute your claims and findings.

9. Summarize your key findings. Briefly mention any limitations or shortcomings of the study. Emphasize what your study means in line with the aims of the journal.

10. Cite the most relevant and recent references in the correct format. Reference managers come in handy when you want to quickly reformat them according to the journal style guide. Watch out for inconsistencies with references while editing your thesis.

Step-by-Step Guide to Submitting and Publishing in PubMed

Once your article is ready the next logical step is publishing the article in the target journal. Furthermore, for several researchers and authors getting their articles indexed in PubMed is a high-priority goal. There are several ways in which  articles are submitted and published in PubMed . PubMed-indexed journals may submit and deposit all their articles directly to PubMed without any author involvement. In certain cases, the journals may become selective and publish only a subset of articles. In this scenario, the authors may request the publisher to submit their articles on their behalf. If the journals fail to do so within a span of one month after publication, authors may upload their final peer-reviewed manuscripts via the NIHMS system . Let us have a step-by-step run through of the submission process to PubMed as an individual author.

Contact Your Publisher to Address Any Copyright Issues

Before proceeding with submission to PubMed, it is important to inform and take inputs from the publisher. You can email the publisher mentioning the citation of your published article, NIH grant number/information, and requesting the following:

• Ask whether the journal is willing to submit the publication or you can proceed with the same.
• Ask if there is any embargo period.
• Enquire about the version (usually it is the final peer reviewed manuscript) of the manuscript that can be submitted.
• Ask if there any revisions or edits that need to be done prior to its submission to PubMed.

Submit Your Article

Confirm your applicability for submission with regard to the NIH public access policy.

Ensure you have all the information before proceeding for the submission. This includes grant information, citation for publication (publication date, title, journal name etc.), final peer reviewed version of the manuscript, supplementary files and the embargo period as mentioned by the publisher.

Create or sign in to your NCBI account. Enter information in all the required fields and upload your files. Carefully review the summary to cross-check if all the information you have entered is accurate. Deposit your submission.

The Post-Submission Process

NIH assigns a NIHMSID to the deposited file and converts the submission to the PMC format. NIH then sends it to the reviewing author. The reviewing author approves the submission, links funding, and finalizes the public release date. Following this, NIH converts the submission to the final PMC format. NIH assigns the article a PMCID as soon as the reviewer approves PMC-ready file in NIHMS. The full text version of the manuscript is now freely accessible in PMC as per the public release date.

Still have more questions about publishing your article in PubMed ? Post your queries here and our experts will be happy to answer them! You can also visit our Q&A forum  for frequently asked questions related to research writing and publishing answered by our team that comprises subject-matter experts, eminent researchers, and publication experts.

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Search Help

Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more.

Finding recent papers

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Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require a subscription. Here're a few things to try:

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Getting better answers

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Explore! There's rarely a single answer to a research question. Click "Related articles" or "Cited by" to see closely related work, or search for author's name and see what else they have written.

Searching Google Scholar

Use the "author:" operator, e.g., author:"d knuth" or author:"donald e knuth".

Put the paper's title in quotations: "A History of the China Sea".

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Select the "Case law" option and do a keyword search over all jurisdictions. Then, click the "Select courts" link in the left sidebar on the search results page.

Tip: To quickly search a frequently used selection of courts, bookmark a search results page with the desired selection.

Access to articles

For each Scholar search result, we try to find a version of the article that you can read. These access links are labelled [PDF] or [HTML] and appear to the right of the search result. For example:

A paper that you need to read

Access links cover a wide variety of ways in which articles may be available to you - articles that your library subscribes to, open access articles, free-to-read articles from publishers, preprints, articles in repositories, etc.

When you are on a campus network, access links automatically include your library subscriptions and direct you to subscribed versions of articles. On-campus access links cover subscriptions from primary publishers as well as aggregators.

Off-campus access

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In addition to Google Scholar search results, off-campus access links can also appear on articles from publishers participating in the off-campus subscription access program. Look for links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] on the right hand side of article pages.

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Search for the title of your paper, e.g., "Anti de Sitter space and holography"; click on the "Cited by" link at the bottom of the search result; and then click on the envelope icon in the left sidebar of the search results page.

First, do a search for your colleague's name, and see if they have a Scholar profile. If they do, click on it, click the "Follow" button next to their name, select "New articles by this author", and click "Done".

If they don't have a profile, do a search by author, e.g., [author:s-hawking], and click on the mighty envelope in the left sidebar of the search results page. If you find that several different people share the same name, you may need to add co-author names or topical keywords to limit results to the author you wish to follow.

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There's a link to cancel the alert at the bottom of every notification email.

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Google Scholar library

Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the search page, organize them by adding labels, and use the power of Scholar search to quickly find just the one you want - at any time and from anywhere. You decide what goes into your library, and we’ll keep the links up to date.

You get all the goodies that come with Scholar search results - links to PDF and to your university's subscriptions, formatted citations, citing articles, and more!

Library help

Find the article you want to add in Google Scholar and click the “Save” button under the search result.

Click “My library” at the top of the page or in the side drawer to view all articles in your library. To search the full text of these articles, enter your query as usual in the search box.

Find the article you want to remove, and then click the “Delete” button under it.

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Your profile contains all the articles you have written yourself. It’s a way to present your work to others, as well as to keep track of citations to it. Your library is a way to organize the articles that you’d like to read or cite, not necessarily the ones you’ve written.

Citation Export

Click the "Cite" button under the search result and then select your bibliography manager at the bottom of the popup. We currently support BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, and RefWorks.

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Content Coverage

Google Scholar includes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books, pre-prints, abstracts, technical reports and other scholarly literature from all broad areas of research. You'll find works from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies and university repositories, as well as scholarly articles available anywhere across the web. Google Scholar also includes court opinions and patents.

We index research articles and abstracts from most major academic publishers and repositories worldwide, including both free and subscription sources. To check current coverage of a specific source in Google Scholar, search for a sample of their article titles in quotes.

While we try to be comprehensive, it isn't possible to guarantee uninterrupted coverage of any particular source. We index articles from sources all over the web and link to these websites in our search results. If one of these websites becomes unavailable to our search robots or to a large number of web users, we have to remove it from Google Scholar until it becomes available again.

Our meticulous search robots generally try to index every paper from every website they visit, including most major sources and also many lesser known ones.

That said, Google Scholar is primarily a search of academic papers. Shorter articles, such as book reviews, news sections, editorials, announcements and letters, may or may not be included. Untitled documents and documents without authors are usually not included. Website URLs that aren't available to our search robots or to the majority of web users are, obviously, not included either. Nor do we include websites that require you to sign up for an account, install a browser plugin, watch four colorful ads, and turn around three times and say coo-coo before you can read the listing of titles scanned at 10 DPI... You get the idea, we cover academic papers from sensible websites.

That's usually because we index many of these papers from other websites, such as the websites of their primary publishers. The "site:" operator currently only searches the primary version of each paper.

It could also be that the papers are located on examplejournals.gov, not on example.gov. Please make sure you're searching for the "right" website.

That said, the best way to check coverage of a specific source is to search for a sample of their papers using the title of the paper.

Ahem, we index papers, not journals. You should also ask about our coverage of universities, research groups, proteins, seminal breakthroughs, and other dimensions that are of interest to users. All such questions are best answered by searching for a statistical sample of papers that has the property of interest - journal, author, protein, etc. Many coverage comparisons are available if you search for [allintitle:"google scholar"], but some of them are more statistically valid than others.

Currently, Google Scholar allows you to search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. In addition, it includes citations for cases cited by indexed opinions or journal articles which allows you to find influential cases (usually older or international) which are not yet online or publicly available.

Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate.

We normally add new papers several times a week. However, updates to existing records take 6-9 months to a year or longer, because in order to update our records, we need to first recrawl them from the source website. For many larger websites, the speed at which we can update their records is limited by the crawl rate that they allow.

Inclusion and Corrections

We apologize, and we assure you the error was unintentional. Automated extraction of information from articles in diverse fields can be tricky, so an error sometimes sneaks through.

Please write to the owner of the website where the erroneous search result is coming from, and encourage them to provide correct bibliographic data to us, as described in the technical guidelines . Once the data is corrected on their website, it usually takes 6-9 months to a year or longer for it to be updated in Google Scholar. We appreciate your help and your patience.

If you can't find your papers when you search for them by title and by author, please refer your publisher to our technical guidelines .

You can also deposit your papers into your institutional repository or put their PDF versions on your personal website, but please follow your publisher's requirements when you do so. See our technical guidelines for more details on the inclusion process.

We normally add new papers several times a week; however, it might take us some time to crawl larger websites, and corrections to already included papers can take 6-9 months to a year or longer.

Google Scholar generally reflects the state of the web as it is currently visible to our search robots and to the majority of users. When you're searching for relevant papers to read, you wouldn't want it any other way!

If your citation counts have gone down, chances are that either your paper or papers that cite it have either disappeared from the web entirely, or have become unavailable to our search robots, or, perhaps, have been reformatted in a way that made it difficult for our automated software to identify their bibliographic data and references. If you wish to correct this, you'll need to identify the specific documents with indexing problems and ask your publisher to fix them. Please refer to the technical guidelines .

Please do let us know . Please include the URL for the opinion, the corrected information and a source where we can verify the correction.

We're only able to make corrections to court opinions that are hosted on our own website. For corrections to academic papers, books, dissertations and other third-party material, click on the search result in question and contact the owner of the website where the document came from. For corrections to books from Google Book Search, click on the book's title and locate the link to provide feedback at the bottom of the book's page.

General Questions

These are articles which other scholarly articles have referred to, but which we haven't found online. To exclude them from your search results, uncheck the "include citations" box on the left sidebar.

First, click on links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] to the right of the search result's title. Also, check out the "All versions" link at the bottom of the search result.

Second, if you're affiliated with a university, using a computer on campus will often let you access your library's online subscriptions. Look for links labeled with your library's name to the right of the search result's title. Also, see if there's a link to the full text on the publisher's page with the abstract.

Keep in mind that final published versions are often only available to subscribers, and that some articles are not available online at all. Good luck!

Technically, your web browser remembers your settings in a "cookie" on your computer's disk, and sends this cookie to our website along with every search. Check that your browser isn't configured to discard our cookies. Also, check if disabling various proxies or overly helpful privacy settings does the trick. Either way, your settings are stored on your computer, not on our servers, so a long hard look at your browser's preferences or internet options should help cure the machine's forgetfulness.

Not even close. That phrase is our acknowledgement that much of scholarly research involves building on what others have already discovered. It's taken from Sir Isaac Newton's famous quote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."

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Thesis vs Journal Article: A Comprehensive Comparison

In the world of academia, two prominent forms of scholarly writing are the Thesis and the Journal Article . While both contribute to the advancement of knowledge and showcase research skills, they have distinct characteristics and serve different purposes. Understanding the differences between a thesis and a journal article is crucial for researchers, scholars, and students. In this article, we will provide a detailed and insightful comparison of these two forms of academic writing, examining their purpose, structure, audience, and publication process.

A thesis serves as a comprehensive demonstration of a student’s ability to conduct independent research, analyze data, and contribute original insights to their field of study. Its primary purpose is to fulfill the requirements for the completion of a degree, whether it be a master’s or a doctoral program. A thesis delves deep into a specific research problem, addressing gaps in existing knowledge and making a unique contribution to the field.

On the other hand, a journal article focuses on the dissemination of research findings to the wider academic community. Its purpose is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge, engage in scholarly discourse, and facilitate further research. Journal articles are typically more specific in scope, targeting a particular research question or hypothesis, and highlighting the significance of the findings within the context of the field.

Thesis and journal articles follow different structures to fulfill their respective purposes.

A thesis typically consists of several chapters, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. These chapters are interconnected, forming a cohesive narrative that showcases the student’s research journey. Additionally, a thesis may include supplementary sections such as an abstract, acknowledgments, and appendices. The structure of a thesis allows for an extensive exploration of the research problem, thorough analysis of the findings, and comprehensive discussion of their implications.

In contrast, a journal article adheres to a more concise and standardized structure. It typically includes an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Journal articles are focused and aim to present the research in a clear and concise manner within the limited word count set by the target journal. The structure of a journal article emphasizes brevity, with a specific focus on the key findings and their implications.

Audience and Publication

Theses and journal articles differ in their target audience and publication process.

Theses are primarily intended for academic evaluation and examination. They are typically assessed by a committee of professors or experts in the field. Theses contribute to the existing body of knowledge within a specific discipline, but they are not usually published in academic journals. While some theses may be made available through institutional repositories, their primary audience is the academic community within the student’s institution.

Journal articles, on the other hand, target a broader audience of researchers, scholars, and practitioners in the field. They undergo a rigorous peer-review process, where experts in the field assess the quality, validity, and contribution of the research. Successful publication in a reputable journal allows researchers to share their findings with the wider academic community, receive feedback, and contribute to ongoing scholarly discussions.

Length and Depth

Another significant difference between theses and journal articles lies in their length and depth.

Theses are typically longer and more extensive in terms of content. They require students to conduct comprehensive research, provide detailed literature reviews, and present thorough analyses. The length of a thesis can vary depending on the field and degree level, ranging from tens to hundreds of pages. This length allows for an in-depth exploration of the research problem and the incorporation of relevant theoretical frameworks and methodologies.

Journal articles, on the other hand, are generally shorter and more concise. They aim to present the research findings within the constraints of the target journal’s word count limitations. Journal articles can range from a few thousand words to around 8,000 words, depending on the journal’s requirements. The brevity of journal articles necessitates clear and focused writing, emphasizing the key findings, their interpretation, and their implications for the field. While the depth of analysis may be more limited compared to a thesis, journal articles are expected to provide sufficient information for other researchers to understand and build upon the presented research.

Citation and Referencing

Both theses and journal articles require accurate and comprehensive referencing to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and provide credibility to the work.

In the case of theses, referencing is typically more extensive, as they involve comprehensive literature reviews and incorporate a broader range of sources. Theses follow specific citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, as per the guidelines provided by the institution or department.

Journal articles also adhere to specific citation styles determined by the target journal. However, the referencing in journal articles tends to be more focused on the specific literature and studies directly relevant to the research question at hand. The emphasis is on providing adequate support for the key arguments and findings presented in the article.

The thesis and the journal article are distinct forms of academic writing, each with its own purpose, structure, audience, and publication process.

Theses demonstrate a student’s research capabilities and contribute original insights to their field of study. They are comprehensive in scope, consisting of several chapters that explore the research problem in depth. Theses are primarily evaluated by academic committees and are not typically published in academic journals.

Journal articles, on the other hand, aim to disseminate research findings to the wider academic community. They focus on specific research questions and contribute to existing knowledge. Journal articles follow a concise and standardized structure, adhering to the guidelines of the target journal. They undergo rigorous peer review and are published in reputable journals to reach a broader audience.

Understanding the distinctions between theses and journal articles enables researchers, scholars, and students to approach each form of writing with the appropriate structure, depth, and style required for their intended purpose and audience. Both theses and journal articles play vital roles in advancing knowledge and fostering academic discourse within their respective fields.

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Organizing Research for Arts and Humanities Papers and Theses

• General Guide Information
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• What are Primary and Secondary Sources
• What are Scholarly and Non-Scholarly Sources
• Writing an Abstract
• Writing Academic Book Reviews
• Writing A Literature Review
• Using Images and other Media

What is a Scholarly Source

Both scholarly and non-scholarly materials have a place in arts and humanities research. Their use, and even their definition, depends on the context of the research project.

Books, conference publications, and academic journal articles, regardless of whether they are print-based or electronic, are common types of scholarly materials, which share the following characteristics:

• The authors are scholars or researchers with known affiliations and educational/research credentials
• The authors cite other sources, be they primary or secondary. Many scholarly publications include citations to other sources and bibliographies
• The language used is either academic or complex, and may include disciplinary or theoretical lingo
• The publisher is a scholarly press that practices editorial review to ensure that content and context adhere to the expected research parameters
• The intended audience is composed of researchers, scholars, academics, and other informed or specialized readership.

Scholarly and academic journals, which are periodic publications that contain articles, have additional characteristics, such as:

• An editorial process that is peer reviewed or refereed
• They publish long articles (essays that are ordinarily at least 10 pages), which may also inlcude an abstract. Scholarly journals often publish essay-length scholarly book reviews, which include citations to other sources
• Scholarly journals are published relatively infrequently, usually quarterly (once every 3 months), semi-annually (twice a year), or annually (once a year).

Use the points above to evaluate the scholarly nature of internet sites. It helps if the site's URL ends in .edu.

So far, so good.

But things are not always clear cut, and here are some complexities to keep in mind:

• Scholarly materials in art, architecture, theater, cinema, and related fields often include images
• Images may constitute a large portion of such publications, with text used to illustrate, contextualize, critique, or explicate the visual component
• There may be fewer citations to other sources, and the bibliographies may be shorter
• The author may be a creative practitioner, such as, for example, an architect or a playwright
• The author may be a multi-disciplinary intellectual of a transnational stature, who does not rely on the commonly acceptable scholarly apparatus. For example, works by Roland Barthes, which lack footnotes or bibliographies, are considered scholarly. An essay by Jean Baudrillard about Disneyworld, which appeared in the French daily newspaper Liberation , may also be considered scholarly, given the stature of the author and his importance in the development of a particular theoretical analysis of popular culture.

What is a Non-Scholarly Source

Non-scholarly materials usually consiste of, but are not limited to:

• News sources, newspapers, and materials that are time-based and get updated frequently
• Sources that are primarily journalistic
• Sources written for a broad readership
• Sources that are advocacy or opinion-based. Keep in mind that opinion-based articles, scholarly news, and letters to the editor get published in scholarly journals alongside scholarly articles.
• Sources that lack references to other sources
• Data and statistical publications and compilations
• Primary sources
• Trade and professional sources
• Reviews of books, movies, plays, or gallery and art shows, that are not essay-length and that do not inlcude a bibliographic context

Non-scholarly materials are legitimate sources for research in the arts and humanities, and should be used in context, just as scholarly sources must be used in context. For example, if you are researching something that happened very recently, you will have to, by necessity, use non-scholarly sources. It takes time for scholarship to be written, reviewed by peers, and published. In addition, there is no guarantee that your particular topic is of interest to other scholars. In such cases, look for scholarly materials in related areas that can provide a critical framework for you to use in analyzing your topic.

Remember to keep track of your sources, regardless of the stage of your research. The USC Libraries have an excellent guide to  citation styles  and to  citation management software . 

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Simplify Essay Writing With AI-Powered Tools: Your Complete Guide

In the realm of academic and creative writing, AI-powered tools combine innovation and proficiency. Currently, artificial writers have revolutionized our approach to composing essays. Among these transformative tools shines the AI text generator Aithor, a platform designed to empower writers and students in crafting compelling and consistent papers. Our writing assistant uses advanced language processing to generate ideas, check accuracy, and content originality, and suggest synonyms or citations that fit your needs. Its intuitive features make writing easy and accurate.

In this guide, we'll examine the space of artificial assistants, and how they function seamlessly, how to use AI to write an essay, as well as the profound impact they have on the writing experience for authors. Click and enter a new age of effortless, high-grade compositions with automated intelligence at your side. Let's embark on this journey together and unleash the capacity of using AI to write essays!

What is an Essay?

An academic essay is like a canvas where ideas awaken through words, capturing and exploring a chosen concept. It's a structure-based form of content that lets essayists showcase their perceptions, opinions, and reflections in an organized and clear manner.

Essays are available in diverse shapes and sizes, each serving a unique purpose: from persuasive articles that aim to change standpoints to informative papers that investigate the facts and evaluations thoroughly. Essentially, an essay's purpose is to communicate ideas effectively. Academic papers, no matter brief or comprehensive, serve as essential tools for communication and education.

Note: To elevate the level of your paper, in terms of quality, such as improving overall clarity, organization, and depth of your analysis or argumentation, try using our essay editing AI service.

Let's look into common academic paper types:

Argumentative Essays. Opinion or persuasive papers, akin to debates aim to convince the audience. They are concentrated on asserting a specific position and defending it. Yet, they also mention counter-arguments and provide a concession or refutation to demonstrate the writer’s perspective on the question as the most logical and valid. Descriptive Essays. This type of writing strives to depict a subject vividly, be it an event, object, individual, or location. They use detailed language to create a vibrant description that captivates the reader's impressions. Narrative Papers. In this genre of writing, the author narrates a story, often rooted in personal experiences. The objective is to impart a moral lesson to the reader through the storyline’s progression. Analytical Papers. This paper dives deep into a certain subject, dissecting it into its constituents and investigating each part closely. This type of writing involves analytical reasoning and detailed scrutiny.

Expository Essays. These compositions are instructive, presenting data, statistics, and evidence to inform the audience about a particular subject. Continue reading to update your understanding of composing papers and learn about the benefits of essay improver AI tools. 2. Writing an Essay in the Traditional Way Creating a decent essay conventionally involves a series of essential steps that demand close and meticulousness. Skipping any of these steps can lead to a disorganized written assignment. So, what exactly are the vital actions? Let's break them down to navigate you through the procedure of writing an intelligible and solid essay.

• Firstly, picking a topic is paramount. Your selected subject should captivate your reader, and ignite your passion. Take the time to research various topics, given the breadth and depth they offer for your paper.
• The next stage passes thorough research. Explore your picked topic to compile the required data to reinforce your central claims. Keep track of the sources for referencing purposes later on.
• Creating a strong thesis statement is pivotal to your paper. This sentence encapsulates the primary theme, essay’s purpose, and perspectives you'll be discussing.
• Crafting a thought-out outline is crucial for organizing your key arguments or ideas. Divide your paper into sections and plan the key points you'll cover in each part.
• Start putting your thoughts into words using an outline as a guide. Begin with a captivating intro to attract the reader’s attention. Follow it with body sections presenting your key standpoints and evidence, and finish the paper with a paraphrased thesis and summary.
• After drafting, shift to the content revision along with the editing phase. Focus on clarity, flow, and coherence. To do so, check whether your viewpoints are supported well and your text remains succinct and focused.
• Proofreading is vital to catch typos and syntax errors. Moreover, proper citation is essential, and plagiarism detector services can help validate your assignment’s originality.

Writing a paper conventionally demands meticulousness and dedication, but it sets the foundation for a skillfully crafted work that conveys your thoughts effectively. Nonetheless, this process can be long-lasting and demanding, which is when AI essay help services readily offer valuable assistance.

AI and Essay Writing

Automated or Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized academic and creative writing, dramatically improving and reforming the academic paper generation process. Its capacity to produce text resembling natural human language renders it a valuable asset for authors. Here’s the explanation of key features that simplify essay AI composing and create human-alike language, tone, and style:

• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Artificial writers utilize NLP, allowing machines to comprehend, interpret, and produce natural language. This innovation fuels chatbots, writing assistants, and automated text generators.
• Machine Learning Models: Automated writing assistants utilize computational models to analyze extensive text data, gaining an understanding of syntax, language, and subtleties to produce cohesive sentences tailored for the overall context.
• Contextual Comprehension: Machine intelligence's remarkable capability to grasp context promises that the artificially produced text remains coherent, consistent, and logical. That is crucial for effective paper writing.

By using AI to write an essay when effectively leveraging innovative technologies, beginner and pro writers get support throughout the essay-formation process, enhancing papers’ quality and efficiency.

Now, let's discuss how users can leverage text generator in their creative writing journey. Struggling to compose an attention-grabbing hook, or a compelling conclusion? Or want to boost the uniqueness of the content? AI-powered services are here to solve such problems.

Composition creator services offer various benefits for your assignments, such as efficient research using AI-driven search engines or chatbots, creating foundational content with artificial text creators like ChatGPT, ensuring plagiarism-free writing with paraphrasing tools, and improving essay quality through mechanic translate feature for accessing academic resources in multiple languages.

Embracing smart tools like the AI essay writer that can't be detected by plagiarism checkers can make the paper writing process more efficient and help authors generate standout academic papers resonating with their unique voice and flair.

Let’s briefly go over how we can use essay generator tools in paper writing:

1 . Efficient Research

Use AI-driven search engines or chatbots for streamlined research.

Gather foundational content efficiently using text generators like ChatGPT.

2 . Enhancing Originality

Employ paraphrasing tools to ensure written content contains no plagiarism.

Use AI-powered translate feature to access academic resources in different languages.

Incorporating AI tools in paper generation in tasks like drafting, researching, editing, and formatting texts, streamlines the creative process, improves text’s uniqueness, and elevates its overall quality. Artificial writers guarantee that an essay written by AI resonates with every single user's exclusive voice and tone.

How to Write an Essay with AI?

Looking for some advice on “How to enhance my essay?” Imagine a data-driven assistant who not only corrects your language flaws but also helps you polish your article: refine your viewpoints, and boost your assignment’s precision and creativity. That’s the handy capacity of artificial intelligence.

Now, we'll delve into AI-powered text generation, exploring tips and strategies to maximize the use of such writing tools.

Tip #1: Efficient Editing and Proofreading with AI

Problem: Struggling with spotting various mistakes with writing quality and the impact of written content?

Solution: Use our essay editor AI platform Aithor.ai for instant analysis and recommendations on sentence structure, clarity, and consistency. Use their feedback to enhance your abilities in paper writing over time.

Tip #2: Flawless Grammar & Spelling Checks with AI

Problem: Incorrect spelling and grammatical errors?

Solution: Checker tools for spelling and grammar mistakes like Aithor.ai ensure real-time error-free writing. Review and accept their suggestions for polished essays.

Tip #3: Conciseness and Clarity Made Easy with AI

Problem: Confusing and lengthy sentences?

Solution: Use tools like Aithor.ai and content summarizer templates to simplify complex statements and clarify your ideas.

Tip #4: Diversify Vocabulary with AI-Generated Suggestions

Problem: Repetitive words in your piece?

Solution: AI-driven thesaurus tools improve an essay: suggest synonyms, and intensify your vocabulary and engagement.

Tip #5: Ensure Originality with AI-Powered Plagiarism Detector

Problem: Worried about accidental plagiarism?

Solution: Pick from a plethora of plagiarism checkers or AI detector services to maintain originality and academic integrity.

Tip #6: Organize Your Thoughts with AI Guidance

Problem: Difficulty in writing a well-structured essay?

Solution: AI-driven outline generators provide structure suggestions for a coherent paper.

Tip #7: Elevate Engagement with NLP Analysis

Problem: Lacking depth and engagement in your piece of writing?

Solution: AI writing assistants using NLP analyze text patterns to enhance engagement.

Tip #8: Personalized Feedback for Improvement

Problem: Unsure how to improve your writing?

Solution: AI-generated feedback from writing platforms helps you identify areas for enhancement.

Tip #9: Practice and Learn with AI-Powered Writing Prompts

Problem: Need more writing practice?

Solution: Engage with AI-suggested writing prompts and feedback for skill refinement.

Tip #10: Balancing AI and Human Editing

Problem: How to combine virtual assistance tools and human editing effectively?

Solution: Start with virtual assistants for initial edits and collaborate with human editors for final touches and unique insights.

Overall, AI complements your writing journey, offering practical solutions to common writing challenges. Embrace these tips to unleash the full potential of artificial brain power in your next assignment.

In a nutshell, the integration of AI content generators in composing texts marks a significant advancement in the writing landscape. Automated writers, with their ability to generate natural language, understand its context, and enhance efficiency, offer a transformative experience for writers at all levels. By leveraging AI for efficient research, originality enhancement, structure guidance, and custom-made feedback, writers can elevate their writing skills to new heights.

Embracing AI streamlines the writing procedure and guarantees that essays resonate with the writer's unique voice, tone, and flair. As you embark on this journey of AI-supported writing, maximize the potential of these tools and create standout papers that captivate and engage readers.

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