sustainable development essay drishti ias

• Threads of Transformation: India's Textile Industry Weaving a Modern Future
• Redefining Governance: India's Path to Administrative Reforms
• Beyond Metros: The Ascent Of India's Tier 2 and TIer 3 Cities
• Climate Change Negotiations (CCNs): From Rio (1992) to Dubai (2023)
• Changing Dynamics of Family Structure in India
• India's Creative Economy: From Imagination to Innovation
• India Abroad: Legacy of Indian Diaspora
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Table of Content

• 1.1 Fiscal Federalism
• 1.2 Role of Civil Servants in Governance
• 1.3 EVM-VVPAT
• 1.4 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
• 1.5 Street Vendors
• 1.6 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
• 1.7 News in Shorts
• 2.1 Geopolitical Significance of Ports
• 2.2 Disaster Diplomacy
• 2.3 Instability in West Asia
• 2.4 India-Australia Security Partnership
• 2.6 News in Shorts
• 3.1 Income and Wealth Inequality in India
• 3.2 Inheritance Tax
• 3.3 Unemployment in India
• 3.4 Gross Fixed Capital Formation
• 3.5 Start-ups in Rural Economy
• 3.6 Global Unicorn Index 2024
• 3.7 Internationalization of Rupee
• 3.8 Basel III Endgame
• 3.9 Asset Monetization
• 3.10 Asset Reconstruction Companies
• 3.11 Advance Pricing Agreements
• 3.12 Financing for Sustainable Development
• 3.12.1 Why in the News?
• 3.12.2 About Inter-Agency Task Force on Financing for Development
• 3.12.3 Key highlights of the report
• 3.12.4 About Financing for Sustainable Development
• 3.12.5 Challenges in financing sustainable development
• 3.12.6 Actions required for bridging financing gap for sustainable development 
• 3.13 Settlement Cycle
• 3.14 Consumer Confidence Survey
• 3.15 25th Anniversary of IRDAI
• 3.16 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
• 3.17 News in Shorts
• 4.1 Constitutionalization of Environmental problem
• 4.2 Great Indian Bustard
• 4.3 Environmental Movement in India
• 4.4 Tiger Landscapes
• 4.5 E-WASTE
• 4.6 Millets
• 4.7 Baseflow
• 4.8 News in Shorts
• 5.1 Urban Poverty in India
• 5.2 Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)
• 5.3 Organ Transplantation
• 5.4 Doping in Sports
• 5.5 News in Shorts
• 6.1 Higgs Boson
• 6.2 Space Tourism
• 6.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Health Care
• 6.4 Glycemic Index
• 6.5 TB REPORT 2024
• 6.6 News in Shorts
• 7.1 India’s Defence Exports
• 7.2 Vitual Assets
• 7.3 Weaponisation of Space
• 7.5 News in Shorts
• 8.1 Delisting of Monuments
• 8.2 Mahavir Jain Teachings
• 8.3 Vaikom Satyagraha
• 8.4 Technology and Art Forms
• 8.5 News in Shorts
• 9.1 Ethics of Food Service and Safety
• 9.2 Political Ethics and Conflict of Interest
• 10.1 MGNREGS
• 11.1 Places in News: India
• 11.2 Places in News: World

Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024

Posted 21 May 2024

Why in the News?

2024 Financing for Sustainable Development Report was recently released by the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development.

Key highlights of the report

• Progress towards SDGs: Countries are off track on 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with around half  of 140 SDG targets, deviating from the required path . 
• Financing gaps in sustainable development: Report estimates SDG financing and investment gaps at between USD 2.5 trillion and USD 4 trillion annually . 
• Finance divides: Developing countries are faced with significantly worse terms of access to both long-term and contingency financing , implying a finance gap, which is largest in Middle-Income Countries (MICs) .
• Weak enabling environment for SDGs: Currently, public subsidies and private investment in fossil fuels and brown activities are still very high.

About   Financing for Sustainable Development

• in Monterrey, Mexico in 2002; 
• in Doha, Qatar in 2008; and 
• in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2015.
• It aligns all financing flows and policies with economic, social and environmental priorities and ensures that financing is stable and sustainable.
• It identified seven action areas for financing sustainable development (see infographic).
• report annually on progress in implementing the Addis Agenda and other Financing for Development outcomes and the means of implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
• advise the intergovernmental follow-up process on progress, implementation gaps and recommendations for corrective action.
• Addis Ababa Action Agenda  was adopted at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development  held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2015. 
• Financing challenges  are at the heart of the current sustainable development crisis. 

Challenges in financing sustainable development

• Annual economic disaster damage estimated at $173 billion between 2020 and 2023, up from $108 billion during the first decade of the century.
• Challenging Global Economic Environment: A sluggish world economy has led to subdued growth prospects with GDP growth rates in developing countries falling to just over 4% annually on average between 2021 and 2025. 
• 40% of global population live in countries where governments spend more on interest payments than on education or health .
• Rising geopolitical tensions: Geopolitical tensions, violence, conflict and war have contributed to challenging global macro-environment, risking severe fragmentation of global trading system  (which   could cost up to 7% of global GDP ).

Actions required for bridging financing gap for sustainable development 

• Enabling Environment: Countries’ efforts to create enabling environments for private investment must be aligned with the SDGs, setting the right incentives through fiscal and tax policies.
• Strengthening Public Development Banks (PDBs): PDBs usually provide longer-term funding, and their development focus makes the financial durations of their lending better aligned with social and environmental sustainability. 
• The concept of INFFs was first introduced in the Addis Agenda.
• This includes World Trade Organization (WTO) reform , with a focus on dispute settlement, updating rules to reflect global economic changes, and continued efforts to update investment treaties.
• Inter-Agency Task Force on Financing for Development
• Financing for Sustainable Development
• Addis Ababa Action Agenda

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Green Growth: India’s strategy for Green Economy

Last updated on July 31, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Green growth is one of the seven top priorities of the Union Budget 2023-24 for ushering green industrial and economic transition, environmentally friendly agriculture, and sustainable energy in the country. Read here to get a comprehensive understanding of India’s efforts towards green energy transition.

The Union Budget 2023-24 has envisaged several projects and initiatives spread across various sectors and ministries like Green Hydrogen Mission, Energy Transition, Energy Storage Projects, Renewable Energy Evacuation, Green Credit Program, PM-PRANAM, GOBARdhan Scheme, Bhartiya Prakritik Kheti Bio-Input Resource Centres, MISHTI, Amrit Dharohar, Coastal Shipping, and Vehicle Replacement.

The aim is to accelerate the momentum for green growth in the country by forwarding new-age reforms along with finding solutions to current challenges.

The green energy announcements in the budget play a key role in establishing India as a leading player in the global green energy market. India has been the fastest in renewable energy capacity addition among major economies since 2014.

Table of Contents

What is Green Growth?

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Green growth means fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which our well-being relies.

Green growth is not a replacement for sustainable development.

• It provides a practical and flexible approach for achieving concrete, measurable progress across its economic and environmental pillars while taking full account of the social consequences of greening the growth dynamic of economies.
• The focus of green growth strategies is ensuring that natural assets can deliver their full economic potential on a sustainable basis.
• That potential includes the provision of critical life support services – clean air and water, and the resilient biodiversity needed to support food production and human health.
• Natural assets are not infinitely substitutable and green growth policies take account of that.

Green growth policies are an integral part of the structural reforms needed to foster strong, more sustainable, and inclusive growth . They help in several aspects of growth-

• Enhancing productivity by creating incentives for greater efficiency in the use of natural resources, reducing waste and energy consumption, unlocking opportunities for innovation and value creation, and allocating resources to the highest value use.
• Boosting investor confidence through greater predictability in how governments deal with major environmental issues.
• Opening up new markets by stimulating demand for green goods, services, and technologies.
• Contributing to fiscal consolidation by mobilizing revenues through green taxes and the elimination of environmentally harmful subsidies.
• These measures can also help to generate or free up resources for anti-poverty programs in such areas as water supply and sanitation, or other pro-poor investments.
• Reducing risks of negative shocks to growth due to resource bottlenecks, as well as damaging and potentially irreversible environmental impacts.

Strategies for greener growth need to be tailored to fit specific country circumstances. They will need to carefully consider how to manage any potential trade-offs and best exploit the synergies between green growth and poverty reduction.

Green growth strategies also recognize that focusing on GDP as the main measure of economic progress generally overlooks the contribution of natural assets to wealth, health, and well-being.

They, therefore, need to rely on a broader range of measures of progress, encompassing the quality and composition of growth, and how this affects people’s wealth and welfare.

India’s Green Growth strategy

Green growth, from green credits to green energy to green mobility to green farming, was among the seven main priorities that the latest budget announced.

Indian green growth and energy transmission are outlined on three pillars:

• Increasing the production of renewable energy
• Reducing the use of fossil fuel in the economy
• Rapidly moving towards a gas-based economy in the country

Measures like ethanol blending , PM KUSUM Yojana, incentives for solar manufacturing, rooftop solar scheme, coal gasification, and battery storage in the Budgets of the past few years underlined the strategy.

Other initiatives like green credit for industries, PM Pranam Yojna for farmers, Gobardhan Yojna for villages, vehicle scrapping policy for cities, and Green Hydrogen and wetland conservation are also paving the way to achieve the same.

India has been the fastest when it comes to renewable energy capacity addition among major economies since 2014.

• India achieved the target of 40% contributions from non-fossil fuels in the installed electricity capacity 9 years before the target date.
• India achieved the target of 10% ethanol blending in petrol 5 months before time and emphasized that the nation strives to achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025-26 instead of 2030.
• A capacity of 500 GW will be achieved by 2030.
• The launch of E20 fuel and emphasis on biofuels has brought new opportunities for investors.
• The development of waterways in India is being given priority to encourage water-based transport and greener cargo handling.

India has to increase its battery storage capacity to 125 gigawatt hours in the next 6-7 years.

• Funding has also been initiated for Battery Energy Storage Systems: a capacity of 4,000 MWH will be supported with Viability Gap Funding (VGF).
• The VGF support and greater thrust on pumped hydro are critical to helping India move towards meeting the Energy Storage Obligation targets.
• To further green mobility, the import of capital goods and machinery required for the manufacture of lithium-ion cells for batteries used in electric vehicles will be exempted from customs duties.

Under the National Green Hydrogen Mission , India is moving with a target of production of 5 MMT of green hydrogen.

• An allocation of Rs 19 thousand crores has been made to incentivize the private sector in this field.
• Other opportunities such as electrolyzer manufacturing, green steel manufacturing, and long-haul fuel cells are also being given importance.

The vision of “LiFE”, or Lifestyle for Environment , will move the country and world towards an “environmentally conscious lifestyle”.

India is moving forward firmly for the panchamrit and net-zero carbon emission by 2070 to usher in green industrial and economic transition.

Read: Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT)

Government Initiatives for Green Growth

Some of the other major initiatives driving India’s green growth are:

PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan) Scheme is aimed at ensuring energy security for farmers in India.

It is honoring India’s commitment to increase the share of installed capacity of electric power from non-fossil-fuel sources to 40% by 2030 as part of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) .

The scheme was launched in 2019 with 3 components:

• Component-A: For Setting up 10,000 MW of Decentralized Grid Connected Renewable Energy Power Plants on barren land.
• Component-B: For Installation of 17.50 Lakh stand-alone solar agriculture pumps.
• Component-C: For Solarisation of 10 Lakh Grid Connected Agriculture Pumps.

Gobardhan Yojana

India has the potential of producing 10 thousand million cubic meters of biogas from Gobar (cow dung) and 1.5 lakhs cubic meters of gas which can contribute up to 8% to the city gas distribution in the country.

Gobardhan Yojana launched in 2018, is an important component of India’s biofuel strategy. In this budget, the government has announced plans to set up 500 new waste-to-wealth plants under the Gobardhan Yojana.

The Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan (GOBAR-DHAN) scheme is implemented under the Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin -Phase 2, by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the Jal Shakti ministry.

India’s vehicle scrapping policy

This is a crucial part of the green growth strategy as it creates space for a cleaner fleet of vehicles.

The Vehicle Scrappage Policy launched on August 13, 2021, is a government-funded program to replace old vehicles with modern & new vehicles on Indian roads.

According to the new policy, commercial vehicles aged >15 years and passenger vehicles aged >20 years will have to be mandatorily scrapped if they do not pass the fitness and emission tests

The policy is expected to reduce pollution, create job opportunities and boost demand for new vehicles. Following the principle of Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery gives new strength to our circular economy .

The government will promote and facilitate one crore farmers to adopt natural farming through Prime Minister Program for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment, and Amelioration of Mother earth (PRANAM).

The main objective of this scheme is to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and promote the balanced use of chemicals, promote green growth, and reduce the negative impact on the environment.

Green Credit programme

A Green Credit program to encourage behavioral change will be notified under the Environment (Protection) Act .

This will incentivize environmentally sustainable and responsive actions by companies, individuals, and local bodies, and help mobilize additional resources for such activities.

MISHTI and Amrit Darohar

‘Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes’ or MISHTI, which will involve planting mangroves along the coastline and on salt pan lands, wherever feasible, through convergence between MGNREGA , CAMPA Fund, and other sources.

Amrit Darohar is another new scheme, that will be implemented over the next three years to “encourage optimal use of wetlands, and enhance biodiversity, carbon stock, eco-tourism opportunities, and income generation for local communities”.

Way forward

India has huge potential to lead the world when it comes to technology for Green Energy and it can forward, the cause of global good apart from generating Green Jobs.

Also, as the G20 President for the term, the concept of green growth being a priority area validates how sustainable development is a major vision of Indian policymaking.

The budget 2023-24 also identifies 100 projects to improve last-mile connectivity for industries like coal and ports, as well as activities that would not be considered green growth, such as building 50 extra airports.

Also, there are no funding resources for important initiatives like the National Mission on Himalayan Studies, the National Adaptation Strategy, and the National Climate Change Action Plan. This occurs at a time when Joshimath and several other Himalayan cities are undergoing land subsidence .

Thus, India has to make sure that funding is going towards low-carbon technology, as well as identify the economic sectors and environmental degradation hotspots and take action to remedy them.

Read: Green Energy Partnerships of India; Battery Energy Storage System (BESS); Zero carbon buildings

-Article written by Swathi Satish

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United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - UPSC Notes

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a global network for development that advocates change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life for themselves. Such international bodies and programs are very relevant for the IAS exam . In this article, you can read all about the UNDP and its relations with India.

International organisations and groupings are an important part of the International Relations section of the General Studies paper-2 in the UPSC Syllabus . 

UNDP UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provides expert advice, training and grants support to developing countries, with an increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries. It promotes technical and investment cooperation among nations.

• The UNDP Executive Board is made up of representatives from 36 countries around the world who serve on a rotating basis.
• It is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member nations.
• UNDP is central to the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG), a network that spans almost 170 countries and unites the 40 UN funds, programmes, specialized agencies and other bodies working to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
• The UNDP is considered an executive board within the UN General Assembly (UNGA) .
• It is headed by an Administrator.

Human Development Report 

The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual report published by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. 
• A country scores a higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the Gross National Income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher.

To get a list of reports published by international organizations , click on the linked article.

UNDP and India

India and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have worked since 1951 on various issues related to human development involving sustainable livelihoods, environment, literacy, institutional strengthening, sustainable energy and resilience. 

• The Government of India aligned with UNDP to work on the India 2030 National Development Mission and build further Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) .
• Inclusive Growth
• Environment & Energy
• Strengthening Systems & Institutions
• The nodal agency for all matters related to UNDP in India is the Department of Economic Affairs, Finance Ministry, GOI.
• The UNDP has offices in 6 locations in India.

UNDP’s Accelerator Lab

In November 2019, the United Nations Development Programme launched its Accelerator Lab in India to work on tackling pollution in collaboration with the government’s Atal Innovation Mission (AIM).

• Air pollution and Sustainable water management will be the issues addressed by the lab.
• Developed by the collaboration of UNDP, Federal Republic of Germany and the State of Qatar, Accelerator Lab is an innovative initiative to find solutions for the new complex challenges faced by the world.
• India’s Accelerator Lab will be part of a network of 60 global labs covering 78 nations, that will test and scale new solutions to global challenges like climate change and inequality.
• These Labs will identify grassroots solutions together with local actors and validate their potential to accelerate development.

UNDP and Coronavirus

As per the UNDP COVID-19 Crisis response, every country needs to act immediately to prepare, respond, and recover.

• UNDP helped countries to urgently and effectively respond to COVID-19 as part of its mission to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build resilience to crises and shocks.
• The next phase of the response was designed to help decision-makers look beyond recovery, towards 2030, making choices and managing complexity and uncertainty in four main areas: governance, social protection, green economy, and digital disruption.
• UNDP fully supported and expanded social protection for the poor and vulnerable with food, goods, and services, pensions for the elderly and public works, etc.
• UNDP recognized the vital importance of small, family-owned businesses, and those who depend on them, so we are working with policymakers to establish business continuity insurance for hard times.

Important International Organization that are important for UPSC exam perspective are given below-

For more such organisation aspirants can visit the  List of International Organisations  on the given link.

UPSC Questions related to UNDP

How does undp work.

Funded entirely by voluntary contributions, UNDP is central to the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG), a network that spans almost 170 countries and unites the 40 UN funds, programmes, specialized agencies and other bodies working to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

What is the full form of HDI?

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a single index measure that aims to record the three key dimensions of human development: access to knowledge, a decent standard of living, and long and healthy life. In other words, the human development index is used to measure how development has improved human life.

What are the 6 major organs of the UN?

• General Assembly
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• International Court of Justice
• UN Secretariat
• A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council , suspended operations on 1 November 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory.

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• Madhya Pradesh State PCS
• 20 Aug 2024
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Make Your Note

MP Prohibits Hindu Students from Enrolling in Madrasas

Why in news.

Recently, the Madhya Pradesh government has issued an order barring Hindu students from enrolling in the madrasas , regulated by the state madrasa board or those receiving government aid.

• An investigation found that thousands of Hindu students have been enrolled in madrasas, which were operating only on paper.
• All institutes, including madrasas, government-aided, and private institutes, must comply with the provisions of the New Education Policy 2020 .  

New Education Policy (NEP) 2020

• It calls for a comprehensive overhaul of the education system , including its regulations and management , to establish a modern system that aligns with 21st-century educational goals, including Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4) , while respecting India's cultural heritage and values.
• It replaces the thirty-four year old National Policy on Education, 1986, modified in 1992 (NPE 1986/92).

Initiatives of Madhya Pradesh For Promoting Menstrual Health

Recently, the India unit of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) praised the Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister’s initiatives for promoting menstrual health among adolescents in the state.

• During an event, Chief Minister transferred a collective sum of Rs 57.18 crore to the accounts of 19 lakh girl students under the 'Samagra Shiksha' programme for sanitation and hygiene .
• School and college Girls are also being educated about the importance of cleanliness and its measures.

Samagra Shiksha Scheme

• It was launched by the Ministry of Education in 2018.
• It is an integrated scheme for school education covering the entire gamut from pre-school to class XII.
• It aims to deliver inclusive, equitable, and affordable school education.
• It subsumes the three Schemes of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) , Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).
• It involves a 60:40 split in funding between the Centre and most States.

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

• UNICEF was created in 1946 as International Children’s Emergency Fund (ICEF) by the UN relief Rehabilitation Administration to help children affected by World War II.
• UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations in 1953.
• It is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to advocate for the protection of children's rights , to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential.
• It strives to establish children's rights as enduring ethical principles and international standards of behaviour towards children.
• Awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1965 for “promotion of brotherhood among the nations”.
• Headquarters: New York City.