research paper on beauty industry

The beauty market in 2023: A special State of Fashion report

The State of Fashion: Beauty

In 2022, the beauty market—defined as skincare, fragrance, makeup, and haircare—generated approximately $430 billion in revenue. Today, beauty is on an upward trajectory across all categories. It has proven to be resilient amid global economic crises and in a turbulent macroeconomic environment. Beauty is now an industry that many people, from top-tier financiers to A-list celebrities, want to be a part of—and with good reason. Following a solid recovery since the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the beauty market is expected to reach approximately $580 billion by 2027, growing by a projected 6 percent a year (Exhibit 1). This is in line with or slightly higher than other consumer segments such as apparel, footwear, eyewear, pet care, and food and beverages.

About the authors

This article is a collaborative effort by Imran Amed, representing views from the Business of Fashion, and Achim Berg , Sara Hudson , Kristi Klitsch Weaver , and Megan Lesko Pacchia, representing views from McKinsey’s Consumer Packaged Goods and Retail Practices.

A dynamic segment that is ripe for disruption, the beauty industry will have reshaped itself around an expanding array of products, channels, and markets before this decade is over. Consumers, particularly younger generations, will spur this shift, as their own definitions of beauty morph while their perceptions of everything—from the meaning of sustainability and the role of influencers and key opinion leaders to the importance of self-care—evolve. Overall, beauty is expected to be characterized by “premiumization,” with the premium beauty tier projected to grow at an annual rate of 8 percent (compared with 5 percent in mass beauty) between 2022 and 2027, as consumers trade up and increase their spending, especially in fragrance and makeup.

At the same time, we expect the landscape to become even more competitive, as a range of independent brands that successfully came to market over the past decade seek to scale and as new challengers emerge. Intensifying competition will prompt incumbent brands and retailers to change as well. In line with the trend-driven dynamics in the market, 42 percent of respondents to McKinsey’s 2023 survey of consumers across China, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States say they enjoy trying new brands. Meanwhile, consumers are increasingly shopping across price points and report that both online and offline stores influence their shopping behavior. Their preference for omnichannel shopping is expected to continue to fuel legacy brands’ shift online and independent labels’ move into a brick-and-mortar presence.

E-commerce in beauty nearly quadrupled between 2015 and 2022, and its share now exceeds 20 percent, with significant runway ahead. This compares with a 2022 e-commerce share of approximately 30 percent in apparel and footwear, and around 65 percent in toys and games.

A number of factors have fueled e-commerce growth in beauty: the expansion of beauty offerings from online giants like Amazon in the United States and Tmall in China; the increased digital sophistication from direct-to-consumer players; the steadily growing significance of online for omnichannel retailers; and the proliferation of social selling, including livestreaming, in Asia. E-commerce is expected to continue to be the fastest-growing sales channel, at 12 percent per year between 2022 and 2027, but growth in traditional channels—including specialty retail, grocery retail, and drugstores—is expected to pick up postpandemic, as consumers’ preference for omnichannel is partly driven by their continued desire for in-store discovery and trial of products (Exhibit 2). Department stores are expected to continue to lose market share globally.

Structural and competitive dynamics are shifting

Where to play will become just as important a question as how to win, given the changing underlying growth tailwinds. The changing dynamics will render the industry’s largely homogenous global playbooks of the past decades less effective and require brands to reassess their global strategies and introduce greater nuance and tailoring.

Geographic diversification will become more essential than ever. It was just recently, for example, that brands could focus their footprints on the industry’s two top countries: China and the United States. Both countries will remain mighty forces for the industry, with the beauty market expected to reach $96 billion in China and $114 billion in North America by 2027 (Exhibit 3).

But in both markets, growth will be harder to come by for individual brands, not least due to fierce local and foreign competition. Meanwhile, other countries and regions, including the Middle East and India, are ready to step into the limelight, offering distinct potential for specific categories and price tiers. The likely upshot is that many brands will align their geographic strategies to this new world order, which will require a variety of localized playbooks.

Across geographies, another growth opportunity will be products and services in the top tier of the pricing pyramid: the true luxury and ultraluxury beauty market has the potential to double, from around $20 billion today to around $40 billion by 2027.

Five disruptive themes

The next few years will be a dynamic time for the beauty industry, filled with opportunities and new challenges. Its high profitability, with EBITDA margins of up to 30 percent, will continue to attract new founders and investors to the space. With limited spots available on the beauty palette, successful brands will adapt to the changing rules of the game and secure a uniquely differentiated value proposition amid a saturated market and increasingly sophisticated consumers. Key dynamics will include the following:

• The redrawing of the growth map.  Slowing growth in China, along with increased local competition, means the country will no longer be a universal growth engine for the industry. As a result, the US market will become even more important, with strong growth, especially over the next few years. This market will become a competitive battleground for established brands and a potential green pasture for new entrants. The Middle East is expected to fuel growth over the same period, with India expected to emerge as a new hot spot in the longer term.
• The rise of wellness.  As consumers are increasingly engaging with beauty products and services to not only look good but also feel good, the lines between beauty and wellness are expected to continue blurring, with the combined opportunity representing close to $2 trillion globally for brands, retailers, and investors. Wellness-inspired products—such as skincare and makeup with probiotic and Ayurvedic ingredients, ingestible supplements, and beauty devices like LED face masks—have already captured the attention of consumers embracing greater self-care and mindfulness in their postpandemic daily routines. The melding of wellness and beauty will only become more pronounced in the years ahead, in line with an expected CAGR of 10 percent to 2027 for the wellness industry. This trend will represent an untapped opportunity for many, with first-mover advantage for the players that get it right.
• The influence of Gen Z.   Gen Zers scrutinize brands as part of their search for value. Nearly half of Gen Z respondents in our survey report conducting extensive research on product ingredients and their benefits before purchase, similar to millennials (and compared with only one-third of Gen Xers and one-fifth of baby boomers). Beyond product efficacy and transparency, Gen Zers demand that brands credibly stand for something. In addition to their focus on sustainability, diversity, and inclusion, Gen Zers greatly value brands that have an authentic and approachable image and a story that goes beyond products, and that welcome consumers into a wider community. Engaging with beauty products and services to feel good and express their authentic selves rather than adhering to specific cultural ideals, this cohort is challenging norms not only around the definition of physical beauty but also around gender and product categories.
• The imperative to scale.  While the past decade has seen a number of new and independent labels benefit from steadily lower barriers to entry, growth beyond a successful initial run to achieve meaningful scale remains elusive for many. Out of 46 brands founded in or after 2005 with global retail sales of $50 million to $200 million by 2017, only five exceeded $250 million in global retail sales five years later, in 2022. Only two achieved global retail sales of more than $750 million. To scale successfully, brands must focus on omnichannel expansion and internationalization. Category expansion appears to be most effective when a brand has grown to a certain size, and when the expansion enhances and protects the brand’s unique value proposition.
• The recalibration of M&A.  Amid continuously increasing interest in the beauty industry from a variety of players—from “strategics” to private equity funds—M&A will continue to play a major role in the industry. As seen in recent years, conglomerates and financial investors alike will pursue deals to invest in promising brands. But dealmaking will not be the same as when cost of capital was low. In the near term, megadeals will likely be few and far between in response to market turbulence. In addition, criteria for M&A targets will shift from a focus on high-growth independent “brands of the moment” to brands with an innovative product pipeline and a demonstrated ability to grow profitably, sustainably, and over the long term.

The years ahead will offer all the right ingredients—from agile channel mixes to consumers eager to explore new products—for the beauty industry’s continued growth. For beauty leaders and challengers alike, there will be plenty of opportunities to flourish, if they develop and execute tailored strategies that reflect the changing world of beauty.

Download the full report on which this article is based, The State of Fashion: Beauty (PDF–10MB).

Achim Berg is a senior partner in McKinsey’s Frankfurt office, Sara Hudson is a partner in the London office, Kristi Klitsch Weaver is a senior partner in the Chicago office,  Megan Lesko Pacchia is a partner in the New Jersey office, and  Imran Amed is the founder, editor in chief, and CEO of the Business of Fashion and an alumnus of McKinsey’s London office.

The authors wish to thank Anita Balchandani, Dimpy Jindal, Natalia Lepasch, Amaury Saint Olive, Alexis Wolfer, Alex Workman, and Andreas Zampouridis for their contributions to this article.

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International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

• Open access
• Published: 05 January 2022

Changes in consumers’ awareness and interest in cosmetic products during the pandemic

• Yeong-Hyeon Choi 1 ,
• Seong Eun Kim 2 &
• Kyu-Hye Lee   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-0681 1  

Fashion and Textiles volume  9 , Article number:  1 ( 2022 ) Cite this article

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This research investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumers’ perspectives of beauty and individual cosmetic products. Since the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was announced on December 31st, 2019, the search volumes of Google News have been updated and information on confirmed cases of the disease has been collected. This study used Python 3.7, NodeXL 1.0.1, and Smart PLS 3.0 to analyze consumer awareness of cosmetic products during the pandemic. The results reveal that consumers’ perspectives of beauty are impacted by a pandemic. Global consumers perceive skincare as an important aspect during the pandemic, while the importance of makeup fell after the outbreak. The awareness of skincare and makeup products has changed. The spread of the pandemic (SOP) has a positive impact on skincare products, but a negative impact on makeup products, except for eye makeup products, which was positive. Finally, the SOP was not significant in terms of consumers’ interest in masks. Fifth, interest in masks showed a positive relationship with interest in skincare products, such as cleansing products, while a negative relationship was observed with interest in makeup products. Overall, this study concludes that pandemics certainly have an impact on global consumers’ perspectives. As a pandemic spread, interest in skincare products increases, while interest in makeup products decreases. This study has academic significance in that it investigates the effects of consumption of cosmetic products during the stay-at-home rules. It can be used as standard information for setting marketing strategies in pandemic-like situations in the future.

Introduction

The coronavirus disease‑19 (COVID‑19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS-CoV‑2) (Babu, 2020 ). As the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 increased, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. In an attempt to slow the pandemic, the WHO announced personal hygiene guidelines. Governments all over the world have induced people to follow the guidelines, which include regularly washing hands, social distancing, and wearing a medical mask (Cartaud et al., 2020 ). As the period of social distancing has been prolonged and people are wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent themselves from being infected, the overall demand for cosmetics has declined (Wischhover, 2020 ).

Since consumers now have to stay in their homes longer, they are stressed over difficulties in terms of their appearance (Pikoos et al., 2020 ). This situation led to people feeling less need or opportunity to wear makeup; hence, the overall demand for makeup products has dropped (Biskanaki et al., 2020 ). However, not all signals for the cosmetic industry are negative. Due to the current situation being conducive to wearing masks for prolonged periods, consumers are suffering from acne, and they are focusing more on skincare products (Rubin, 2020 ; Schiffer, 2020 ). Although the interest in makeup products has decreased, that for skincare products has shown a different direction in terms of sales. Interestingly, this behavior is a global phenomenon. Given that the preference for makeup products, such as eyeshadows or lipstick, is different from beauty awareness in each country, the present skincare-focused phenomena follow similar reactions and patterns. This indicates that a pandemic-like situation can make consumer’s attitude toward cosmetic products somewhat different to what it was before such a situation.

This behavior raises another intriguing point. The motivation of applying makeup is to express one’s identity, gain confidence, or be seen as a well-mannered person (Karabulut et al., 2020 ). No matter how little makeup consumers wear due to the PPE and stay-home policy, they still engage in social interactions. If consumers perceive wearing PPE as a tool for hiding themselves, they would not have an intention to use certain products. On the other hand, if consumers are only focused on survival during the pandemic, the results of cosmetic behavior would be more complicated.

Our research goal is to determine consumers’ cosmetic behavior in the COVID-19 pandemic situation. To do so, we (1) compare the perceptions of cosmetic products before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 using social big data analysis. (2) We establish the causal relationship between COVID-19 variances and purchase behavior of cosmetic products using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). From a macro perspective, this study reveals the impact of COVID-19 on consumers’ attitude toward cosmetic and skincare products. The multi-dimensional approaches used herein contribute to an in-depth understanding of consumer behavior in the COVID-19 situation.

Literature review

The social self is “a tug-of-war” between societal similarity and individual uniqueness (Brewer, 1991 ). It is a human need to conform with others while simultaneously maintaining their individual presence. There are various ways to reveal one’s social self to society. Of these, makeup is a method to reveal and express one’s social self to society (Lee & Oh, 2018 ). In addition, according to which shades and the degree of makeup (from bare face to full makeup) a person wears, their social appearance could be easily and instantly changed. Due to this salience of makeup, the degree of makeup status is not only someone’s style but a metaphor for their feelings or intentions. However, COVID-19 has forced everyone to wear masks, which is a critical obstacle in constructing a social self through makeup. Thus, the decision of whether to apply makeup is an important indicator of cosmetic behavior, perception of a pandemic situation, and maintenance of societal appearance.

Social self and maskne

In the past, makeup was considered the preserve of women (Cash & Cash, 1982 ; Miller & Cox, 1982 ). However, male consumers have recently begun to show increased interest in caring for their appearances, which has led to a growth in the male cosmetic products market (Iida, 2006 ). Generation Y men tend to express their self-esteem through fashion products and are concerned about their bodies and weight (Sung & Yan, 2020 ). This phenomenon could provide the reason why male consumers have an increased interest in makeup, which is commonly viewed as an aesthetic concept. In fact, men want to be seen as more charming and masculine, not feminine (Souiden & Diagne, 2009 ). Thus, the context of makeup has shifted from being seen as more feminine to being able to express oneself to society (Kim & Choi, 2020 ).

There is now a dilemma regarding using makeup to reveal one’s social self. Due to COVID-19, wearing a mask is a normal state or mandatory regulation in some countries when people go out, meet someone, or are in a public space. This regulation obliges people to cover half of their facial area, which has induced consumers to practice a passive attitude toward cosmetics (Han et al., 2020 ). The fact that masks can cause flare-ups of acne is considered one of the main reasons for this attitude. As the inner temperature of the mask causes flare-up in the facial area, many consumers have suffered from acne due to prolonged periods of wearing masks (Park et al., 2020 ). Given the significantly positive correlation between cosmetics and acne (Perera et al., 2018 ), the sealing effect of the mask makes the wearer more susceptible to acne flare-ups. It is popularly known as “maskne or mask acne” (Kosasih, 2020 ).

The dilemma of makeup starts here. To some, applying makeup could be a really important ritual that helps them prepare to present their social self. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an adverse synergy between makeup and wearing a mask for an extended period due to the aforementioned side effects, like acne or flushing (Yu, 2020 ). It presents an awkward situation in which wearing makeup causes bad skin conditions and going bare faced is somewhat embarrassing. If someone decides to wear makeup for social activity, they make it their priority to maintain their social self. On the other hand, if someone does not apply makeup when they are going out, they put more weight on caring for their skin conditions. The side effects of wearing a mask for long periods could be considered a minor problem when the benefit is maintaining our health. Given that makeup is one of the ways to present a good social self, a no-makeup situation may induce feelings of shame. In particular, consumers who are very aware of their surroundings and others’ evaluation may regard going bare faced as a shameful situation. It leads to degradation of their social self-esteem and also increases stress (Gruenewald et al., 2004 ).

In a pandemic-like situation, people experience death, anxiety, and depression (Lee et al., 2020 ). Anxiety regarding appearance management occurs. Pikoos et al. ( 2020 ) revealed that during COVID-19 restrictions, societal appearance pressure persisted in individuals with high dysmorphic concerns. Pikoos et al. ( 2020 ) found that a highly appearance-concerned group displayed feelings of pain and suffering due to the shutdown of beauty services, and the demand for cosmetics once restrictions are lifted has increased. This is the result of the anxiety that they cannot maintain their appearance and worry about it when they go out. This study regards pandemic anxiety variance as the number of confirmed cases. It means that as more confirmed cases occur and COVID-19 spreads, this leads to higher levels of anxiety (Elbay et al., 2020 ). Therefore, it is expected that if the spread of the pandemic (SOP) becomes more severe, anxiety will increase. As a result, the interest in all cosmetic product categories (skincare and makeup products) would show an incremental relationship.

Research question 1 (R1): Pandemics will change consumers’ awareness of cosmetic products (skincare and makeup).

Hypothesis 1 (H1): Spread of the pandemic (SOP) will positively influence interest in skincare products.

Hypothesis 2 (H2): Spread of the pandemic (SOP) will positively influence interest in makeup products.

As one of the preventive measures, wearing a mask has become a default option during outdoor activities. In the early phase of the pandemic, there was significant interest in wearing a mask, as it was not a default option. However, before the outbreak of COVID-19, it was considered unusual behavior. More than a year since the outbreak began, mask wearing is no longer considered abnormal or special behavior. In a pandemic situation, the period during which a disease remains contagious is long time, and the interest in preventive measures shows a declining tendency (Bults et al., 2011 ). Consumers concentrate on their discomfort. In particular, wearing a mask for prolonged durations causes maskne, which is one of the direct and immediate side effects of the activity. This study expects that the interest in masks leads to incremental interest in skincare products but not in makeup products.

Hypothesis 3 (H3): Spread of the pandemic (SOP) will not influence interest in face masks.

Hypothesis 4 (H4): Interest in face masks will positively influence interest in skincare products.

Hypothesis 5 (H5): Interest in face masks will negatively influence interest in makeup products.

The main variables and hypotheses of this study are illustrated in Fig.  1 .

Conceptual research framework

• Social network analysis

One of the characteristics of social network and big data analysis is being able to investigate the potentially key elements of a study. This is done by extracting essential data and analyzing it through the bottom-up approach. It is cost effective and consumes less time as it does not require surveys or interviews to be conducted and this method is now being used in various fields (Niyirora & Argones, 2019 ; Wu et al., 2017 ). Social network analysis, the most commonly used method of analyzing big data, deduces the characteristics of the network by determining occurrence and regularity through appearance frequency and relationships between words (Park & Leydesdorff, 2004 ). Centrality, a measure of the central location of a node within a network, is used in the interpretation of data (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005 ).

Ahmed et al. ( 2020 ) investigated the COVID-19 situation using social network analysis. The authors examined Twitter posts and investigated the motive of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory. They confirmed that the most popular web sources shared by users are fake news websites. Based on Twitter posts, Yum ( 2020 ) analyzed the role of public and political administrators in COVID-19 pandemic situation using social network analysis. Choi and Lee ( 2020 ) used text mining and social network analysis to examine the changes in consumers’ perspectives of fashion products during the pandemic. Korean fashion consumers were mainly concerned with precautions, home life, digital and cosmetic products, online channels, and consumption. This indicates a stronger stance on precaution than fashion during COVID-19 than in previous pandemics (SARS, MERS).

Measurement: Tf-idf and centralities

Term frequency-inverse document frequency ( Tf-idf ) and central value were measured and then analyzed. In PLS-SEM, development of worldwide confirmed cases was used as an exogenous variable, and search volumes of individual cosmetic products was used as an endogenous variable. Python 3.7 was used to measure Tf-idf value, and NodeXL 1.0.1 was used in the network analysis stage to measure centrality. Tf-idf , a measuring standard that supplements the frequency, is normally used to judge the importance of a certain word in a corpus. Tf-idf weighting is term frequency (tf) \(\times\) inverse document frequency (idf) . Given a collection of terms t \(\in\) T that appear in a set of N documents d \(\in\) D , each of length n d , Tf-idf, weighting is computed as shown in Eq.  1 (Choi & Lee, 2021 ; Yahav et al., 2019 ).

Centrality analysis defines the meanings of each keyword in the context of a document (Choi et al., 2021 ), which are indicated in terms of degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centrality (Kwahk, 2014 ), as shown in Eqs. 2 – 5 . The centrality measure can be summarized by standardizing the equation as follows: (1) \({C}_{x}({N}_{i})\) is the centrality of actor i in each calculation. (2) Every g is the number of actor i in networks (Kwahk, 2014 ; Wasserman & Faust, 1994 ). (3) The standardized actor betweenness centrality is then divided by the maximum value (( g  − 1)( g  − 2)/2) of the theoretical betweenness centrality (Freeman, 1979; Wasserman & Faust, 1994 ). (4) The value of closeness centrality for the number of actors g is \({C}_{c}({N}_{i})\) =1/( g  − 1), and the standardized actor closeness centrality is multiplied by g  − 1 to consider the size of the entire network (Beauchamp, 1965 ; Freeman, 1978 ). (5) In eigenvector centrality, actor i is the i th element of unit eigenvector e , and e represents the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix, with x as an element. X is an adjacency matrix with \({X}_{ij}\) as an element, and \(\lambda\) is an array of eigen values (Bonacich, 2007 ; Kwahk, 2014 ). To obtain eigenvector centrality, multiple steps of computation are performed. In the first step, the centrality value is calculated as the sum of the degree for g . The centrality value of each actor is then calculated as the sum of the first-stage centrality values of each actor. The final centrality values are calculated as the sum of the results of the second stage. This step-by-step computation process is repeated until the centrality value no longer changes.

Equation  1 Calculation of Tf-idf

Equation  2 Degree centrality of actor i

Equation  3 Betweenness centrality of actor i

Equation  4 Closeness centrality of actor i

Equation  5 Eigenvector centrality of actor i.

Preliminary investigation

The occurrence of the first recorded case of COVID-19 on December 31st, 2019 until September 30th 2020 was set as the standard period for collecting data. To compare consumers’ awareness, data between December 31st, 2018 and September 30th, 2019 were also collected. Preliminary investigation was conducted before selecting keywords to be investigated. We analyzed Google News, Twitter posts, and YouTube comments containing the words “corona” and “beauty” for nine months following the outbreak of COVID-19 (total: 8192).

As a result of preliminary investigation, according to appearance frequency, “mask” (687), “skincare” (490), “makeup” (459), and “haircare” (330) were identified as the beauty keywords related to COVID-19. In the network analysis, “skincare,” “makeup,” and “beauty” were set as the keywords. “Mask” showed a relationship with “corona,” but it also showed a strong relationship with “face” and “facial.” This suggests it may relate to medical masks and skin management masks, so it was excluded from the analysis. Google News was selected as the collecting channel as the data contained relatively less noise (Table 1 ).

Data collection and analysis for PLS-SEM

PLS-SEM analysis was used to identify the impact of the spread of infectious disease on consumers’ interest in cosmetic products. To determine the development of the spread, worldwide confirmed cases were collected from the conoraboard.kr website, which provides real-time information about COVID-19. The data collection period was from January 21st, 2020 to September 30th, 2020, the range provided by the website. Consumers’ interest in cosmetic products is based on data on search volumes for keywords in Google Trends. The data were collected globally and limited to the category of “beauty & fitness.” In contrast, previous studies use “mask” as the main beauty keyword (e.g. Choi & Lee, 2020 ). Therefore, we identified the search volume data of the keywords “mask” and “acne.” Sub products of the specific cosmetic products are set according to social big data analysis in the Tf-idf standard.

To verify the model, we used development of coronavirus confirmed cases and search volume of keywords in Google Trends. Spread of disease is defined as the development of coronavirus confirmed cases. The measurement tool is the number of daily confirmed cases from January 21st to September 30th, 2020 obtained from conoraboard.kr. Mask interest is defined as consumers’ interest in masks, measured by the search volume of “mask” in Google. Interest in skincare and makeup are defined as consumers’ interest in individual products, measured by the search volume of all relative keywords in Google. As per the results of social network analysis, keywords with high Tf-idf are selected as representative items. Data on representative keywords are also collected within the same amount of time, using the same methods. A total of 253 records were collected and 13 items were measured. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to determine the influencing relationship. In PLS-SEM, the sampling was conducted 5000 times via bootstrapping. After verifying path coefficients and significance, it was evaluated by identifying the R 2 , f 2 , and Q 2 values.

Results and discussion

Comparison of consumers’ beauty awareness in the pandemic, based on tf-idf value.

Since the announcement of the first confirmed case of coronavirus on December 31st, 2019, social data including the keyword “beauty” have been collected. Keywords were distilled and centrality score and Tf-idf , which can complement simple frequency, were measured. The top 50 keywords were used in the analysis and the top 30 keywords according to the Tf-idf are reported in Table 2 .

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, keywords such as “makeup” ( Tf-idf  = 369.68), “product” (315.68), “brand” (276.77), “busy” (215.22), “routine” (200.66), “industry” (142.08), “natural” (140.15), “fashion” (138.77), “trick” (133.73), and “skincare” (132.91) appeared in the upper ranks of consumers’ awareness. Although keywords such as “product” (410.57), “makeup” (389.54), “brand” (328.95), “routine” (221.11), and “skincare” (191.71) appeared in the upper ranks, keywords such as “coronavirus” (191.71) and “pandemic” (85.51) appeared in the infectious disease keywords. These results indicate that a pandemic impacts general consumers’ awareness of cosmetics. Makeup remains the most significant product that composes consumers’ cosmetic awareness, irrespective of the pandemic situation. In the case of skincare, there has been an increase in rank since the pandemic.

Analysis of network structure and centrality

We extracted the top 50 keywords based on the co-occurrence frequency and then clustered them using the Wakita-Tsurumi algorithm. Consumer awareness of  cosmetic behavior before COVID-19 outbreak  is illustrated in Fig.  2 . Figure  3 represents  the beauty behavior after the COVID-19 outbreak. In Fig.  3 , new keywords in relation to COVID-19 have emerged after the outbreak. The comparison of the network size is as follows. The maximum geodesic distance (diameter) of the networks for 2019 and 2020 is 3, and the overall networks were similar in size because both were equally limited to the top 50 keywords. In 2019, the total number of edges of the network was 590, the average geodesic distance was 1.76, and the graph density was 0.24. The total number of edges for 2020 was 706, the average geodesic distance was 1.72, and the graph density was 0.28. Compared to 2019, the significant increase in the number of edges in 2020 means that the correlation between keywords has increased within the context. As a result, we can see that the average geodesic distance of the graph has decreased, and the graph density has increased.

Consumers’ cosmetic awareness before COVID-19 (Wakita-Tsurumi algorithm)

Consumers’ cosmetic awareness after COVID-19 (Wakita-Tsurumi algorithm)

For centrality measurement, in the case of makeup, both degree and betweenness centrality declined in consumers’ cosmetic awareness after, rather than before, the pandemic. On the other hand, skincare showed an increase in all centrality items (C d , C b , and C e ) except closeness centrality after the outbreak. On this basis, while the influence of makeup products has decreased, that of skincare products has increased. Moreover, in the results of Tf-idf and centrality measurement, keywords of color cosmetics, such as “lipstick,” “foundation,” and “eyeshadow,” which appeared as representative keywords, did not appear in the upper ranks after the outbreak.

Before COVID-19, skincare was classified in the compact groups such as “salon,” “versatile,” and “home,” but after the outbreak, skincare joined larger groups comprising “global,” “digital,” “clean,” and “technology,” which account for 28% of the whole group. Furthermore, before the pandemic, makeup was classified into groups containing the words “celebrity,” “fashion,” “Fenty,” and “tutorial.” After the pandemic, it was reclassified into groups containing “pandemic,” “change,” “face,” “treatment,” “skin,” and so on. During the pandemic, skincare was considered as cleansing to prevent coronavirus infection, and makeup was considered in terms of skin problems due to the pandemic situation.

According to the network analysis, the appearance of keywords related to coronavirus determined that pandemics affect consumers’ cosmetic awareness. After the outbreak, global consumers recognized skincare as extremely important. Makeup was also regarded as being important; however, its importance importance showed a declining trend.

Consumers’ awareness of skincare and makeup

The results of preliminary investigation revealed that skincare and makeup appear as the main cosmetic behaviors and products. We therefore conducted a comparison of consumers’ awareness based on the keywords before and after pandemic (Table 3 ). After the outbreak, “coronavirus” appeared as an upper ranked Tf-idf keyword in every cosmetic product. This highlights the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic impacts consumers’ cosmetic awareness.

The results of comparing representative keywords of individual cosmetic products before and after the pandemic are shown below. First, in the case of skincare, “self” ( Tf-idf  = 55.17), “mask” (47.81), “prevention” (47.50), “maskne” (46.92), “acne” (38.39), and “lockdown” (36.75) appeared as the representative keywords. In terms of consumer’s cosmetic awareness, this indicates the appearance of skin problems (or acne) caused due to wearing masks to prevent infection and the phenomena of self-care at home due to lockdown. The main products are serum (56.61/31.43), sunscreen (41.37/45.55), cream (37.61/28.58), and cleansers (24.29/45.30). Additionally, keywords such as “mask” (47.81) and “Maskne” (46.92) appear as representative keywords in cosmetic awareness, include skincare products for “acne” (38.39).

Second, in terms of consumers’ awareness on makeup, keywords such as “mask” (43.98), “lockdown” (32.80), “home” (26.39), “COVID-19” (26.39), “distance” (26.39), “maskne” (25.05), and “washing” (25.05) appeared after the outbreak. As with skincare, skin problems caused by wearing masks and cleansing the face appeared as the main interest after the spread of the disease. In addition, words related to social distancing and lockdown phenomena related to makeup started to appear. The representative products are “lipstick” (48.85/60.95), “eyeliner” (38.86/ 53.80), and “foundation” (35.07/45.26).

The analysis of consumers’ cosmetic awareness of skincare and makeup products before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic revealed keywords related to infectious disease (coronavirus, mask, lockdown). Therefore, it can be argued that consumers’ awareness regarding individual cosmetic products has been affected by the pandemic.

Spread of the pandemic and consumers’ interest in cosmetic products

Model evaluation.

Since the confirmed cases of COVID-19 and search volume of individual cosmetic products’ keywords are measured with a single measurement object, significance and suitability, such as convergent validity, multi-collinearity, outer weights, and outer loading do not need to be judged. The PLS-SEM model is assessed by R 2 , f 2 , and Q 2 values (Shin, 2018 ). In investigation of consumer behaviors, if the coefficient of determination for the endogenous variable is larger than R 2  = 0.20, it is judged to have a very high estimated suitability (Hair et al., 2017 ). The values of R 2 in the endogenous variable are skincare products ( R 2 serum  = 0.31, R 2 sunscreen  = 0.21, R 2 acne  = 0.32, R 2 cleanser  = 0.15, and R 2 cream  = 0.25), makeup products ( R 2 eyeliner  = 0.21, R 2 foundation  = 0.36, and R 2 lipstick  = 0.27), and mask ( R 2  = 0.20). The values of R 2 for acne, serum, and foundation are larger than R 2  = 0.30. The majority of the other endogenous variables were larger than R 2  = 0.20, indicating a high level of suitability.

If the effect size ( f 2 ) in PLS-SEM is greater than f 2  = 0.02, it indicates a small effect size for latent exogenous variables on latent endogenous variables. If it is greater than f 2  = 0.15, it indicates a medium effect size. If it is greater than f 2  = 0.35, it indicates a large effect size. The interest in cosmetic products due to the spread of disease showed foundation as ( f 2  = 0.53), which has an effect size larger than f 2  = 0.35 and it was identified as having the largest contribution. Serum ( f 2  = 0.17), acne ( f 2  = 0.25), lipstick ( f 2  = 0.28), and mask ( f 2  = 0.25) have medium effect sizes. Sunscreen ( f 2  = 0.09), cleanser ( f 2  = 0.07), and eyeliner ( f 2  = 0.04) have small effect sizes. Masks, cream ( f 2  = 0.21), foundation ( f 2  = 0.24), and lipstick ( f 2  = 0.26) showed medium effect sizes, and the others showed small effect sizes ( f 2 serum  = 0.08, f 2 sunscreen  = 0.05, f 2 acne  = 0.03, f 2 cleansing  = 0.03, and f 2 eyeliner  = 0.11). Next, by identifying the estimated suitability ( Q 2 ) through the blindfolding process, all Q 2 values of the latent endogenous variables were larger than 0, indicating the suitability of the entire constitutive model.

Hypothesis testing

Sop and interest in cosmetic products.

The impact of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on global consumers’ awareness regarding individual cosmetic products is as follows (Table 4 ; Fig.  4 ). The SOP had a positively influencing relationship with all skincare products: serum ( β  = 0.50, p  < 0.001), sunscreen ( β  = 0.40, p  < 0.001), cream ( β  = 0.33, p  < 0.001), cleanser ( β  = 0.34, p  < 0.001), and acne ( β  = 0.52, p  < 0.001). Therefore, it was clear that as the number of confirmed cases increased, global consumers’ interest in skincare products also increased. This result statistically proves news reports and interviews about changes in cosmetic behaviors due to the pandemic (Cerullo, 2020 ; Wallace & CNN Business, 2020 ). Therefore, H1 (H1a, H1b, H1c, H1d, H1e) was supported.

Results of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)

The SOP had a negatively influencing relationship with lipstick ( β  =  − 0.23, p  < 0.001) and foundation ( β  =  − 0.41, p  < 0.001). This is statistical proof that the sales of makeup products have decreased (Cerullo, 2020 ; Halliday, 2020 ). This decrease is due to wearing masks or staying at home to prevent infection and spreading of the virus. Since people decide not to apply makeup to the area of the face covered by a mask does not need to have makeup applied, interest in makeup has naturally fallen. Meanwhile, eyeliner ( β  = 0.38, p  < 0.001) showed a positively influencing relationship with regards to interest in the product. Opposite to the case of lipsticks and foundations, the eyes are still visible when wearing masks, so consumers tend to pay more attention to eye makeup, leading to the increased interest in eyeliners (see Table 4 ).

“Maskne” behavior manifests in that consumers tend to focus their efforts on the exposed area of their face. This is also similar to Muslim females’ cosmetic behavior, in which they pay more attention to eye makeup as they cover the rest of their face due to their religious ideology. In each case, the social setting forces people to hide their facial area, which leads to the limited application of makeup, that is, eye makeup. Hill et al. ( 2012 ) argued cosmetics such as lipsticks are a decorative product. In a pandemic situation, since a mask covers the nose, lips, and chin, eye makeup products are considered a decorative product. Therefore, H2c was accepted, and H2a and H2b were rejected.

Interest in face mask and cosmetic products

The SOP and consumers’ interest in masks were β  = 0.11, p  > 0.05, indicating that it does not have a significantly influencing relationship; H3 is therefore rejected (Table 5 ). However, the result of dividing the confirmed cases of COVID-19 by the timing of the spread was interesting. In the early phase from January to April 2020, it presented a high coefficient ( β  = 0.80, p  < 0.001). In the next phase from May to July 2020, SOP also revealed a positive impact on masks ( β  = 0.57, p  < 0.001), but it was lower than the previous phase. However, since the pandemic has been prolonged, the interest in masks has fallen and it seems to have levelled off. Consequently, the increase of confirmed cases may have influenced the relationship with the interest in masks. However, as the pandemic continues, it does not have a significantly influencing relationship; H3 was therefore accepted.

Although the interest in face masks did not form significantly influencing relationships with serum, sunscreen, and cream, it showed a positively influencing relationship with acne ( β  = 0.15, p  < 0.001) and cleansing ( β  = 0.11, p  < 0.05). This is similar to the background of the appearance of the word “maskne,” which proves the interest in masks has a relationship with skin problems, such as acne, caused by wearing masks. On the other hand, cream ( β  =  − 0.12, p  < 0.05) had a significantly negative influencing relationship. Since “cream” can include moisturizing cream, BB cream, sun cream, and so on, it can be assumed that this affected the result.

Therefore, H4a, H4b, and H4c were rejected, and H4d and H4e were accepted. Meanwhile, interest in masks showed a negatively influencing relationship with lipstick ( β  =  − 0.46, p  < 0.001), foundation ( β  =  − 0.36, p  < 0.001), and eyeliner ( β  =  − 0.25, p  < 0.001). As consumers’ interest in masks increases, interest in makeup products for the entire face decreases. Therefore, H5 (H5a, H5b, H5c) was accepted.

Conclusions

This research explored the changes in consumers’ awareness of cosmetic products during the pandemic. The results suggest that epidemiological situations, such as COVID-19, affect global consumers’ awareness of cosmetics and each cosmetic category (skincare and makeup). The SOP has increased consumers’ interest in skincare products, while interest in makeup products (lipstick and foundation) has decreased except for eyeliner products. This suggests that anxiety regarding of severity of COVID-19 not only affects interest in skin conditions but also that consumers seek to maintain their social self-esteem by wearing makeup on the exposed areas of their face (Gruenewald et al., 2004 ). However, interest in makeup products was shown to have a negative influencing relationship with masks. Obligation to wear a mask for an extended period may cause discomfort experiences (Park et al., 2020 ). In terms of masks and makeup products, consumers have expressed complaints and discussed the side effects of makeup and wearing PPE in the online community.

The SOP did not have a significantly influencing relationship with consumers’ interest in face masks. In the early stages of increased confirmed cases, a positively influencing relationship with the interest in face masks was observed, but it did not form a significantly influencing relationship as the pandemic progressed. It is obvious that the prolonged pandemic situation makes the preventive measure ineffective compared to the early phase (Bults et al., 2011 ). The outbreak has lasted more than a year and mask wearing has become the norm. Therefore, regardless of whether the number of confirmed cases is on the rise, the interest in mask wearing would not follow a similar trend. A summary of the results of this study is shown in (Table 6 ).

In terms of practical contribution, this study analyzed global consumers’ macro awareness, allowing cosmetic companies to examine comprehensive opinions about consumers’ beauty habits during a pandemic. Therefore, if future pandemics have similar characteristics to the current COVID-19 outbreak, beauty companies have to pay more attention to the production of sanitary, cleanliness, and so-called trouble-care products. As consumers also consider their social self and social self-esteem as important as skincare despite the spread of pandemic, it is necessary to establish a niche makeup strategy to enable consumers to represent their own identity.

This study has the following limitations. We collected data in English, which is the global official language; therefore, it is difficult to apply this study to non-English speaking countries. Newspaper articles and industrial reports were used as references to best measure the social phenomena occurring in real time, and macro data were used to encompass all consumers. Future research should be conducted with much more elaborate theories and accurate measurements. From another viewpoint, demand for cosmetic products decreased in the early stage of the outbreak, and people created new forms of beauty behaviors such as “stay-home makeup” and “makeup for Zoom meetings.” Moreover, consumers’ preferences or behaviors regarding cosmetic products are subject to change, depending on the characteristics of infectious diseases. For example, if a new pandemic is not caused by a respiratory infection, the results derived from this study cannot be applied. Subsequent studies need to analyze new beauty behaviors after COVID-19.

Despite the aforementioned limitations, this study is considered important as it has statistically demonstrated that in a pandemic situation, interest in cosmetics may vary depending on their function and category. In addition, the motivations for wearing makeup could be construed as behavior of maintaining the social self. This provides the cosmetic industry some insights into the fact that consumers’ concerns about appearance in pandemic situations are diverse. Consumers are diverse and every case has customized needs for managing their societal appearance. Thus, the results have some managerial implications for the cosmetic industry in terms of which products they should focus on for production and establishing marketing strategies during pandemic situations. Moreover, as a new approach, this study expanded the generalizable scope by using macroscopic data such as social media text and volume of Google keyword searches.

Availability of data and materials

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Yeong-Hyeon Choi, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Clothing and Textiles, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. Seong Eun Kim, Doctoral Student, Department of Textiles and Apparel Management, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA. Kyu-Hye Lee, Professor, Human-Tech Convergence Major, Dept of Clothing and Textiles, Hanyang University, Korea.

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Choi, YH., Kim, S.E. & Lee, KH. Changes in consumers’ awareness and interest in cosmetic products during the pandemic. Fash Text 9 , 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-021-00271-8

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The Effect of Hairdresser's Job Crafting on Customer Orientation and Work Performance

This study aims to understand the effect of salon selection factors on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty through SNS to provide marketing strategies to increase salon profits through SNS. In the SPSS 21.0 program, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed using data from the final 301 part of the questionnaire. The results of the survey are as follows. First of all, the characteristics of SNS were universal and tangible, divided into information, reliability, and beauty salon options. In addition, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are divided into a single dimension. Second, it was reported that the more the latest information on SNS characteristics is recognized, the higher the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are. Third, it was found that the more reliable objective information on the factors for selecting beauty salons through SNS was recognized, the higher customer satisfaction and customer loyalty were. Taken together, it is expected that a differentiated education system through SNS will be introduced, and sales will improve by positively affecting customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. In subsequent studies, more reliable studies are expected to be conducted through age diversification and segmentation of various variables.

Identification of Pathogenic Microbes in Tools of Beauty Salon in Jeddah City

Beauty salons may draw in customers with glamour; however, they could also be considered a major health issue. They can cause the spread of bacterial and fungal infections. The purpose of this research was to identify pathogenic microbes from beauty salon tools. Microorganisms from contaminated salon tools and cosmetic products were isolated using various selective media. Microbial isolates were identified based on their molecular and biochemical characteristics. The most common bacterial species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus equorum, Microbacterium spp., Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus subtilis, Sphingomonas aeria, Macrococcus spp., Microbacterium oxydans, Brachybacterium spp., Micrococcus luteus, and Brachybacterium nesterenkovii. Fungal isolates included Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger, Purpureocillium lilacium, and Aspergillus flavus. Overall, Staphylococcus spp. and A. niger were the most common organisms isolated from the samples. The presence of potential pathogens indicates that the tools used in salons have not been adequately sterilized and the high risk of diseases spread.

Transformação digital: um estudo de caso em um salão de beleza / Digital tranformation: study case in a beauty salon

Apesar do avanço da globalização, muitas empresas de pequeno porte ainda possuem certas dificuldades para adaptar-se às novas tecnologias, dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é fornecer metodologias para aprimorar a gestão empresarial de uma empresa de pequeno porte, por meio de um projeto de transformação digital. Para isso, foi escolhido um salão de beleza, localizado em Belém do Pará, onde foram feitos estudos nas áreas de gerência de projetos, gerência da qualidade e simulação de processos, e aplicadas ferramentas de cada uma delas. Na gerência de projetos, foram usadas ferramentas como Canvas Project, Estrutura Analítica de Projetos - para definir o escopo - e Cronograma. Para gerência da qualidade, foi elaborado indicadores com foco na satisfação do cliente no processo de atendimento. Por fim, na simulação de processos, o software ARENA foi usado para criar uma precisão do resultado das propostas apresentadas. Com isso, foi possível perceber que as ferramentas e softwares utilizados para viabilizar e gerenciar o projeto foram fundamentais para a sua execução, e o salão de beleza, o qual foi o objeto do estudo, foi beneficiado com a aplicação do sistema de gestão proposto.

Qualidade no atendimento e sua relação com a satisfação do cliente: o caso de um salão de beleza / Quality in customer service and its relation to customer satisfaction: the case of a beauty salon

Peran kapabilitas interaksi dan kreasi nilai bersama untuk meningkatkan kinerja pemasaran.

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the role of Individual and Relational Interaction Capability in increasing Emotional and Social Value Co-Creation on Market Performance in beauty salon services. Value Co-Creation is one of the service organization's strategies in utilizing external resources from customers. This strategy is crucial because the performance of service organizations is mostly determined by the ability of the frontline staff who interact with customers during service meetings. This research belongs to explanatory research with a population of beauty salon customers in Central Java. The sample consisted of 203 customers, and it was determined using the purposive sampling technique. The author collects customer data through the distribution of offline and online questionnaires analyzed using SPSS 23.0-based regression. This study has proven that Emotional and Social Value Co-Creation can mediate between Individual and Relational Capability with Market Performance. Emotional and social values that are created together will be beneficial for the parties involved. For customers, interactions during the value co-creation process will increase their satisfaction because it can fulfill their needs and desires. This study has also shown the role of individual and relational capability in increasing customer willingness to engage in mutual value creation interactions.JEL  Codes: D20, L10, M20.Keywords : individual interaction capability, relational interaction capability, emotional value co-creation, social value co-creation, market performance. ABSTRAKStudi ini fokus pada peran Individual dan Relational Interaction Capability dalam meningkatkan Emotional dan Social Value Co-Creation menuju Market Performance pada jasa salon kecantikan. Value Co-Creation merupakan salah satu strategi organisasi jasa dalam memanfaatkan sumberdaya eksternal yang berasal dari pelanggan. Strategi ini sangat penting karena performa organisasi jasa sangat ditentukan oleh kemampuan frontline staff dalam berinteraksi dengan pelanggan pada saat pertemuan jasa. Jenis penelitian bersifat explanatory research dengan populasi pelanggan salon kecantikan di Jawa Tengah. Ukuran sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 203 pelanggan. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan pPurposive sSampling. Peneliti mengumpulkan data pelanggan melalui penyebaran kuisioner secara offline dan online. Alat analisis data menggunakan regresi berbasis SPSS 23.0. Studi ini telah berhasil membuktikan bahwa Emotsional dan Social Value Co-Creation mampu memediasi antara Individuasl dan Relational Capability dengan Market Performance Nilai emosional dan soscial yang dikreasikan bersama akan bermanfaat bagi pihak-pihak yang terlibat. Bagi pelanggan, interaksi selama proses value co-creation akan meningkatan kepuasannya karena kebutuhan dan keinginannya dapat terpenuhi. Studi ini juga telah membuktikan peran individual dan relational capability dalam meningkatkan keinginan pelanggan terlibat dalam interaksi penciptaan nilai bersama.

Selected factors determining the choice of cosmetic masks by cosmetologists

A very important issue in the practice of cosmetologists is the selection of an appropriate cosmetic mask at the end of each care treatment. Due to their effects, cosmetic masks can contain various active substances in different concentrations that are tailored to the needs of a given skin type. The aim of the study was to investigate what are the guidelines of cosmetologists while choosing cosmetic masks in a beauty salon and home care.

The Influence of Beauty-salon Relational Benefits on Continuance Intention in the Young Elderly

Transformação digital: um estudo de caso em um salão de beleza / digital transformation: study case in a beauty salon, effects of awareness of the beauty master compositional system on job satisfaction and turnover intention of beauty workers.

As the beauty industry grows and the level of beauty technology increases, companies must deploy highly qualified workers, among whom beauty salons are certificates obtained by the best technology hairdressers in the beauty field, but they require high technology, time and cost, but have low acceptance and recognition. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate the effect of beauty salon perceptions on compositional systems, job satisfaction and turnover intentions for general hairdressers, and analyzed a total of 289 copies using SPSS21.0 as a self-entry survey. First, female managers in their 40s, who earn more than 5 million won with more than seven years of experience, and secondly, the necessity, adequacy, complement, job satisfaction, and turnover were derived in a single dimension. Third, due to the effect of recognition of beauty functional systems on the composition of beauty functional testing systems, the higher the propensity for recognition, the higher the propensity for appropriateness, and the higher the propensity for subsidiarity. Fourth, job satisfaction showed a fifth definition relationship with a higher propensity for awareness, and a higher tendency for turnover meant a definition relationship with a higher propensity for awareness. As such, it is very important to raise awareness of beauty salons in order to develop the beauty industry and improve advanced technology, and efforts should be made to establish a system to revitalize the beauty salons' system on-site.

The Effects of the Consumer's Consumption Tendency on the Consumption Behavior of Customers visiting Hair salons

As Korea's economic leeway has increased through rapid economic growth, the past simple consumption patterns for food, clothing, and shelter have changed from consumption patterns that invest for quality of life. This change in consumption has also affected the beauty industry, and competition in the beauty salon industry is getting fiercer day by day. Accordingly, it is judged that it is necessary to study the consumption propensity and behavior of customers visiting beauty salons in the current situation. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out whether consumption propensity affects consumption behavior by filling out a questionnaire targeting people in their 20s and 40s who have visited beauty salons. We want to provide the necessary basic data.

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Energy & Environmental Science

Reconfiguring european industry for net-zero: a qualitative review of hydrogen and carbon capture utilization and storage benefits and implementation challenges †.

* Corresponding authors

a Professor of Earth and Environment, Boston University, USA

b Center for Energy Technologies, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark

c Bennett Institute for Innovation and Policy Acceleration, University of Sussex Business School, Jubilee 367, Brighton, UK E-mail: [email protected]

d Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates

Based on a rich corpus of original mixed-methods research, this paper explores the benefits, barriers, and justice impacts of industrial decarbonization via hydrogen and carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) via European industrial firms located in UK clusters. It asks: (1) what are the technology dynamics and drivers of both hydrogen and CCUS in a real-world deployment context, including the state of deployment plans? (2) what are the possible benefits of CCUS and hydrogen deployment? (3) What are the most significant barriers and challenges facing CCUS and hydrogen implementation? (4) Who stands to “win” the most from deployment, who stands to “lose,” what possible inequitable community impacts could emerge, and what impact will deployment have on vulnerable groups? We offer answers to these four questions based on extensive semi-structured research interviews ( N = 111) triangulated with site visits to industrial clusters ( N = 52) as well as an extensive secondary review of the academic literature. We conclude with clear policy insights that are now prevalent across UK and European industrial clusters as well as emerging and context-specific recommendations concerning the adoption of hydrogen and CCUS to achieve net-zero industry globally.

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Reconfiguring European industry for net-zero: a qualitative review of hydrogen and carbon capture utilization and storage benefits and implementation challenges

B. K. Sovacool, D. F. Del Rio, K. Herman, M. Iskandarova, J. M. Uratani and S. Griffiths, Energy Environ. Sci. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D3EE03270A

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