phd course qualitative research methods

PhD in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies

If you have a deep interest in the methodological, theoretical, and ethical procedures and challenges inherent to social science research and evaluation, this is a program for you. Our students contribute to the methodological and theoretical development of qualitative research and program evaluation.

Our program prepares research methodologists to study and develop theories and methods for conducting empirical and conceptual social science research and evaluation in education and other social science fields. Specifically, this program develops scholars and methodologists who are prepared to contribute to the advancement of innovative theories and methods used in qualitative research and program evaluation.

• Focus on qualitative methodologies with interdisciplinary topics
• Open to students with a variety of educational backgrounds and experiences
• Small cohorts support individual faculty attention and mentorship

Video: Overview of Programs Offered by the Qualitative Research Program

Video: Meet the Qualitative Research Faculty

The organization of the research and evaluation methods degree program recognizes the wide variety of specialties in which you might develop research agendas.

Our mission is to build your capacity to contribute methodological expertise to collaborative research efforts through real-world opportunities in which you develop and practice the skills needed in your area of emphasis. As a result of this experience, you will have a broad knowledge of research methods along with specific expertise in a focused methodology. You can use this knowledge to pursue careers as research methodologists and evaluation specialists in higher education, corporations, and non-profit agencies.

The Ph.D. degree is a 54-credit hour degree program in which students engage in advanced study of qualitative theories and methods, mixed methods, and approaches to evaluation.

• Core Coursework - 21 hours
• Research Seminar - 3 hours
• Elective Coursework - 18 hours
• Internship - 6 hours
• Doctoral hours Minimum of - 3 hours
• Dissertation Minimum of - 3 hours
• TOTAL - 54 hours

Part 1: Apply to the University of Georgia

The Graduate School handles admission for all graduate programs at the University of Georgia, including those in the College of Education. The Graduate School website contains important details about the application process, orientation, and many other useful links to guide you through the process of attending UGA at the graduate level.

Start A Graduate School Application

Part 2: Apply to the Ph.D. in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies

Please upload the following materials in your online application:

• Personal statement
• Curriculum vitae
• Writing sample (20-25 pages maximum)

Summary of Application Materials

Both the Graduate School and the academic department review application materials simultaneously. The Graduate School then reviews the department’s recommendation and makes the final determination on admission. As an applicant you will receive a formal letter regarding your admission from the Office of Graduate Admissions. You must be admitted to a program to be eligible to register for courses. Admission is granted for a specific semester and is validated by registration for that semester. Applicants must be admitted to the Graduate School before they are eligible to register. International applicants whose primary language is not English must submit scores from the TOEFL or IELTS tests in addition to a Certificate of Finances form. No application will be considered until all materials are received. To apply to the Ph.D. in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies, applicants must have completed a master’s degree. GRE scores are required for all applications.

Personal Statement

The program requires a personal statement, usually in the form of a letter of 2 to 3 pages, describing your background, work and research experience, interests in research and/or evaluation methodologies, and career aspirations. Specifically, you should be sure to address the following questions:

• What experience or background do you have in research methodologies?
• Why are you interested in the study of qualitative or evaluation methodologies?
• What research or evaluation questions do you hope to pursue, and why?
• In what way will the study of research or evaluation methodologies shape your career?

Writing Sample

You are required to submit a sample of formal writing (20-25 pages maximum). Scholarly or academic writing is preferred whether or not it has been published. If you have not published, recent course papers or work-related reports are appropriate.

Admissions Interviews

After a review of applications, selected applicants will be interviewed by the Ph.D. in Research and Evaluation Methodologies (REM) Admissions Committee early in the Spring semester for a subsequent Fall semester admission.

Deadline To Apply

Log Into Existing Application

Additional Resources

Please use our online form if you have any questions for the department. Please be as specific as possible so that we may quickly assist you.

The College’s programs are taught by dedicated faculty who are experts in a range of areas and are passionate about helping students succeed both in their programs and professionally.

Meet the Faculty View Affiliated Faculty

Most graduate students at UGA are not assigned to a faculty advisor until after admittance. A close working relationship with your advisor is paramount to progressing through your program of study.

Almost all in-state students begin their studies at UGA paying limited tuition or fees. Please note that these amounts are subject to change and are meant to give prospective students an idea of the costs associated with a degree at the University of Georgia College of Education.

Students may qualify for a variety of assistantships, scholarships, and other financial awards to help offset the cost of tuition, housing, and other expenses.

Tuition Rates   Browse Financial Aid

In this program, you will take focused coursework with individual attention from faculty mentors .

Each semester, you will also take part in a seminar that brings together faculty in the qualitative research program to discuss topics of relevance to scholarship and teaching in qualitative research methodologies in higher education.

See for yourself how much UGA College of Education has to offer! Schedule a tour of campus to learn more about the UGA student experience.

Schedule A Visit

Useful Links

• Affiliate Faculty
• Course List
• Graduate Handbook
• Summary of Materials Required by Area of Emphasis
• Projected QUAL Course Schedule
• Qualitative Research Program Community Practices

Testimonials

What first attracted me to the Qualitative Research and Evaluation Ph.D. program was the balance it offers between the philosophy of science and the practical application of research and evaluation. The program’s faculty members are amazing at supporting students’ learning, and at pushing us to be creative, deep thinking, and daring as we explore methodologies. Nuria Jaumot-Pascual, Doctoral Student

My path through the Qualitative Research and Evaluation Ph.D. program had me exploring the depths of qualitative research rarely visited by researchers in the health sciences but that have been essential in my current position as Senior Research Associate at Evidera. Now I find myself often referencing qualitative research theory and history when selecting strategies for new studies or when arranging trainings across my organization. Moreover, the breadth of interests across students in the program provided unique perspectives that enriched my journey. Most of all though, I am impressed with how well the faculty helped guide me through the program, making theory, history, and applied work relevant for my own career goals. Sean Halpin, Former Doctoral Student

I really discovered the world of qualitative research with the Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies Ph.D. program, and the instructors made me adore it. Their support for the students’ learning was so impeccable. They had genial ways to encourage students to think outside the box and to be creative from every point of view, especially when it comes to methodologies. Bidossessi Mariano Ghislain Dossou Kpanou, Former Doctoral Student

• Skip to Content
• Skip to Main Navigation
• Skip to Search

Indiana University Bloomington Indiana University Bloomington IU Bloomington

• Office Directory
• Add or Edit Profile
• Community Engagement
• Financial Management Practices
• Development and Alumni Relations
• Benefits and Services
• Employee Appreciation Programs
• The Five Functions of DEI
• Communication
• Recruitment
• DEI Dashboard
• 2020 Report
• 2019 Report
• Student Ambassadors
• Education Library
• Education Technology Services
• Graduate Studies
• Instructional Consulting
• Downloadable Resources
• Promotional Posting Guidelines
• Video Production Guidelines
• Research and Development
• Records and Reporting
• Dean's Advisory Board
• Service, Leadership, and Outreach
• Student Success
• Diversity Plan
• 100th Anniversary Book
• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• Targeted Engagements
• Global Gateway for Teachers
• Overseas Short-Term Study Experiences
• External Grant Opportunities
• Our Global Reach
• Faculty and Student Int'l Engagement
• IU Global Gateways
• Indiana Global Education Outreach
• Int'l Partnerships
• Visiting Int'l Scholars
• Int'l Student Ambassadors
• Academic Programs
• International Journals
• News & Events
• Int'l Student Resources
• P-12 School Engagement
• CAEP Annual Reporting Measures
• CAEP Accreditation Visit Call for Third-Party Comments
• SoE Data Dashboards (Faculty)
• Licensure Requirements
• Employment Outcomes
• Employer Evaluations
• Student Teaching Survey Reports
• Attrition & Completion Rates
• Graduate Survey Results
• Indiana Teachers of the Year
• Emergency Action Plan
• SoE Emergency Information
• School Violence
• Report Facility Issue
• TEP Application Guidelines
• Accessible Virtual Tour
• Field Trips
• Non-School of Education Scholarships
• Graduate Student Funding
• Student Emergency Fund
• Campus Financial Aid Resources
• INSPIRE Living-Learning Center
• All Programs
• License Additions
• Master's Programs
• Doctoral Programs FAQ
• Specialist Programs
• Certificate Programs
• Doctoral Minors
• Licensure Programs
• Transition to Teaching
• New Zealand
• Northern Ireland
• Navajo Nation Program
• Urban Program
• Overseas CASS Internships
• Teacher Spotlights
• IU Bloomington Students
• Guest Campus Students
• Partner Campus Students
• Student Spotlights
• Cost & Financial Aid
• Online Learning
• Tuition and Fees
• Registration
• Block Enrollment Course Information
• Student Teaching Registration Information
• Program Sheets
• Forms & Publications
• Credit Overload Request
• Four Year Plan
• Academic Calendar
• Undergraduate Bulletin
• Background Check
• Early Field Experiences
• Student Teaching Forms
• Preparation
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Student Organizations
• Student Testimonials
• Dean's List
• Report Your Concerns
• Scholarships
• Career Coaching
• Student Teaching Fair
• Health and Human Services Career Day
• Interview Day
• Explore Possibilities
• Get Experience
• Stay Connected
• Professional Distinction
• Educator Wellbeing Distinction
• Workshops and Training
• Recruiting Policies
• Classroom Presentations
• Graduation Deadlines
• Leave Policy
• Online Students
• Graduation Application
• Guidelines for Multi-Article Dissertations
• G901 Permission Request
• Qualifying Examinations
• 2023 Scholars
• 2022 Scholars
• 2021 Scholars
• 2020 Scholars
• Program-Specific Information
• International Student Ambassadors
• Student Affiliates in School Psychology
• Dissertation & Thesis Announcements
• Approved Core Inquiry Courses
• Holmes Scholars Program
• Initial Licensure
• License Renewal
• Licensing Outside Indiana
• Knowledge Base
• Graduate Bulletin
• Teaching with Technology Lab
• Support Services
• Volunteering Opportunities
• Faculty Directory
• Applied Psychology in Education and Research Methodology
• Curriculum and Instruction
• Chair's Welcome
• IST Conference
• Faculty Bookshelf
• Faculty Meetings
• Policies and Procedures
• Instructor Resources
• In Memoriam
• Office of Research and Development
• Spring 2024 Highlights
• Policy Reports
• Policy Briefs
• Data Visualizations
• Education Policy News
• CEEP in the News
• CEEPing Up with Education Podcast
• Evaluation Services
• Funded Research
• Research Findings
• Translation to Practice
• Equity in Action
• Overview and Project Timeline
• Analysis in Progress
• Presentations
• Accomplishments
• Teacher Study Group
• "Creative Paths to Peace" Grant
• Proffitt Internal Grant Competition
• Proffitt Summer Faculty Fellowship Program
• Tilaar Faculty Support Fund
• Cost-Share and Matching Funds on External Grant Proposals
• Current Visiting Scholars
• Become a Visiting Scholar
• Visiting Scholar Policies
• COVID-19 Entry Updates
• Flexible Workspace
• Faculty & Staff Giving Campaign
• Donor Spotlights
• Get Involved
• Submit a Nomination
• Ask an Alumni
• Alumni Magazine
• Alumni Board of Directors
• University Superintendent Search Team
• Counseling and Wellness Clinic
• Learning and Developmental Evaluation Clinic
• Current Cohort
• Past Cohorts
• Nominate a Teacher
• How to Apply
• Armstrong Teacher Panel Archive
• Current Jacobs Educators
• Past Winners
• Advisory Board
• Teachers' Examples
• Research-to-Practice Briefs
• Speaker Series
• Saturday Art School
• Past Lesson Plans
• Partners in Education (PIE)
• Maker Mobile
• Past Mentors
• HOPE Training Modules
• HOPE for Cadets
• AAC in Action
• Celebration of Excellence
• C&I Graduate Research Symposium
• Invited Sessions
• Visiting Bloomington
• Virtual Events
• Advisory Committee
• Education Law Resources
• Science Education Research Symposium
• Convocation
• Diggs Symposium

School of Education

• Doctoral Programs

Ph.D. in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology

Qualitative and quantitative research methodology, (formerly ph.d. in inquiry methodology).

This unique program enables students to focus on quantitative research, qualitative research, or an integrated program of study.

The flexible curriculum enables you to delve deeply into your chosen area of interest, from statistical modeling to ethnography, from discourse and narrative analysis to psychometrics and assessment.

Yet our program is rigorous enough to ensure that all graduates are able to meaningfully contribute to the study of social and behavioral research.

Application Deadlines

Admission Requirements

The Graduate Studies Office will accept unofficial transcripts and self-reported test scores for admission reviews. Any admission made with these documents would be conditioned on receipt of official documents, which should be provided as soon as possible.

If you are currently enrolled or have applied in the past year, you are eligible for a reduced application fee of $35. Learn more »

• Bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution
• Minimum undergraduate GPA of 2.75 out of 4.00
• Personal statement
• Resume (required from international students only)
• Three letters of recommendation
• Minimum 79 TOEFL score or minimum 6.5 IELTS score or minimum 115 Duolingo score (international students only)

Learn more about how to apply

Program Requirements

• Ph.D. in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology – (formerly Ph.D. in Inquiry Methodology) Requirements

Costs listed are per credit hour.

2023-2024 Academic Year

2024-2025 Academic Year

*Does not include all fees, which will vary depending on the number of credits enrolled. Find more information and calculate your expected costs at Student Central .

• Learn about the variety of fellowships and assistantships available to graduate students.
• Visit Student Central for information about financial assistance.
• Consult your employer about the availability of tuition reimbursement or tuition assistance programs.
• Active duty military, veterans, and military families should visit the Center for Veteran and Military Students to take full advantage of available financial assistance and educational benefits.

Qualifying Examination

At the completion of course work and before the dissertation, doctoral students specializing in Inquiry Methodology will need to pass a qualifying exam in the form of portfolio of work and an oral examination. This examination is tailored to the student's program of study. All students with a minor in education must also take a minor qualifying examination. Some departments outside of the School of Education waive the minor qualifying examination, under certain conditions.

• Request info
• Graduate Student Portal

As a student you will have the opportunity to focus on methodology through theory and practice that cuts across a divide in qualitative and quantitative methods.

We are dedicated to advancing the understanding of social inquiry, especially with respect to the field of education, and we imagine these possibilities to be necessarily inclusive of methods typically disenfranchised from one another.

This 90-credit hour degree program requires students to spend at least two consecutive semesters on campus. Up to 30 credit hours may be transferred from another institution.

A 12-credit hour minor is also available to doctoral students majoring in other disciplines.

David Rutkowski ED 4234 drutkows@iu.edu (812) 856-8384

Start your life-changing journey

Additional links and resources.

• From the Dean
• Strategic Planning
• Global & International Engagement
• Accreditation
• Measures of Success
• Emergency Preparedness
• Departments
• Undergraduate
• Annual Highlights
• Research Centers
• Research Initiatives
• Visiting International Scholars
• Undergraduate Portal
• Career Connections
• Graduate Portal
• Academic Resources
• Award Programs
• Youth Programs
• Maker Education
• HOPE Mentoring
• Virtual Tour
• Visit the School
• Distinguished Alumni Award

Indiana University Bloomington School of Education

SoE Knowledge Base

SoE Intranet (Legacy)

• Graduate Programs
• Prospective Students
• Current Students
• Faculty & Staff
• Degree Programs >

PHD, Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methodologies

If you have a deep interest in the methodological, theoretical, and ethical procedures and challenges inherent to social science research and evaluation, this is a program for you. Our graduates contribute to the field of qualitative inquiry.

Degree Type: Doctoral

Degree Program Code: PHD_QREM

Degree Program Summary:

The organization of the QREM degree program recognizes the wide variety of specialties in which students might develop research agendas. Therefore, our mission is to build students’ capacities to contribute methodological expertise to collaborative research efforts through real-world opportunities in which they develop and practice the skills needed in their area of specialization. Through their research in a variety of substantive fields, students will contribute to the development of innovative theory and methods employed in research and evaluation methodologies. As a result of the QREM program experience, students will a have broad knowledge of research methods along with specific expertise in a focused methodology, which they can use to pursue careers as research methodologists and evaluation specialists in higher education as well as corporate and non-profit agencies.

Program of Study: Ph.D. in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies

• Core Coursework – 18 hours
• Area of Specialization – 12 hours
• Research Seminar – 3 hours
• Elective Coursework in Research Methods – 12 hours
• Cognate in Area of Interest – 9 hours
• Doctoral Directed Study Hours – Minimum of 3 hours
• Dissertation Hours – Minimum of 3 hours
• Total – 60 hours

The purpose of the Ph.D. degree program in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies (QREM) at The University of Georgia is to prepare researchers and research methodologists to study and develop methods for conducting empirical and conceptual social science research in education and other social science fields. The graduate experience in the QREM degree program consists of focused coursework and individual supervised research with faculty mentors leading to expertise in one of two methodological areas of emphasis: (1) qualitative research; or (2) program evaluation. All students are expected to complete an initial study of the traditions commonly used in the social sciences—qualitative, quantitative, mixed, and evaluation methods. Additionally, students study the philosophical, theoretical, and conceptual aspects of an array of research designs through a course entitled “The History and Philosophy of Social Science Research Methods,” as well as develop proficiency in writing for a variety of audiences in “Writing and Reporting Academic Research and Evaluation.”

Locations Offered:

Athens (Main Campus)

College / School:

Mary Frances Early College of Education

110 Carlton Street Athens, GA 30602

706-542-6446

Department:

Department of Lifelong Education, Administration, and Policy

Graduate Coordinator(s):

Diann Jones

Search for another degree

Find your graduate program.

Offering 200+ degrees, certificates and programs of study, we’ll help you get started on your graduate journey.

 or 

Search by keyword, program of study, department or area of interest

Interested in earning both a bachelor’s & master’s degree in five years or less?

Learn more about Double Dawgs .

Unlocking potential. Building futures.

Apply Today

The Graduate School Brooks Hall 310 Herty Drive Athens, GA 30602 706.542.1739

• Administration
• Graduate Bulletin
• Strategic Plan
• Virtual Tour
• Submit a Complaint
• Request Information
• Requirements
• Application Fee
• Check Status
• UGA Main Campus
• UGA Gwinnett
• UGA Griffin
• UGA Atlanta-Buckhead

Qualitative Research Methods

• Description

This course offers a hands-on opportunity for doctoral and advanced masters students to experience the practice of qualitative research. We will address the nature of qualitative research in the administrative and policy sciences, with ample opportunities to discuss the implications of the choices made in designing, implementing and reporting on the findings of a “mock” project which we will determine in class, with your input. The course will require a considerable investment of time, with intensive reading and writing, recurrent team discussions based on assignments, and individual fieldwork (with journal writing before, during and after site visits). The course is a program requirement for doctoral students. For all masters students, it will help develop skills to collect qualitative data during capstone projects and for policy/finance students interested in a methods course sequence, it will also serve as a good complement to the available quantitative courses.  For all students, understanding the basics of qualitative research will make you a better researcher (independent of whether your research is only qualitative or only quantitative) and will increase your research competency by offering a foundation to do mixed methods.

Either one of the following: PADM-GP.2171 Program Analysis and Evaluation, PADM-GP 2172 Advanced Empirical Methods for Policy Analysis, PHD-GP 5902 Research Methods, an upper level research methods undergraduate course, or more than 3 years experience of research in a university or other research institution.  Masters students must fill an application and be approved to take the course.  The application is found on the Course Highlights page.

Spring 2024 PHD-GP 5905.001

Download Syllabus

Spring 2022 PHD-GP 5905.001

Spring 2021 phd-gp 5905.001.

Browser does not support script.

• Undergraduate
• Executive education
• Study Abroad
• Summer schools
• Online certificate courses
• International students
• Meet, visit and discover LSE

MPhil/PhD Social Research Methods

• Graduate research
• Department of Methodology
• Application code L9ZM
• Starting 2024
• Home full-time: Closed
• Overseas full-time: Closed
• Location: Houghton Street, London

This programme offers the chance to undertake a substantial piece of original research that is of publishable standard and which makes an original contribution to social science methodology or which applies advanced methodology to a substantive research problem. You will begin on the MPhil, and will need to meet certain requirements to be upgraded to PhD status.

You will benefit from the knowledge and expertise of staff whose disciplinary backgrounds include political science, statistics, sociology, social psychology, anthropology and criminology. There are a variety of advanced-level courses, seminars and workshops in research design, quantitative analysis and qualitative methods available for you to attend. 

The Department of Methodology at LSE supports both standalone qualitative and quantitative research, as well as interesting ways of combining them. We encourage applications from candidates who demonstrate an interest in a substantive area of research and particular methodological approach, aiming at a methodological development. This could involve collecting innovative new data, new analytic techniques, method comparison, evaluation or validation, method critique, applying existing methodology in new contexts, or cost-benefit analysis of methodologies.

Programme details

For more information about tuition fees and entry requirements, see the fees and funding and assessing your application sections.

Entry requirements

Minimum entry requirements for mphil/phd social research methods.

The minimum entry requirement for this programme is an upper second class honours (2:1) degree and a merit in an MSc broadly similar to the MSc Social Research Methods, or equivalent.

Competition for places at the School is high. This means that even if you meet our minimum entry requirement, this does not guarantee you an offer of admission.

If you have studied or are studying outside of the UK then have a look at our  Information for International Students  to find out the entry requirements that apply to you.

Assessing your application

We welcome applications for research programmes that complement the academic interests of members of staff at the School, and we recommend that you investigate  staff research interests  before applying. We encourage prospective students to email their proposals to potential supervisors before applying to gauge their interest. Browse our list of potential supervisors for MPhil/PhD Social Research Methods under ‘academic staff’ .

We carefully consider each application on an individual basis, taking into account all the information presented on your application form, including your:

- academic achievement (including existing and pending qualifications) - statement of academic purpose - references - CV - research proposal - sample of written work.

See further information on supporting documents

You may also have to provide evidence of your English proficiency. You do not need to provide this at the time of your application to LSE, but we recommend that you do.  See our English language requirements .

When to apply

The application deadline for this programme is 25 April 2024 . However, to be considered for any LSE funding opportunity, you must have submitted your application and all supporting documents by the funding deadline. See the fees and funding section for more details.

Research proposal requirements

The Department of Methodology requires you to submit a proposal summarising and justifying your proposed research, to be attached to your formal application. This will provide the selectors with an idea of the topics of interest, and help in matching candidates to potential supervisors.

The research proposal should include the following questions: 

Why is the topic interesting? What is the central research question? Is there a theoretical and empirical 'gap' that your research will seek to fill? Is there a theoretical or empirical contradiction that your research will seek to resolve? How will your research take our understanding forward in your chosen field? What core theories and concepts will you draw on? What are the relevant literature(s) and field(s) the work will contribute to? What are the main theories in the area? What are the critical empirical phenomena in the area? Specify the key references relevant to the proposed research. How will you address the empirical aspects of the research? What empirical (qualitative and/or quantitative) information do you propose to collect, how, from where, and why? What methodology of analysis is appropriate and why? If the research question requires a combination of different methodologies, how will they be related? Do you foresee any practical difficulties in pursuing the research (eg finding suitable participants or data sources)? If so, how might they be overcome?

Fees and funding

Every research student is charged a fee in line with the fee structure for their programme. The fee covers registration and examination fees payable to the School, lectures, classes and individual supervision, lectures given at other colleges under intercollegiate arrangements and, under current arrangements, membership of the Students' Union. It does not cover living costs or travel or fieldwork.

Tuition fees 2024/25 for MPhil/PhD Social Research Methods

Home students: £4,786 for the first year Overseas students: £22,632 for the first year

The fee is likely to rise over subsequent years of the programme. The School charges home research students in line with the level of fee that the Research Councils recommend. The fees for overseas students are likely to rise in line with the assumed percentage increase in pay costs (ie, 4 per cent per annum).

The Table of Fees shows the latest tuition amounts for all programmes offered by the School.

Fee status​

The amount of tuition fees you will need to pay, and any financial support you are eligible for, will depend on whether you are classified as a home or overseas student, otherwise known as your fee status. LSE assesses your fee status based on guidelines provided by the Department of Education.

Further information about fee status classification.

Scholarships, studentships and other funding

The School recognises that the  cost of living in London  may be higher than in your home town or country, and we provide generous scholarships each year to home and overseas students.

This programme is eligible for  LSE PhD Studentships , and  Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funding . Selection for the PhD Studentships and ESRC funding is based on receipt of an application for a place – including all ancillary documents, before the funding deadline.  

Funding deadline for first round of LSE PhD Studentships and ESRC funding: 15 January 2024 The deadline for the second round of LSE PhD Studentships: 25 April 2024

In addition to our needs-based awards, LSE also makes available scholarships for students from specific regions of the world and awards for students studying specific subject areas.  Find out more about financial support.

External funding 

There may be other funding opportunities available through other organisations or governments and we recommend you investigate these options as well.

Further information

Fees and funding opportunities

Information for international students

LSE is an international community, with over 140 nationalities represented amongst its student body. We celebrate this diversity through everything we do.  

If you are applying to LSE from outside of the UK then take a look at our Information for International students . 

1) Take a note of the UK qualifications we require for your programme of interest (found in the ‘Entry requirements’ section of this page). 

2) Go to the International Students section of our website. 

3) Select your country. 

4) Select ‘Graduate entry requirements’ and scroll until you arrive at the information about your local/national qualification. Compare the stated UK entry requirements listed on this page with the local/national entry requirement listed on your country specific page.

Programme structure and courses

In addition to progressing with your research, you are expected to take a selection of training and transferable skills courses. You will discuss with your supervisor whether the first year courses you take will be examined. You may take courses in addition to those listed, and should discuss this with your supervisor. The courses you take may also include ones from other institutes or departments at LSE, dependent on your needs.

At the end of your second year (full-time), you will need to satisfy certain requirements and if you meet these, will be retroactively upgraded to PhD status.

(* denotes a half unit)

A selection of training courses from an approved list

Transferable skills courses, c ompulsory (not examined) Department of Methodology Seminar 

Second to fourth years

Transferable skills courses Compulsory (not examined)   Department of Methodology Seminar 

For the most up-to-date list of optional courses please visit the relevant School Calendar page.  

You must note, however, that while care has been taken to ensure that this information is up to date and correct, a change of circumstances since publication may cause the School to change, suspend or withdraw a course or programme of study, or change the fees that apply to it. The School will always notify the affected parties as early as practicably possible and propose any viable and relevant alternative options. Note that the School will neither be liable for information that after publication becomes inaccurate or irrelevant, nor for changing, suspending or withdrawing a course or programme of study due to events outside of its control, which includes but is not limited to a lack of demand for a course or programme of study, industrial action, fire, flood or other environmental or physical damage to premises.  

You must also note that places are limited on some courses and/or subject to specific entry requirements. The School cannot therefore guarantee you a place. Please note that changes to programmes and courses can sometimes occur after you have accepted your offer of a place. These changes are normally made in light of developments in the discipline or path-breaking research, or on the basis of student feedback. Changes can take the form of altered course content, teaching formats or assessment modes. Any such changes are intended to enhance the student learning experience. You should visit the School’s  Calendar ,  or contact the relevant academic department, for information on the availability and/or content of courses and programmes of study. Certain substantive changes will be listed on the  updated graduate course and programme information  page.

Supervision, progression and assessment

Supervision.

You will be assigned a lead supervisor (and a second supervisor/adviser) who is a specialist in your chosen research field, though not necessarily in your topic. Lead supervisors guide you through your studies.

Progression and assessment

First year review.

In the Spring Term of your first year, you are required to produce a 10,000-word 'first year review' that outlines the aims and methods of your thesis: this means summarising the key literature(s), motivating your specific research questions, and highlighting the planned contributions of your work. A first year review document typically includes a general introduction, a comprehensive literature review (covering relevant empirical and theoretical work), a motivation of the research questions and hypotheses, and an indication of the literature(s) that you seek to contribute to (ie, the gaps in knowledge that will be addressed). You will also give an oral presentation of your proposal at the Department of Methodology PhD day.

Written and oral work will be assessed by two academics (not on the supervisory team), normally members of Department of Methodology staff. This work has to reach an acceptable standard to enable you to progress to the second year. It is particularly important that the first year review clearly states the objectives of the doctoral research and indicates how the empirical work will be carried out.

If the panel deems the first year review to be not suitably clear, they can choose not to accept the submitted document and give you up to a month to clarify. This decision will be taken maximum one week after the Department of Methodology PhD Day. Examples of unclear work might include (but not be limited to):

• a first year review that does not state clear research questions
• a first year review that does not adequately review the specific literatures that the empirical work is contributing to
• a first year review that does not give enough methodological detail, showing how the design will produce data that allows you to address the theoretical issues at stake in a systematic and rigorous way.

After your first year

After the first year you will spend more time on independent study under the guidance of your supervisor(s). This will involve the collection, organisation and analysis of data, and writing up the results. During your second year of registration, you will typically submit three (minimum) draft chapters of your thesis plus a short introduction and a detailed plan for its completion. The three draft chapters will typically include a detailed literature review, specification of research problem(s) and two empirical chapters. If you are pursuing a paper-based thesis, your upgrading documents will typically include a short introduction, a literature review and at least two empirical papers. Whether a traditional or paper-based thesis, the material will be evaluated by an upgrading committee (two academics, not necessarily of the MI or even LSE) who will recommend transferral to PhD registration if your work is judged to be of sufficient quality and quantity.

Throughout the MPhil/PhD and PhD, you will attend the Department's research seminar and other specialist workshops and seminars related to your interests. You must present at every Department of Methodology PhD day.

Student support and resources

We’re here to help and support you throughout your time at LSE, whether you need help with your academic studies, support with your welfare and wellbeing or simply to develop on a personal and professional level.

Whatever your query, big or small, there are a range of people you can speak to who will be happy to help.  

Department librarians   – they will be able to help you navigate the library and maximise its resources during your studies. 

Accommodation service  – they can offer advice on living in halls and offer guidance on private accommodation related queries.

Class teachers and seminar leaders  – they will be able to assist with queries relating to specific courses. 

Disability and Wellbeing Service  – they are experts in long-term health conditions, sensory impairments, mental health and specific learning difficulties. They offer confidential and free services such as  student counselling,  a  peer support scheme  and arranging  exam adjustments.  They run groups and workshops.  

IT help  – support is available 24 hours a day to assist with all your technology queries.   

LSE Faith Centre  – this is home to LSE's diverse religious activities and transformational interfaith leadership programmes, as well as a space for worship, prayer and quiet reflection. It includes Islamic prayer rooms and a main space for worship. It is also a space for wellbeing classes on campus and is open to all students and staff from all faiths and none.   

Language Centre  – the Centre specialises in offering language courses targeted to the needs of students and practitioners in the social sciences. We offer pre-course English for Academic Purposes programmes; English language support during your studies; modern language courses in nine languages; proofreading, translation and document authentication; and language learning community activities.

LSE Careers  ­ – with the help of LSE Careers, you can make the most of the opportunities that London has to offer. Whatever your career plans, LSE Careers will work with you, connecting you to opportunities and experiences from internships and volunteering to networking events and employer and alumni insights. 

LSE Library   –   founded in 1896, the British Library of Political and Economic Science is the major international library of the social sciences. It stays open late, has lots of excellent resources and is a great place to study. As an LSE student, you’ll have access to a number of other academic libraries in Greater London and nationwide. 

LSE LIFE  – this is where you should go to develop skills you’ll use as a student and beyond. The centre runs talks and workshops on skills you’ll find useful in the classroom; offers one-to-one sessions with study advisers who can help you with reading, making notes, writing, research and exam revision; and provides drop-in sessions for academic and personal support. (See ‘Teaching and assessment’). 

LSE Students’ Union (LSESU)  – they offer academic, personal and financial advice and funding.  

PhD Academy   – this is available for PhD students, wherever they are, to take part in interdisciplinary events and other professional development activities and access all the services related to their registration. 

Sardinia House Dental Practice   – this   offers discounted private dental services to LSE students.  

St Philips Medical Centre  – based in Pethwick-Lawrence House, the Centre provides NHS Primary Care services to registered patients.

Student Services Centre  – our staff here can answer general queries and can point you in the direction of other LSE services.  

Student advisers   – we have a  Deputy Head of Student Services (Advice and Policy)  and an  Adviser to Women Students  who can help with academic and pastoral matters.

Meet the Department

You can find out more about the people that make up the Department of Methodology on our ' People ' page. Meet our academics, visiting staff, research students and professional services staff.

Student life

As a student at LSE you’ll be based at our central London campus. Find out what our campus and London have to offer you on academic, social and career perspective. 

Student societies and activities

Your time at LSE is not just about studying, there are plenty of ways to get involved in  extracurricular activities . From joining one of over 200 societies, or starting your own society, to volunteering for a local charity, or attending a public lecture by a world-leading figure, there is a lot to choose from. 

The campus 

LSE is based on one  campus  in the centre of London. Despite the busy feel of the surrounding area, many of the streets around campus are pedestrianised, meaning the campus feels like a real community. 

Life in London 

London is an exciting, vibrant and colourful city. It's also an academic city, with more than 400,000 university students. Whatever your interests or appetite you will find something to suit your palate and pocket in this truly international capital. Make the most of career opportunities and social activities, theatre, museums, music and more. 

Want to find out more? Read why we think  London is a fantastic student city , find out about  key sights, places and experiences for new Londoners . Don't fear, London doesn't have to be super expensive: hear about  London on a budget . 

Quick Careers Facts for the Department of Methodology

Median salary of our PG students 15 months after graduating: £48,000          

Top 5 sectors our students work in:

• Information, Digital Technology and Data            
• Education, Teaching and Research            
• Financial and Professional Services              
• Advertising, Marketing, PR, Media, Entertainment, Publishing and Journalism           
• Real Estate, Environment and Energy

The data was collected as part of the Graduate Outcomes survey, which is administered by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA). Graduates from 2020-21 were the fourth group to be asked to respond to Graduate Outcomes. Median salaries are calculated for respondents who are paid in UK pounds sterling and who were working in full-time employment.

Students who successfully complete the programme often embark on an academic career. 

Further information on graduate destinations for this programme

Support for your career

Many leading organisations give careers presentations at the School during the year, and LSE Careers has a wide range of resources available to assist students in their job search. Find out more about the  support available to students through LSE Careers .

Find out more about LSE

Discover more about being an LSE student - meet us in a city near you, visit our campus or experience LSE from home. 

Experience LSE from home

Webinars, videos, student blogs and student video diaries will help you gain an insight into what it's like to study at LSE for those that aren't able to make it to our campus.  Experience LSE from home . 

Come on a guided campus tour, attend an undergraduate open day, drop into our office or go on a self-guided tour.  Find out about opportunities to visit LSE . 

LSE visits you

Student Marketing, Recruitment and Study Abroad travels throughout the UK and around the world to meet with prospective students. We visit schools, attend education fairs and also hold Destination LSE events: pre-departure events for offer holders.  Find details on LSE's upcoming visits . 

How to apply

Virtual Graduate Open Day

Register your interest

Related programmes, mphil/phd sociology.

Code(s) L3ZS

MPhil/PhD Statistics

Code(s) G4ZS

Request a prospectus

• Name First name Last name
• Address Address Line 1 Address Line 2 City County Postcode Country

Speak to Admissions

Content to be supplied

• Student Login
• Instructor Login
• Areas of Study
• Art and Design
• Behavioral Health Sciences
• Business Administration
• Leadership and Management
• Project Management
• See the full list
• Construction and Sustainability
• Humanities and Languages
• Mathematics and Statistics
• Sciences and Biotechnology
• Chemistry and Physics
• Clinical Laboratory Science
• Health Advising
• Life Science Business and Biotechnology
• Online Sciences Courses
• Technology and Information Management
• Writing, Editing and Technical Communication
• Transfer Credit
• Transfer Credit Courses
• Online Learning
• Online Courses and Certificates
• Information Sessions
• Career Services
• Career-Development Courses
• Professional Internship Program
• Custom Programs
• For Universities and Organizations
• Academic Services
• Transcripts
• General Information
• Community Guidelines
• Course and Program Information
• Latest COVID-19 Information
• Online Course Policies
• Certificates, Programs and CEUs
• Concurrent Enrollment
• International Student Services
• Student Aid
• Disability Support Services
• Financial Assistance
• Voices Home
• Educator Insights
• Student Stories
• Professional Pathways
• Industry Trends
• Free and Low Cost Events
• Berkeley Global

Qualitative Research: Design, Implementation and Methods

DESIGN X440.2

Get an introduction to what qualitative research is, the types of qualitative research methods, the appropriate situations to apply qualitative methods, and how to conduct your own qualitative research. You learn to build a research protocol and use various techniques to design, conduct, analyze and present an informative research study.

At the end of the course, you are expected to conduct your own qualitative research study . To that end, you develop a research plan based on the given situation, collect data using qualitative methodologies , engage with various techniques for coding and analyzing qualitative data effectively, and present the data and insights in a manner that is best aligned with the goals of the research.

Prerequisites: None.

Course Outline

Course Objectives

• Understand what constitutes qualitative research, how it differs from quantitative research and when to apply qualitative research methods
• Identify and formulate appropriate qualitative research plans
• Apply qualitative research data collection techniques
• Develop coding schemes for analysis of qualitative data
• Present qualitative data to inform and influence

What You Learn

• Developing qualitative research questions
• Building a research protocol
• Observing, listening and probing: the core skills of a qualitative researcher
• Qualitative sampling and participant recruitment
• Understanding an overview of the qualitative data analysis process
• Communicating your findings, from summary to interpretation
• Presenting qualitative results

How You Learn

We are online! All of the design classes are conducted online and include video classes, mentor-led learning and peer-to-peer support through our student online platform, Canvas. 

• Reading assignments
• Quizzes at instructor’s discretion
• Small-group activities
• Homework assignments
• Capstone project

Is This Course Right for You?

This course is intended for students in the Professional Program in User Experience (UX) Design , or anybody interested in obtaining skills in qualitative research. You do not need preexisting research experience for this course. Our experienced instructors provide practical information, leverage their qualitative research skills and monitor your development along with peer-to-peer support on our student online platform.

Fall 2024 enrollment opens on June 17!

Thank you for your interest in this course!

The course you have selected is currently not open for enrollment.

Enter your email below to be notified when it becomes available.

Required Field

Get Notified

We're excited that you have chosen us as your education provider.

Once a section for this class is available, we will email you with enrollment information.

Your privacy is important to us .

Email Privacy Policy

Your privacy is important to us!

We do not share your information with other organizations for commercial purposes.

We only collect your information if you have subscribed online to receive emails from us.

We do not partner with or have special relationships with any ad server companies.

If you want to unsubscribe, there is a link to do so at the bottom of every email.

Read the full Privacy Policy

← Back to your information .

Session Time-Out

Privacy policy, cookie policy.

This statement explains how we use cookies on our website. For information about what types of personal information will be gathered when you visit the website, and how this information will be used, please see our Privacy Policy .

How we use cookies

All of our web pages use "cookies". A cookie is a small file of letters and numbers that we place on your computer or mobile device if you agree. These cookies allow us to distinguish you from other users of our website, which helps us to provide you with a good experience when you browse our website and enables us to improve our website.

We use cookies and other technologies to optimize your website experience and to deliver communications and marketing activities that are targeted to your specific needs. Some information we collect may be shared with selected partners such as Google, Meta/Facebook or others. By browsing this site you are agreeing to our Privacy Policy . You can revoke your voluntary consent to participate in monitored browsing and targeted marketing by selecting “Disable All Cookies” below.

Types of cookies we use

We use the following types of cookies:

• Strictly necessary cookies - these are essential in to enable you to move around the websites and use their features. Without these cookies the services you have asked for, such as signing in to your account, cannot be provided.
• Performance cookies - these cookies collect information about how visitors use a website, for instance which pages visitors go to most often. We use this information to improve our websites and to aid us in investigating problems raised by visitors. These cookies do not collect information that identifies a visitor.
• Functionality cookies - these cookies allow the website to remember choices you make and provide more personal features. For instance, a functional cookie can be used to remember the items that you have placed in your shopping cart. The information these cookies collect may be anonymized and they cannot track your browsing activity on other websites.

Most web browsers allow some control of most cookies through the browser settings. To find out more about cookies, including how to see what cookies have been set and how to manage and delete them please visit https://www.allaboutcookies.org/.

Specific cookies we use

The list below identify the cookies we use and explain the purposes for which they are used. We may update the information contained in this section from time to time.

• JSESSIONID: This cookie is used by the application server to identify a unique user's session.
• registrarToken: This cookie is used to remember items that you have added to your shopping cart
• locale: This cookie is used to remember your locale and language settings.
• cookieconsent_status: This cookie is used to remember if you've already dismissed the cookie consent notice.
• _ga_UA-########: These cookies are used to collect information about how visitors use our site. We use the information to compile reports and to help us improve the website. The cookies collect information in an anonymous form, including the number of visitors to the website, where visitors have come to the site from and the pages they visited. This anonymized visitor and browsing information is stored in Google Analytics.

Changes to our Cookie Statement

Any changes we may make to our Cookie Policy in the future will be posted on this page.

Course details

• Mon 23 Jun 2025 to 27 Jun 2025

Qualitative Research Methods

Introducing qualitative research

This module will provide an introductory overview of the principles and practice of qualitative research. Students will explore how people make sense of their lives, and recognise ways in which qualitative research bridges the gap between scientific evidence and clinical practice by examining the attitudes, beliefs, and preferences of both patients and practitioners. Participants will be introduced to the concepts underpinning qualitative research, learn to collect data using fundamental methods, including observation, interview and focus groups and become familiar with the techniques of thematic qualitative data analysis.

The last date for receipt of complete applications is 5pm Friday 18th October 2024. Regrettably, late applications cannot be accepted.

The overall aims of this module are to enable students to:

• Use qualitative research in evidence based practice;
• Understand commonly used qualitative methodologies in health care;
• Understand the ways in which qualitative and quantitative approaches can be combined;
• Discuss the issues involved in systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research;
• Describe steps to design, data collection and analysis for a qualitative project;
• Use qualitative methods, including observation, interviews and focus groups;
• Conduct thematic qualitative data analysis;
• Write up qualitative research results.

Comments from previous participants:

"All tutors had both solid theoretical understanding of their topic and wide practical knowledge of the application of the approach being taught in practice. This course was a good mix of theory, opportunities to practice new skills, and application of theory into (one's own) practice."

Programme details

This module is run over an eight week cycle where the first week is spent working on introductory activities using a Virtual Learning Environment, the second week is a full week of online teaching (this takes place on the dates advertised), there are then four Post-Oxford activities (delivered through the VLE) which are designed to help you write your assignment. You then have a week of personal study and you will be required to submit your assignment electronically the following week (usually on a Tuesday at 14:00 UK Local Time).

Recommended reading

• Ziebland, S., Coulter, A., Calabrese, J. and Locock, L.(Editors). (2013) Understanding and Using Health Experiences. Improving patient care. Oxford: OUP.

Details of funding opportunities, including grants, bursaries, loans, scholarships and benefit information are available on our financial assistance page.

If you are an employee of the University of Oxford and have a valid University staff card you may be eligible to receive a 10% discount on the full stand-alone fee. To take advantage of this offer please submit a scan/photocopy of your staff card along with your application. Your card should be valid for a further six months after attending the course.

Dr Anne-Marie Boylan

Module coordinator.

Anne-Marie Boylan is a Departmental Lecturer and Senior Research Fellow based in the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences.

Assessment methods

Assessment will be based on submission of a written assignment which should not exceed 4,000 words.

Academic Credit

Applicants may take this course for academic credit. The University of Oxford Department for Continuing Education offers Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme (CATS) points for this course. Participants attending at least 80% of the taught course and successfully completing assessed assignments are eligible to earn credit equivalent to 20 CATS points which may be counted towards a postgraduate qualification.

Applicants can choose not to take the course for academic credit and will therefore not be eligible to undertake the academic assignment offered to students taking the course for credit. Applicants cannot receive CATS (Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme) points or equivalence. Credit cannot be attributed retrospectively. CATS accreditation is required if you wish for the course to count towards a further qualification in the future.

A Certificate of Completion is issued at the end of the course.

Applicants registered to attend ‘not for credit’ who subsequently wish to register for academic credit and complete the assignment are required to submit additional information, which must be received one calendar month in advance of the course start date. Please contact us for more details.

Please contact [email protected] if you have any questions.

Application

This course requires you to complete the application form and to attach a copy of your CV. If you are applying to take this course for academic credit you will also be required to provide a reference. Please note that if you are not applying to take the course for academic credit then you do not need to submit a reference.

Please ensure you read the guidance notes which appear when you click on the symbols as you progress through the application form, as any errors resulting from failure to do so may delay your application.

• Short Course Application Form
• Terms and Conditions

Selection criteria

Admissions Criteria: To apply for the course you should:

• Be a graduate or have successfully completed a professional training course
• Have professional work experience in the health service or a health-related field
• Be able to combine intensive classroom learning with the application of the principles and practices of evidence-based health care within the work place
• Have a good working knowledge of email, internet, word processing and Windows applications (for communications with course members, course team and administration)
• Show evidence of the ability to commit time to study and an employer's commitment to make time available to study, complete course work and attend course and university events and modules.
• Be able to demonstrate English Language proficiency at the University’s higher level . 

Accommodation

Accommodation is available at the Rewley House Residential Centre , within the Department for Continuing Education, in central Oxford. The comfortable, en-suite, study-bedrooms have been rated as 4-Star Campus accommodation under the Quality In Tourism scheme , and come with tea- and coffee-making facilities, free Wi-Fi access and Freeview TV. Guests can take advantage of the excellent dining facilities and common room bar, where they may relax and network with others on the programme.

IT requirements

Please ensure that you have access to a computer that meets the specifications detailed on our technical support page.

Terms & conditions for applicants and students

Information on financial support

Sign up for course news

• MSc in Evidence-Based Health Care
• MSc in EBHC (Teaching and Education)
• Postgraduate Diploma in Health Research
• Postgraduate Certificate in Health Research

and also available as an accredited short course in Health Sciences

• Home »
• Advice »
• Studying For A PhD

find your perfect postgrad program Search our Database of 30,000 Courses

Phd research methods: qualitative research.

In a nutshell, qualitative research is the method of using particular case studies and small, focused samples. Any broader ‘conclusions’ drawn using these methods are treated as ‘informed assertions’.

So just what kind of uses would qualitative research have? Well, let’s take the example of market research – you can test a product on a small focus group and from their response you can make changes to the product you are attempting to market. Or, perhaps, let’s look at psychology – many famous psychological theories begin with an initial case study – ever heard of the Little Albert Experiment? This uses just one child to show classical conditioning in humans.

But what are the different types of qualitative research methods? After all, we’ve already listed two that seem quite distinct.

The different types of qualitative research methods

Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages; being a participant increases the chance of seeing things as they really are, rather than as shown to an outsider, but it can also increase personal bias and distract from the role as researcher. With non-participatory observation, you are much less likely to experience bias, but you may miss some of the vital things you are looking out for.

#2 Questionnaires Questionnaires require much less involvement on the researcher’s part than some of these other methods (for example, observation) which means they can spend more time on the setup and results. These can be useful when there are particular responses desired (such as answers to ‘how do you feel about this product’) but does limit what data you end up with (as it’s only what you ask). As with any method, this too has advantages and disadvantages – you can ensure you’re getting the relevant data, but you are also opening up the possibility of biasing the subject in your questions.

#3 Other Written Materials In this case, it’s not handing out documents to be filled in, but looking at ones already written. This can be any kind of document, depending on your goal. This is particularly useful for subjects such as anthropology, where you can learn much about a group by their writings about themselves. That said, it can be used in many other places, psychology studies may often get you to keep a diary, for instance. This qualitative research method is useful because you can learn a lot from a variety of settings, and, if the materials are pre-created, then you don't have the problem of your presence changing how the group acts. However, interpreting them can be difficult, especially if they’re from a different culture or in another language.

#4 Sampling Sampling is the method of picking out a small group to focus on out of a larger one. Say we were studying students at a university, we cannot study all of them, so we may choose around 50 to focus on. Sampling can be complex as you want to ensure that your chosen sample is diverse meaning they can’t all be the same age, gender, ethnicity, orientation, and so on, unless of course one of these is the factor you’re studying. Sampling has the advantage of making it easier to study the group in question, and as you can manually choose a sample it does have the advantage of being able to fine tune the variables. Flaws, however, include the fact that a sample is just a sample, and may not be as representative as you hoped, especially if it’s a sample that people volunteer for as this will heavily bias the results towards the type of people who volunteer for studies.

#5 Interviews Interviews are a great way of talking one on one, or to small groups of people. This method is often useful when starting a project, to find out general trends or to get a feel for what you’re studying. It can also be useful later on, when wanting to ask specific things. However, if you are using interviews, you’ll have to be very aware of your methods and you need to be in control of everything. No leading questions, or closed off body language here.

The good thing about interviews is the chance to really ask questions, to get to know the person you’re talking to, and to observe the answers, rather than just reading them. The downside is the possibility of you influencing the answers accidentally.

These are the main methods used in qualitative research, and you’ll have seen them or variants thereof used in most social science textbooks.

Useful links:

Quantitative Research

Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research

Social Sciences

Are you ready for a PhD?

IMAGE CREDIT: © Studio | Dreamstime Stock Photos & Stock Free Images

Exclusive bursaries Open day alerts Funding advice Application tips Latest PG news

Complete Our Destination Survey

Take 2 minutes to complete our Destination Survey for the chance to win a Postgrad Study Bursary worth £2,000.

All we need to know is:

• Your university
• Your PG course

Graduate Certificate in Interdisciplinary Qualitative Studies

I encourage my students to develop a reflective practice as researchers, and in my own research, I have looked at ways to think about how qualitative research is conducted.

Kathy Roulston, Ph.D.

Application Deadlines

News & events, testimonials, contact information, request information.

• Focuses on qualitative methodologies with interdisciplinary topics.
• Is open to students with a variety of educational backgrounds and experiences.
• The courses for the online certificate program count toward our PhD in Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methodologies.

Offered through the  Mary Frances Early College of Education , the University of Georgia offers qualified students the ability to earn an online graduate certificate in Interdisciplinary Qualitative Studies (IQS). Designed to respond to the growing demand for national and international training in qualitative research, this program is ideal for researchers and non-degree students who would like additional preparation in designing and conducting qualitative studies, and who may be called upon to teach qualitative research methods in their institutions. The emphasis of the program is to provide an up-to-date overview of theoretical approaches to qualitative research, research design, data analysis and writing for varied audiences. Graduates from the IQS Certificate program have the knowledge and skills to design, critique, and implement high-quality research and evaluation studies.

Accreditations

The University of Georgia is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award baccalaureate, master’s, specialist, and doctoral degrees. The University of Georgia also may offer credentials such as certificates and diplomas at approved degree levels. Questions about the accreditation of the University of Georgia may be directed in writing to the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, GA 30033-4097, by calling (404) 679-4500, or by using information available on SACSCOC’s website ( www.sacscoc.org ).

Credit and Transfer

Total Hours Required to Earn Certificate:  18 (credit hours)

Maximum Hours Transferable into Program:  N/A

Admission Requirements

We accept applicants who have a master’s degree or a doctoral degree.

Students who are not currently enrolled at UGA should apply to the graduate school for the Graduate Certificate program in Interdisciplinary Qualitative Studies and are not required to take entrance exams and submit letters of recommendation. 

Application Checklist

• Application  – Submit online to the  Graduate School Admissions . Application fee: $75 Domestic/$100 International.
• Select Campus – Online
• Select Intended Program  – CERG, Qualitative Studies (Lifelong Ed, Admin, and Policy)[CERT_2QST_ON]
• Statement of purpose  – Submit to the Graduate School online in your application.
• Transcripts  – Submit unofficial transcripts from all institutions attended as part of the online application. Send official transcripts after you are offered admission.

International Applicants – must also submit TOEFL or IELTS scores

Domestic Applicants

• Fall: April 15

Missed the deadline? Ask about the possibility of a deadline extension in the Request for Information form.

International Applicants

Tuition rates and student fees may change each year.

Based on the 2024-25 credit-hour cost, a person who had completed this program at the recommended pace would have paid $11,610 in tuition. Reference  this sheet  to identify the current credit hour rate for your program of interest.

Please use the Estimated Cost Calculator on the Bursar’s Office website to calculate one academic (Fall/Spring) year’s tuition. 

This program is an E-Rate program, so choose “yes” for the E-Rate line item within the calculator.

Fees for those students enrolled in exclusively online programs are $411 per semester. 

Potential additional costs include:

• Exam proctoring fees
• Technology upgrades 

The complete cost of attendance can be found at  https://osfa.uga.edu/costs/ .

Corporate Assistance

Consult your employer about the availability of tuition reimbursement or tuition assistance programs.

Military Assistance

Active duty military, veterans, and military families should visit  Veterans Educational Benefits  to take full advantage of available financial assistance and educational benefits.

University System of Georgia Tuition Assistance Program (TAP)

The purpose of TAP is to foster the professional growth and development of eligible employees. For more information, see  Tuition Assistance  (refer to the Distance Learning section). 

Technology Requirements

• Computer with current operating system (Windows, Mac, or Linux). Additional peripherals such as webcam, headphones, and microphone are required.
• High-speed internet access.

Program Structure

Students in this fully online certificate program will take a minimum of 18 semester hours of graduate coursework. There are three areas of course work in the program: qualitative research core, electives, and a research project. Students will apply the knowledge and skills gained in the program to the design and conduct a study of their own choosing and prepare a publishable manuscript. 

Additional details about the program can be found in  the program’s graduate handbook (pdf).

Qualitative Research Core (9 semester hours) 

QUAL 8400E –  Qualitative Research Traditions (3 semester hours)

QUAL 8410E  – Designing Qualitative Research (3 semester hours)

QUAL8420E  – Analyzing Qualitative Data (3 semester hours)

Elective Courses (6 semester hours)

Courses should be selected through discussion with the faculty advisor.

Research Project (3 hours)

This project is completed under faculty supervision in lieu of a thesis and will be developed as part of the coursework.

Additional information and disclosures regarding state licensure for professional practice in this field can be found at the  UGA Licensure Disclosure Portal.

Maureen Flint Assistant Professor

Giovanni Dazzo Assistant Professor

Kathryn Roulston Professor

Melissa Freeman Professor

Certificate program deepens knowledge of qualitative research

Dena Kniess earned her bachelor’s degree in English-Writing and her master’s degree in College Student Personnel from Slippery Rock University. Before earning her doctorate from Clemson University, she worked as a student affairs practitioner in residence life and student transition programs for more than a decade.  Kniess now…

Valdosta State University faculty member expands her qualitative studies through UGA’s online graduate certificate in qualitative research

In 2018, Gwen Ruttencutter joined Valdosta State University as a clinical faculty member in the department of leadership, technology and workforce development. Ruttencutter teaches adult learning and research methodology courses for adult and career education doctoral and masters’ programs. In addition, she teaches in the undergraduate office administration and…

Online Pharmacy Programs Renamed to Reflect International Focus

The College of Pharmacy’s Master of Science in Pharmacy, BioPharma Regulatory Affairs and the related Graduate Certificate have been renamed International Biomedical Regulatory Sciences to more accurately reflect the nature of the program and current industry practices. The degree is still a Master of Science in Pharmacy, but the…

See more news articles related to this program

“I work with graduate and doctoral students, balancing my workload as a student and my responsibilities as a faculty and fitting in some research in there. Students view things with a different perspective than faculty, so this has really informed my own teaching and helped me. I’m really enjoying and learning.”    Dr. Iris Saltiel , ’15

Contact us using the request for information form or call 706-452-7935 .

Request Info

By submitting this form, you authorize the University of Georgia (UGA) to store the information you have provided on this form. You also authorize UGA to contact you by text message or phone call regarding your inquiry, including by automated texting or calling using the information you have provided on this form. If you provide additional phone numbers including wireless phone numbers to UGA, you also authorize UGA to use those numbers to contact you via any of the aforementioned methods. If you do not want your information stored, please email [email protected].

This site uses cookies.

If you have any questions please email us at [email protected] ..

Staff - Department of Management

Qualitative research methods - 2024.

The PhD course on qualitative research methods is offered in a modular course design. To complete the mandatory course, the basic module - Module A (2.5 ECTS) - and one of the three supplementary modules - Modules B, C, D (2.5 ECTS each) - need to be completed (this only applies to PhD students at the Department of Management, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University).

The modules are:

• Module A - Introduction & Research Design (11-13 March 2024) The mandatory module will enable participants to match research aims with an effective research strategy and suitable qualitative research methods. The course will leverage on contrasting of successful papers to form the ability to critically appraise research designs and further develop the participants' own research strategy and methods. Application deadline:  7 February 2024. More info and sign-up  
• Module B - Collecting Qualitative Data (24-26 April 2024) This module will enable participants to choose and utilise a variety of qualitative data collection methods, including interviews and participant observation, video recording, online data collection, and focus groups. Application deadline:  18 March 2024. More info and sign-up  
• Module C - Analysing Qualitative Data (30 April-2 May 2024) This module will teach advanced skills to analyse different data types related to text and talk. Different analysis methods will be discussed, including structured interview and text analysis (e.g. the Gioia method), cultural analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, conversation analysis. Application deadline:  21 March 2024. More info and sign-up  
• Module D - Mixing Methods (27-28 and 31 May 2024) This module provides students with an overview of how different research strategies or methods may be integrated to meet a research aim. Students will have the opportunity to reflect on and critically appraise papers and research projects that mix different qualitative methods as well as combinations of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Application deadline:  22 April 2024. More info and sign-up

Students with a PhD project based on qualitative methods might want to choose more than one elective to gain deeper methodological knowledge and skills, e.g. the modules A, B and C. Students working on a quantitative research project might want to follow A and D, which would emphasize in particular the ability to critically reflect on and proactively design successful research designs that might include mixing methods. Students are, however, free to choose any combination that contains the mandatory module A.

Qualitative Research Certificate

Graduate Certificate

The Qualitative Research Certificate consists of four three-credit hour courses (12 credit hours) developed to prepare students and professionals to understand a broad and in-depth knowledge of qualitative research approaches and to conduct qualitative research studies.

Over recent years, qualitative research has been increasingly conducted and influential in educational research across disciplines.

The Qualitative Research Certificate within the College of Education at Purdue University requires students to obtain a minimum grade of B for each course while also maintaining an overall GPA of 3.0/4.0. This certificate program accepts applications from Purdue University graduate students from any Purdue West Lafayette graduate programs.

This residential program has rolling admission. Applications must be fully complete and submitted (including all required materials) and all application fees paid prior to the deadline in order for applications to be considered and reviewed. For a list of all required materials for this program application, please see the “Admissions” tab below.

July 1 is the deadline for Fall applications.

November 15 is the deadline for Spring applications.

March 15 is the deadline for Summer applications.

This program does not lead to licensure in the state of Indiana or elsewhere. Contact the College of Education Office of Teacher Education and Licensure (OTEL) at [email protected] before continuing with program application if you have questions regarding licensure or contact your state Department of Education about how this program may translate to licensure in your state of residence.

Application Instructions for the Qualitative Research Certificate from the Office of Graduate Studies :

In addition to a submitted application (and any applicable application fees paid), the following materials are required for admission consideration, and all completed materials must be submitted by the application deadline in order for an application to be considered complete and forwarded on to faculty and the Purdue Graduate School for review.

Here are the materials required for this application:

• Official, current Purdue transcripts
• Graduate School Form 18 for Dual Enrolled students. Please upload this form with your application with your signature and information only. Our office will obtain the necessary faculty signatures.
• Academic Statement of Purpose
• Personal History Statement

We encourage prospective students submit an application early, even if not all required materials are uploaded. Applications are not forwarded on for faculty review until all required materials are uploaded.

When submitting your application for this program, please select the following options:

• Select a Campus: Purdue West Lafayette (PWL)
• Select your proposed graduate major: Curriculum and Instruction
• Please select an Area of Interest: Curriculum Studies
• Please select a Degree Objective: Qualitative Research Graduate Certificate
• Primary Course Delivery: Residential

Program Requirements

Required courses.

• EDCI 61500:  Qualitative Research Methods in Education (3 cr.) A course providing an introduction to qualitative research methods in education.
• EDCI 61600:  Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Educational Research (3 cr.) A course focused on collection and analysis of qualitative data
• Elective #1:  with focus on qualitative methods (3 cr.)
• Elective #2:  with focus on qualitative methods (3 cr.)
• CAND 99100: Candidate (Must be registered as a candidate for graduation to receive the Certificate) Candidate registration should be completed through the Office of Graduate Studies when registering for the final course. Student must contact the office directly at [email protected] . Failure to register properly will result in a delay of being awarded the certificate
• EDCI 567: Action Research in Science Education
• EDCI 59100: Research in International Contexts
• EDCI 591: Technology for Qualitative Research
• EDCI 612: Literacy Research Methodologies
• ANTH 605: Seminar in Ethnographic Analysis
• COM 584: Historical/Critical Research in Communication
• HDFS 679: Qualitative Research on Families
• TECH 697: Qualitative Research Methods in Technology Studies
• WGSS 680: Feminist Theory
• WGSS 682: Issues in Feminist Research and Methodology
• Other elective courses may be approved (before completing) by the faculty advisor in the home department in conjunction with the Qualitative Research Certificate coordinator in the Dept. of Curriculum and Instruction

APPLICATION PROCEDURE

Course Content Information or Blackboard: Contact Dr. Stephanie Zywicki Course Registration, payment, drops/withdraws, and removing holds: [email protected] Career accounts: ITaP (765) 494-4000

Ready to Apply?

Qualitative Research and Inquiry Methodology, Graduate Certificate

Gain expertise in data research with the IU Online Graduate Certificate in Qualitative Research and Inquiry Methodology. This program lets you explore cutting-edge digital tools and analytic methods for collecting and analyzing qualitative data.

• Request Info

Course Delivery : 100% Online

Total Credits : 12

In-State Tuition Per Credit : $500.36

Out-of-State Tuition Per Credit : $600.43

Cost of attendance may vary by campus. View the total cost calculator

Degree Overview

The Graduate Certificate in Qualitative Research and Methodology gives you opportunities to design and carry out rigorous qualitative research. Investigate critical issues in the field as you design and conduct studies to answer real-world questions. Acquire the expertise you need and learn from caring professors who are world-renowned experts in qualitative methodologies.

You’ll graduate with an Indiana University certificate respected by employers worldwide—and you can work on yours anytime and anywhere. Plus, you’ll enjoy personalized support services throughout your academic journey.

To be accepted to this program, you must have:

• A bachelor's degree
• Minimum undergraduate GPA of 2.75 out of 4.00

To apply to this program, complete an online application that includes:

• Transcripts
• Personal statement
• GRE scores (required only if applicant does not have an undergraduate or graduate degree from an accredited US institution)
• TOEFL or IELTS scores

Application Dates

Fall semester: May 2

Spring semester: Oct 3

Summer semester: Feb 1

Note: This program is not eligible for financial aid.

Career Outcomes

The Graduate Certificate in Qualitative Research and Methodology prepares you for careers in:

• Research firms
• Corporate data analytics
• Government agencies
• Universities

Certificate Requirements

To earn the Graduate Certificate in Qualitative Research and Inquiry Methodology, you must complete 12 credit hours. Requirements are broken down as follows:

• Core courses (9 credit hours)
• Elective (3 credit hours)

*Must be taken concurrently with EDUC-Y 500. 

Find course descriptions with our Search Schedule of Classes/Courses tool .

Find the answers you need or start your application. We’re here to help!

• Request Information

Apply now link and Social media

• Facebook for IU
• Linkedin for IU
• Twitter for IU

Give Feedback

Qualitative Research Graduate Certificate

• K-State home
• K-State Online
• Explore Programs

Learn how to facilitate scholarly qualitative research from a broad social science perspective.

The online qualitative research graduate certificate offers you the opportunity to fill the demand for trained qualitative researchers, both in the U.S. and internationally. Qualitative research is useful both in academic and practical projects, with skills that directly relate to careers in academia, public health, nonprofits, business, marketing and more.

*This estimate is for illustrative purposes only. Your hours and costs will differ depending on your transfer hours, course choices and your academic progress.  See more  about tuition and financial aid.

New Tuition and Fees Structure for 2021-22 Academic Year To better assist students with understanding the cost of attendance, K-State has simplified the tuition and fees structure for students enrolled in online programs.

Application

All students are required to meet the general university admission requirements.

Learning new proficiencies in qualitative methods can provide the tools to enhance research skills as well as lead to a range of employment opportunities within:

• government agencies
• universities
• consulting firms
• research industries
• marketing firms
• nonprofit organizations

Required (9 credits)

• EDLEA 838 - Qualitative Research in Education (3 credits)
• EDLEA 938 - Advanced Data Analysis in Qualitative Methods (3 credits)
• EDLEA 948 - Data Representation and Writing in Qualitative Research (3 credits)

Electives (6-9 credits)

• EDCI 760 - Action Research in Education (3 credits)
• EDCI 920 - Narrative Inquiry in Education (3 credits)
• EDLEA 828 - Scholarly Orientation to Graduate Studies (3 credits)^
• EDLEA 848 - Understanding Theoretical Frameworks (3 credits or equivalent)
• EDLEA 929 - Narrative and Arts-Based Inquiry in Qualitative Research (3 credits or equivalent)
• EDLEA 958 - Case Study in Qualitative Research (3 credits)
• EDLEA 968 - Discourse Analysis (3 credits)
• EDLEA 978 - Qualitative Data Management and Analysis Using NVivo (3 credits)
• EDLEA 988 - Differentiated Research (3 credits)
• HDFS 809 - Qualitative Research Methods in Human Development and Family Science (3 credits or equivalent)*
• HDFS 808 - Topics in Applied Family Science (1 credit or equivalent)*
• THTRE 862 - Workshop in Playwriting (3 credits)
• THTRE 880 - Project in Ethnodrama (3 credits)*

* Course is not available online at K-State ^ Can only be used if you choose to write a research interest paper that explores a research interest via qualitative inquiry.

Applied Project (0-3 credits) The applied project could constitute a completion of a dissertation using qualitative methods. If you wish to use your completed dissertation using qualitative methods you could use a maximum of 3 credit hours to complete this requirement. Certificates will be granted only after the completion of a dissertation.

If you wish to submit a publishable paper to a refereed journal based on an empirical study, you could use 3 credit hours earned from EDLEA 988 - Differentiated Research.

Other ways of submitting a publishable paper to a refereed journal could include, but are not limited to, preparing the manuscript as a result of specific coursework, preparing the manuscript as an independent study with a faculty member or preparing the manuscript outside of coursework through your own initiative.

Related Programs

Cookies on this website

We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you click 'Accept all cookies' we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies and you won't see this message again. If you click 'Reject all non-essential cookies' only necessary cookies providing core functionality such as security, network management, and accessibility will be enabled. Click 'Find out more' for information on how to change your cookie settings.

• Study with us
• Short Courses in Qualitative Research Methods

Oxford Qualitative Courses: Short Courses in Qualitative Research Methods

Expert teaching from specialists in qualitative research methods

Short courses:

• Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods
• Introduction to doing Qualitative Interviews
• Introduction to Analysing Qualitative Data
• Introduction to conversation analysis and health care encounters
• Learning with the book: an introduction to qualitative research methods for health research

The University of Oxford's expert-led programme of short courses in qualitative research methods aims to equip participants with the knowledge and skills to design, conduct, and interpret qualitative research. Through these short courses we share the experience, knowledge and enthusiasm of our research-active tutors

Our courses are particularly suited to those who are planning or working on projects with a qualitative research component. Our aims are to:

• Equip health and care professionals, researchers and policy makers with an understanding of the different approaches to qualitative research
• Support the development of core skills such as interviewing, ethnographic observation, running focus groups (whether virtual or face-to-face), conversation analysis, meta-ethnography, and qualitative data analysis.

This highly-regarded programme is delivered in online and face-to-face formats to suit a range of learners.  We use a mixture of lectures and small group work, delivered by our team of qualitative researchers from the University of Oxford’s  Medical Sociology and Health Experiences Research Group . Our group has run these successful courses for twenty years alongside active involvement in qualitative research on a variety of topics, ranging from studies of experiences of health conditions and of healthcare practice, to evaluations of organisational change. Our group also includes qualitative methodologists at the forefront of developing qualitative methods including conversation analysis and evidence synthesis.

Findings from our group’s research on patient experiences, together with supported video, audio and text extracts, can be found on the  HEXI.ox.ac.uk   website. Our portfolio of research and expertise informs current local, national and international healthcare policy and research. 

The syllabuses of our qualitative courses draw on a wide range of expertise from within our research group, including the disciplinary areas of medical sociology, anthropology, and public policy. 

Teaching team

Our courses are led by a highly experienced and research-active teaching team. Our team have a range of specialities and skills spanning the breadth of qualitative research methods, ensuring that each session is led by a knowledgeable expert in the field. As well as being accomplished researchers, our team are skilled at communicating qualitative research methods to people in an accessible and clear way. Our team are friendly and approachable and will be available to offer tailored feedback during the course. Our participants regularly emphasise that our teaching team are a highlight of our courses.

Who are OUR courses for?

Our courses are suited to a wide range of professions, including:

• Health and care professionals
• Undergraduate and postgraduate students
• Academics and researchers interested in health research
• Marketing and communications professionals
• Health and care advisers and policy makers

What do participants think?

New: Online Resources

Our teaching team have collated a series of freely available online resources for anyone looking for learning opportunities. 

Receive our bulletin:

Our courses are popular and often sell-out quickly. To receive a bulletin of upcoming course dates, please register here .

Got a question? Contact us:

Our friendly team are on-hand to answer your questions and queries. 

Email:  [email protected]

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

Part 4: Using qualitative methods

18. Qualitative data collection

Chapter outline.

• Ethical responsibility and cultural respect (5 minute read)
• Critical considerations (3 minute read)
• Preparations for the data gathering process (6 minute read)
• Interviews (20 minute read)
• Focus groups (15 minute read)
• Observations (6 minute read)
• Documents and other artifacts (13 minute read)

Content warning: examples in this chapter contain references to multiple demands on students’ time, loss of employment, sexual assault, trauma-informed care, inpatient psychiatric services, immigration, and the Holocaust.

In this chapter we will explore information to help you plan for and organize your strategy to gather your qualitative data. You will face a number of decisions as you plan this section of your proposal. Gathering qualitative data comes with important ethical and cultural responsibilities. Furthermore, qualitative research can be a powerful tool, but we need to be thoughtful as to how it will be used, as it can as easily become a tool of oppression as one of empowerment. Below are some considerations to help you reflect on some of these dynamics as you plan your study. The first sections apply to every type of qualitative research. Then, we discuss specific strategies to choose from as you plan your qualitative study.

18.1 Ethical responsibility and cultural respect

Learning objectives.

Learners will be able to…

• Explain the special considerations researchers should keep in mind as they design qualitative studies and collect qualitative data
• Determine steps that can be taken to protect participants and exhibit cultural respect during qualitative data collection

Because qualitative data collection so often involves direct contact with human participants and requesting them to share detailed and potentially personally sensitive information with us as researchers, we need to be especially sensitive to ethical considerations. It is a process that requires forethought, planning, and mindful attention throughout. Below are some ethical considerations to help guide you in this activity.

Special limitations to anonymity, confidentiality and ability to remove or withdraw data

Because with qualitative research we are often meeting with people in person to gather data, either from interviews , focus groups , or observations , we clearly can’t guarantee them anonymity . This makes it all the more important to consider what you will do to protect the confidentiality of your participants. This may involve using steps like:

• Using pseudonyms or assigned study identification codes rather than names on study materials
• Stripping all potentially identifying information from transcripts
• Keeping signed informed consent forms separate from other data so the two can’t be linked
• Ensuring that when data is not being used it is appropriately stored and locked so that others outside the research team don’t have access to it
• Ensuring that when data is being used it is not in a space (in person or virtual) where people outside the research team can view it
• Making sure that all members of your research team have been approved by your IRB
• Being very clear in your informed consent who will have access to data and for what purposes

Additionally, at times we will write into our informed consent that participants may withdraw from a study at any time. When a person expresses a desire to withdraw, we remove their data from the study. However, let’s say we conducted interviews and identified a theme that was present in their interview, but was also in a number of other interviews. Their ideas would still be represented in our findings, but we would make sure not to use any quotes or unique contributions from that individual. Also, if a person participates in a focus group, they are part of an interactive dialogue and the discussion is often connected to ideas shared by others as the conversation evolves, making it very hard to completely remove their data. Again, we would respect their wishes by not using any of their direct words, but their presence and contributions shaped the discussion in ways that we won’t be able to excise. It is best to be upfront about this as you are seeking informed consent.

• What steps will you be taking to protect the qualitative data that is shared with you?

Prepare with competence, enter with humility

When we ask people to share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with us, we need to do so in a way that demonstrates respect and authenticity . This means that we approach participants in a professional manner that reflects both competence as a researcher and that illustrates we have done some preparation to learn about the population ahead of time (that we are not “coming in cold”). Activities that can help to demonstrate this are:

• Speaking with knowledgeable community members regarding the topic, our research design, and important aspects of the community (contemporary and historical) before beginning our data collection)
• Examining previous research and other sources of information regarding the group/community we are interested in work with, or if not available, groups/communities that may be similar
• Using data from the first two bullet points, we design our data collection in a way that is culturally sensitive (e.g. where we ask people to provide data, what tools we use, our wording)
• Preparing research materials (e.g. informed consent forms, recruitment materials, informational sheets) that are accessible and understandable for participants
• Providing information and education about research in general and our research topic specifically

This needs to be tempered with humility. Participants grant us the privilege of allowing us to witness some piece of their life. We need to have humility in knowing that we can never fully understand their experiences because we are not them. In a real sense, we are the learners and they are the teachers. Despite us doing the pre-work discussed above to become more competent in our approach, humility means we will ask the participant directly what is acceptable in respect to our data collection. I believe that when taking a culturally humble approach that we should take at least a little bit of time to understand what research means to the participant and what this particular topic means to the them, again, by asking them directly.

Key Takeaways

• Qualitative data collection involves special considerations to help ensure the privacy, confidentiality, or anonymity of participants because of the the often intimate and detailed information that we are collecting as qualitative researchers.
• Preparing for qualitative data collection requires that we educate ourselves as researchers in advance about the population we will be working with to guide and develop our data collection plan. Furthermore, from the standpoint of cultural humility, we don’t assume that these preparations are adequate. We need to verify with participants what is culturally acceptable to them as individuals.
• As you prepare for data collection planning, what actions do you plan to take to demonstrate preparations for cultural sensitivity and cultural humility?

18.2 Critical considerations

• Assess factors that may impact community members’ perceptions of researchers and their intentions
• Identify opportunities to support greater reciprocity in researcher-participant relationships (especially as it relates to your proposal)

What/whose interests are represented?

Data is a resource that participants own that they choose to share with us. Think about it: When a smartphone app or computer program wants your personal data, you’re usually asked to read a privacy statement and agree to certain terms. Companies are legally required to notify you about their intentions to use the data you may share. And many companies certainly recognize that your data is a valuable resource and seek it out. As researchers, we have similar responsibilities, but with higher ethical standards.

If we are going to ask participants to share this resource, we need to consider why we need it. Clearly, we are invested in this research for some reason, otherwise we wouldn’t be spending our time doing it. Being upfront and genuine with our participants about why this topic is important to us and what we hope comes out of this research is a good first step. We also need to describe to other stakeholders (such as funders or sponsors) who might be involved why we are interested in it. In addition, it is helpful to consider what this research might represent to our participants.

• They may be unsure what to think about the research—This especially may be true if they have had limited exposure to research and/or academia.
• They might be nervous or apprehensive that it could have consequences, either for them individually or for their community
• They might be excited to share their story and may feel as though they are contributing to something larger or some beneficial change

Considering these factors can help us to be more sensitive as we prepare to enter the field for data collection.

Think about your study. Put yourself in the role of research participant.

What information would you want to know?

• About research in general
• About the researcher
• About the research topic

How reciprocal is the arrangement?

Building off the preceding discussion about what research might mean to participants, it is also important to consider the reciprocity in the researcher – participant relationship. We know that we are benefiting from the exchange – we are getting data, research findings, research products and any other advantages or opportunities that might be attached to these. However, the benefits are not always as clear on the participant side of this relationship. Sometimes we are able to provide incentives to honor a participant’s time and contribution to a project, but these are often relatively limited. Participants may also intrinsically value making a contribution to a research project that can eventually help to change or build awareness around something that is important to them, but these are often distant and intangible benefits. While we may not be able to change the fact that we may benefit more from this exchange than our participants, it is important for us to acknowledge this and to consider how this can affect the power differential. We may be asking for a lot, with relatively little to offer in return. This is in contrast to participatory research approaches (which have been discussed elsewhere), in which there is much more of an intentional effort to more equally distribute the benefits of these relationships.

• As a means of developing empathy as a researcher, it is worth considering what the significance or meaning of research is to the populations we are interested in working with. What do we (as researchers) and our projects represent to community members?
• As critical researchers, we need to be considered with the power differences that often exist as we conduct research, especially in the act of asking for data from participants. The request is often lop-sided, with us benefiting considerably more than the participant.

18.3 Preparations for the data gathering process

• Explain important influences to account for in qualitative data gathering
• Organize and document preparatory steps to plan data gathering activities for your qualitative proposal

As you may have guessed from our discussion regarding qualitative research planning and sampling, you have a number of options available for qualitative data gathering, and consequently, a number of choices to make. Your decisions should be driven by your research question and research design, including the resources that are at your disposal for conducting your study. Remember, qualitative research is a labor-intensive venture. While it may not require lots of fancy equipment, it requires a significant investment of people’s time and potentially other resources (e.g. space, incentives for participants, transportation). Each source of data (interviews, focus groups, observations, other artifacts), will require separate planning as you approach data gathering.

Our impact on the data gathering process

In the last chapter, you were introduced to the tool of reflexive journaling as a means of encouraging you to reflect on and document your role in the research process. Since qualitative researchers generally play a very active and involved role in the data gathering process (e.g. conducting interviews, facilitating focus groups, selecting artifacts), we need to consider ways to capture our influence on this part of the qualitative process. Let’s say you are conducting interviews. As you head into the interview, you might be bringing in thoughts about a previous interview, a conversation you just had with your research professor, or worries about finishing all your assignments by the end of the semester! During the interview, you are likely to be surprised by some things that are said or some parts may evoke strong emotions. These responses may lead you to consider pursuing a slightly different line of questioning, and potentially highlighting or de-emphasizing certain aspects. Understanding and being aware of your personal reactions during the data collection process is very important. As part of your design and planning, you may specify that you will reflexively journal before and after each interview in an attempt to capture pre- and post-interview thoughts and feelings. This can help us to consider how we influence and are influenced by the research process. Towards the end of this chapter, after we have had a chance to talk about some of these data gathering strategies, there is a reflexive journal prompt to help you consider how to begin to reflect on the way you as a researcher might impact your work and how you work might impact you.

Decision Point

How will you account for your role in the research process?

• This may be your reflexive journal or you may have other thoughts about how you can account for this.
• Whatever you choose, how will you develop a routine/habit around this to ensure that you are regularly implementing this?

Reflexive Journal Entry Prompt

This is going to be a bit meta, but for this prompt, I want you reflect on the reflecting you are doing for your reflexive journaling.

• Do you see this as a potentially helpful tool for tracking your influence and reactions? What appeals to you? What puts you off?
• If so, how did you develop this mindset?
• If not, how can you strengthen this skill?

When are we done

Finally, as you plan for your data collection you need to consider when to stop. As suggested previously in our discussion on sampling, the concept of saturation is important here. As a reminder, saturation is the point at which no new ideas or concepts are being presented as you continue to collect new pieces of data. Again, as qualitative researchers, we are often collecting and analyzing our data simultaneously. This is what enables us to continue screening for the point of saturation. Of course, not all studies utilize the point of saturation as their determining factor for the amount of data they will collect. This may be predetermined by other factors, such as restricted access or other limitations to the scope of the investigation. While there is no hard and fast rule for the quantity of data you gather, the quality is important; you want to be comprehensive, consistent, and systematic in your approach.

Next, we will discuss some of the different approaches to gathering qualitative data. I’m going to start out with Table 18.1 that allows us to compare these different approaches, providing you with a general framework that will allow us to dive a bit deeper into each one. After you finish reading this chapter, it might be helpful to come back to this table as you continue with your proposal planning.

• As you are preparing to initiate data collection, make sure that you have a plan for how you will capture and document your influence on the process. Reflexive journaling can be a useful tool to accomplish this.
• Be sure to take some time to think about when you will end your data collection. Make this an intentional, justified decisions, rather than a haphazard one.

18.4 Interviews

• Identify key considerations when planning to use interviewing as a strategy for qualitative data gathering, including preparations, tools, and skills to support it
• Assess whether interviewing is an effective approach to gather data for your qualitative research proposal

A common form of qualitative data gathering involves conducting interviews . Interviews offer researchers a way to gather data directly from participants by asking them to share their thoughts on a range of questions related to a research topic. Interviews are generally conducted individually, although occasionally couples (or other dyads , which consist of a combination of two people) may be interviewed. Interviews are a particularly good strategy for capturing unique perspectives and exploring experiences in detail. People may have a host of responses to the request to be interviewed, ranging from flat out rejection to excitement at the opportunity to share their story. As you plan to conduct your interviews you will need to decide on your delivery method, how you will capture the data, you will construct your interview guide , and hone your research interviewing skills.

Delivery method

As technology has advanced, so too have our options for conducting interviews. While in-person interviews are generally still the mainstay of the qualitative researcher, phone or video-based interviews have expanded the reach of many studies, allowing us to gain access to participants across vast distances with relatively few resources. Interviewing in-person allows you to capture important non-verbal and contextual information that will likely be limited if you choose to conduct your interview via phone or video. For instance, if we conduct an interview by phone, we miss the opportunity to see how our participant interacts with their surroundings and we can’t see if their arms are crossed or their foot is fidgety. This may indicate that a certain topic might make them particularly uncomfortable. Alternatively, we may pose a question that makes a smile come across their face. If we are interviewing in person, we can ask a follow-up question noting the smile as a change in their expression, however, it’s hard to hear a smile over the phone! Additionally, there is something to be said for the ability to make a personal connection with your interviewee that may help them to engage more easily in the interview process. This personal connection can be challenging over the phone or mediated by technology. As an example, I often offer to my students that we can meet for “virtual” office hours using Zoom if it is hard for them to get to campus. However, they will often prefer to come to campus, despite the inconvenience because they would prefer to avoid the technology.

Regardless of which method you select, make sure you are well prepared. If you are meeting in person, know where you are going and allow plenty of time to get there. Remember, you are asking someone to give up their time to speak with you, and time is precious! When determining where you will meet for your interview, you may choose to meet at your office, their home, or a neutral setting in the community. If meeting somewhere in the community, do consider that you want to choose a place where you can reasonably assure the participant’s privacy and confidentiality as they are speaking with you. In most instances, I try to ask participants where they would feel most comfortable meeting. If you are speaking over phone or video, make sure to test your equipment ahead of time so that you are comfortable using it, and make sure that both you and the participant have access to a private space as you are speaking. If participants have minor children, plan ahead for whether the children should stay in the same space as the interview. If not, you may need to arrange child care or at least discuss child care with participants in advance. We also want to be mindful of how we are situated during an interview, ideally minimizing any power imbalances. This may be especially important when meeting in an office, making sure to sit across from our participants rather than behind a desk.

Capturing the data

You will also need to consider how you plan to physically capture your data. Some researchers record their interviews, using either a smartphone or a digital recording device. Recording the exchange allows you to have a verbatim record, which can allow the researcher to more fully participate in the interview, instead of worrying about capturing everything in writing. However, if there is a problem with recording – either the quality of the recording or some other equipment malfunction, the researcher can be up the proverbial creek without a paddle. Additionally, using a recording device may be perceived as a barrier between the researcher and the participant, as the participant may not feel comfortable being recorded. If you do plan to record, you should always ask permission first and announce clearly when you are starting and stopping the recording. If you will use recording equipment, be sure to test it carefully in advance, and bring backup batteries/phone charger with you.

The alternative to recording is taking field notes. Field notes consist of a written record of the interview, completed during the interview. You may elect to take field notes even if you are recording the interview, and most people do. This allows us to capture main ideas that stand out to us as researchers, nonverbal information that won’t show up in a recording, and some of our own reactions as the interview is being conducted. These field notes become invaluable if you have a problem with your recording. Even if you don’t, they provide helpful information as you interpret the data you do have in your transcript (the typed version of your recording).

If you are not recording and are relying completely on your notes, it is important to know that you are not going to capture every word and that you shouldn’t try. You want to plan in advance how you will structure your notes so that they make sense to you and are easy to follow. Try to capture all main ideas, important quotes that stand out, and whenever possible, use the participant’s own words. We need to recognize that when we paraphrase what the person is stating, we are introducing our ‘spin’ on it – their ideas go through our filter. We likely can’t avoid some of this, but we do want to minimize it as much as possible. Part of how we do this when we are relying on field notes is to take our interview notes and create expanded field notes , ideally within 24 hours of the interview. The longer you wait to expand your field notes, the less reliable they become, as our memory fades quickly! Much like they sound, expanded field notes take our jottings from the interview and expand them, providing more detail regarding the context or meaning of the statements that were captured. Expanded field notes may also contain questions, comments, or reactions that we, as the researcher, may have had to the data, which are usually kept in the margins, rather than in the body of the notes.

Below are a few resources to learn more about taking quality field notes. Along with the reading, practice, practice, practice!

Resources to learn more about capturing your Field Notes:

Deggs, D., & Hernandez, F. (2018). Enhancing the value of qualitative field notes through purposeful reflection .

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008). Qualitative guidelines project: Fieldnotes .

University of Southern California Libraries. (2019). Research guides: Organizing your social sciences research paper, writing field notes .

Wolfinger, N. (2002). On writing fieldnotes: Collection strategies and background expectancies.

Interview guide

The questions that you ask during your interview will be outlined in a tool called an interview guide . Along with your interview questions, your interview guide will also often contain a brief introduction reminding the participant of the topics that will be covered in the interview and any other instructions you want to provide them (note: much of this will simply serve as a reminder of what you already went over in your informed consent, but it is good practice to remind them right before you get started as well). In addition, the guide often ends with a debriefing statement that thanks the participant for their contribution, inquires whether they have any questions or concerns, and provides contact and resource information as appropriate. Below is a brief interview guide for a study that I was involved with, in which we were interviewing alumni regarding their perceptions of advanced educational needs in the field of social work and specifically their thoughts about practice doctorate of social work (DSW) degrees/programs.

Some interviews are prescribed or structured, with a rigid set of questions that are asked consistently each time, with little to no deviation. This is called a structured interview . More often however, we are dealing with semi-structured interviews , which provide a general framework for the questions that will be asked, but- contain more flexibility to pursue related topics that are brought up by participants. This often leads to researchers asking unplanned follow-up questions to help explore new ideas that are introduced by participants. Sometimes we also use unstructured interviews . These interview guides usually just contain a very open-ended talking prompt that we want participants to respond to. If we are using a highly structured interview guide, this suggests we are leaning toward deductive reasoning apporach—we have a pretty good idea based on existing evidence what we are looking for and what questions we want to ask to help us test our existing understanding. If we are using an unstructured guide, this suggests we are leaning toward an inductive reasoning approach—we start by trying to get people to elaborate extensively on open-ended questions to provide us with data that we will use to develop our understanding of this topic.

An important concept related to the contents of your interview guide is the idea of emergent design . With qualitative research we often treat our interview guide as dynamic, meaning that as new ideas are brought up, we may integrate these new questions into our interview guide for future interviews. This reflects emergent design, as our interview guide shifts to accommodate our emerging understanding of the research topic as we are gathering data. If you do plan to use an emergent design approach in your interviews, it is important to acknowledge this in your IRB application. When you submit your application, you will need to provide the IRB with your interview guide so that they have an idea of the questions you will be discussing with participants. While using an emergent approach to some of your questions is generally acceptable (and even expected), these questions still should be clearly relevant and related to what was presented in your IRB application. If you find that you begin diverging into new areas that are substantively different from this, you should consider submitting an IRB addendum that reflects the changes, and it may be a good idea to consult with your IRB to see if this is necessary.

Designing interview questions and probes

Making up questions, it sounds easy right? Little kids are running around asking questions all the time! However, what you quickly find when conducting research is that it takes skills, ingenuity and practice to craft good interview questions. If you are conducting an unstructured interview, you will generally have fewer questions and they will be quite broad. Depending on your topic, you might ask questions like:

• Tell me about a time…
• What was it like to…
• What should people understand about…
• What does it mean to…

If your interview is more structured, your questions will be a bit more focused, but with qualitative interviewing, we are still generally trying to get people to open up about their experiences with something, so you will want to design questions that will help them to do this. Probes can be important tools to help us accomplish this. You can think of probes as brief follow-ups that are attached to a particular question that will help you explore a topic a bit further. We usually develop probes either through existing literature or knowledge on a topic, or we might add probes to our interview guide as we begin data collection based on what previous participants tell us. As an example, I’m very interested in research on the concept of wellness. I know that the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has adopted a heuristic tool, The Wheel of Wellness , that outlines eight dimensions of wellness based on research by Swarbrick (2006). [1] When interviewing participants with the broad, unstructured question “What does wellness mean in your life?”, I might use these eight dimensions that are spokes of this wheel (i.e. emotional, spiritual, intellectual, physical, environmental, financial, occupational, and social) as probes to explore if/how these dimensions might be relevant in the lives of these participants. Probes suggest that we are anticipating that certain areas may be relevant to our question.

Here are a few general guidelines to consider when crafting your interview questions.

Make them approachable

We are usually relatively unfamiliar with our participants, at least on a personal level. This can make sitting down for an interview where we might be asking some deep questions a bit awkward and uncomfortable, at least at first. Because of this, we want to craft our questions in such a way that they are not off-putting, inadvertently accusatory or judgmental, or culturally insensitive. To accomplish this, we want to make sure we phrase questions in a neutral tone (e.g. “Tell me what that was like”, as opposed to, “That sounds horrible, what was that like”). To accomplish this, we can shift perspectives and think about what it would be like for us to be asked these questions (especially by a stranger). Pilot testing is especially important here. You should plan in time for this, both conducting pilot testing and incorporating feedback on questions. Pilot testing involves you taking your questions on a dry-run with a few people outside of your sample. You might consider testing these out with peers, colleagues, or friends to get their perspective. You might want to get feedback on:

• Did the question make sense to them?
• Did they know what information you were looking for and how to respond?
• What was it like to be asked that question?
• What suggestions do they have for rephrasing the question (if it wasn’t clear)?

Also, if we are conducting interviews on topics that may be particularly hard for people to talk about, we will likely want to start out with some questions that are easier to address prior to getting into the heavier topics.

Make them relatable

Unlike surveys, where researchers may not be able to explain the meaning of a question, with interviews, we are present to help clarify questions if needed. However, ideally, our questions are as clear as possible from the beginning. This means that we avoid jargon or technical terms, we anticipate areas that might be hard to explain and try to provide some examples or a metaphor that might help get the point across, and we do our homework to relay our questions in an appropriate cultural context. Like the discussion above, pilot testing our questions can be very helpful for ensuring the relatability of our questions, especially with community representatives. When pilot testing, do your best to test questions with a person/people from the same culture and educational level as the future participants. What sounds good in our heads might make little sense to our intended audience.

Make them individually distinct, but collectively comprehensive

Just like when we are developing survey questions, you don’t want to ask more than one question at the same time. This is confusing and hard to respond to for the participant, so make sure you are only asking about one idea in each question. However, when you are thinking about your list of questions, or about your interview guide collectively, ensure that you have comprehensively included all the ideas related to your topic. It’s extremely disheartening for a qualitative researcher that has concluded their interviews to realize there was a really important area that was not included in the guide. To avoid this, make sure to know the literature in your area well and talk to other people who study this area to get their perspective on what topics need to be included. Additional topics may come up when you pilot test your interview questions.

Interview skills

As social workers, we receive much training regarding interviewing and related interpersonal skills. Many of these skills certainly transfer to interviewing for research purposes, such as attending to both verbal and non-verbal communication, active listening, and clarification. However, it is also important to understand how a practice-related interview differs from a research interview.

The most important difference has to do with providing clarity around the purpose of the interview. For a practice-related interview, we are gathering information to help understand our client’s situation and better meet their needs. The interview is a means to provide quality services to our clients, and the emphasis is on the client and resources flowing to them. However, the research interview is ideologically much different. The interview is the means and the end. The purpose of the interview is to help answer the research question, but most often, there is little or limited direct benefit to the participant. The researcher is largely the beneficiary of the exchange, as the participant provides us with data. If the participant does become upset or is negatively affected by their participation, we may help facilitate their connection with appropriate support services to address this, such as counseling or crisis numbers (and indeed, this is our ethical obligation as a competent researcher). However, counseling and treatment is not our responsibility when conducting research interviews and we should be very careful not to confuse it as such. If we do act in this way, it creates the potential for a dual relationship with the interviewee (participant and client) and puts them in a vulnerable situation. Make sure you are clear what your role is in this encounter.

Along with recognizing the focus of your role, here is a checklist of general tips for qualitative interviewing skills:

• Approach the interview in a relaxed, but professional manner
• Be observant of verbal, nonverbal, and contextual information
• Exhibit a non-judgmental stance
• Explain information clearly and check for comprehension
• Demonstrate respect for your participants and be polite
• Utilize much more listening and much less talking
• Check for understanding when you are unclear, rather than making assumptions
• Know your materials and technology (e.g. informed consent, interview guide, recording equipment)
• Be concise, clear and organized as you are taking notes
• Have a structured approach for what you need to cover and redirect if the conversation is losing focus
• Be flexible enough so that the interview does not become impersonal and disengaging due to rigidity of your agenda
• Data collection through interviewing requires careful planning for both how we will conduct our interviews (e.g. in person, over the phone, online) and the nature of the interview questions themselves. An interview guide is an important document to develop in planning this.
• Qualitative interviewing uses similar skills to clinical interviewing, but is markedly different. This difference is due in large part to the very different purpose of these two activities.

Let’s get some practice!

Thinking about your topic, if you were to use interviewing as an approach for data collection, identify 4 interview questions that you would consider asking about your topic. Make sure these are open-ended questions so that your participants can elaborate on them.

• Interview question 1:
• Interview question 2:
• Interview question 3:
• Interview question 4:

Now pilot these. Ask a peer to read these questions and think about trying to answer them. You aren’t interested in their actual answers, you want feedback about how these questions were.

• Were they understandable and clear?
• Were they potentially culturally insensitive or offensive in any way?
• Are they something that it seems reasonable that someone could answer (especially with a researcher they likely don’t know previously)?
• Are they asked in a way that are likely to get people to elaborate (rather than just give a one-word answer)?
• What suggestions do they have to address all/any of these areas?

Based on your peer feedback, re-write your four questions incorporating their suggestions.

• Revised interview question 1:
• Revised interview question 2:
• Revised interview question 3:
• Revised interview question 4:

Resources for learning more about conducting Qualitative Interviews.

Baker, S. E., & Edwards, R. (2012) National Centre for Research Methods review paper: How many qualitative interviews is enough?

Clifford, S. Duke University Initiative on Survey Methodology at the Social Science Research Institute (n.d.). Tipsheet: Qualitative interviews.

Harvard University Sociology Dept. (n.d.). Strategies for qualitative interviews .

McGrath et al., (2018). Twelve tips for conducting qualitative research interviews .

Oltmann, S. M. (2016). Qualitative interviews: A methodological discussion of the interviewer and respondent contexts .

A few exemplars of studies employing Interview Data:

Ewart‐Boyle, S., Manktelow, R., & McColgan, M. (2015). Social work and the shadow father: Lessons for engaging fathers in Northern Ireland .

Flashman, S. H. (2015). Exploration into pre-clinicians’ views of the use of role-play games in group therapy with adolescents .

Irvin, K. (2016). Maintaining community roots: understanding gentrification through the eyes of long-standing African American residents in West Oakland .

18.5 Focus groups

• Identify key considerations when planning to use focus groups as a strategy for qualitative data gathering, including preparations, tools, and skills to support it
• Assess whether focus groups are an effective approach to gather data for your qualitative research proposal

Focus groups offer the opportunity to gather data from multiple participants at once. As you have likely learned in some of your practice coursework, groups can help facilitate an environment where people feel (more) comfortable sharing common experiences which can often allow them to delve deeper into topics than they may have individually. As people relate to what others in the group say, they often go on to share their responses to these new ideas – offering a collaborative synergy. Of course, similar to the research vs. clinical interview described above, the purpose of the focus group is much different than that of the therapeutic, psychoeducational, or support group. While other elements (e.g. information sharing, encouragement) may take place, the aim of the focus group must remain anchored in the collection of data and that should be made explicitly clear so participants have accurate expectations. As a cautionary note, the advantages discussed above should be the reason you choose to use a focus group to collect data. You should not choose to conduct a focus group solely out of convenience. Focus groups require a considerable amount of planning and skill to execute well, so it is not reasonable to think that just because a focus group allows you to collect data from multiple participants at once that it is an easier option for data gathering.

Group assembly

Assembling your focus group is an important part of your planning process. Generally speaking, focus groups shouldn’t exceed 10-12 participants. When thinking about size, there are a couple things to consider. On the lower end, you do want enough participants so that they don’t feel pressure to be constantly speaking. I f you only have a couple of focus group members, it loses most of the collective benefit of the focus group approach, as there are few people to generate and share ideas. On the higher end, you want to avoid having so many participants that not everyone gets to be heard and the group conversation becomes unwieldy and hard to manage.

As you are forming your group, you want to strike up a balance between heterogeneity (difference) and homogeneity (sameness) between your group members. If the group is too heterogeneous, then opinions may be so polarized that it is hard to have a productive conversation about the topic. People may not feel comfortable sharing their opinion or it may be difficult to gain a common understanding across the data. If the group is too homogeneous, then it may be hard to get much depth from the data. People may see the topic so similarly that we don’t gain much information about how differing perspectives think about the issue. You generally want your group composition to be different enough to be interesting and produce good conversation, but similar enough that members can relate to each other and have a cohesive conversation. Along these lines, you also need to consider whether or not your participants know each other. Do they have existing relationships? If they do know each other, we need to anticipate that there may be existing group dynamics. This may influence how people engage in discussion with us. On one hand, they may find it easy to share more freely. However, these dynamics may inhibit them from speaking their mind, as they might be concerned about repercussions for sharing within their social network.

As a final note on group composition, sometimes we make decisions on group members’ characteristics based on our topic. For instance, if we are asking questions about help-seeking and common experiences after (heterosexual) sexual assault, it may be challenging to host a mixed-gender group, where participants may feel triggered or guarded having members of the opposite gender present and therefore potentially less open to sharing. It is important to consider the population you are working with and the types of questions you are asking, as this can help you to be sensitive to their perceptions and facilitate the creation of a safe space. Other issues, such as race, age, levels of education, may require consideration as you think about your group composition.

Related to feelings of safety, the setting you select for your focus group is an important decision. Much like with interviews, we want participants to feel as comfortable and at-ease as possible, however, it is perhaps less common to use someone’s home for the purpose of a focus group because we are often bringing together people who may not know one another. As such, try to select a place that feels neutral (e.g. some people may not feel comfortable in a church or a courthouse), accessible, convenient, and that offers privacy for participants. If you are working with a particular group or community, there may be a space that is especially relevant or familiar for people that may work well for this purpose. A c ommunity gatekeeper or other knowledgeable community member can be an excellent resource in helping to identify where a good spa ce might be. Seating in a circle will help participants to share more easily. Focus group organizers often provide refreshments as an incentive and to make participants feel more comfortable. If you decide to provide refreshments, be sensitive to issues like common dietary restrictions and cultural preferences.

Roles of the researcher(s)

Ideally, you are conducting your focus group with a co-researcher. This is important because it allows you to divide up the tasks and makes the process more manageable. Most often, one of you will take on the main facilitator role, with responsibilities for providing information and instructions, introducing topics, asking follow-up questions and generally structuring the encounter. The other person takes on a note-taking/processing role. While not necessarily silent, they likely say very little during the focus group. Instead, they are focused on capturing the context of the encounter. This may include taking notes about what is said, how people respond or react, other details about the space and the overall exchange as a whole. They will also often be especially attentive to group dynamics and capturing these whenever possible. Along with this, if they see that certain group members are dominating or being left out of the conversation, they may help the facilitator to address or shift these dynamics so that the sharing is more equitable. Finally, if something arises where a participant becomes upset or there is an emergency where they need to leave the room, having a co-researcher allows one of you to remain with the group, while the other can attend to the person in distress. For consistency sake, you may want to maintain roles throughout data collection. If you do decide to alternate roles as you conduct multiple focus groups, it is important that you both conduct the respective roles as similarly as possible. Remember, research is about the systematic collection of data, so you want your data collection to follow a consistent process. Below is a chart that offers some tips for each of these roles.

Focus group guide and preparations

As in your preparation for an interview, you will want to spend considerable time developing your focus group guide and the questions it contains. Be sure the language you use in your questions is appropriate for the educational level of your participants; you will need to use vocabulary that is clear and not “jargon”. At the same time, you also want to avoid talking down to your participants. You will probably want to start with some easier, non-threatening questions to help break the ice for the group and help get folks comfortable talking and sharing their input. Be prepared to ask questions in a different way or follow up with probes to help prod the conversation along if a question falls flat or fails to elicit a dialogue. In addition, you will want to plan introductions, both to the study and to one another. Usually we stick to first names, and occasionally during introductions, participants will share how they are connected to the topic of the research. Just like in many practice-related groups, facilitators usually take time to review group norms and expectations before getting started with questions. Some common norms to discuss are:

• Not talking over other participants
• Being respectful of other participants’ contributions
• All people are expected to participate in the conversation
• Not pressuring people to respond to a question if they are uncomfortable
• Using respectful language and avoiding derogatory, discriminatory or accusatory language or tone
• Not using electronic devices and silencing cell-phones during the focus group
• Allowing others ample time to contribute to the conversation and not dominating the discussion

Another expectation to address that is especially important to include is confidentiality . It is important to make clear to participants that what is shared in the group should be kept confidential and not discussed outside the context of the focus group. Additionally, it is important to let participants know that while the researchers ask all participants to protect the confidentiality of what is shared, they can’t guarantee that will be honored. Below figure 18.4 offers an example of a focus group guide template to help you think about how to structure this type of document.

Capturing your data

Finally, as with interviews, you will need to plan how you will capture the data from your focus group(s). Again, you may choose to record the focus groups, take fie ld notes, or use a combination of both. There are some special considerations that apply to these choices when using a focus group, however. First, if recording, anticipate that it may be especially challenging when transcribing the recording to determine who said what. In addition, the quality of the recording can become a challenge. Despite requests for individuals to speak one at a time, inevitably there will be spots where there are multi ple people talking at once, especially with an animated group. Additionally, do test the recording devices, ideally in the space you will be using them. You want to make sure that it can pick up everyone’s voice, even if they are soft-spoken and seated a distance from the device. If you are relying solely on a recordi ng and there is a problem with it, it can be difficult to surmount the barriers this can pose . If this occurs with an interview, while not ideal, you can re-interview a person to replace the information, but re-creating a focus group can be a logistical night mare. When taking field notes , it is a good practice to make a quick seating chart at the beginning so you can make quick references for yourself of who is saying what (see Figure 18.5). Regardl ess of what system you use to stay organize d in taking these notes, make sure to have one that works for you. The conversations will likely happen more rapidly and will include multiple voices, so you will want to be prepared in advance.

• Focus groups offer a valuable tool for qualitative data collection when the topic we are exploring might best be understood through a group discussion that helps participants verbally process and consider their experiences, thoughts, and opinions with others.
• Details like focus group composition, roles of co-facilitators, and anticipation of group norms or guidelines require our attention as we prepare to host a focus group.

Reflexive journal prompt

How do you feel about conducting a focus group?

• What about it is appealing
• What about it seems challenging
• Would you prefer to be the main facilitator or the observer (and why)?
• What might make using a focus group a good choice for your specific research question?
• What might make using a focus group a poor choice for your specific research question?

Resources to learn more about conducting Focus Groups.

Leung, F. H., & Savithiri, R. (2009). Spotlight on focus groups .

Duke, ModU (2016, October 19). Powerful concepts in social science: Preparing for focus groups, qualitative research methods

Onwuegbuzie et al. (2009). A qualitative framework for collecting and analyzing data in focus group research .

Nyumba et al. (2018). The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights from two decades of application in conservation .

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008). Qualitative Guidelines Project: Focus groups.

A few exemplars of studies employing Focus Groups:

Foote, W. L. (2015). Social work field educators’ views on student specific learning needs .

Hoover, S. M., & Morrow, S. L. (2016). A qualitative study of feminist multicultural trainees’ social justice development .

Kortes-Miller, K., Wilson, K., & Stinchcombe, A. (2019). Care and LGBT aging in Canada: A focus group study on the educational gaps among care workers .

18.6 Observations

• Identify key considerations when planning to use observations as a strategy for qualitative data gathering, including preparations, tools, and skills to support it
• Assess whether observations are an effective approach to gather data for your qualitative research proposal

Observational data can also be very important to the qualitative researcher. As discussed in Chapter 17 , observations can provide important information about context, rea ctions, behaviors, exchanges, and expressions. The focus of observations may be indi viduals, i nteractions between people or within groups, environments or settings, or events like artistic expressions (e.g. plays, poetry readings, art shows), public forums (e.g. town hall meetings, community festivals), private forums (e.g. board meetings, family reunions), and finally, your reactions or responses as the researcher to any and all of these. We will be discussing a variety of different types of qualitative designs in Chapter 22 , including ethnography. Observational data is especially important for ethnographic research designs. 

Researcher engagement

Observational data gathering is a more indirect form of data collection when compared with previous methods we have discussed. With both interviews and focus groups, you are gathering data directly from participants. When making observations, we are relying on our interpretation of what is going on. Even though we are often not directly interacting with people, we generally have an ethical responsibility to disclose that we are gathering data by making observations and gain consent to do so. That being said, there are some instances where we are making observations in public spaces, and in these instances disclosure may not be necessary because we are not gathering any identifiable information about specific people. These instances are rare, but if you are in doubt, consult with your IRB.

Even though I just suggested that making observations is often a more indirect form of data gathering, it does exist on a continuum. If utilizing observational data, you will need to consider where you fall on this continuum. Some research designs situate the researcher as an active participant in the community or group that they are studying, while other designs have the researcher as an independent and detached onlooker. In either case, you need to consider how your presence, either involved or detached, may influence the data you are gathering. This requires us to think of this on a more individual or micro level (how do the individuals we are directly observing perceive us) and a more mezzo or even macro level (how does the community or group of people we are studying collectively feel about our presence and our research)? Are people changing their behavior because of your presence? Are people monitoring or censoring what they say? We can’t always know the answers to these questions, but we can try to reduce these concerns by making repeated observations over time, rather than using a one-time, in-and-out data gathering mission. This means actually spending time within the community that is the focus of your observation. Taking the time to make repeated observations will allow you to develop a reasonable framework of understanding, which in turn will empower you to better interpret what you see and help you determine whether your observations and interpretation are consistent.

Observational skills

When gathering observational data, you are often attending to or taking in many different dimensions. You are potentially observing:

• the context of the environment
• the content of what is being said
• behaviors of people
• affective or emotional aspects of interactions
• sequences of events
• your own reactions to what is being observed

To capture this information, you will need to be keenly aware, focused, and organized. Additionally, you need to make sure you are capturing clear descriptions of what is going on. Remember, notes that seem completely logical and easy to understand at the time you are taking them can become vague and confusing with the passage of time and as you gather more and more data. Part of the clarity of your description often involves taking a non-judgmental approach to documenting your observations. While this may seem easy, judgments or biases frequently slip into our thinking and writing (unbeknownst to us). Along with a non-judgmental stance, researchers making observations also attempt to be as unobtrusive as possible. This means being conscious of your behaviors, your dress and overall appearance. If you show up wearing a suit and tie, and carrying a clipboard while everyone else is wearing jeans and t-shirts, you are likely to stick out like a sore thumb. This is also likely to influence how participants respond and interact with you. Know the environment that you are making your observations in, with a goal of blending in as much as possible.

Observational data is most often captured using field notes. Using recordings for observational data is infrequently used in social work research. This is especially true because of the potential for violations of privacy and threats to confidentiality that recordings (video or audio) may pose to participants. Mirroring our discussion above, when taking field notes, make sure to be organized and have a plan for how you will structure your notes so they are easy to interpret and make sense to you. Creswell (2013) [2] suggests capturing ‘descriptive’ and ‘reflective’ aspects in your observational field notes. Table 18.3 offers some more detailed description of what to include as you capture your data and corresponding examples.

For the purposes of qualitative research, our observations are generally unstructured or more naturalistic . However, you may also see mention of more systematic or structured observations. This is more common for quantitative data collection, where we may be attempting to capture or count the frequency with which a specific behavior or event occurs.

• Observational data collection can be an effective tool for gathering information about settings, interactions, and general human behavior. However, since this is gathered strictly through the researchers own direct observation, it is not a source of data on people’s thoughts, perceptions, values, opinions, beliefs or interpretations.
• There are a range of aspects that we may want to take note of while we are observing (e.g. the setting, interactions, descriptions of people, etc.).
• While we are making our observations, we generally want to do so as inconspicuously and non-judgmentally as possible.

Resources for learning more about conducting Qualitative Observations.

Kawulich, B.B. (2005, May) Participant observation as a data collection method .

Kawulich, B.B. (2012). Collecting data through observation . In C. Wagner, B. Kawulich, & M. Garner (Eds.), Doing social research: A global context ( 150-160). New York: McGraw Hill.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008). Qualitative Guidelines Project: Observations .

Sliter, M. (2014, June 30). Observational methods: Research methods.

A few exemplars of studies employing qualitative observations:

Avby et al. (2017). Knowledge use and learning in everyday social work practice: A study in child investigation work .

Wilkins et al. (2018). A golden thread? The relationship between supervision, practice, and family engagement in child and family social work .

Wood et al. (2017). The “gray zone” of police work during mental health encounters: Findings from an observational study in Chicago .

18.7 Documents and other artifacts

• Identify key considerations when planning to analyze documents and other artifacts as a strategy for qualitative data gathering, including preparations, tools, and skills to support it
• Assess whether analyzing documents and other artifacts is an effective approach to gather data for your qualitative research proposal

Qualitative researchers may also elect to utilize existing documents (e.g. reports, newspapers, blogs, minutes) or other artifacts (e.g. photos, videos, performances, works of art) as sources of data. Artifact analysis can provide important information on a specific topic, for instance, how same-sex couples are portrayed in the media. They also may provide contextual information regarding the values and popular sentiments of a given time and/or place. When choosing to utilize documents and other artifacts as a source of data for your project, remember that you are approaching these as a researcher, not just as a consumer of media. You need to thoughtfully plan what artifacts you will include, with a clear justification for their selection that is solidly linked to your research question, as well as a plan for systematically approaching these artifacts to identify and obtain relevant information from them.

Obtaining your artifacts

As you begin considering what artifacts you will be using for your research study, there are two points to consider: what will help you to answer your research question and what can you gain access to. In addressing the first of these considerations, you may already have a good idea about what artifacts are needed because you have done a substantial amount of preliminary work and you know this area well. However, if you are unsure, or you need to supplement your existing knowledge, some general sources can include: librarians, historians, community experts, topical experts, organizations or agencies that address the issue or serve the population you will be studying, and other researchers who study this area. In considering access, if the artifacts are public the answer may be a straightforward yes, but if the documents are privately held, you may need to be granted permission – and remember, this is permission to use them for research purposes, not just to view them. When obtaining permission, get something in writing, so that you have this handy to submit with your IRB application. While the types of artifacts you might include are almost endless (given they are relevant to your research question), Table 18.4 offers a list of some ideas for different sources you might consider:

Artifact analysis skills

Consistent with other areas of research, but perhaps especially salient to the use of artifacts, you will require organizational skills. Depending on what sources you choose to include, you may literally have volumes of data. Furthermore, you might not just be dealing with a large amount of data, but also a variety of types of data. Regardless of whether you are using physical or virtual data, you need to have a way to label and catalog (or file) each artifact so that you can easily track it down. As you collect specific information from each piece, make sure it is tagged with the appropriate label so that you can track it back down, as you very well may need to reference it later. This is also very important for honest and transparency in your work as a qualitative researcher – documenting a way to trace your findings back to the raw data .

In addition to staying organized, you also need to think specifically about what you are looking for in the artifacts. This might seem silly, but depending on the amount of data you are dealing with and how broad your research topic is, it might be hard to ‘separate the wheat from the chaff’ and figure out what is important or relevant information. Sometimes this is more clearly defined and we have a prescribed list of things we are looking for. This prescribed list may come from existing literature on the topic. This prescribed list may be based on peer-reviewed literature that is more conceptual, meaning that it focuses on defining concepts, putting together propositions, formulating early stage theories, and laying out professional wisdom, rather than reporting research findings. Drawing on this literature, we can then examine our data to see if there is evidence of these ideas and what this evidence tells us about these concepts. If this is the case, make sure you document this list somewhere, and on this list define each item and provide a code that you can attach when you see it in each document. This document then becomes your codebook .

However, if you aren’t clear ahead of time what this list might be, you may take an emergent approach, meaning that you have some general ideas of what you are seeking. In this event, you will actively create a codebook as you go, like the one described above, as you encounter these ideas in your artifacts. This helps you to gain a better understanding of what items should be included in your list, rather than coming in with preconceived notions about what they should be. There will be more about tracking this in our next chapter on qualitative analysis. Whether you have a prescribed list or use a more emergent design to develop your codebook, you will likely make modifications or corrections to it along the way as your knowledge evolves. When you make these changes, it is very important to have a way to document what changes you made, when, and why. Again, this helps to keep you honest, organized, and transparent. Just as another reminder, if you are using predetermined codes that you are looking for, this is reflective of a more deductive approach, whereas seeking emergent codes is more inductive .

Finally, when using artifacts, you may also need to bring in some creative, out-of-the-box thinking. You may be bringing together many different pieces of data that look and sound nothing alike, yet you are seeking information from them that will allow you tell a cohesive story. You may need to be fluid or flexible in how you are looking at things, and potentially challenge your preconceived notions.

As alluded to above, you may have physical artifacts that you are dealing with, digital artifacts or representations of these artifacts (e.g. videos, photos, recordings), or even field notes about artifacts (for instance, if you take notes of a dramatic performance that can’t be recorded). A large part of what may drive your decisions about how to capture your data may be related to your level of access to those artifacts: can you look at it? Can you touch it, can you take it home with you, can you take a picture of it? Depending on what artifacts we are talking about, some of these may be important questions. Regardless of the answers to these questions, you will need to have a clearly articulated and well-documented plan for how you are obtaining the data and how you will reference it in the future. Table 18.4 provides a list of data gathering activities you might consider, both for documents and for other audiovisual materials.

What types of artifacts might you have access to that might help to answer your research question(s)?

• These could be artifacts available at your field placement, publically available media, through school, or through public institutions
• These can be documents or they can be audiovisual materials
• Think outside the box, how can you gather direct or indirect indications of the thing you are studying

Generate a list of at least 3

Again, drawing on Creswell’s (2013) suggestion of capturing ‘descriptive’ and ‘reflective’ aspects in your field notes, Table 18.5 offers some more detailed description of what to include as your capture your data and corresponding examples when focusing on an artifact.

Resources to learn more about qualitative research with artifacts.

Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method .

Rowsell, J. (2011). Carrying my family with me: Artifacts as emic perspectives .

Hammond, J., & McDermott, I. (n.d.). Policy document analysis .

Wang et al. (2017). Arts-based methods in socially engaged research practice: A classification framework .

A few exemplars of studies utilizing documents and other artifacts.

Casey, R. C. (2018). Hard time: A content analysis of incarcerated women’s personal accounts .

Green, K. R. (2018). Exploring the implications of shifting HIV prevention practice Ideologies on the Work of Community-Based Organizations: A Resource dependence perspective . 

Sousa, P., & Almeida, J. L. (2016). Culturally sensitive social work: promoting cultural competence .

Secondary data analysis

I wanted to briefly provide some special attention to secondary data analysis at the end of this chapter. In the past two chapters we have focused our sights most often on what we would call raw data sources . However, you can of course conduct qualitative research with secondary data , which is data that was collected previously for another research project or other purpose; data is not originating from your research process. If you are fortunate enough to have access and permission to use qualitative data that had already been collected, you can pose a new research question that may be answered by analyzing this data. This saves you the time and energy from having to collect the data yourself!

You might procure this data because you know the researcher that collected the original data. For instance, as a student, perhaps there is a faculty member that allows you access to data they had previously collected for another project. Alternatively, maybe you locate a source of qualitative data that is publicly available. Examples of this might include interviews previously conducted with Holocaust survivors. Finally, you might register and join a research data repository . These are sites where contributing researchers can house data that other researchers can view and request permission to use. Syracuse University hosts a repository that is explicitly dedicated to qualitative data . While there are more of these emerging, it may be a challenge to find the specific data you are looking for in a repository. You should also anticipate that data from repositories will have all identifiable information removed. Sharing data you have collected with a repository is a good way to extend the potential usefulness and impact of data, but it also should be anticipated before you collect your data so that you can build it into any informed consent so participants are made aware of the possibility.

Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS)

Some qualitative researchers use software packages known as Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) in their work. These are tools that can aid researchers in managing, organizing and manipulating/analyzing their data. Some of the more common tools include NVivo, Atlas.ti, and MAXQDA, which have licensing fees attached to them (although many have discounted student rates). However, there are also some free options available if you do some hunting. Taguette Project is the only free and open source CAQDAS project that is currently receiving updates, as previous projects like RQDA which built from the R library are not in active development. Taguette is a young project, and unlike the free alternatives for quantitative data analysis, it lacks the sophisticated analytical tools of commercial CAQDAS programs.

It is unlikely that you will be using a CAQDAS for a student project, mostly because of the additional time investment it will take to become familiar with the software and associated costs (if applicable). In fact the best way to avoid spending money on qualitative data analysis software is to do your analysis by hand or using word processing or spreadsheet software. If you continue on with other qualitative research projects, it may be worth some additional study to learn more about CAQDAS tools. If you do choose to use one of these products, it won’t magically do the analysis for you. You need to be clear about what you are using the software for and how it supports your analysis plan, which will be the focus of our next chapter.

Resources to learn more about CAQDAS.

Maher et al. (2018). Ensuring rigor in qualitative data analysis: A design research approach to coding combining NVivo with traditional material methods .

Woods et al. (2016). Advancing qualitative research using qualitative data analysis software (QDAS)? Reviewing potential versus practice in published studies using ATLAS. ti and NVivo, 1994–2013 .

Zamawe, F. C. (2015). The implication of using NVivo software in qualitative data analysis: Evidence-based reflections .

As you continue to plan your research proposal, make sure to give practical thought to how you will go about collecting your qualitative data. Hopefully this chapter helped you to consider which methods are appropriate and what skills might be required to apply that particular method well. Revisit the table in section 18.3 that summarizes each of these approaches and some of the strengths and challenges associated with each of them. Collecting qualitative data can be a labor-intensive process, to be sure. However, I personally find it very rewarding. In its very forms, we are bearing witness to people’s stories and experiences.

• Artifact analysis can be particularly useful for qualitative research as a means of studying existing data; meaning we aren’t having to collect the data ourselves, but we do have to gather it. As a limitation, we don’t have any control over how the data was created, since we weren’t involved in it.
• There are many sources of existing data that we can consider for artifact analysis. Think of all the things around us that can help to tell some story! Artifact analysis may be especially appealing as a potential time saver for student researchers if you can gain permission to use existing artifacts or use artifacts that are publicly available.
• Artifact analysis still requires a systematic and premeditated approach to how you will go about extract information from your artifacts.

Here are a few questions to get you thinking about the role that you play as you gather qualitative data.

• What are your initial thoughts about qualitative data collection?
• Why might that be?
• What excites you about this process?
• What worries you about this process?
• What aspects of yourself will strengthen or enhance this process?
• What aspects of yourself may hinder or challenge this process?

Decision Point: How will you go about qualitative data collection?

• Justify your choice(s) here in relation to your research question and availability of resources at your disposal
• who will be collecting data
• what will be involved
• how will it be safely stored and organized
• how are you protecting human participants
• if you have a team, how is communication being established so everyone is “on the same page”
• how will you know you are done
• What additional information do you need to know to use this approach?

Media Attributions

• checklist © mohamed_hassan is licensed under a CC0 (Creative Commons Zero) license
• start and finish line © Andrew Hurley is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
• field notes © Tom Carmony is licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives) license
• group talking © Enoz is licensed under a CC BY-NC (Attribution NonCommercial) license
• children watching penguins © Amelia Beamish is licensed under a CC BY-NC (Attribution NonCommercial) license
• Swarbrick, M. (2006). A wellness approach. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 29 (4), 311. ↵
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Chapter 7. Data collection. In J. W. Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (3rd ed.), Los Angeles: Sage ↵
• Harris, M. and Fallot, R. (2001). Using trauma theory to design service systems. New Directions for Mental Health Service s. Jossey Bass; Farragher, B. and Yanosy, S. (2005). Creating a trauma-sensitive culture in residential treatment. Therapeutic Communities, 26 (1), 93-109. ↵

A form of data gathering where researchers ask individual participants to respond to a series of (mostly open-ended) questions.

A form of data gathering where researchers ask a group of participants to respond to a series of (mostly open-ended) questions.

Observation is a tool for data gathering where researchers rely on their own senses (e.g. sight, sound) to gather information on a topic.

The identity of the person providing data cannot be connected to the data provided at any time in the research process, by anyone.

For research purposes, confidentiality means that only members of the research team have access potentially identifiable information that could be associated with participant data. According to confidentiality, it is the research team's responsibility to restrict access to this information by other parties, including the public.

Fake names assigned in research to protect the identity of participants.

Numbers or a series of numbers, symbols and letters assigned in research to both organize data as it is collected, as well as protecting the identity of participants.

A process through which the researcher explains the research process, procedures, risks and benefits to a potential participant, usually through a written document, which the participant than signs, as evidence of their agreement to participate.

an administrative body established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities conducted under the auspices of the institution with which it is affiliated

For the purposes of research, authenticity means that we do not misrepresent ourselves, our interests or our research; we are genuine in our interactions with participants and other colleagues.

An approach to research that more intentionally attempts to involve community members throughout the research process compared to more traditional research methods. In addition, participatory approaches often seek some concrete, tangible change for the benefit of the community (often defined by the community).

A research journal that helps the researcher to reflect on and consider their thoughts and reactions to the research process and how it may be shaping the study

The point where gathering more data doesn't offer any new ideas or perspectives on the issue you are studying.  Reaching saturation is an indication that we can stop qualitative data collection.

A combination of two people or objects

An interview guide is a document that outlines the flow of information during your interview, including a greeting and introduction to orient your participant to the topic, your questions and any probes, and any debriefing statement you might include. If you are part of a research team, your interview guide may also include instructions for the interviewer if certain things are brought up in the interview or as general guidance.

Context is the circumstances surrounding an artifact, event, or experience.

Notes that are taken by the researcher while we are in the field, gathering data.

Expanded field notes represents the field notes that we have taken during data collection after we have had time to sit down and add details to them that we were not able to capture immediately at the point of collection.

A statement at the end of data collection (e.g. at the end of a survey or interview) that generally thanks participants and reminds them what the research was about, what it's purpose is, resources available to them if they need them, and contact information for the researcher if they have questions or concerns.

Interview that uses a very prescribed or structured approach, with a rigid set of questions that are asked very consistently each time, with little to no deviation

An interview that has a general framework for the questions that will be asked, but there is more flexibility to pursue related topics that are brought up by participants than is found in a structured interview approach.

Interviews that contain very open-ended talking prompt that we want participants to respond to, with much flexibility to follow the conversation where it leads.

starts by reading existing theories, then testing hypotheses and revising or confirming the theory

when a researcher starts with a set of observations and then moves from particular experiences to a more general set of propositions about those experiences

Emergent design is the idea that some decision in our research design will be dynamic and change as our understanding of the research question evolves as we go through the research process. This is (often) evident in qualitative research, but rare in quantitative research.

Probes a brief prompts or follow up questions that are used in qualitative interviewing to help draw out additional information on a particular question or idea.

Testing out your research materials in advance on people who are not included as participants in your study.

Someone who has the formal or informal authority to grant permission or access to a particular community.

A document that will outline the instructions for conducting your focus group, including the questions you will ask participants. It often concludes with a debriefing statement for the group, as well.

Ethnography is a qualitative research design that is used when we are attempting to learn about a culture by observing people in their natural environment.

Making qualitative observations that attempt to capture the subjects of the observation as unobtrusively as possible and with limited structure to the observation.

The analysis of documents (or other existing artifacts) as a source of data.

unprocessed data that researchers can analyze using quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., responses to a survey or interview transcripts)

A code is a label that we place on segment of data that seems to represent the main idea of that segment.

A document that we use to keep track of and define the codes that we have identified (or are using) in our qualitative data analysis.

study publicly available information or data that has been collected by another person

in a literature review, a source that describes primary data collected and analyzed by the author, rather than only reviewing what other researchers have found

Data someone else has collected that you have permission to use in your research.

These are sites where contributing researchers can house data that other researchers can view and request permission to use

These are software tools that can aid qualitative researchers in managing, organizing and manipulating/analyzing their data.

Graduate research methods in social work Copyright © 2021 by Matthew DeCarlo, Cory Cummings, Kate Agnelli is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

Integrations

What's new?

In-Product Prompts

Participant Management

Interview Studies

Prototype Testing

Card Sorting

Tree Testing

Live Website Testing

Automated Reports

Templates Gallery

Choose from our library of pre-built mazes to copy, customize, and share with your own users

Browse all templates

Financial Services

Tech & Software

Product Designers

Product Managers

User Researchers

By use case

Concept & Idea Validation

Wireframe & Usability Test

Content & Copy Testing

Feedback & Satisfaction

Content Hub

Educational resources for product, research and design teams

Explore all resources

Question Bank

Research Maturity Model

Guides & Reports

Help Center

Future of User Research Report

The Optimal Path Podcast

User Research

Aug 19, 2024 • 17 minutes read

Qualitative research examples: How to unlock, rich, descriptive insights

Qualitative research uncovers in-depth user insights, but what does it look like? Here are seven methods and examples to help you get the data you need.

Armin Tanovic

Behind every what, there’s a why . Qualitative research is how you uncover that why. It enables you to connect with users and understand their thoughts, feelings, wants, needs, and pain points.

There’s many methods for conducting qualitative research, and many objectives it can help you pursue—you might want to explore ways to improve NPS scores, combat reduced customer retention, or understand (and recreate) the success behind a well-received product. The common thread? All these metrics impact your business, and qualitative research can help investigate and improve that impact.

In this article, we’ll take you through seven methods and examples of qualitative research, including when and how to use them.

Qualitative UX research made easy

Conduct qualitative research with Maze, analyze data instantly, and get rich, descriptive insights that drive decision-making.

7 Qualitative research methods: An overview

There are various qualitative UX research methods that can help you get in-depth, descriptive insights. Some are suited to specific phases of the design and development process, while others are more task-oriented.

Here’s our overview of the most common qualitative research methods. Keep reading for their use cases, and detailed examples of how to conduct them.

1. User interviews

A user interview is a one-on-one conversation between a UX researcher, designer or Product Manager and a target user to understand their thoughts, perspectives, and feelings on a product or service. User interviews are a great way to get non-numerical data on individual experiences with your product, to gain a deeper understanding of user perspectives.

Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured . Structured interviews follow a strict interview script and can help you get answers to your planned questions, while semi and unstructured interviews are less rigid in their approach and typically lead to more spontaneous, user-centered insights.

When to use user interviews

Interviews are ideal when you want to gain an in-depth understanding of your users’ perspectives on your product or service, and why they feel a certain way.

Interviews can be used at any stage in the product design and development process, being particularly helpful during:

• The discovery phase: To better understand user needs, problems, and the context in which they use your product—revealing the best potential solutions
• The design phase: To get contextual feedback on mockups, wireframes, and prototypes, helping you pinpoint issues and the reasons behind them
• Post-launch: To assess if your product continues to meet users’ shifting expectations and understand why or why not

How to conduct user interviews: The basics

• Draft questions based on your research objectives
• Recruit relevant research participants and schedule interviews
• Conduct the interview and transcribe responses
• Analyze the interview responses to extract insights
• Use your findings to inform design, product, and business decisions

💡 A specialized user interview tool makes interviewing easier. With Maze Interview Studies , you can recruit, host, and analyze interviews all on one platform.

User interviews: A qualitative research example

Let’s say you’ve designed a recruitment platform, called Tech2Talent , that connects employers with tech talent. Before starting the design process, you want to clearly understand the pain points employers experience with existing recruitment tools'.

You draft a list of ten questions for a semi-structured interview for 15 different one-on-one interviews. As it’s semi-structured, you don’t expect to ask all the questions—the script serves as more of a guide.

One key question in your script is: “Have tech recruitment platforms helped you find the talent you need in the past?”

Most respondents answer with a resounding and passionate ‘no’ with one of them expanding:

“For our company, it’s been pretty hit or miss honestly. They let just about anyone make a profile and call themselves tech talent. It’s so hard sifting through serious candidates. I can’t see any of their achievements until I invest time setting up an interview.”

You begin to notice a pattern in your responses: recruitment tools often lack easily accessible details on talent profiles.

You’ve gained contextual feedback on why other recruitment platforms fail to solve user needs.

2. Focus groups

A focus group is a research method that involves gathering a small group of people—around five to ten users—to discuss a specific topic, such as their’ experience with your new product feature. Unlike user interviews, focus groups aim to capture the collective opinion of a wider market segment and encourage discussion among the group.

When to use focus groups

You should use focus groups when you need a deeper understanding of your users’ collective opinions. The dynamic discussion among participants can spark in-depth insights that might not emerge from regular interviews.

Focus groups can be used before, during, and after a product launch. They’re ideal:

• Throughout the problem discovery phase: To understand your user segment’s pain points and expectations, and generate product ideas
• Post-launch: To evaluate and understand the collective opinion of your product’s user experience
• When conducting market research: To grasp usage patterns, consumer perceptions, and market opportunities for your product

How to conduct focus group studies: The basics

• Draft prompts to spark conversation, or a series of questions based on your UX research objectives
• Find a group of five to ten users who are representative of your target audience (or a specific user segment) and schedule your focus group session
• Conduct the focus group by talking and listening to users, then transcribe responses
• Analyze focus group responses and extract insights
• Use your findings to inform design decisions

The number of participants can make it difficult to take notes or do manual transcriptions. We recommend using a transcription or a specialized UX research tool , such as Maze, that can automatically create ready-to-share reports and highlight key user insights.

Focus groups: A qualitative research example

You’re a UX researcher at FitMe , a fitness app that creates customized daily workouts for gym-goers. Unlike many other apps, FitMe takes into account the previous day’s workout and aims to create one that allows users to effectively rest different muscles.

However, FitMe has an issue. Users are generating workouts but not completing them. They’re accessing the app, taking the necessary steps to get a workout for the day, but quitting at the last hurdle.

Time to talk to users.

You organize a focus group to get to the root of the drop-off issue. You invite five existing users, all of whom have dropped off at the exact point you’re investigating, and ask them questions to uncover why.

A dialog develops:

Participant 1: “Sometimes I’ll get a workout that I just don’t want to do. Sure, it’s a good workout—but I just don’t want to physically do it. I just do my own thing when that happens.”

Participant 2: “Same here, some of them are so boring. I go to the gym because I love it. It’s an escape.”

Participant 3: “Right?! I get that the app generates the best one for me on that specific day, but I wish I could get a couple of options.”

Participant 4: “I’m the same, there are some exercises I just refuse to do. I’m not coming to the gym to do things I dislike.”

Conducting the focus groups and reviewing the transcripts, you realize that users want options. A workout that works for one gym-goer doesn’t necessarily work for the next.

A possible solution? Adding the option to generate a new workout (that still considers previous workouts)and the ability to blacklist certain exercises, like burpees.

3. Ethnographic research

Ethnographic research is a research method that involves observing and interacting with users in a real-life environment. By studying users in their natural habitat, you can understand how your product fits into their daily lives.

Ethnographic research can be active or passive. Active ethnographic research entails engaging with users in their natural environment and then following up with methods like interviews. Passive ethnographic research involves letting the user interact with the product while you note your observations.

When to use ethnographic research

Ethnographic research is best suited when you want rich insights into the context and environment in which users interact with your product. Keep in mind that you can conduct ethnographic research throughout the entire product design and development process —from problem discovery to post-launch. However, it’s mostly done early in the process:

• Early concept development: To gain an understanding of your user's day-to-day environment. Observe how they complete tasks and the pain points they encounter. The unique demands of their everyday lives will inform how to design your product.
• Initial design phase: Even if you have a firm grasp of the user’s environment, you still need to put your solution to the test. Conducting ethnographic research with your users interacting with your prototype puts theory into practice.

How to conduct ethnographic research:

• Recruit users who are reflective of your audience
• Meet with them in their natural environment, and tell them to behave as they usually would
• Take down field notes as they interact with your product
• Engage with your users, ask questions, or host an in-depth interview if you’re doing an active ethnographic study
• Collect all your data and analyze it for insights

While ethnographic studies provide a comprehensive view of what potential users actually do, they are resource-intensive and logistically difficult. A common alternative is diary studies. Like ethnographic research, diary studies examine how users interact with your product in their day-to-day, but the data is self-reported by participants.

⚙️ Recruiting participants proving tough and time-consuming? Maze Panel makes it easy, with 400+ filters to find your ideal participants from a pool of 3 million participants.

Ethnographic research: A qualitative research example

You're a UX researcher for a project management platform called ProFlow , and you’re conducting an ethnographic study of the project creation process with key users, including a startup’s COO.

The first thing you notice is that the COO is rushing while navigating the platform. You also take note of the 46 tabs and Zoom calls opened on their monitor. Their attention is divided, and they let out an exasperated sigh as they repeatedly hit “refresh” on your website’s onboarding interface.

You conclude the session with an interview and ask, “How easy or difficult did you find using ProFlow to coordinate a project?”

The COO answers: “Look, the whole reason we turn to project platforms is because we need to be quick on our feet. I’m doing a million things so I need the process to be fast and simple. The actual project management is good, but creating projects and setting up tables is way too complicated.”

You realize that ProFlow ’s project creation process takes way too much time for professionals working in fast-paced, dynamic environments. To solve the issue, propose a quick-create option that enables them to move ahead with the basics instead of requiring in-depth project details.

4. Qualitative observation

Qualitative observation is a similar method to ethnographic research, though not as deep. It involves observing your users in a natural or controlled environment and taking notes as they interact with a product. However, be sure not to interrupt them, as this compromises the integrity of the study and turns it into active ethnographic research.

When to qualitative observation

Qualitative observation is best when you want to record how users interact with your product without anyone interfering. Much like ethnographic research, observation is best done during:

• Early concept development: To help you understand your users' daily lives, how they complete tasks, and the problems they deal with. The observations you collect in these instances will help you define a concept for your product.
• Initial design phase: Observing how users deal with your prototype helps you test if they can easily interact with it in their daily environments

How to conduct qualitative observation:

• Recruit users who regularly use your product
• Meet with users in either their natural environment, such as their office, or within a controlled environment, such as a lab
• Observe them and take down field notes based on what you notice

Qualitative observation: An qualitative research example

You’re conducting UX research for Stackbuilder , an app that connects businesses with tools ideal for their needs and budgets. To determine if your app is easy to use for industry professionals, you decide to conduct an observation study.

Sitting in with the participant, you notice they breeze past the onboarding process, quickly creating an account for their company. Yet, after specifying their company’s budget, they suddenly slow down. They open links to each tool’s individual page, confusingly switching from one tab to another. They let out a sigh as they read through each website.

Conducting your observation study, you realize that users find it difficult to extract information from each tool’s website. Based on your field notes, you suggest including a bullet-point summary of each tool directly on your platform.

5. Case study research

Case studies are a UX research method that provides comprehensive and contextual insights into a real-world case over a long period of time. They typically include a range of other qualitative research methods, like interviews, observations, and ethnographic research. A case study allows you to form an in-depth analysis of how people use your product, helping you uncover nuanced differences between your users.

When to use case studies

Case studies are best when your product involves complex interactions that need to be tracked over a longer period or through in-depth analysis. You can also use case studies when your product is innovative, and there’s little existing data on how users interact with it.

As for specific phases in the product design and development process:

• Initial design phase: Case studies can help you rigorously test for product issues and the reasons behind them, giving you in-depth feedback on everything between user motivations, friction points, and usability issues
• Post-launch phase: Continuing with case studies after launch can give you ongoing feedback on how users interact with the product in their day-to-day lives. These insights ensure you can meet shifting user expectations with product updates and future iterations

How to conduct case studies:

• Outline an objective for your case study such as examining specific user tasks or the overall user journey
• Select qualitative research methods such as interviews, ethnographic studies, or observations
• Collect and analyze your data for comprehensive insights
• Include your findings in a report with proposed solutions

Case study research: A qualitative research example

Your team has recently launched Pulse , a platform that analyzes social media posts to identify rising digital marketing trends. Pulse has been on the market for a year, and you want to better understand how it helps small businesses create successful campaigns.

To conduct your case study, you begin with a series of interviews to understand user expectations, ethnographic research sessions, and focus groups. After sorting responses and observations into common themes you notice a main recurring pattern. Users have trouble interpreting the data from their dashboards, making it difficult to identify which trends to follow.

With your synthesized insights, you create a report with detailed narratives of individual user experiences, common themes and issues, and recommendations for addressing user friction points.

Some of your proposed solutions include creating intuitive graphs and summaries for each trend study. This makes it easier for users to understand trends and implement strategic changes in their campaigns.

6. Secondary research

Secondary research is a research method that involves collecting and analyzing documents, records, and reviews that provide you with contextual data on your topic. You’re not connecting with participants directly, but rather accessing pre-existing available data. For example, you can pull out insights from your UX research repository to reexamine how they apply to your new UX research objective.

Strictly speaking, it can be both qualitative and quantitative—but today we focus on its qualitative application.

When to use secondary research

Record keeping is particularly useful when you need supplemental insights to complement, validate, or compare current research findings. It helps you analyze shifting trends amongst your users across a specific period. Some other scenarios where you need record keeping include:

• Initial discovery or exploration phase: Secondary research can help you quickly gather background information and data to understand the broader context of a market
• Design and development phase: See what solutions are working in other contexts for an idea of how to build yours

Secondary research is especially valuable when your team faces budget constraints, tight deadlines, or limited resources. Through review mining and collecting older findings, you can uncover useful insights that drive decision-making throughout the product design and development process.

How to conduct secondary research:

• Outline your UX research objective
• Identify potential data sources for information on your product, market, or target audience. Some of these sources can include: a. Review websites like Capterra and G2 b. Social media channels c. Customer service logs and disputes d. Website reviews e. Reports and insights from previous research studies f. Industry trends g. Information on competitors
• Analyze your data by identifying recurring patterns and themes for insights

Secondary research: A qualitative research example

SafeSurf is a cybersecurity platform that offers threat detection, security audits, and real-time reports. After conducting multiple rounds of testing, you need a quick and easy way to identify remaining usability issues. Instead of conducting another resource-intensive method, you opt for social listening and data mining for your secondary research.

Browsing through your company’s X, you identify a recurring theme: many users without a background in tech find SafeSurf ’s reports too technical and difficult to read. Users struggle with understanding what to do if their networks are breached.

After checking your other social media channels and review sites, the issue pops up again.

With your gathered insights, your team settles on introducing a simplified version of reports, including clear summaries, takeaways, and step-by-step protocols for ensuring security.

By conducting secondary research, you’ve uncovered a major usability issue—all without spending large amounts of time and resources to connect with your users.

7. Open-ended surveys

Open-ended surveys are a type of unmoderated UX research method that involves asking users to answer a list of qualitative research questions designed to uncover their attitudes, expectations, and needs regarding your service or product. Open-ended surveys allow users to give in-depth, nuanced, and contextual responses.

When to use open-ended surveys

User surveys are an effective qualitative research method for reaching a large number of users. You can use them at any stage of the design and product development process, but they’re particularly useful:

• When you’re conducting generative research : Open-ended surveys allow you to reach a wide range of users, making them especially useful during initial research phases when you need broad insights into user experiences
• When you need to understand customer satisfaction: Open-ended customer satisfaction surveys help you uncover why your users might be dissatisfied with your product, helping you find the root cause of their negative experiences
• In combination with close-ended surveys: Get a combination of numerical, statistical insights and rich descriptive feedback. You’ll know what a specific percentage of your users think and why they think it.

How to conduct open-ended surveys:

• Design your survey and draft out a list of survey questions
• Distribute your surveys to respondents
• Analyze survey participant responses for key themes and patterns
• Use your findings to inform your design process

Open-ended surveys: A qualitative research example

You're a UX researcher for RouteReader , a comprehensive logistics platform that allows users to conduct shipment tracking and route planning. Recently, you’ve launched a new predictive analytics feature that allows users to quickly identify and prepare for supply chain disruptions.

To better understand if users find the new feature helpful, you create an open-ended, in-app survey.

The questions you ask your users:

• “What has been your experience with our new predictive analytics feature?"
• “Do you find it easy or difficult to rework your routes based on our predictive suggestions?”
• “Does the predictive analytics feature make planning routes easier? Why or why not?”

Most of the responses are positive. Users report using the predictive analytics feature to make last-minute adjustments to their route plans, and some even rely on it regularly. However, a few users find the feature hard to notice, making it difficult to adjust their routes on time.

To ensure users have supply chain insights on time, you integrate the new feature into each interface so users can easily spot important information and adjust their routes accordingly.

💡 Surveys are a lot easier with a quality survey tool. Maze’s Feedback Surveys solution has all you need to ensure your surveys get the insights you need—including AI-powered follow-up and automated reports.

Qualitative research vs. quantitative research: What’s the difference?

Alongside qualitative research approaches, UX teams also use quantitative research methods. Despite the similar names, the two are very different.

Here are some of the key differences between qualitative research and quantitative research .

Before selecting either qualitative or quantitative methods, first identify what you want to achieve with your UX research project. As a general rule of thumb, think qualitative data collection for in-depth understanding and quantitative studies for measurement and validation.

Conduct qualitative research with Maze

You’ll often find that knowing the what is pointless without understanding the accompanying why . Qualitative research helps you uncover your why.

So, what about how —how do you identify your 'what' and your 'why'?

The answer is with a user research tool like Maze.

Maze is the leading user research platform that lets you organize, conduct, and analyze both qualitative and quantitative research studies—all from one place. Its wide variety of UX research methods and advanced AI capabilities help you get the insights you need to build the right products and experiences faster.

Frequently asked questions about qualitative research examples

What is qualitative research?

Qualitative research is a research method that aims to provide contextual, descriptive, and non-numerical insights on a specific issue. Qualitative research methods like interviews, case studies, and ethnographic studies allow you to uncover the reasoning behind your user’s attitudes and opinions.

Can a study be both qualitative and quantitative?

Absolutely! You can use mixed methods in your research design, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to gain both descriptive and statistical insights.

For example, user surveys can have both close-ended and open-ended questions, providing comprehensive data like percentages of user views and descriptive reasoning behind their answers.

Is qualitative or quantitative research better?

The choice between qualitative and quantitative research depends upon your research goals and objectives.

Qualitative research methods are better suited when you want to understand the complexities of your user’s problems and uncover the underlying motives beneath their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Quantitative research excels in giving you numerical data, helping you gain a statistical view of your user's attitudes, identifying trends, and making predictions.

What are some approaches to qualitative research?

There are many approaches to qualitative studies. An approach is the underlying theory behind a method, and a method is a way of implementing the approach. Here are some approaches to qualitative research:

• Grounded theory: Researchers study a topic and develop theories inductively
• Phenomenological research: Researchers study a phenomenon through the lived experiences of those involved
• Ethnography: Researchers immerse themselves in organizations to understand how they operate

Analytic Methods of Urban Planning: Qualitative [Module 2]

[pending P2P]

Location & Hours

[View Course Schedule]

Course Website

How can planners understand places in a rich, meaningful, and yet systematic way? This module examines how qualitative approaches can be used in planning practice and research. Qualitative methods are particularly useful in answering why and how questions; investigating differing perceptions and values; understanding unique situations; and helping describe complex situations.

Focused on learning-by-doing, the class examines how to design a qualitative research project and reviews a range of data collection and analysis methods useful in community and organizational environments. With the aid of well-thought-out conceptual frameworks, qualitative research can be designed to make a coherent and meaningful argument. Students learn about collecting and reviewing artifacts, observing places, asking questions, engaging with diverse groups, and using visual techniques. Such data are frequently organized into specific kinds of outputs including case studies, scenarios, and evaluations. Students will try out these approaches in weekly exercises.

• Clerc Center | PK-12 & Outreach
• KDES | PK-8th Grade School (D.C. Metro Area)
• MSSD | 9th-12th Grade School (Nationwide)
• Gallaudet University Regional Centers
• Parent Advocacy App
• K-12 ASL Content Standards
• National Resources
• Youth Programs
• Academic Bowl
• Battle Of The Books
• National Literary Competition
• Youth Debate Bowl
• Youth Esports Series
• Bison Sports Camp
• Discover College and Careers (DC²)
• Financial Wizards
• Immerse Into ASL
• Alumni Relations
• Alumni Association
• Homecoming Weekend
• Class Giving
• Get Tickets / BisonPass
• Sport Calendars
• Cross Country
• Swimming & Diving
• Track & Field
• Indoor Track & Field
• Cheerleading
• Winter Cheerleading
• Human Resources
• Plan a Visit
• Request Info

• Areas of Study
• Accessible Human-Centered Computing
• American Sign Language
• Art and Media Design
• Communication Studies
• Criminal Justice
• Data Science
• Deaf Studies
• Early Intervention Studies Graduate Programs
• Educational Neuroscience
• Hearing, Speech, and Language Sciences
• Information Technology
• International Development
• Interpretation and Translation
• Linguistics
• Mathematics
• Philosophy and Religion
• Physical Education & Recreation
• Public Affairs
• Public Health
• Sexuality and Gender Studies
• Social Work
• Theatre and Dance
• World Languages and Cultures
• B.A. in American Sign Language
• B.A. in Biology
• B.A. in Communication Studies
• B.A. in Communication Studies for Online Degree Completion Program
• B.A. in Deaf Studies
• B.A. in Deaf Studies for Online Degree Completion Program
• B.A. in Education with a Specialization in Early Childhood Education
• B.A. in Education with a Specialization in Elementary Education
• B.A. in English
• B.A. in English for Online Degree Completion Program
• B.A. in Government
• B.A. in Government with a Specialization in Law
• B.A. in History
• B.A. in Interdisciplinary Spanish
• B.A. in International Studies
• B.A. in Mathematics
• B.A. in Philosophy
• B.A. in Psychology
• B.A. in Psychology for Online Degree Completion Program
• B.A. in Social Work (BSW)
• B.A. in Sociology with a concentration in Criminology
• B.A. in Theatre Arts: Production/Performance
• B.A. or B.S. in Education with a Specialization in Secondary Education: Science, English, Mathematics or Social Studies
• B.S. in Accounting
• B.S. in Accounting for Online Degree Completion Program
• B.S. in Biology
• B.S. in Business Administration
• B.S. in Business Administration for Online Degree Completion Program
• B.S. in Data Science
• B.S. in Information Technology
• B.S. in Mathematics
• B.S. in Physical Education and Recreation
• B.S. in Public Health
• B.S. in Risk Management and Insurance
• General Education
• Honors Program
• Peace Corps Prep program
• Self-Directed Major
• M.A. in Counseling: Clinical Mental Health Counseling
• M.A. in Counseling: School Counseling
• M.A. in Deaf Education
• M.A. in Deaf Education Studies
• M.A. in Deaf Studies: Cultural Studies
• M.A. in Deaf Studies: Language and Human Rights
• M.A. in Early Childhood Education and Deaf Education
• M.A. in Early Intervention Studies
• M.A. in Elementary Education and Deaf Education
• M.A. in International Development
• M.A. in Interpretation: Combined Interpreting Practice and Research
• M.A. in Interpretation: Interpreting Research
• M.A. in Linguistics
• M.A. in Secondary Education and Deaf Education
• M.A. in Sign Language Education
• M.S. in Accessible Human-Centered Computing
• M.S. in Speech-Language Pathology
• Master of Public Administration
• Master of Social Work (MSW)
• Au.D. in Audiology
• Ed.D. in Transformational Leadership and Administration in Deaf Education
• Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology
• Ph.D. in Critical Studies in the Education of Deaf Learners
• Ph.D. in Hearing, Speech, and Language Sciences
• Ph.D. in Linguistics
• Ph.D. in Translation and Interpreting Studies
• Ph.D. Program in Educational Neuroscience (PEN)
• Psy.D. in School Psychology
• Individual Courses and Training
• National Caregiver Certification Course
• CASLI Test Prep Courses
• Course Sections
• Certificates
• Certificate in Sexuality and Gender Studies
• Educating Deaf Students with Disabilities (online, post-bachelor’s)
• American Sign Language and English Bilingual Early Childhood Deaf Education: Birth to 5 (online, post-bachelor’s)
• Early Intervention Studies
• Certificate in American Sign Language and English Bilingual Early Childhood Deaf Education: Birth to 5
• Online Degree Programs
• ODCP Minor in Communication Studies
• ODCP Minor in Deaf Studies
• ODCP Minor in Psychology
• ODCP Minor in Writing
• University Capstone Honors for Online Degree Completion Program

Quick Links

• PK-12 & Outreach
• NSO Schedule

EDU-813 Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

Course overview.

At least two of these three courses EDU 801; EDU 810; and EDU 812. Students also must have a Citi certificate prior to the start of class.

Program: Education

Other Courses

Special Topics

Grading System: either letter grades or pass/fail at…

Credits 1-3

Student Teaching Seminar

The student teaching seminar is a capstone course…

Teaching Students with…

This course is designed to familiarize students with…

Children's Literature

An in-depth study of children's literature primarily for…

Literacy Teaching and…

This course for PreK-12 teacher candidates provides an…

Secondary Teaching Methods…

Students will learn about the current curriculum, content,…

At a Glance

• Quick Facts
• University Leadership
• History & Traditions
• Accreditation
• Consumer Information
• Our 10-Year Vision: The Gallaudet Promise
• Annual Report of Achievements (ARA)
• The Signing Ecosystem
• Not Your Average University

Our Community

• Library & Archives
• Technology Support
• Interpreting Requests
• Ombuds Support
• Health and Wellness Programs
• Profile & Web Edits

Visit Gallaudet

• Explore Our Campus
• Virtual Tour
• Maps & Directions
• Shuttle Bus Schedule
• Kellogg Conference Hotel
• Welcome Center
• National Deaf Life Museum
• Apple Guide Maps

Engage Today

• Work at Gallaudet / Clerc Center
• Social Media Channels
• University Wide Events
• Sponsorship Requests
• Data Requests
• Media Inquiries
• Gallaudet Today Magazine
• Giving at Gallaudet
• Financial Aid
• Registrar’s Office
• Residence Life & Housing
• Safety & Security
• Undergraduate Admissions
• Graduate Admissions
• University Communications
• Clerc Center

Gallaudet University, chartered in 1864, is a private university for deaf and hard of hearing students.

Copyright © 2024 Gallaudet University. All rights reserved.

• Accessibility
• Cookie Consent Notice
• Privacy Policy
• File a Report

800 Florida Avenue NE, Washington, D.C. 20002

Imagine a university that does more than just prepare you for a career—one that equips you to set the foundation for a full and meaningful life

Find all the information you need about joining a community committed to helping you explore bigger ideas about who you are, what you believe, and what you're called to do in the world

Explore our undergraduate and graduate degree programs to discover a learning community passionate about helping you thrive on your academic and professional journey

Experience a vibrant student community filled with new friends, lifelong memories, and lots of opportunities for getting plugged in and experiencing the best of university life

Learn more about our Spartans athletics programs, and discover how we equip our student-athletes for life with the Complete Champion Approach ™

Discover a dynamic community of teachers, scholars, and researchers producing new knowledge and innovation that is having a positive impact for the good of the world and the glory of God

Find out the latest news and events taking place within the life of the community, and discover how our students, alumni, faculty, and staff are making a positive difference in the world

Discover how you can actively participate in our global community of more than 30,000 engaged and connected alumni from around the world

How can we help?

Frequently searched items.

• Tuition & Costs
• Scholarships
• International
• Requirements
• Service Hub
• Transcripts

EDUC 601 - Research Design | 2024-2025