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Long-running battle over lucrative beach concessions between Italy and EU could be in final chapterUmbrellas and sun beds are set at the Venezia beach establishment in Ostia, near Rome, Friday, Aug. 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia) People stroll on the beach at the Venezia establishment in Ostia, near Rome, Friday, Aug. 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia) Beachgoers bask at a beach establishment in Ostia, near Rome, Friday, Aug. 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia) A worn-out Italian flag flutters in the wind at a beach establishment in Ostia, near Rome, Friday, Aug. 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia) ROME (AP) — The latest chapter in a seemingly endless saga over the management of Italy’s lucrative beach concessions has set Italian beaches on fire this summer. For almost two decades, the European Commission has been locked in a legal tug-of-war with Italy over its beach concession practices, accusing the peninsular nation of lacking transparency and breaching competition rules. Italian governments, from left to right, have staunchly resisted EU directives requiring competitive tendering, persistently renewing the existing beach concessions without open procedures. After the latest extension approved by the far-right government of Giorgia Meloni until the end of the year, Rome has now run out of options and will be forced to comply with EU rules from early 2025. “We are in a phase of total uncertainty and we want our rights to be preserved,” said Susanna Barbadoro, who represents the third generation of owners of a beach concession in Ostia, a popular seaside destination near Rome. Beach concessions have been passed down from one generation of a family to the next for decades, creating what critics consider to be a sort of monopoly and a symbol of Italy’s resistance to economic reforms. Costs for beach-goers vary along the Italian coasts: They can go from 25 euros to rent two chaise lounges and an umbrella for the day in the most basic establishments, to several hundred euros in fancy resorts such as Capri or Puglia’s Salento. The beach operators complain that they have made huge investments into making their establishments comfortable for their returning customers and now cry for compensation. Barbadoro was one of hundreds of beach operators who on Aug. 9 went on strike, closing their umbrellas symbolically for two hours in the early morning to make their voice heard by the government. “We ask that operators who have been in this business for years maintain a pre-emption right (in the tenders) or receive some sort of compensation if they fail to obtain the concession,” she said. Economists, however, say beach concession owners have long exploited their privileged position, returning to the Italian state only a tiny portion of their proceeds over the years. According to the Italian Court of Auditors, from 2016 to 2020 the Italian public administration received around 97 million euros each year from the country’s 12,166 beach concessions. This means that, with an average revenue estimated at 260,000 euros, those businesses have been paying only around 7,600 euros a year for their concessions. “Competition would advantage everybody, particularly in this area where we’re not talking about private properties, but about public domain that these businesses are getting almost for free,” said economist Pietro Paganini. Paganini also said that Italian governments of all political orientations have for years protected the owners of beach concessions, as they represent a precious pool of votes. Last year, the Meloni government submitted a mapping report to Brussels in a final attempt to justify its failure to comply with the so-called Bolkestein directive, approved in 2006 to ensure more competition in several sectors. According to the data provided, only 33% of the Italian coastline is under concession, suggesting there is no “scarcity of beach resources” and therefore no need for the competitive tenders required by EU rules. However, EU representatives have pointed out that the mapping takes into account 11,000 kilometers (6,835 miles) of coastline, including rocky shores and non-swimmable areas that would never be eligible for concession. Members of “Mare Libero” (Free Sea) — an association that since 2019 has organized protests to reclaim free space on Italian beaches — hope that the introduction of new rules in the bidding process will also help guarantee beach-goers enough free access. “We want the Italian state to reestablish a fair quantity of free beaches, which has to be at least 50%, while the remaining 50% is under concession,” said Roberto del Bove, coordinator of Mare Libero for the central Lazio region. File(s) under embargountil file(s) become available Controlled Synthesis of Nucleic Acid-Polymer Hybrids via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization In this thesis, novel strategies for the controlled synthesis of nucleic acid-polymer hybrids (NAPH) are discussed. Chapter 1 introduces a comprehensive summary of previously reported synthetic pathways and applications of NAPH, providing an introduction to the state-of-the-art research on NAPH and the fundamentals of controlled radical polymerization methods. Chapters 2–7 cover the research projects in which I participated as the first author during my Ph.D. studies. In Chapters 2 and 3, site-controlled incorporation of ATRP initiator(s) in synthetic oligonucleotides during the solid-phase DNA/RNA synthesis was demonstrated. This innovative incorporation strategy was facilitated by the development of a new reagent, serinol-based α?bromoisobutyryl (SBiB) phosphoramidite, which is equipped with an ATRP initiator. During the solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis, SBiB can be incorporated anywhere in DNA or RNA, allowing precise growth of the synthetic polymer from the ATRP initiator in the SBiB residue (Chapter 2). This method can also be extended for the synthesis of RNA amphiphiles through growing hydrophobic polymer from RNA in DMSO (Chapter 3). Chapters 4 and 5 describe the utilization of acyl imidazole chemistry strategies for the incorporation of the ATRP initiator (Chapter 4) or a polymerizable vinyl group (Chapter 5) within RNA. These methods offer a universal and versatile route for the synthesis of RNA bottlebrush polymer (Chapter 4) or degradable biomass RNA hydrogels (Chapter 5) in a post-synthetic manner (i.e., after solid-phase synthesis or transcription) without the assistance from an oligonucleotide synthesizer machine In Chapter 6, I demonstrated that nucleic acids, in combination with appropriate nucleic acid-binding dyes (NuABDs), can be utilized as a photocatalyst for photoATRP. NuABDs are a unique class of fluorescent probes that become fluorescent exclusively after binding to specific nucleic acids. Chapter 6 shows that multi-dimensional nucleic acid scaffolds (e.g., dsDNA, G-quadruplex, micron-sized DNA particles) can successfully mediate the radical polymerization process in conjunction with the appropriate NuABD. Chapter 7 describes a photoinduced click reaction system (CuAAC, copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition) using highly water-soluble sodium pyruvate (SP) as a non-toxic photoreducing agent. In the proposed SP-CuAAC, SP is an essential component that enables the reduction of the Cu(II) precatalyst under UV light irradiation and scavenges reactive oxygen species. This system has been proven to be an efficient method for modifying DNA at low volumes in a temporally controlled manner under bio-friendly conditions in an ambient atmosphere. I also demonstrated that thisprotocol caused negligible effects on cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. Finally, Chapter 8 provides a summary of the studies presented in this dissertation on the controlled synthesis of NAPH. In addition, future perspectives and new directions for advancing the field of NAPH are provided Degree TypeDegree Name- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Usage metrics- Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry not elsewhere classified
2024 Theses Doctoral Coordination of histone chaperones for parental histone segregation and epigenetic inheritanceFang, Yimeng Epigenetics involves heritable changes in an individual’s traits resulting from variations in gene expression without alterations to the DNA sequence. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is usually folded with histones into chromatin. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histones not only play crucial roles in regulating various biological processes, including gene expression, but also store the majority of epigenetic information. A fundamental question in this field is how cells transmit these PTMs to their progeny. Before I began my thesis research, a well-established dogma in the field was that parental histones containing PTMs are symmetrically distributed to daughter DNA strands during DNA replication. These modified histones serve as templates for PTM duplication, thereby restoring the original chromatin states on both daughter strands. Several histone chaperones have been identified as regulators of parental histone segregation. However, their impact on epigenetic inheritance is controversial, which I reasoned is due to the lack of proper systems to examine epigenetic inheritance. This prompted me to use the unique characteristics of fission yeast heterochromatin as a model of epigenetic inheritance. In this organism, heterochromatin formation involves two distinct steps: establishment and inheritance. Reporter systems have been established to allow precise examination of heterochromatin inheritance. However, parental histone segregation pathways have not been characterized in this organism, and their impact on heterochromatin inheritance is unknown. My thesis work investigates the role of parental histone chaperones in regulating parental histone segregation and epigenetic inheritance in fission yeast. It comprises 5 chapters: Chapter 1 introduces epigenetics, with a focus on chromatin-based epigenetic inheritance. It also highlights the unique features of fission yeast heterochromatin that make it an excellent model for studying epigenetic inheritance.Chapter 2 is the focus of my thesis work. I employed inheritance-specific reporters in fission yeast to investigate the roles of three parental histone chaperones on epigenetic inheritance. In addition, in collaboration with Dr. Zhiguo Zhang’s lab, I adapted the Enrichment and Sequencing of Protein-Associated Nascent DNA (eSPAN) method, a recently developed technique designed to quantify the bias of specific proteins at replication forks, to examine parental histone segregation in fission yeast. My analyses demonstrated a critical role for parental histone segregation in epigenetic inheritance. Moreover, I discovered that both the symmetric segregation of parental histones and their density on daughter strands are critical for this process. Chapter 3 uncovers a novel function of a DNA replication protein Mrc1 in regulating epigenetic inheritance, distinct from its established roles in DNA replication checkpoint activation and replication speed control. I demonstrated the critical role of Mrc1 in regulating the symmetrical transfer of parental histone and the proper inheritance of heterochromatin. These results provide essential mechanistic insights into the function of Mrc1. Chapter 4 explores the function of an additional DNA replication protein and histone chaperone, Swi7 (Pol alpha). I have found that mutations in Swi7 lead to defects in parental histone segregation and heterochromatin inheritance, laying a strong foundation to further investigate its mechanism of action. Chapter 5 discusses potential future research directions that can build upon my thesis work.In conclusion, my thesis represents a thorough examination of parental histone chaperones in regulating epigenetic inheritance in fission yeast. By combining innovative genetic assays and advanced methodologies such as eSPAN, I have provided critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance. In addition, the assays that I have developed during my thesis work also pave the way for future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanism of epigenetic inheritance in this important model organism. - Epigenetics
- Gene expression
- Nucleotide sequence
- DNA replication
This item is currently under embargo. It will be available starting 2026-08-01. More About This Work- DOI Copy DOI to clipboard
Writing The Methodology Chapter5 Time-Saving Tips & Tools By: David Phair (PhD) and Amy Murdock (PhD) | July 2022 The methodology chapter is a crucial part of your dissertation or thesis – it’s where you provide context and justification for your study’s design. This in turn demonstrates your understanding of research theory, which is what earns you marks . Over the years, we’ve helped thousands of students navigate this tricky section of the research process. In this post, we’ll share 5 time-saving tips to help you effectively write up your research methodology chapter . Overview: Writing The Methodology Chapter- Develop a (rough) outline before you start writing
- Draw inspiration from similar studies in your topic area
- Justify every research design choice that you make
- Err on the side of too much detail , rather than too little
- Back up every design choice by referencing literature
1. Develop an outline before you start writing The first thing to keep in mind when writing your methodology chapter (and the rest of your dissertation) is that it’s always a good idea to sketch out a rough outline of what you are going to write about before you start writing . This will ensure that you stay focused and have a clear structural logic – thereby making the writing process simpler and faster. An easy method of finding a structure for this chapter is to use frameworks that already exist, such as Saunder’s “ research onion ” as an example. Alternatively, there are many free methodology chapter templates for you to use as a starting point, so don’t feel like you have to create a new one from scratch. Next, you’ll want to consider what your research approach is , and how you can break it down from a top-down angle, i.e., from the philosophical down to the concrete/tactical level. For example, you’ll need to articulate the following: - Are you using a positivist , interpretivist , or pragmatist approach ?
- Are you using inductive or deductive reasoning?
- Are you using a qualitative , quantitative, or mixed methods study?
Keep these questions front of mind to ensure that you have a clear, well-aligned line of argument that will maintain your chapter’s internal and external consistency. Remember, it’s okay if you feel overwhelmed when you first start the methodology chapter. Nobody is born with an innate knowledge of how to do this, so be prepared for the learning curve associated with new research projects. It’s no small task to write up a dissertation or thesis, so be kind to yourself! 2. Take inspiration from other studies Generally, there are plenty of existing journal articles that will share similar methodological approaches to your study. With any luck, there will also be existing dissertations and theses that adopt a similar methodological approach and topic. So, consider taking inspiration from these studies to help curate the contents of your methodology chapter. Students often find it difficult to choose what content to include in the methodology chapter and what to leave for the appendix. By reviewing other studies with similar approaches, you will get a clearer sense of your discipline’s norms and characteristics . This will help you, especially in terms of deciding on the structure and depth of discussion. While you can draw inspiration from other studies, remember that it’s vital to pay close attention to your university’s specific guidelines, so you can anticipate departmental expectations of this section’s layout and content (and make it easier to work with your supervisor). Doing this is also a great way to figure out how in-depth your discussion should be. For example, word-count guidelines can help you decide whether to include or omit certain information. Need a helping hand?3. Justify every design choice you makeThe golden rule of the methodology chapter is that you need to justify each and every design choice that you make, no matter how small or inconsequential it may seem. We often see that students merely state what they did instead of why they did what they did – and this costs them marks. Keep in mind that you need to illustrate the strength of your study’s methodological foundation. By discussing the “what”, “why” and “how” of your choices, you demonstrate your understanding of research design and simultaneously justify the relevancy and efficacy of your methodology – both of which will earn you marks. It’s never an easy task to conduct research. So, it’s seldom the case that you’ll be able to use the very best possible methodology for your research (e.g. due to time or budgetary constraints ). That’s okay – but make sure that you explain and justify your use of an alternate methodology to help justify your approach. Ultimately, if you don’t justify and explain the logic behind each of your choices, your marker will have to assume that you simply didn’t know any better . So, make sure that you justify every choice, especially when it is a subpar choice (due to a practical constraint, for example). You can see an example of how this is done here. 4. Err on the side of too much detailWe often see a tendency in students to mistakenly give more of an overview of their methodology instead of a step-by-step breakdown . Since the methodology chapter needs to be detailed enough for another researcher to replicate your study, your chapter should be particularly granular in terms of detail. Whether you’re doing a qualitative or quantitative study, it’s crucial to convey rigor in your research. You can do this by being especially detailed when you discuss your data, so be absolutely clear about your: - Sampling strategy
- Data collection method(s)
- Data preparation
- Analysis technique(s)
As you will likely face an extensive period of editing at your supervisor/reviewer’s direction, you’ll make it much easier for yourself if you have more information than you’d need. Some supervisors expect extensive detail around a certain aspect of your dissertation (like your research philosophy), while others may not expect it at all. Remember, it’s quicker and easier to remove/ trim down information than it is to add information after the fact, so take the time to show your supervisor that you know what you’re talking about (methodologically) and you’re doing your best to be rigorous in your research. 5. Provide citations to support each design choiceRelated to the issue of poor justification (tip #3), it’s important include high-quality academic citations to support the justification of your design choices. In other words, it’s not enough to simply explain why you chose a specific approach – you need to support each justification with reference to academic material. Simply put, you should avoid thinking of your methodology chapter as a citation-less section in your dissertation. As with your literature review, your methods section must include citations for every decision you make, since you are building on prior research. You must show that you are making decisions based on methods that are proven to be effective, and not just because you “feel” that they are effective. When considering the source of your citations, you should stick to peer-reviewed academic papers and journals and avoid using websites or blog posts (like us, hehe). Doing this will demonstrate that you are familiar with the literature and that you are factoring in what credible academics have to say about your methodology. As a final tip, it’s always a good idea to cite as you go . If you leave this for the end, then you’ll end up spending a lot of precious time retracing your steps to find your citations and risk losing track of them entirely. So, be proactive and drop in those citations as you write up . You’ll thank yourself later! Let’s Recap…In this post, we covered 5 time-saving tips for writing up the methodology chapter: - Look at similar studies in your topic area
- Justify every design choice that you make
- Back up every design choice by referencing methodology literature
If you’ve got any questions relating to the methodology chapter, feel free to drop a comment below. Alternatively, if you’re interested in getting 1-on-1 help with your thesis or dissertation, be sure to check out our private coaching service . Psst... there’s more!This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ... What data analysis method can work best for my study. I am using a mixed method in the study. I am developing a framework to address the challenges faced by the taxi operators as entrepreneurs. I will need to analyse both using qualitative and quantitative. How to find standard deviation for non numerical data Submit a Comment Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. |
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Chapter 5 of your dissertation is different from all of the previous four chapters. If you're beginning to write Chapter 5 of your dissertation, you know that most of the writing you've done up until now was fairly formulaic. ... The process of earning a doctorate can be long and stressful - and for some people, it can even be traumatic.
The Purpose of Chapter 5Topic 2: Chapter 5. The Purpose of Chapter 5. Topic 2: Chapter 5. Learning Goals: Understand the components of Chapter 5. Write the introduction to include the problem, purpose, research questions and brief description of the methodology. Review and verify findings for the study. Write the Summary of Findings.
5. When preparing the conclusion section, imagine giving a brief talk to your colleagues. Based on your findings, what are three meaningful conclusions you can share with them? References Blum, K. (2006). Teaching students how to write a chapter four and five of a dissertation. [unpublished paper]. Melville, K. (2009).
Chapter 1 summarize your Chapters 2 and 3, and because of that, Chapter 1 normally should be written after Chapters 2 and 3. Dissertation committee chairs often want students to provide a 5-10 page overview of their proposed "dissertation research" before undertaking a full literature review and detailed development of the methodology.
Writing a Dissertation's Chapter 4 and 5 6 example, if four out of 20 participants in a research study about how many participants in ... If the table is long, a better practice is to mention the table in the narrative (i.e., see Appendix A) but place the table in an Appendix (American Psychological Association, 2001). Add the Summary and ...
How long is a dissertation? There is no universal answer to "how long is a dissertation?" The page length or word count varies depending on the degree, field of study, school, and country. But here are some rough estimates to give you an idea of what to expect: Bachelor's: 10,000-15,000 words (35-50 pages)
Step 1: Restate your research problem and research questions. The first step in writing up your discussion chapter is to remind your reader of your research problem, as well as your research aim (s) and research questions. If you have hypotheses, you can also briefly mention these.
Dissertation OverviewThe traditional dissertation is organized into 5 chapters and includes the following elements and pages:Title page (aka cover page) Signature ...
Conclusion. In conclusion, structuring a dissertation chapter by chapter is a meticulous yet rewarding process that demands careful planning and execution. Each chapter serves a distinct purpose and contributes to the overall coherence and rigor of the dissertation. By adhering to a structured approach, students can ensure that their research ...
Dissertation Chapter Five: Conclusion The final chapter is an opportunity to offer your analysis of your findings and discuss the implications. How Long is a Dissertation Chapter? Dissertation chapter lengths vary, though the number of pages you can expect to write will likely correlate with standard dissertation lengths in your discipline.
Step 1: Craft a brief introduction section. As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the conclusions chapter needs to start with a brief introduction. In this introductory section, you'll want to tell the reader what they can expect to find in the chapter, and in what order.
The core chapters (the "meat" of the dissertation) Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Literature review; Chapter 3: Methodology; Chapter 4: Results; Chapter 5: Discussion; Chapter 6: Conclusion; Reference list; Appendix; Most importantly, the core chapters should reflect the research process (asking, investigating and answering your ...
Dissertation: A dissertation is a 5-chapter written work that must be completed in order to earn a doctoral degree (e.g. Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.). It's often focused on original research. ... How Long is a Ed.D. Dissertation? It depends. Most Ed.D. dissertations end up being between 80-200 pages. The length will depend on a number of factors ...
A typical dissertation runs between 250 and 300 pages, divided into four or five chapters, often with a short conclusion following the final full-scale chapter.There is no set minimum or maximum length, but anything below about 225 pages will likely look insubstantial in comparison to others, while anything over 350 pages may suggest a lack of proportion and control of the topic, and would ...
Dissertation Chapter 5 Sample. be research. CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION be. The purpose of this qualitative grounded theory study was to identify what motivates. Outline the organization. women to stay in or return to STEM professions, leading to a model of motivation. This.
The two most common dissertation formats are the traditional format (sometimes referred to as the five-chapter format) and the three-article format (sometimes referred to as the manuscript format). The same quality of work and effort is required for both formats, but they are valued differently across programs and disciplines.
A descriptive conclusion, including a summary of the study, the importance of the study, and the problem addressed, should be included in chapter 5. Chapter 5 Webinars Next: Alignment of Dissertation Components for DIS-9904ABC >>
A PhD thesis (or dissertation) is typically 60,000 to 120,000 words ( 100 to 300 pages in length) organised into chapters, divisions and subdivisions (with roughly 10,000 words per chapter) - from introduction (with clear aims and objectives) to conclusion. The structure of a dissertation will vary depending on discipline (humanities, social ...
An undergraduate dissertation is typically 8,000-15,000 words. A master's dissertation is typically 12,000-50,000 words. A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000-100,000 words. However, none of these are strict guidelines - your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided ...
• Dissertation proposals tend to be 10 - 25 pages long (single-spaced, 1" margins) ... Chapter 5: Defending Your Dissertation Important points to remember: • Check-in with the Graduate College early for important timelines and due dates. • Ask for letters of recommendation early. **Note: In order to ask for letters if recommendation
The results chapter (also referred to as the findings or analysis chapter) is one of the most important chapters of your dissertation or thesis because it shows the reader what you've found in terms of the quantitative data you've collected. It presents the data using a clear text narrative, supported by tables, graphs and charts.
long table . carries over to a second page, leave enough room at the bottom of the first page to place the parenthetical note "(table cont'd.)" against the left ... relevant chapter in your dissertation. If your thesis has been submitted to and accepted by a scholarly journal for publication in the near future, but has not yet been ...
This page examines chapter 5 of the thesis and dissertation writing process. This is the conclusion of the document. [email protected]: 1-888-774-9994 Local: ... One of the biggest mistakes often made when writing Chapter 5 is not including enough thoughts about the research. It is easy to find a research work with more than a hundred pages ...
The latest chapter in a seemingly endless saga over the management of Italy's lucrative beach concessions has set Italian beaches on fire this summer. ... Economists, however, say beach concession owners have long exploited their privileged position, returning to the Italian state only a tiny portion of their proceeds over the years.
In this thesis, novel strategies for the controlled synthesis of nucleic acid-polymer hybrids (NAPH) are discussed. Chapter 1 introduces a comprehensive summary of previously reported synthetic pathways and applications of NAPH, providing an introduction to the state-of-the-art research on NAPH and the fundamentals of controlled radical polymerization methods. Chapters 2-7 cover the research ...
The results chapter in a dissertation or thesis (or any formal academic research piece) is where you objectively and neutrally present the findings of your qualitative analysis (or analyses if you used multiple qualitative analysis methods ). This chapter can sometimes be combined with the discussion chapter (where you interpret the data and ...
Historically Black colleges and universities served as primary sites of modernist artmaking. In 1920, however, no HBCU offered an art major or employed full-time fine arts faculty. This dissertation examines that swift transformation, demonstrating it not as a simple evolution, but rather as a contested site of Black thought and protest. I show this not through an institutional history or ...
Chapter 2 - Yellow Sand, Desolate Dusk. Chapter 2 transports the Destined One to the parched deserts of the Yellow Wind Ridge, where a Yellow Wind Sage and his rat army have taken control of the land.
It comprises 5 chapters: Chapter 1 introduces epigenetics, with a focus on chromatin-based epigenetic inheritance. It also highlights the unique features of fission yeast heterochromatin that make it an excellent model for studying epigenetic inheritance.Chapter 2 is the focus of my thesis work.
In this post, we covered 5 time-saving tips for writing up the methodology chapter: Develop a (rough) outline before you start writing. Look at similar studies in your topic area. Justify every design choice that you make. Err on the side of too much detail, rather than too little. Back up every design choice by referencing methodology ...