globalization essay for upsc

Globalization

Globalisation is the phenomenon of rising integration, interdependence, and interconnectedness of the global community (socially and economically).

Factors affecting Globalization in India

• Economic reforms : In 1991, India implemented a series of economic reforms that aimed to liberalize the economy, open up to foreign investment, and encourage private sector participation which played a crucial role in integrating India into the global economy and attracting foreign companies to invest and operate in the country.
• Information technology boom : India's skilled workforce, particularly in the field of software development and IT services, has made it a global hub for outsourcing and offshoring.
• Trade liberalization : Reductions in tariffs, removal of trade barriers, and the facilitation of cross-border trade have increased India's participation in international trade and boosted globalization.
• Foreign direct investment (FDI): The opening up of key sectors to foreign investment and the relaxation of FDI regulations have attracted multinational corporations (MNCs) to establish a presence in India.
• Infrastructure development : Investments in infrastructure, including transportation, logistics, and communication networks, have improved connectivity within India and with the rest of the world.
• Demographic advantage: The availability of a vast labour pool has attracted outsourcing and offshoring activities, making India a preferred destination for certain industries seeking cost-effective solutions.
• Technological advancements : Advancements in technology, especially in communication and information technology, have played a significant role in India's globalization. E.g., Access to affordable mobile phones, widespread internet penetration, and the growth of digital platforms have enabled greater connectivity, communication, and access to global markets for businesses and individuals.
• Cultural exchange: Indian diaspora communities across the world have also fostered connections between India and other countries, facilitating trade, investment, and knowledge exchange.

Forms of Globalization and its Social Impact:

• Cultural Globalization: This refers to the transmission and diffusion of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.
• Economic Globalization : This involves the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies around the world.
• Political Globalization: This refers to the growing influence and cohesion of transnational governmental actors and the increasing role of international organizations such as the United Nations.
• McDonaldization: A term used by sociologists to describe a societal shift toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies.
• Global Culture: This refers to the notion of a single global culture emerging, mainly Western, facilitated by the rise of mass media and the internet.
• Homogenization: The process by which cultures are becoming more alike through globalization.
• Hybridization: This concept refers to the blending of elements from different cultures as a result of globalization.
• Cultural Imperialism : This term refers to the domination of other cultures by a powerful nation, particularly in terms of cultural values and norms.
• De-territorialization: This is the severance of social, political, or cultural practices from their native places and populations.

Glocalization:

• Glocalization is a term that combines "globalization" and "localization." It refers to the concept of developing or tailoring products, services, and strategies in accordance with both global and local requirements.
• The goal of glocalization is to create a global product or service that has been adapted to the local culture, taste, laws, and market demands where it is being sold.
• Glocalization is particularly relevant in the world of business and marketing, where a balance must be struck between reaching a global audience and catering to local tastes, customs, and regulations.

Key features:

• Understanding Local Culture : This involves gaining knowledge about local customs, values, and tastes. This is a crucial aspect of glocalization, as businesses aim to make their products or services relevant and appealing to local markets while maintaining their global brand identity.
• Adapting Products or Services : Adapting a product or service to cater to local preferences can involve changes in design, packaging, colors, features, and even the product name to resonate with the local market.
• Compliance with Local Regulations : Businesses often need to modify their products, services, or operations to comply with local laws and regulations. This can include safety standards, environmental regulations, import/export rules, and other legal requirements.
• Local Marketing Strategies : Marketing strategies can be modified to suit local preferences. This can involve using local languages, appealing to local cultural values, and using local media and advertising channels.

Some Examples of Glocalization:

  Impacts of Globalization on Indian Culture: 

• Cultural Exchange: Globalization has facilitated increased cultural exchange between India and other countries, leading to the assimilation of foreign ideas, practices, and values into Indian culture.
• Influence of Western Culture: The influx of Western media, technology, and consumerism has significantly impacted Indian culture, particularly among the younger generation, leading to changes in lifestyle, fashion, and social norms.
• Culinary Fusion: Globalization has introduced international cuisine to India, leading to a fusion of flavors and culinary practices. Indian cuisine has also gained popularity worldwide, contributing to cultural diversity.
• Language and Communication: Globalization has led to the adoption and widespread use of English as a global language of communication. This has affected regional languages and dialects, altering linguistic patterns and communication dynamics in India.
• Entertainment Industry: The global reach of Indian cinema (Bollywood) and television shows has popularized Indian culture and traditions abroad. However, it has also influenced Indian entertainment, leading to a blend of local and international styles.
• Consumerism and Materialism: The rise of global brands and consumer culture has influenced Indian society, leading to an increased emphasis on material possessions and changing values related to wealth and status.
• Cultural Preservation and Revival: Globalization has also sparked a renewed interest in Indian traditions and cultural practices, leading to efforts to preserve and revive indigenous art forms, crafts, music, and dance.
• Education and Employment: Globalization has provided new opportunities for Indian professionals in various sectors, leading to cultural exchange and exposure to different work cultures and practices.
• Religious and Spiritual Influence: Globalization has brought diverse religious and spiritual beliefs to India, leading to an interchange of ideas and practices. It has also led to the growth of global religious movements within the country.
• Challenges to Cultural Authenticity: Globalization has posed challenges to preserving the authenticity of Indian culture, as commercialization and commodification of traditions can dilute their true essence.

Impacts of Globalization on Women 

  Positive Impacts

• Greater Employment Opportunities: Globalization has led to the growth of industries and the service sector, creating new job opportunities. Women have been able to find employment in sectors like technology, hospitality, and healthcare.
• Improved Access to Education: Globalization has played a role in spreading awareness about the importance of education for girls. There's an increased emphasis on women's education, resulting in more educated women in the workforce.
• Increased Social Empowerment: With access to global media, the internet, and various forms of communication, many women are more aware of their rights and have been empowered to fight for them. Globalisation has brought feminist movement to India and hence gave voice to their ideas and concerns. e.g. #MeToo movement.
• Economic Independence: Many women now have more financial freedom and independence, which can empower them in their personal and professional lives.
• Exposure to New Ideas and Lifestyles: Globalization brings in a flow of ideas and cultures from around the world, leading to more progressive attitudes towards women's rights and roles in society.
• Greater Representation : There has been a significant increase in the representation of women in various fields such as politics, science, and technology.

  Negative Impacts

• Wage Disparity: Despite an increase in employment opportunities, wage disparity remains a significant issue. Women often earn less than their male counterparts for the same work.
• Exploitation in Unorganized Sector: Many women work in the informal sector with little or no job security or benefits. They may also be subject to exploitation and abuse.
• Inadequate Social Security: Many women employed in the global economy lack access to essential social security benefits like maternity leave, health insurance, and pension schemes.
• Dual Burden: Women often face the dual burden of paid work outside the home in addition to unpaid domestic work, leading to long work hours and stress.
• Increased Consumerism: The rise in consumerism due to globalization can lead to financial stress and societal pressure.
• Cultural Displacement: The influx of western culture can lead to a sense of cultural displacement and conflicts between traditional and modern values, particularly in terms of gender roles.
• Marginalization of Rural Women: While urban women may benefit from globalization, rural women are often left behind, further exacerbating rural-urban inequalities.

  Impact of Globalization on Family:

• Nuclear Family: With the movement of younger generation for education and employment, nuclear families have replaced joint families.
• New forms of family: With westernisation and modernisation, new forms of family are evolving e.g. dual career family, single parent family and live in relationship.
• Individual interests: are becoming more important than the family interests.
• Decline in caring functions: The caring and nurturing functions of family are declining due to employment of women, rising physical distance etc.
• Declining role in finding life partners: Online dating sites have reduced family’s role in finding life partners.
• Decline of traditional authority: The traditionally accepted authority of Husband or Father is declining.
• Modernisation of the industrial sector: India became a favourite offshore market for pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical, and petroleum industries.
• Privatisation of the financial sector: Prior to globalization and privatization, India’s financial sector had been mismanaged by a combination of corrupt and inept government officials.
• Agriculture sector: The new technological capabilities of farmers have increased helping drive global exports of Indian products such as tea, coffee and sugar.

Impact of Globalization on Sections of Society:

  The Phenomenon of Anti-globalization

• Economic Inequality : Globalization has led to uneven distribution of wealth, with certain individuals and corporations benefiting significantly more than others. According to a report by Oxfam, the world's richest 1% have more than twice as much wealth as 6.9 billion people. This has led to feeling of alienation from the process of globalization.
• Rise of Protectionism: Countries imposing tariffs and trade barriers to protect their domestic industries and jobs can undermine the free flow of goods and services that characterizes globalization.
• Populist Movements: The rise of populism in various parts of the world, driven by economic dissatisfaction, often manifests in resistance to globalization. This can lead to policies aiming to regain national control over economic affairs.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Political and economic rivalries between major powers can lead to 'decoupling', where the global exchange of goods, services, and information is disrupted.
• Technology Disruptions: While technology can accelerate globalization, concerns over issues like data privacy, cybercrime, and digital divides are leading some countries to impose restrictions on the free flow of digital information.
• COVID-19 Pandemic: The pandemic has disrupted global supply chains and led to calls for increased domestic production of key goods. This could result in a more localized approach to production in the future.
• Environmental Concerns: The environmental impact of globalization is leading to calls for more sustainable, localized practices.
• Issues of Sovereignty: There's an increasing call for national sovereignty against perceived overreach by global institutions, which may prompt a shift away from multilateral agreements.
• Migration Crisis: As large numbers of people move across borders due to economic disparity, conflict, or climate change, it can fuel anti-globalization sentiments and policies.
• Rise of Nationalism: Increasing nationalism can lead to a backlash against globalization, as citizens seek to prioritize national interests over global ones.

The Resilience of Global Trade: Continuity Amidst Changing Dynamics:

• Global Trade Defies Headwinds: Despite challenges, global trade remains robust. e.g., COVID-19 pandemic, Russia-Ukraine war effects.
• Selective Changes in Global Trade: The structure of global trade is evolving selectively. Example: De-globalization or regionalization may occur in specific industries and countries over the next five to ten years.
• Regionalization as a Response: Countries and regions pursue self-sufficiency and regional trade. Example: Rising regionalization of supply chains, such as Asia's increasing share of machinery imports into China.
• Shift from Unipolar to Multipolar: The global economy moves away from a unipolar framework. Example: Sino-U.S. relations deteriorate, leading to a fragmented global economy with multiple ecosystems.
• Implications for Inflation and Growth: Changes in globalization dynamics may impact inflation and growth. Example: Increased regionalization and potential inflationary pressures could lead to structurally higher interest rates and lower growth.

Conclusion: The economic and social shifts that have occurred as a direct result of globalisation are also encompassed within the definition of globalisation. Consumers in today’s world have access to a diverse array of options for both the products and services they purchase. Globalization brought positive social changes in the society; however, it becomes a point of concern when an overwhelming impact of globalisation can be observed on the Indian culture and environment.

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Effects of Globalization on Indian Society

Last updated on April 9, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

Globalization has virtually diminished the distances and connected the whole world. Read here to know the effect of globalization on Indian society.

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.

In today’s world, consumers have a wide choice of goods and services before them. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones, and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the world are within the reach. Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads. Gone are the days when Ambassador and Fiat were the only cars on Indian roads.

Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices. Such a wide-ranging choice of goods in our markets is a relatively recent phenomenon.

One wouldn’t have found such a wide variety of goods in Indian markets two decades back. In a matter of years, our markets have been transformed! How do we understand these rapid transformations? What are the factors that brought about these changes? And, how did these changes affect the lives of the people? The answer to all these questions starts with ‘globalization’.

Table of Contents

Effect of globalization on Indian society

Globalization has several aspects and can be political, cultural, social, and economic, out of which financial integration is the most common aspect. India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and is predicted to reach the top three in the next decade.

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India’s massive economic growth is largely due to globalization which was a transformational change that didn’t occur until the 1990s. Since then, the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) has grown at an exponential rate.

The many effects of globalization on Indian society and multiple aspects of it have been discussed here.

Impact of globalization on the Indian economy

Overall, globalization has improved various aspects of India, like:

• International trade relations
• Technology and communication
• Corporate world
• Social and cultural expansion

The reduction of export subsidies and import barriers enabled free trade that made the Indian market attractive to the international community. The untapped potential of the nascent Indian market was opened to the global market and the significant changes were made to its industrial, financial, and agricultural sectors:

Industrial   sector: It saw a massive influx of both foreign capital investments ’ India became a favorite offshore market for pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical, and petroleum industries. This brought advanced technologies and processes that helped in the modernization of the Indian industrial sector.

Financial sector: Prior to globalization and privatization, India’s financial sector had been mismanaged by a combination of corrupt and inept government officials. The privatization of the financial space created a much more dynamic financial services sector.

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Agricultural sector: India still has a largely agrarian society , with a significant majority of the country’s population depending on this sector either directly or indirectly for their livelihood. The new technological capabilities of farmers have increased helping drive global exports of Indian products such as tea, coffee, and sugar.

The betterment of these sectors has brought about an increase in national income, employment, exports, and GDP growth.

Advantages of globalization for India

• The increasing globalization of India has access to markets of the country to foreign companies seeking to invest and operate within the massive Indian market.
• Increase in employment opportunities.
• Initially, globalization gave foreigners access to an inexpensive, robust labor force. But as the country has progressed, the labor force has grown more skilled and educated over time. Now India has the largest diaspora living abroad.
• For foreign investors considering the economy as a whole, India offers a well-diversified export basket. This has been highlighted in the Economic Survey of India as well.

The cultural impact of globalization on Indian society

The process of globalization increased access to television and other entertainment sources over the years. Even in the rural areas satellite television has an established market. In the cities, Internet facility is everywhere and it is being extended to rural areas also through schemes like Smart Cities Mission .

There is an increase in the global food chain and restaurants in the urban areas of India. Multiple movie halls, big shopping malls, and high-rise residential are seen in every city.

The entertainment sector in India has now obtained a global market. After economic liberalization, Bollywood expanded its area and showed a major presence on the global scale. Bollywood movies are quite famous in Middle Eastern and many African countries as well.

Western styles began to be incorporated into Bollywood films to expand the outreach.

As these new cultural ideologies began to permeate the Indian population, the Indian urban population was pushed to re-evaluate their traditional Indian cultural ideology.

Bollywood movies are also distributed and accepted at the international level. Big international companies like Walt Disney, 20th Century Fox, and Columbia Pictures are investing in this sector.

Similarly, famous International brands such as Armani, Gucci, Nike, and Omega are also making investments in the Indian market with the changing of fashion statement of Indians.

Women are getting the equal opportunities they very well deserve now in more numbers due to the globalization of the market. Their empowerment has given considerable opportunities and possibilities for improving employment conditions through global solidarity and coordination. It is found that the growth of computers and other technologies enabled women with better waged, flex timings, and capacity to negotiate their role and status in-home and at the corporate level.

Effects of Globalization on Indian Education:

There is a profound effect observed in the educational sector due to globalization such as the literacy rate becoming high.

Foreign Universities are collaborating with different Indian Universities now, expanding the reach for Indian students.

The Indian educational system embraced globalization through Information technology and it offers opportunities to evolve new paradigms shifts in developmental education.

The shift from largely uneducated to an industrial society to an information society has gradually taken shape.

Globalization promotes new tools and techniques such as E-learning, Flexible learning, Distance Education Programs, and Overseas training.

Many government schemes like the ‘ New Education Policy ’ are pushing for a more global education system to make Indian students from every walk of life at par with the global community.

Challenges of globalization in Indian society

• Economically, for a large market like India is harder to maintain a free, convertible, and open access enabled transnational market.
• Globalization also means growing interdependence in other nations- this can issues like misdistribution of resources. The parity between underdeveloped, developing, and developed remains status quo in many cases.
• The universalization of information technology has boons but also banes, in terms of cybercrimes and other darknet activities . The increase in the number of cyberattacks in India is proof of this.
• Globalization does have a great effect on the ecologies and environments of nations that need safeguards that lessen the negative effects rather than exploiting them without regard to such concerns.
• The negative effects of globalization on the Indian Industry are that with the coming of technology the number of labor required is decreased and this resulted in increasing unemployment, especially in the arena of the pharmaceutical, chemical, manufacturing, and cement industries.
• There are a few challenges for companies due to globalization such as Migration, relocation, labor shortages, competition, and changes in skills and technology.

The effects of globalization on Indian society are manifold and have been discussed in detail. The process of globalization has changed the industrial pattern and social life of people. This has had an immense impact on Indian trade, finance, and cultural system.

The globalization of the economic, social, and cultural structures happened in simultaneously. Previously, the pace of the process was slow but now the change is happening in every arena at lightning-fast speed with the use of information technology.

Globalization has resulted in an increase in the production of a range of goods and services. MNCs have established manufacturing plants all over the world. It has positive effects on India and the administration is trying its best to overcome many obstacles and adopt global policies to expand business an international scale.

India is surely gaining international recognition which leads to the strengthening of economic and political areas.

Truly, globalization has made the world a small place, a whole lot of different people interconnected in diverse ways.

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Globalisation

Globalization is an important topic to study for the UPSC Civil Services Exam because it is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has significant implications for the economy, culture, and politics of countries around the world. Understanding the causes and consequences of globalization can help policymakers and decision-makers develop strategies to address the challenges and opportunities that it presents.

In particular, studying globalization can help aspiring civil servants understand the complex interplay between economic, social, and cultural factors that shape the development of international trade and investment. It can also provide insight into the ways in which globalization can impact employment, wages, and other key policy areas.

Furthermore, studying globalization can help aspiring civil servants understand the role of government in shaping the global economy, and the various strategies that can be used to address the challenges and opportunities that globalization presents. This can include policies related to trade, development assistance, and social and cultural issues.

Overall, studying globalization is an important aspect of preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Exam, as it can provide a deeper understanding of the complex forces shaping the global economy and the role of government in addressing the challenges and opportunities that globalization presents.

What is Globalization?

Globalization refers to the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among people, businesses, and countries around the world. It is driven by advances in transportation, communication, and technology, and it has significant implications for the economy, culture, and politics of countries around the world.

Globalization can be seen in the increasing number of international trade agreements and the growth of multinational corporations. It has also led to the growth of global supply chains, as businesses seek to take advantage of lower labor and production costs in different countries.

Globalization has both positive and negative consequences. On the positive side, it can lead to economic growth and development, as countries can specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage, and trade with other countries to obtain the goods and services they need. It can also lead to increased cultural exchange and understanding, as people from different countries interact and learn from one another.

However, globalization also has negative consequences, such as the displacement of workers as industries relocate to countries with lower labor costs, and the erosion of traditional cultures as people adopt globalized consumer habits. It can also lead to income inequality, as some people and countries benefit more from globalization than others.

Consequences of Globalization:

  Political Consequences: Globalisation erodes the government’s capacity to perform its duties (that is erosion of state capacity)

Instead of benefit-directed economic and social well-being criteria, welfare states are currently being transformed into minimalist states with a focus on necessary services such as law and order.

• The market, not welfare objectives, determines economic and social priorities.
• The entrance and increased engagement of international businesses has hampered the ability of governments to make independent judgements.
• However, this is not always the case, since globalisation has not always weakened state capacity, but has in certain areas augmented it.
• The state’s hegemony remains the uncontested cornerstone of the political community.
• In international politics, old rivalries and envy continue to exist between nations.
• The state continues to execute its fundamental duties while retreating deliberately from areas in which it no longer intends to participate.
• With greater capabilities for gathering information about its inhabitants, the state is in a better position
• The state is not less capable as a result of this information; rather, it is better suited to rule.
• As a result of the new technology, nations grew stronger than they had been in the past.

Economic Consequences: The economic impacts of globalisation are primarily concerned with the distribution of economic gains, i.e., who wins the most and who gains the least, or even who loses out.

Positive consequences:

Globalisation has resulted in an expansion in global commodities trade and a reduction in the restrictions placed by individual nations on the import of products from other nations.

Additionally, limits on cross-border capital flows have been loosened.

The flow of ideas across national boundaries was facilitated.

When deregulation occurs, globalisation results in greater economic growth and prosperity for a larger percentage of the population.

Greater international commerce allows each economy to concentrate on its strengths. This would be to everyone’s advantage.

Globalisation is inevitable, and it is futile to fight the march of time.

One of the major challenges of globalization is ensuring that its benefits are shared more equitably among people and countries . This requires addressing issues such as labor protections, environmental regulations, and the distribution of wealth and resources. It also requires addressing cultural and social issues, such as the preservation of traditional cultures and the integration of immigrants and refugees into host societies.

To address these challenges, governments and other organizations are implementing a range of strategies, including trade policies, development assistance, and social and cultural programs. For example, they may implement policies to promote fair trade, support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide education and training to workers who have been displaced by globalization. They may also implement measures to address cultural and social issues, such as language training programs and cultural exchange initiatives.

In conclusion, globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has significant implications for the economy, culture, and politics of countries around the world. While it can bring economic growth and development, it also has negative consequences, including income inequality and the erosion of traditional cultures.

Ensuring that the benefits of globalization are shared more equitably requires addressing a range of economic, social, and cultural issues, and implementing strategies such as trade policies, development assistance, and social and cultural programs.

Globalisation is a term used to describe the interdependencies in the world of various types, viz. economic, cultural, technological and political.

Features of Globalization:

Globalisation can be both boon as well as bane for a country or a region.

Merits of the Globalisation:

• Access to global markets: All the countries can access to the global markets for trade in goods and services. And also, the local markets can have better platforms to sell their products to make higher profits.
• Technological Advancement: it has resulted in a reverse brain drain in developing countries. The electronic economy has helped in strengthening globalization and increasing the ease of doing business.
• Improved standard of living: globalization increases the standards of living of people by raising the standards of products and services in developed or developing countries
• Overcoming cultural barriers: Globalization opens up cultural spaces by sharing ideas and innovation at high speed with the help of technology. A greater and speedy flow of information between countries and higher cultural interaction has helped to overcome cultural barriers.
• Economies of scale: globalization enables large companies to actualize economies of scale, leading to reductions in costs and prices, which in turn support further economic growth.

Demerits of Globalization:

• Increasing Unemployment Rate: The outsourcing of jobs to developing countries has resulted in the loss of jobs in developed countries. As a result, some of them are now following protectionism measures; for example, the USA is restricting BPO.
• Unequal Economic Growth: while globalization tends to increase economic growth for many countries, the economic growth is not equal; the richer countries often benefit more than developing countries.
• Rise in communicable diseases : there is a greater threat of the spread of communicable diseases. For instance, COVID 19.
• Exploits poorer labour markets: Globalization enables businesses to develop jobs and economic possibilities in developing countries by often offering cheap labour costs, leading to exploitation of labour by offering low wages.
• Increase in Global Terrorism: Globalization comprises a number of penetrating mechanisms that have been exploited by terrorist networks. The use of social media networks is also a reason why terrorism has been widespread.

Impact of Globalization:

• Change in Family Structure: the traditional joint family system in India is going through a shift towards a nuclear family system, which has led to an increase in old age homes as they are treated as burdens. The increasing number of divorce cases and extramarital affairs has led to a perceived erosion of traditional values in marriage.
• The emergence of Global Consumer Society: globalization has led to the rise of a global consumer society with a tendency towards greater cultural homogenization.
• Food and clothing and dialect: There is an increase in the fusion of food across the globe (McDonaldisation) and in clothing such as Indo-Western attire. The manner in which foreign languages, like French, German, and Spanish, are popular in India seems to be an effect of globalization.
• Entertainment: Globalization has led to a more diverse range of entertainment options as content from different cultures is now widely accessible.
• Increase in immigration and cross-cultural contacts : Immigration between countries, the establishment of free trade zones, growth of cross-cultural contacts, increase in worldwide culture, etc, is increasing due to globalization.
• Loss to local entrepreneurs: Breaking up of barriers and protectionist measures in the name of globalization exposes the upcoming but weak indigenous entrepreneurs to the onslaught by the powerful MNCs. For Instance, the ouster of almost all Indian soft drinks companies from the market by Coke and Pepsi.
• Boost to International Travel and Tourism: due to international business as it boosts tours and travel of a country.
• Increase in Exports : there is a marked rise in exports of goods and services in which countries have their respective competencies.

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Table of Contents

Globalisation & Indian Society

• Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
• Modern globalization originated with the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. The driving factors are democracy and capitalism—Washington consensus or neo-liberalism.
• In India, after the LPG Reform of 1991, globalization came as a revolutionary force along with liberalization and privatisation and changed the soul of the Indian economy .
• Globalization is primarily an economic process, but it is one that clearly has profound social implications.
• There has also been opposition to globalization in certain parts of the globe. People wary about the uprooting of the culture have started assertion of their identity. This has led to movements such as:
• Rise of religious fundamentalism.
• Rise of Cosmopolitan Localism.

Glocalisation: It is a phenomenon that is a combination of words such as ‘globalisation’ and ‘localisation’. It points to the simultaneous occurrence of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies in contemporary social, political and economic systems.

Examples of Glocalisation in the Indian context:

• Popularisation of Desi Chinese in India.
• Mcdonald’s selling Aaloo Tikki burgers in India etc.

Impact of Globalization on Indian Society

Young people are growing up in a world of globalization and inequality, taking part in a development process that is simultaneously bringing people closer together and widening the divisions between them.

Positive Impacts

• Health and education provision has improved in many developing countries that have been more actively involved in globalization.
• Win-Win situation: Youth getting the best of both worlds. For a casual gathering, they might choose to wear jeans but for formal occasions, they prefer traditional dresses. Furthermore, while they may decide to marry for love, they are equally eager for their parents to accept their choice of partner and give their blessings on the marriage .
• More aware, more independent: The role of parents are decreasing in the various important decision of their children’s lives in general and on the study and job-related matters.

Negative Impacts

• Growth of consumerism: Youth culture today tends to be strongly associated with increasing commercialism that has permeated and changed the fabric of contemporary Indian society observable by youth’s acceptance of Western foods and beverages, dresses, cosmetics, ornamentations, music dance etc.
• Traditional Indian values weakened: For example, relationships and marriages have had a severe blow from the pornography available on the internet.
• Leads to exclusion: Globalization is characterized by spatial segregation; in that, it actively increases the disparities that already exist between global elites and the localized majority.

While youth and adult are the main carriers of this process, children-as a passive agent has also been variedly affected.

• Broadened access: to goods and services e.g., childcare products.
• Infused multiculturism: Increasing respect and tolerance for other cultures and ethnicities.
• Enhanced avenues for learning: e.g., Student exchange programs have broadened student exposure.
• Internet as an equalizer: has opened a window of opportunities for kids belonging to all classes of society.
• Awareness: due to the ease of access to the internet and related technologies
• The exploitation of the environment: e.g., the dumping of e-waste by developed nations into poor developing countries has exposed kids to the problems of toxic air and water.
• Fast food culture: e.g., McDonaldization has tilted children’s dietary preferences towards unhealthy junk food over home-cook food.
• Enhanced unproductive time: being spent on social networking and online gaming like Pubg.
• Exaberated problem of child labour : e.g., due to huge global demand an estimated 300,000 children work in India’s hand-knotted carpet industry.

Thus, although globalization has made Indian children are now more future ready. But its dark side as seen, presents a word of caution.

• Caste System: Globalization has relaxed norms of socializing, intermingling, and inter-caste marriages. Expanding economic opportunities and a breakdown of the traditional division of labour led to social mobility.
• Religious System: Spread of religious ideas through migration has caused the rise of spiritual affiliation in Western countries. Also, globalization led to the questioning of exploitative traditions like Deva-Dasi, and Triple Talaq.
• Marriage: There is an increase in the concept of love marriages. Web-based marriage alliance systems have also become a common phenomenon.
• Homogenization of culture: The process of rising global interconnectedness and interdependence has led to the uniformization of culture across the world.
• Food Culture: Lifestyle changes due to the consumption of junk foods promoted by global food chains like McDonald’s and KFC are not only affecting food culture but also giving rise to sedentary lifestyle-based health disorders.
• Clothing Culture: Traditional dresses has become a symbol of the ceremony while Western clothing like denim dominate everyday life across regions, gender and demography
• Family: Decline in joint family pattern, the dominance of nuclear families. Modern thoughts like live-in culture have also been recognised as seen in the famous Kanniammal case.
• Linguistic culture: The influence of transnational corporations dominated the English language over regional and minority languages. For example, Families in urban areas often use English in their daily communication. However, it has led Indians to excel in the country’s services sector.

Rural India

• Revolutionized the primary sector: Activities like agriculture, animal husbandry , pisciculture, and horticulture. by providing cheap and affordable machines, tools, hybrid and different varieties.
• Generated employment: Thereby elevating the standard of living in rural India.
• Opened access to newer markets: To sell their products globally at good prices.
• Intensification and internal labour migration: Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of employment is a common phenomenon.
• Access to better services: ICT led to better service delivery like Common Service Centre (CSC) and better health services using e-Health.
• Technical education: Available on the internet via tele-education has helped students from rural areas to secure employment.
• Exposure to global culture: Through mass media and education has encouraged rural people to abandon traditional social conservative norms and taboos.
• feeling of Casteism.
• Globalization has resulted in growing urbanization, which has facilitated a secular pattern of living and hence impacted the “separation of contact” aspect of the caste system.

However, despite changes, the caste system has shown immense resilience and still continues to exist as one of the significant features of Indian society .

Deterioration in the emotional attachment: with the spread of mobile handsets and internet in the rural areas people are getting detached from social gatherings.

Spread of consumerism: the culture of consumerism has penetrated in rural areas due to globalization which has led to the growth of materialism in rural areas.

Culture of imitation in the name of modernisation: in the blind race of progress people are imitating rather than modernising like buying a car by selling land or having caste-based speakers on their vehicles.

• Growing global demand has given a boost to the tribal economy: For example, Orissa tribal culture became very popular, because of dance, handicrafts such as wooden products stone products and some other handmade product sales in the global market.
• Displacement of Tribals: About 55 per cent of the country’s tribal population now resides outside their traditional habitats. Development induces displacements like irrigation developments are the major causes. For eg: The Narmada Bacho Andolan.
• Unsustainable development of Tribal regions: Rapid technological advancement and unrivalled economic and political strength of capitalism, have created favourable conditions for the evasion and extraction of natural resources from the ecologically fragile territories of tribal people.
• New advances in technology, the reorientation toward export-led development, and the imperatives of pleasing global financial markets are all driving forces in the extermination of countless native communities which stand in their way.
• Traditional sovereignty over hunting and gathering rights has been thrown into question as national governments bind themselves to new global economic treaties.
• New trade and investment agreements, which are opening up previously inaccessible territory to industrial extraction of natural resources have forced indigenous peoples to defend their homelands under an invasion of unprecedented rate and scale: Big dams, mines, pipelines, roads, energy developments, and military intrusions all threaten native lands.
• Global rules on the patenting of genetic resources via the WTO have made possible the privatization of indigenous peoples’ genomes, the biological diversity upon which they depend, and the very knowledge of how that biodiversity might be used commercially.
• National governments making decisions on export development strategies or international trade and investment rules do not consult native communities.

Positive impacts

• It promoted equal wages to women including in the informal sector .
• It has increased the average wages of women
• Women’s employment opportunities have increased
• The social choices of women have increased
• In addition to giving them self-confidence and increasing their morale

Negative impacts

• Women work two full-time jobs. As they moved to workplaces but their responsibilities have not decreased.
• Although some women enjoy the freedom of delaying marriage, they soon realize that this form of independence might actually be a burden because finding a husband later in life is not as easy as in their youth.
• Sexual harassment at the workplace .
• Due to illiteracy and unawareness rural-area women are more exploited than urban-area women.
• Women’s weaker property rights and limited access to productive inputs also constrain their capacity to benefit from trade openness.
• Many new jobs in growth sectors have low wages, insecure tenure and limited training or promotional prospects.
• Globalisation has decreased costs and increased access to new healthcare technology Average life expectancy and health has increased because of improvement in technology, medical facilities, and living standards.
• The rapid growth in communication technologies has made the world a small place. Aged people who could not be lucky to live with their children due to the job pressures of the young, can now easily interact with them over Skype and Zoom.
• Remittances: 18 million India living outside send money to their parents at Home to improve their quality of life The
• longevity dividend: The people now have become more economically prosperous because of better employment opportunities across the world, and due to this they are able to save more for their old age.

Negative Impacts:

• Fallouts of disintegration of joint families
• Unclear Roles in a fast-changing world
• The problem is aggravated when parents are economically dependent on children.
• The rapid cultural shock that they experience because of globalisation has led them into a trap of anxiety.
• Globalisation has not only led to faster growth but also faster inflation. The elderly population find their savings are often eaten away by inflation.
• Psychological problems like a sense of dependence, insecurity, fear and alienation.

Agriculture

• Increase in farm productivity: Globalization has enhanced farm productivity on account of new seeds, technology like drip irrigation etc. It has also led to the efficient utilization of farm inputs, making farming financially viable and profitable.
• Increase in export of agricultural goods: The prices of agricultural goods are higher in the international market than in the Indian markets. The international market for agricultural goods in India has increased farmers’ income.
• Research collaboration with foreign countries: Has increased R&D in the field of agriculture and technology.
• Contract farming: Globalization has encouraged corporate and contract farming which have helped farmers.
• Value addition: Through the proliferation of food processing industries has improved farmers’ income.
• Intellectual property rights: Intellectual property rights cause unfavourable impacts on Indian agriculture . Multinational companies can easily enter the field of agriculture and it will be bad for the margin farmers .
• International institutions: Like WTO pressurizing to curb amber box subsidies such as Electricity, Fertilisers, Seeds, Water, MSP etc. Since it considers nearly all domestic support measures as distortion on production as well as international trade.
• Price fluctuation in global markets: Import inflation impact local prices that affect Indian consumers e.g., Edible oil.

Informal sector

The informal sector consists of units engaged in the production of goods or services with the primary objective of generating employment and income for the persons engaged in the activity. The worker work under highly exploitative, low paid and low social security conditions, owing to their low human capital capabilities, and hence are more exposed to economic upheavals.

• Heightened competition due to Globalization: Encourages sub-contracting of work to the informal sector because of low wages and lost cost of production in the informal section.
• The casualization of labour: Global competition tends to encourage firms to shift formal wage workers to informal employment arrangements without minimum wages, assured work, or benefits.
• Rise of the Gig Economy : Presents new opportunities for the unskilled worker of the informal economy. Eg – new employment opportunities introduce by companies like Uber.
• Globalization benefits large companies which can move quickly and easily across borders but possess disadvantages to labour, especially lower-skilled workers that cannot migrate easily or at all.
• Women are pushed to the lowest income end of the informal economy as more and more men enter the informal economy.

Deglobalization/Reverse Globalization

Deglobalization is defined as the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world, typically nation-states. It is widely used to describe the periods of history when economic trade and investment between countries decline. It stands in contrast to Globalization in which units become increasingly integrated over time and generally span the time between periods of globalization.

It is marked by the outbreak of a series of “black swan” incidents such as the Brexit referendum, the US-China trade war, growing trade protection, border crossing and immigration control, which has caused widespread concern.

Reasons behind the emergence of deglobalisation

• Protectionism and unilateral withdrawal from international organizations and agreements. For example – Brexit.
• Changing geopolitical equations. For example, the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the aggressive rise of China.
• The rise of national consciousness and unemployment in Western countries led to stricter immigration policies. For eg, the policies in Saudi Arabia against immigrant workers.
• Crisis and inflow of refugees affecting national resources. For example – Syrian refugees, and Rohingya refugees.
• Fear of the spread of the pandemic especially COVID-19 .
• Restriction of labour movements : India would be affected because it enjoys the benefit of remittance in the global economy. For eg, Kerala’s Remittance economy has been shaken during the lockdown.
• The affected inflow of foreign investments:  This will affect employment generation, forex reserves and the flow of new technologies in the country.
• Reduced cooperation and coordination among countries: Will impact overall global economic growth.
• While globalization and deglobalization are antitheses, they are no mirror images. But global leaders must come together to timely mould this trend in a manner that makes reverse globalization more like a self-correcting mechanism to overcome the challenges posed by globalization while retaining its benefits.

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• A critical appraisal of this social change

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Globalization in India | UPSC Notes

Introduction—   

• Multidimensional, multifaceted & Complex web of phen
• Kenichi Ohame— “Borderless world” 
• Marshall Machluhan— “Global village”
• Thomas Freidman (“The world is flat” )
• Thomas Freidman (“The Lexus & olive”)—”Inexorable integration of markets, N-S & tech to a degree never witnessed before” — Today individuals, corp, Nations r reaching the world farther, faster, deeper & cheaper
• Anthony Giddens— Intensification of worldwide social relations & Compression in time & space

Beginning of Globalization

• Formally after demise of C.W–1990s—End of history (Fukuyama) & N.W.O (Ascendency of Neo liberalism)– Est of WTO marked its highest point.
• Marx—  “Search for profits will take bourgeoise to settle everywhere & nestle everywhere”
• Hirst & Thompson— Present Glbl is a Rhetoric or a “New buzz word” for old capitalist exploitation– It is just a global expansion of capitalism.

Models of Globalisation

• Present model —based on Neo-liberalism led by USA—Free market capitalism & Liberal democracy (“End of History”) 
• Chinese model — At WEF– Xi expressed that China is willing to lead the Glbl & China led model will be more inclusive & Sustainable unlike USA. 
• Bhikhu Parekh– Norms governing the cosmopolitan w.o shd not be based on value system of one civilization, but shd be the result of “Dialogue b/w civilization”

Theoretical perspectives on Glb— 

• Liberals— Glbl promotes Free trade, Interdependences– ↑ Peace, prosperity & Dev
• Realists—Sceptical— Reinhold Niebuhr— Heightened E.I is likely to breed mutual vulnerability + It may have altered S, P & C domains but has not transcended the political domain.
• Marxist—WST— ↑ Gap b/w Core & periphery
• Feminists—Feminisation of poverty & migration, sex tourism.
• Post-Colonial Perspective—It results in Neo-colonialism—Subverting indigenous cultures + Spreading soulless consumerism

Globalisation: Myth vs Reality 

• Hyperglobalists— 
• Sceptics / Myth—Marxists—H & T— Globalisation is a fantasy— New buzz word
• Transformationalists—Rosenau / Giddens / David Held—  Profound changes have taken place but est features have not been swept altogether    
• Although it has become universal, however there are lot of regional & inter-sectral variations in terms of its depth—so “Real but not perfect”

Impact of Glb on Nation-state

• Glbl stimulated a major debate about power & sig of state in a globalized world—Glbl in its E&P forms, has led to a process of state retreat, even fashioning what some called the “Post-sovereign state”
• Glbl defined as borderless world & De-Territorialization but N-S rep Territorialized enitiy—These r anti-thetical ideas
• Marshall McLuhan—Global village
• Kenichi Ohmae—Borderless world
• Susan Strange– ‘where states were once masters of markets, now it is the markets which, on many issues, are the masters over Govts of states’.
• Traditional conception of sovereignty–States had supreme control within their borders, but forces of Glbl have made the hard shell of state perforated (Borders became increasingly ‘permeable’)
• Rise of ‘supra-territoriality’,with increasing range of economic activities take place within a ‘borderless world’.
• Financial markets that have become genuinely globalized– that financial crises in one part has impact in other parts of the world.
• Changing BoP b/w Territorial states &‘De- territorialized’ TNCs
• Glbl has not rendered state redundant as an economic actor, States retain a vital role in bringing about economic modernization(Robert Gilpin).
• Market based economies can only operate effectively within a context of legal & social order that only the state can provide.
• Although states, when acting separately, may have a diminished capacity to control transnational economic activity, they retain  facility to do so through macro frameworks of economic regulation, as provided by G-20, WTO, IMF
• Although profound changes have taken places, but w/o traditional features being swept away altogether. We are witnessing the both. In some aspect, globalization is winning & in other aspects, states are holding the power.
• Advanced Industrial States— Post-modern multilevel governance
• Weak post-colonial states— Lost sovereignty
• Modernising States like BRICS— Better positioned
• It has effected sovereignty of poorer & smaller nations in a worse way than the bigger ones 

Impacts on Devg countries— Xi–Glbl is a “Double edged sword”

+ve— In general Asian countries r winners, evident from prediction of “Asian century” & shift in C.O.G of IP from T-A to A-P.  

• Share of India, China & S-E Asia in global GDP ↑ from 12.5% to 31.8% b/w 1990 & 2016 + Poverty alleviation in Global south + achivement of MDGs.
• China’s share in Global GDP– from 4% to 17.5% in 2019, India’s share– 7%
• Vietnam— miracle—In a single Gen moved from poorest to middle income economy (Bcz it invested in health & edu)
• Branko Melinoski’s Elephent curve
• Inequalities ↑, Inequitable & Exclusive growth, Jobless growth (Ex– Service sector perpetuated but Agriculture stagneted due to WTO policies etc), -ve on food security, Env degrd
• Benefitted rich sections the most, as PBM says–Rise of “Plutocracy”
• Inter & Intra state disparities— WST
• Jagdish Bhagwati— Glbl has to be properly governed to yield desired result
• Xi– Glbl is a “Double edged sword”— It has its own Challenges & Opp– Depends on how we face & how well we r prepared– countries which has invested in capacity building & Skill dev have taken max benefits
• Amaratya Sen (Book– “Economic Dev & Social opp”)– Countries which joined have been better than those remained outside– Can serve as opp only by Capacity building of people

Impacts on Developed countries—

Initially benefitted but now adversely impacted— so Resentment & retreat– Rise of Right, Protectionism, Social mov like Occupy wall street mov, Middle class worst affected

-ve— Economic C.O.G shifted towards east— Fareed Zakaria— “Decline of west & Rise of rest”

• G-7—from 51% to 31% + EU’s share– from 27.6% to 16.8% + PIGS adversely impacted
• Security issues— Refugee crisis, Terrorism 
• Joseph Stiglitz—  Backlash in Devd world— as growth has not been inclusive
• “No point in blaming Glb for world’s problems”— Not Glbl but Automation & incorrect policies of Govt r R/S for job losses—Even GFC was bcz of regulatory failures
• “Pursuing protectionism is like locking oneself in a dark room. Wind and rain may be kept outside, but so is light and air”
• Glb is a “double-edged sword” but benefits far outweighed the -ves  
• “Global economy is a big ocean you cannot escape from” 
• Sweden & Germany benefitted bcz of steps in skill dev, while UK & UK neglected this.

Critics of Globalization

Marxist criticism

• ↑ gap b/w Core & peripheries
• Time to sing Swang Song  for it– Glbl has reached its “Dead end”
• Humanity has 2 options—Barbarianism / Socialism
• Samir Amin   (“Capitalism in age of Glb”)– Applied Dependency theory to show continuing Drain of wealth
• Hirst & Thompson— Just a “New Buzz word” for Old Capitalist exploitation

Other criticism

• Thomas Piketty  (Capital in the 21st century) 
• Arundhati Roy  (Capitalism: A Ghost Story )—Mutant variety of colonialism – remote controlled & digitally operated 
• Dark side—Rise of uncivil society—TN terrorism, H- trafficking
• Not “end of history,” but “end of geo”. 
• Aversely impacted S-E rights & strenghtend property rights
• Aversely impacted economic sovereinity, cultural integrity & Social stability.
• Vandana Shiva— Glbl is brutal for nature
• It has also -vely impacted Developed countries as well    
• Capitalist wars, -ve impact on health, education

Current phase

• Initially protests in Devg but now in Devd world
• Prof Deepak Nayyar— Glb is under stress with its present disrupted & future uncertain
• PBM— “Pincer moment”—attack from all sides—World doesn’t seems so flat now—Optimism of “end of history” is under challenge
• ↑ support for Rightist parties
• Anti-Glb mov—Occupy Wall Street mov, Protests against WEF, WTO  ( In Seattle )& G-20 ( In Humberg ) meetings
• In Europe– Tends of ” Border control” instead of “Borderless world” + Growth of Nationalistic & Xenophobic sentiments.
• Trade barriers— “Border control rather than borderless world”
• Multilateral inst are crumbling
• PBM— Rising “Me First” sentiment 

Future Prospects

• Although Glbl is passing through uncertain phase, but It is irreversible—as there r global challenges— Climate change, Terrorism

Hence there r imperatives for co-op— Aurobindo —“Aggregation is the law of Universe, Nature will destroy if we go against it”

• Jospeh Stiglitz (Making Glb work)—Address Democratic Deficit in inst of G.G

Can China lead Future Globn ?

• Xi Jinping at WEF— China ready to lead globn
• Enhanced RBEO— AIIB, NDB, BRI  
• Reforming its currency policy 
• Chinese economy slowing down 
• China-US great Thucydides trap.
• PBM (The second coming)—Even if China manages its domestic transition to slower growth, it is doubtful whether it has global political legitimacy to act as leader– China always see itself as “Middle kingdom”.

Globalisation & Covid-19

It was already in decline 

• Richard Fontaine & C. Raja Mohan— It was in decline well before COVID-19
• The Economists— Already a process of Slowbalisation was going on—GFC, trade war, Halt of  WTO talks—Covid has not led to decline but it has hastened its decline
• While heat against globalisation was simmering, pandemic added fuel to fire. 

-ves— Covid has prompted a new wave of  Glb obituarie s

• Highlighted risks inherent in overdependence on global supply chains— Prompted Re-nationalization of production
• Idea of a “Borderless world” is under serious questioning—Travel ban, US banned export of medicines 
• Harsh V. Pant — Covid-19 will strengthen the ongoing anti-globalisation voices
• Stephen M Walt—Realist Guide to Coronavirus Outbreak–Crisis is vivid reminder of centrality of state in IP + proves that— Intl co-op is fragile & Underlying anarchy of G.G is being exposed. 
• The recent Covid Crisis is seen as the beginning of deglobalization and the comeback of the state .

Will Globalisation will die?— No

• Steven Altman—Covid-19 is a “ bend but won’t break crisis ” for globalization.
• Shyam Saran— Covid may have stalled Glbl but it is here to stay. Also Pandemic has triggered Galloping Glb in digital economy

Covid-19 Will unleash a new phase of Glb—

• Richard Fontaine— Covid-19 will accelerate not its demise rather the likely result will be a new, different & more limited form of globl
• C. Raja Mohan— Sovereignty is certainly back. Solidarity is under stress, but not dead—Drift is towards a middle path b/w extreme globalism & hyper-nationalism, Also Corona added awareness of “global problems” & the need for “global solutions” 
• Suhasini Haider— While it will be impossible for countries to cut themselves off from Global market entirely, But regional initiatives will become the “Goldilocks option”—Middle path b/w Globalisation & Hyper-nationalism
• Further politicise migration, entrench biasness towards self-reliance & Inward looking economy—  Modi— New era of economic self-reliance has begun
• “Import substitution” may again gain currency as perils & pitfalls of overdependence on foreign supplies become clear. 
• Harsh V. Pant —Obituaries of globl have been written many times in past as well. It will surely survive this latest assault. But the form in which it might endure will requires us to think more creatively 

Which type of Glb needed in Post Covid world– A “New Templete” of Glbl is needed–

• Modi— “In post covid world, we need a new template of Glb based on fairness, equality & humanity”– Thus needed a “More inclusive Glbl with Humane face”
• Joseph Stiglitz– Reform Inst of G.G & global financial inst like WB, IMF + address Democratic Deficit

Features of Globalization

• Complex process– Creates conditions for a more co-op world but also a major source of Instability, inequalities & Conflict
• Emergence of Globalism– collective awareness or conciousness of the world, Globalised way of life
• Relative De-Territorialization of S, E & P activities
• Relative De-nationalisation of power.
• Economic Power shift in World politics– BRICS, G-20.
• Menifests in all domains of social life, albeit with varying intensity– But Economic Glbl > Cultural, Pol etc
• Uneven / Assymetric in nature– has diff degree of enmeshment — Rich countries more globalised than poor.

Globalization’s impact on world order

• Instead of “End of state, Glbl has produced a “More activist state”– To achieve Domestic objectives, State engages in co-op & collaboration
• A shift from a world of discrete but interdependent N-S to the world as a shared social spaces that transcend National bounderies.
• Power & Political authority now is not the sole preserve of State but is diffused among diverse Actors, Pvt agencies, NGOs, Supra state bodies
• Sovereignity is now shared among national, regional & Global authorities.
• Baylis & Smith– A shift from state centric Geopolitics to Geo-centric Global politics
• Territoriality– still relevent, but now emergence of new Political org that transcends Territories & Borders
• State Sovereinty– Transformed not eroded- Now Sov rep shared exercise of power & Authority by National, Regional & global authorities + States now uses Sov as a bargaining chip in Intl Negotiations
• State Autonomy– To achive Domestic objectives in interdependent world, States r forced to engage in co-op & collaboration (But this also compromises their autonomy of self governance) 

Globalization & Return of Geo-politics

• Matter of Debate whether Glbl & Geopolitics r compatible or not
• Brian Blouet– While Geopolitics restricts movements, est imperial controls but Glbl stands for De-territorialization
• Ellen Frost– We r moving towards a much more ‘interconnected world system’ + External threats have assumed transnational forms that traditional geopolitics of BoP is now largely irrelevent
• Realists– Imperitives of Geopolitics outweighs the principle of Glbl
• Realpolitik is again taking centre stage– Present Realist ex
• “New Geopolitics” is emerging in era of Glbl–It rests less on military power & more on soft power
• “winless withdrawal” of US from Iraq & Afghan r evidence that superiority in military power ‘is no longer able to reach desired political outcomes in violent conflict’– US shd learn that depending on “Old Geopolitics” will bring only ‘Frustration & defeat’

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Essay on Globalisation for Students in English [Easy Words*]

January 25, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Globalisation: The growth of the country’s economy and its higher integration on par with the global economic standards is described as globalization. Foreign investment in corporate, scientific and education sectors has created a financial and political impact on the country’s economy. Globalization increases employment opportunities, higher compensation rates, and naturally raises living standards. It creates a wider market for job outsourcing, access to higher technology aspects and global markets.

Essay on Globalisation 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Globalisation Essay in English, suitable for class 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10.

Globalisation is an expansion of various business, services, and technologies to the global market. We can define globalisation as a process of interaction among people, companies, and governments worldwide. In economic terms, globalisation can be described as the interdependence of the different countries to foster the trade beyond their boundaries.

Impact of Globalisation in India

The effects of globalization are very much visible in all the countries around the globe; hence, they can be seen on the Indian economy. India is one of the countries where competitiveness increases immensely after globalisation. Globalisation forced Indian companies to opt for new business strategies to produce better and on-time results. Globalisation hit India in 1990, Mr. Manmoham Singh was the finance minister of India. Since then, the country is doing good on the economic front and moving towards to become a strong and powerful economy in the world.

Till 1990’s Indian economy was not open for globalisation as it was constrained by the barriers to trade and investment liberalisation in the country. But after a major crisis in the Indian economy, it removed all the barriers and opened its economy for the globalisation to receive a positive push. Reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, initiating the privatisation programme, and amendment of the monopolies are among a few of them. Over the year, India has been witnessing steady liberalisation and globalisation, and more sectors are now opened up for direct foreign investment. Other new sectors like telecom, airports, insurance etc. are welcoming the direct foreign investment.

Advantages of Globalisation

Globalisation in India has increased the competitiveness in business. After adopting the LPG model (Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation) of the economy, India’s economy has witnessed rapid growth.

Transfer of Technology: Globalisation acts as a mechanism for transferring the technology from the developed countries to the under-developing countries like India. India’s present economy and technology allow Indian companies to invest a little amount in R&D (Research and Development).

Rise in Employment: Globalisation led the development of SEZ (Special Economic Zones) where more jobs are created. Indian offers cheap labour, so many developed countries have started to outsource their work to India.

Improved Standard of Living: The shopping habits of Indians changed after globalisation hit the country. Living standards of Indians have improved a lot in the past few decades.

Reduce Poverty: Globalisation has played a vital role to reduce poverty in India. We have developed a lot as a country, but poverty is still a severe challenge. Globalisation helped the Indian economy grow and give competition to other developed countries’ economy.

Education: Globalisation made it easy for those who want to move across the border to acquire better education. People from underdevelopment countries have started to move to developed countries to get a better education.

Disadvantages of Globalisation

Unemployment: Globalisation has created many new opportunities in terms of job and business, but on the other hand, it has become a big reason for unemployment . When a country outsources its services, it takes the opportunity from its citizens and gives it to other country’s people to earn more benefit. The same is happening now because of globalisation.

Dominant Global Brands: In the era of globalisation, the competition has reached its peak, and in such a competitive environment, it becomes difficult for the small industries to survive. The dominant global brands don’t let the small industries to grow. Superior technologies hold the most of market share and for new and small industries to hold a good grip on the market becomes a challenge.

• Essay On Globalisation

Globalisation Essay

500+ words essay on globalisation.

Globalisation can be defined as a process of integration of the Indian economy with the world economy. Globalisation has been taking place for the past hundred years, but it has sped up enormously over the last half-century. It has increased the production and exchange of goods and services. Globalisation is a positive outcome of privatisation and liberalisation. Globalisation is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration associated with social and cultural aspects. It is said to be an outcome of different policies to transform the world towards greater interdependence and integration. To explain, in other words, Globalisation is a concept or method of interaction and union among people, corporations, and governments universally.

The top five types of globalisation are:

1. Cultural globalisation

2. Economic globalisation

3. Technological globalisation

4. Political globalisation

5. Financial globalisation

Impact of Globalisation on the Indian Economy

After urbanisation and globalisation, we can witness a drastic change in the Indian economy. The government-administered and established economic policies are imperative in planning income, investment, savings, and employment. These economic policies directly influence while framing the basic outline of the Indian economy.

Indian society is critically impacted by cross-culture due to globalisation, and it brought changes in different aspects of the country in terms of political, cultural, economic and social.

However, the main factor is economic unification which contributes maximum to a country’s economy into an international economy.

Advantages of Globalisation

Labour access: Due to globalisation, nations can now access a broader labour pool. If there is any shortage of knowledgeable workers in any developing nation, they can import labour from other countries. On the other hand, wealthier countries get an opportunity to outsource their low-skill work to developing nations with a low cost of living to reduce the cost of goods sold and move those savings to the customers.

High standard of living: After Globalisation, the Indian economy and the standard of living have increased. The change can be observed in the purchasing behaviour of an individual, especially those associated with foreign companies. Hence, most cities are upgraded with a better standard of living and business development.

Resource Access : The primary reason for trade is to gain access to the resources of other countries. It would have been impossible to produce or manufacture luxurious goods if the flow of resources across countries was not permissible—for example, Smartphones.

Impact of Globalisation

Globalisation in terms of economy is associated with the development of capitalism. The introduction of Globalisation has developed economic freedom and increased the living standard worldwide. It has also fastened up the process of offshoring and outsourcing. Due to outsourcing, transnational companies got an opportunity to exploit medium and small-sized enterprises intensively at a low price worldwide. As a kind of economic venture, outsourcing has increased, in recent times, because of the increase in quick methods of communication, especially the growth of information technology (IT).

Privatization of public utilities and goods, such as security, health, etc., are also impacted by Globalisation. Other goods, such as medicines or seeds, are considered economic goods and have been integrated into recent trade agreements.

This essay on Globalisation will help students to understand the concept more accurately. Students can also visit our BYJU’S website to get more CBSE Essays , question papers, sample papers, etc.

Frequently Asked Questions on Globalisation Essay

What are the benefits of globalisation.

Globalisation gives countries access to foreign cultures and technological innovation from more advanced countries. It provides improved living standards to people. The global exposure it gives has resulted in the emergence of new talent in multiple fields.

What are the main elements of globalisation?

Principle elements of globalisation are international trade, foreign investment, capital market flows, labour migration, and diffusion of technology.

What are the different types of globalisation?

Political, economic and cultural globalisation are the main types of globalisation.

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IAS, PRAKHAR KUMAR SINGH | Reverse Globalization: Exposition of New fault lines & Rifts in Global order | Triumph IAS

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IAS,PRAKHAR KUMAR SINGH

Essay topic:

Reverse globalization: exposition of new fault lines & rifts in global order., (relevant for essay writing for upsc civil services examination).

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Essay on Globalization for Students and Children

500+ words essay on globalization.

Globalization refers to integration between people, companies, and governments. Most noteworthy, this integration occurs on a global scale. Furthermore, it is the process of expanding the business all over the world. In Globalization, many businesses expand globally and assume an international image. Consequently, there is a requirement for huge investment to develop international companies.

How Globalization Came into Existence?

First of all, people have been trading goods since civilization began. In the 1st century BC, there was the transportation of goods from China to Europe. The goods transportation took place along the Silk Road. The Silk Road route was very long in distance. This was a remarkable development in the history of Globalization. This is because, for the first time ever, goods were sold across continents.

Globalization kept on growing gradually since 1st BC. Another significant development took place in the 7th century AD. This was the time when the religion of Islam spread. Most noteworthy, Arab merchants led to a rapid expansion of international trade . By the 9th century, there was the domination of Muslim traders on international trade. Furthermore, the focus of trade at this time was spices.

True Global trade began in the Age of Discovery in the 15th century. The Eastern and Western continents were connected by European merchants. There was the discovery of America in this period. Consequently, global trade reached America from Europe.

From the 19th century, there was a domination of Great Britain all over the world. There was a rapid spread of international trade. The British developed powerful ships and trains. Consequently, the speed of transportation greatly increased. The rate of production of goods also significantly increased. Communication also got faster which was better for Global trade .

Finally, in 20th and 21st -Century Globalization took its ultimate form. Above all, the development of technology and the internet took place. This was a massive aid for Globalization. Hence, E-commerce plays a huge role in Globalization.

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Impact of Globalization

First of all, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increases at a great rate. This certainly is a huge contribution of Globalization. Due to FDI, there is industrial development. Furthermore, there is the growth of global companies. Also, many third world countries would also benefit from FDI.

Technological Innovation is another notable contribution of Globalization. Most noteworthy, there is a huge emphasis on technology development in Globalization. Furthermore, there is also technology transfer due to Globalization. The technology would certainly benefit the common people.

The quality of products improves due to Globalization. This is because manufacturers try to make products of high-quality. This is due to the pressure of intense competition. If the product is inferior, people can easily switch to another high-quality product.

To sum it up, Globalization is a very visible phenomenon currently. Most noteworthy, it is continuously increasing. Above all, it is a great blessing to trade. This is because it brings a lot of economic and social benefits to it.

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• Globalisation Essay

Essay on Globalisation

Globalization means the integration of economies and societies through the flow of information, ideas, technology, goods, services, capital, finance, and people. The true meaning of Globalization in a broad sense is connecting in all areas of human life. It is the process by which other companies or organizations enhance their international reputation or start operating internationally. 

Globalization began thousands of years ago when people and companies bought and sold in distant lands. In the Middle Ages, Central Asia was connected to China and Europe via the famous Silk Road. After World War II and the last two decades, governments of many countries have adopted free-market economies. They have greatly increased their own production potential and created countless new opportunities for international trade and investment. New routes and means to transport goods have been discovered, which has allowed the people to expand their business easily and efficiently. 

The government has reduced all trade barriers and concluded new international agreements to promote trade in goods, services and investment. This profitable action has created opportunities for international trade. In foreign markets, companies with these new opportunities set up new factories and establish production and marketing relationships with foreign partners. Hence, Globalization is defined as an international industrial and financial enterprise.

Overview of Globalization

Globalization means the assimilation of economics and societies through the flow of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance, and people. The real meaning of Globalization in a broad sense is connectivity in all aspects of human life. It is the process where the businesses or other organizations expand international authority or start operating on an international scale.

How the Existence of Globalization Came Into Being?

Globalization had started many thousands of years ago when people and corporations were buying and selling across lands at great distances. In the middle age, Central Asia connected with China and Europe through the famed Silk Road. After the Second World War II and during the last two decades, the governments of many countries have adopted free-market economic systems. They increased their own productive potential immensely and created innumerable new opportunities for international trade and investment.

The governments have reduced all barriers to commerce and established new international agreements to promote trade in goods, services and investments. These beneficial measures gave rise to opportunities for global trade. With these new opportunities in the foreign markets, corporations established new factories and started production and marketing alliances with foreign partners. Hence, Globalization is defined as an international industrial and financial business structure.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The frontiers of the state with increased confidence in the market economy and renewed policies in the private capital and resources, a process of structural adjustment spurred by the studies and with the support of the World Bank and other international organizations have started in many of the developing countries. Globalization has also brought in new opportunities to developing countries. Greater access to developed country markets and technology transfer has promised to improve their productivity and higher standards. 

At the same time, Globalization has also created challenges like growing inequality across and within nations, instability in the financial market and environmental deterioration. Globalization is a fascinating exhibition that can be understood as a global system of competition and connectivity. It has created tough competition among countries and global corporations.

Impact of Globalization in India

The British Colonial rule had destroyed the self-sufficient economy of India and left India to be the poorest Independent country. Our first Prime Minister gave preference to a mixed economy to boost the economic condition of the country. Public sectors were set up along with the private enterprises, but because of the socialistic model of the economy, the new strategy did not produce profitable results. Due to this, a number of public sectors became sick and the growth rates of production began to fall. 

During that time, the poverty of the people in India was increasing at an alarming rate and because of low domestic savings and acute balance of payment crisis, there was no adequate capital for investment. During that time of crisis, Prime Minister PV Narsimha Rao introduced the policy of liberalization, privatization to overcome the financial situation. 

India opened up to Globalization after the economic policy of 1991 came into force. Mounting debts and pressure from the International Monetary Fund drove the nation to go global. The process of Globalization has been an integral part of the recent economic growth of India. Globalization has played a very significant role in the growth of export, leading to the expansion of the job market in India. One of the major sectors of Globalization in India has been in the growth of outsourced IT and Business Process Outsourcing services. There has been an incredible increase in the number of skilled professionals in India employed by domestic and foreign companies to cater service to the customers globally, especially in the USA and Europe. 

There was not a doubt that Globalization in India brought a monumental change in the living standards of the people. People in India realized many benefits from Globalization. The establishment of multinational companies generating billions of jobs and access to umpteen numbers of brands and an increase in the forex reserves of the country took India to a higher platform globally. Despite this monumental change in the economy of the country, India also faced the challenges of severe competition from the foreign market and the domestic producers started fearing marginalization and pulverization because of the better quality products produced by the foreign producers.

Globalization had both desirable and undesirable consequences for India and the world. Even though it has accelerated progress in some countries, it has also widened the gap between the rich and the poor.

The impact of Globalization has been both positive and negative on the entire world, but we can surely hope for more advancement in the global economy due to this process.

FAQs on Globalisation Essay

1. How Did Globalization Help India to Improve the Economic Conditions?

Globalization generated umpteen employment opportunities for the people of India by establishing multinational companies. The policy of liberalization and privatization invited foreign traders to do business with India. This has increased the inflow of men, money, material, labor, technology, etc., from foreign countries to India. People have access to foreign brands and the living standards have improved drastically.

2. How is Globalization a Threat to Domestic Producers?

The domestic producers fear marginalization and pulverization because of the entry of foreign and better quality products.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Globalization?

With increasing confidence in market economies and new policies on private capital and resources, many developing countries are beginning to adapt to developments with the support of the World Bank and other international institutions involved in research and development. Globalization also offers new opportunities for developing countries. Greater access to markets in developed countries and the transfer of technology will increase their productivity and demand.

At the same time, Globalization has created challenges such as increasing inequality between and within countries, instability of financial markets and environmental degradation. Globalization is an interesting exhibition that can also be seen as a system of competition and international relations. This has created intense competition between countries and international companies. 

4. What do you mean by Globalization?

Globalization means the integration of economies and societies through the flow of information, ideas, technology, goods, services, capital, finance, and people. The true meaning of Globalization in a broad sense is a connectedness in all areas of human life. It is the process by which other companies or organizations enhance their international reputation or start operating internationally. Globalization has its own benefits and drawbacks. We can learn more about Globalization and how to write an essay on it in detail on the Vedantu website, which has all the necessary materials that students need in order to write an essay on Globalization. 

5. How can Globalization help India improve its economic situation?

In our present times, Globalization has been a boon to many people as it not only allows companies to expand their business but also makes things accessible for everyone. In a simple sense, we can say that it helps in connecting people with the world. Globalization has created many job opportunities in India through the creation of multinational companies. Policies of liberalization and privatization have encouraged foreign traders to trade with India. This has increased the number of people, money, materials, labor, technology and so on—inflows from abroad to India. People have access to foreign brands and the standard of living has improved significantly.

6. How does Globalization threaten domestic producers?

Domestic producers are afraid of marginalization and due to the entry of foreign and better quality products into the market. Globalization can be associated with increasing income and wealth inequality. Many of the world's poorest people lack access to basic technologies and public goods. They are excluded from treatment. Some critics of globalization point to the loss of economic and cultural diversity as international multinational giants and brands dominate domestic markets in many countries. Globalization can hinder competition if international companies with dominant brands and high technology gain a foothold in key markets, be it telecommunications, the automotive industry, and so on.

7. What are the main industries that have grown tremendously because of Globalization?

The integration of national economies into the global economy is one of the most important developments of the last century. This process of integration, often referred to as Globalization, has manifested itself in a tremendous increase in cross-border trade.

The outsourcing business has grown exponentially due to Globalization. The main industries resulting from Globalization are trade and commerce. Automobile companies, clothing manufacturers and transportation, are the three main industries taken over as a result of Globalization.