8614 solved assignment spring 2023

Educational Statistics (8614) B.Ed Spring & Autumn 2023 Solved Assignments

February 21, 2023 Sarfraz Allma Iqbal Open University , Universities 0

Educational Statistics (8614) B.Ed Spring & Autumn 2023 Solved Assignments

Educational Statistics (8614) B.Ed Autumn 2021 Solved Assignments

Note: We Can Not Post The Solution Of The Assignment Because  AIOU is  Not Allowed To Share The Solution Of the Assignment. We Are Just Sharing The Question of Assignment .

AIOU solved assignments for spring and autumn are available for Matric, FA, BA, BS (Old), Associate Degree, BSc, B.Ed, MA, MSc, and M.Ed levels. As we know Allama Iqbal Open Univesity Pakistan offers many different types of courses. Allama Iqbal Open University AIOU tutor is a federal Govt. uni and provides quality education to all Pakistani students. Moreover, Allama Iqbal Open University provides distance learning education. AIOU assignments are too much important for the students. Furthermore, without submitting solved assignments you can’t get clear your semester. Because of some issue, if you don’t submit a solved assignment you’ll declare Failed. Even if you attend your exams and got 90% marks doesn’t matter. So  Assignment  submission is compulsory. AIOU announces the last date of solved assignments at the start of the semester.

The Assignments are based on your course know you want to know what it means. Like some of your books have 2 assignments and some books have 4 assignments. So you don’t get worried about the assignments just focused on solved assignments and submit them. AIOU is based on a semester system as known as Spring and Autumn. The Spring semester starts from July to the end of the year means December. Moreover, the Autumn semester starts from December to July. Any student can download AIOU solved assignment from here. Click on the concerned level for the download assignment.

Solved Assignment 2023

When you solved your assignments the main thing is to submit them. Most students have a question we solved our assignments but know what to do. The beginner level in Allama Iqbal open university is Metric, AIOU starts its program from Matric. Many of the students who enrolled in this level are mostly uncomfortable with this program of Allama Iqbal open university. It means that “they don’t Know How AIOU Distance Education System works” even to solve an assignment. We Provide as many we can AIOU matric solved assignments, However, if you didn’t get your required Code solved assignment, then you don’t have to worry about it.

Because you can also be able to Buy AIOU Solved Assignment from us. Students, when you join AIOU, will announce tutors every semester and you’ll get your Tutors Letter At home. We All know that there are many courses/degrees offered by AIOU at this level e.g., F.A, ICS, and i. Com! These are also too difficult to solve assignments at this level due to the lack of inflexibility of new subjects. We have uploaded too few solved assignments for this level at this time. You can also buy solved assignments from us. After SOlving Assignments submit them to your AIOU Tutors they’ll check your assignments and submit your AIOU Solved Assignments Marks to the university.

Copyright © 2024 | ilmWap.Com -Top Educational Portal

Home » AIOU » Autumn 2023 » 8614 Educational Statistics B.Ed Free Solved Assignments

8614 Educational Statistics B.Ed Free Solved Assignments

Download 8614 educational statistics b.ed free solved assignments semester autumn 2023.

Firstly welcome to download page 8614 Educational Statistics free for the B.Ed class. That is to say, that you can download 8614 totally free for the semester Autumn 2023.

Firstly we will guide you through the download process. So, you could download 8614 Educational Statistics Assignments for B.Ed class in the semester Autumn 2023. Allama Iqbal open university has more than four hundred codes for all classes, but all codes have specific subjects.

How to Download Educational Statistics Solved Assignments Autumn 2023 for free

That is to say, that It is quite easy to download 8614 Educational Statistics free solved assignments from aiou studio 9. Certainly, you need to scroll all the way down and click the download button it will open a page where you could see all codes select one, and click download pdf. We also have prepared a video for you have a great look for any confusion do comment us.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Re-7KnV-zOQ&t=21s

B.Ed 8614 Educational Statistics Assignments Submit dates

Make sure, you keep yourself up to date, with 8614 Educational Statistics assignments submission dates, so that you submit them on a time. So, you make sure to submit these assignments using the date. Consequently exceeding these dates could cause failure in assignments, in other words, failure in papers. So dear, don’t wait for the last dates and submit our assignments at your earliest.

Free guess papers for B.Ed Educational Statistics 8614 semester Autumn 2023

We know students do take a lot of tension for their papers that is why aiou studio 9 is presenting 8614 free guess papers. You can download Educational Statistics 8614 guess papers for the semester Autumn 2023.

Download Guess Papers

• Matric Assignments Free Download
• Check AIOU Date Sheets Online
• BA Free solved Assignments download - Updated
• FA All free solved Assignments download - New

Please click the below button and it will redirect you to the download page after that you can download Educational Statistics 8614 Free solved Assignments.

Share this:

AiouStudio9.com

Download AIOU Solved Assignments B.Ed Spring 2023

Here you can Download AIOU Solved Assignments B.Ed for the semester of Spring 2023. AIOU solved assignment Spring 2023 is available here. You can download it for free.

B.ed solved assignment Spring 2023 are mostly searched. Allama Iqbal open university accepts the assignments in docs files. First, you need to know about your tutor, which can be traced from the aiou official website.

To log in to the official website, add your username and password and access your portal. Here is an option to reset your id by using the adit option.

AIOU Solved Assignments B.Ed.

We are providing B.ED (1.5 Years), B.ED (2.5 Years), B.ED (4 Years) Class  Solved Assignments Of Spring 2023. You can download all pdf files of your relevant b.ed subject code below.

B.ED 1.5 / B.ED 2.5 / B.ED 4 Years

For the latest updates, Join Our WhatsApp Group if You have not joined.

3 Credit Hours Book Assignment Submission Date Autumn 2022

I hope you have Downloaded AIOU Solved Assignments B.Ed according to your stream. Please comment below if you have any questions or aiou assignments you did not find.

1 thought on “Download AIOU Solved Assignments B.Ed Spring 2023”

There is no assignment of 5403 and 6465 and 8605

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .

Assignment List

AIOU B.ED (1.5 Years), B.ED (2.5 Years), B.ED (4 Years) and ADE Class Free Solved Assignments In PDF- Autumn 2023

A-O-A! At You Can Free Download Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad  Bachelor In Education B.ED (1.5 Years), B.ED (2.5 Years), B.ED (4 Years) and ADE Class  Solved Assignments of  Autumn 2023 .

JOHER AIOU  Provides  Bachelor In Education B.ED (1.5 Years), B.ED (2.5 Years), B.ED (4 Years) and ADE Class Solved Assignments of  Autumn 2023 Free Available for Download in PDF. Order Now For Assignments With attractive cover page, References and Plagiarism Free In  MS Word/PDF , Contact on Given Number.

0316-4962025

Two Assignments

Copyright © 2021. all rights reserved By AIOU.

• Tips & Tricks
• AIOU Admission Amendments
• AIOU Admission Confirmation
• AIOU Assignments Question Papers
• AIOU CT Books
• AIOU Diploma in Education Books
• AIOU FA Books
• AIOU Functional Non Credit Certificate Courses Books
• AIOU M.A ARABIC Books
• AIOU M.A E.P.M Books
• AIOU M.A Education Books
• AIOU M.A HISTORY Books
• AIOU M.A Islamic Studies Books
• AIOU M.A Library Science Books
• AIOU M.A TEFL DIP Books
• AIOU M.A Urdu Books
• AIOU M.Ed Books
• AIOU M.PHIL Books
• AIOU MA Special Education Books
• AIOU Matric Books
• AIOU MBA Urdu Books
• AIOU MPA Executive Books
• AIOU MSc Books
• AIOU PHD Books
• AIOU Postgraduate Diploma Books
• AIOU PTC Books
• AIOU Short Term Educational Programmes Books
• AIOU Degree Verification System
• UOG Past Papers
• UOG Past Papers BA
• UOG Past Papers BCom
• UOG Past Papers BSc
• UOG Past Papers ICom
• UOG Past Papers MA
• UOG Past Papers MCom
• UOG Past Papers MSc
• UOG Syllabus for Private and Regular Students
• UOG Syllabus Botany
• UOG Syllabus Chemistry
• UOG Syllabus Commerce
• UOG Syllabus Computer Science
• UOG Syllabus Economics
• UOG Syllabus Education
• UOG Syllabus English
• UOG Syllabus Fine Arts
• UOG Syllabus Geography
• UOG Syllabus History
• UOG Syllabus International Relation
• UOG Syllabus Islamic Study
• UOG Syllabus Mathematics
• UOG Syllabus Pak Study
• UOG Syllabus Physical Education
• UOG Syllabus Physics
• UOG Syllabus Political Science
• UOG Syllabus Psychology
• UOG Syllabus Sociology
• UOG Syllabus Statistics
• UOG Syllabus Urdu
• PU Past Papers
• PU Past Papers B.B.A
• PU Past Papers B.Com
• PU Past Papers B.S Applied Geology
• PU Past Papers B.S.Ed
• PU Past Papers Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D)
• PU Past Papers LL.B
• PU Past Papers M.A./ M.Sc
• PU Past Papers M.B.A
• Conversation
• English Grammar
• English Speaking
• Accounting MCQ
• Auditing Mcqs
• Chemical Engineering MCQs
• Civil Engineering MCQ
• Electrical Engineering MCQs
• Finance MCQs
• Human Resource Management Mcqs
• Marketing Management MCQ
• Mechanical Engineering MCQs
• Test Preparation Biology
• Test Preparation BPSC
• Test Preparation Chemistry
• Test Preparation Computer
• Test Preparation Current Affairs
• Test Preparation English
• Test Preparation English Grammar
• Test Preparation FPSC
• Test Preparation General Knowledge
• Test Preparation Islamic Studies
• Test Preparation KPPSC
• Test Preparation Math
• Test Preparation NTS
• Test Preparation Pakistan Studies
• Test Preparation Pedagogy
• Test Preparation Physics
• Test Preparation PPSC
• Test Preparation SPSC
• Test Preparation Urdu
• UOG Registrations
• UOG Admissions
• UOG Date Sheets
• UOG Results
• UOG Syllabus Zoology

AIOU Code 458 Community Development Solved Assignments Spring And Autumn

Solved Assignments For Semester Spring 2024

AIOU Code 330 Child Care and Development Assignments Spring And Autumn

AIOU Code 473 Hadith Solved Assignments Spring And Autumn

UOG PU UOS M.A Urdu Part 1 And Part 2 Solved…

M.A Urdu Guide PDF Download

University of Sargodha UOS University of Gujrat UOG Solved Objective Questions…

Download Roll No Slip for BA BSc Associate Degree Part II…

University of Punjab Past Papers of Last 5 Years MA MSC…

AIOU Books Download PDF Part 5

AIOU Solved Notes Code 9442 Office Automation PDF

AIOU Solved Notes Code 9441 Anthropology PDF

AIOU Solved Notes Code 9437 Iqbaliat PDF

Important Computer MCQs From Basic To Advance

100 Physics Questions and Answers

FIA Test Preparation Books PDF Download Free For All Posts

Marketing Management MCQ With Answers

Aiou solved assignments spring 2023 download free pdf.

Download Current Semester New Assignments Click Here

AIOU Solved Assignments Spring 2023 Download Free PDF. AIOU stands for Allama Iqbal Open University , which is a public research university located in Islamabad, Pakistan. It was established in 1974 and is known for its distance education programs that cater to students from all over Pakistan and other countries. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) is a renowned institution in Pakistan, that provides distance learning education to students across the country. The university offers various undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate programs in different fields. To ensure that students receive a quality education, AIOU has a rigorous assessment system, which includes assignments, quizzes, and exams. To help students with their assignments, the university provides solved assignments, which are available in the form of PDFs. AIOU Solved Assignments Spring 2023 Download Free PDF.

AIOU offers a wide range of academic programs, including undergraduate and graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates in various fields of study. It also provides a variety of professional development courses and training programs to help individuals improve their skills and knowledge.

One of the key features of AIOU’s distance education system is the use of assignments as a means of assessing students’ learning and understanding of course material. Students are required to complete assignments for each course they are enrolled in, and these assignments carry a significant weightage in their overall course grades.

To help students prepare for these assignments, AIOU provides solved assignments that include sample answers and explanations to commonly asked questions. These solved assignments are designed to help students understand the concepts and topics covered in their course and provide them with a framework for approaching their own assignments.

What are Solved Assignments?

Solved assignments are the answers to the questions given in the assignment provided by the university. These assignments are solved by experts who have a deep understanding of the subject matter. The solved assignments are designed to help students understand the concepts and ideas presented in the course material. They also help students to prepare for their exams by providing them with a clear understanding of the topics covered in the course.

Importance of Solved Assignments:

Solved assignments are an essential part of the learning process. They help students to gain a better understanding of the course material and develop critical thinking skills. Solved assignments provide students with a clear understanding of the topics covered in the course, which helps them to prepare for their exams. Moreover, solved assignments also serve as a reference guide for students who are struggling with a particular concept.

Benefits of Downloading AIOU Solved Assignments:

AIOU solved assignments are available in PDF format, which makes it easy for students to download and access them on their devices. The solved assignments are designed to help students understand the course material better, which ultimately leads to better grades. By downloading the solved assignments, students can get an idea of the type of questions that are likely to be asked in the exams. This helps them to prepare for their exams in a better way.

Furthermore, solved assignments can also be used as a reference guide for future studies. Students can refer to these assignments when they are revising for exams or when they are studying a particular topic. Solved assignments are an excellent resource for students who are struggling with a particular topic or concept. By referring to the solved assignments, students can get a clear understanding of the topic, which can help them to improve their grades.

How to Download AIOU Solved Assignments:

To download AIOU-solved assignments, students need to follow a few simple steps. Firstly, they need to visit the official website of AIOU. Once on the website, students need to navigate to the assignments section. In this section, students can find the solved assignments for their respective courses. They can select the course they are enrolled in and download the solved assignments in PDF format.

It is essential to note that students should only download the solved assignments from the official website of AIOU. There are several websites that claim to provide solved assignments, but these assignments may not be accurate or reliable. Therefore, students should only rely on the official website of AIOU to download their solved assignments.

AIOU solved assignments are an excellent resource for students who are looking to improve their grades and gain a better understanding of the course material. These assignments are designed to help students understand the topics covered in the course, and they serve as a reference guide for future studies. By downloading the solved assignments, students can get an idea of the type of questions that are likely to be asked in the exams, which helps them to prepare for their exams in a better way. Therefore, students should take advantage of this resource and download the solved assignments from the official website of AIOU.

Now let’s talk about how to download AIOU solved assignments for Spring 2023 in PDF format. There are several ways to do this, depending on your preferences and circumstances.

The first option is to visit the AIOU website and download the solved assignments from there. To do this, follow these steps:

• Go to the website ( www.skilling.pk ).
• Click on the “Assignments” tab in the main menu.
• Select your program level (e.g., Bachelor’s, Master’s, etc.) and then select your course code from the list of available courses.
• Click on the “Download” button next to the solved assignment for your course.
• The solved assignment will be downloaded in PDF format, which you can save or print as needed.

Most Popular

• AIOU Solved Past Papers 1019
• Allama Iqbal Open University AIOU 846
• AIOU Solved Guess Papers and Notes 358
• Past Papers 337
• Education 195
• Spoken English 144
• University of the Punjab 118
• PU Past Papers 113
• Test Preparation 106
• English Speaking 83
• AIOU Guess Papers 78
• Privacy Policy

• Solved Assignment 2024
• AIOU Assignment Marks
• AIOU Result 2024
• Aiou Old Papers
• Privacy Policy
• Terms of Service

AIOU Solved Assignmment

Allama Iqbal Open University | Virtual University Assignments Solution

Free AIOU Solved Assignment Code 8614 Spring 2024

Download  Aiou solved assignment 2024 free autumn/spring, aiou updates solved assignments. Get free AIOU All Level Assignment from aiousolvedassignment .

Course: Educational Statistics (8614) Semester: Spring, 2024 ASSIGNMENT No. 1

Q.1   What do you understand by statistics?  What are the characteristics of statistics? Explain in detail.

Statistics education is the practice of teaching and learning of  statistics , along with the associated scholarly research. Statistics  is both a  formal science  and a practical theory of  scientific inquiry , and both aspects are considered in statistics education. Education in statistics has similar concerns as does education in other  mathematical sciences , like  logic ,  mathematics , and  computer science . At the same time, statistics is concerned with evidence-based reasoning, particularly with the analysis of data. Therefore, education in statistics has strong similarities to education in empirical disciplines like  psychology  and  chemistry , in which education is closely tied to “hands-on” experimentation. Mathematicians and  statisticians  often work in a department of mathematical sciences (particularly at colleges and small universities). Statistics courses have been sometimes taught by non-statisticians, against the recommendations of some professional organizations of statisticians and of mathematicians. Statistics education research is an emerging field that grew out of different disciplines and is currently establishing itself as a unique field that is devoted to the improvement of teaching and learning statistics at all educational levels.

Disposition has to do with the ways students question the data and approach a statistical problem. Dispositions are one of the four dimensions in Wild and Pfannkuch’ framework for statistical thinking, and contains the following elements:

• Curiosity and Awareness: These traits are a part of the process of generating questions and generating ideas to explore and analyze data.
• Engagement: Students will be most observant and aware in the areas they find most interesting.
• Imagination: This trait is important for viewing a problem from different perspectives and coming up with possible explanations.
• Skepticism: Critical thinking is important for receiving new ideas and information and evaluating the appropriateness of study design and analysis.
• Being logical: The ability to detect when one idea follows from another is important for arriving at valid conclusions.
• A propensity to seek deeper meaning: This means not taking everything at face value and being open to consider new ideas and dig deeper for information.
• The following points explain the functions of statistics in summary:
• It helps in collecting and presenting the data in a systematic manner.
• It helps to understand unwisely and complex data by simplifying it.
• It helps to classify the data.
• It provides basis and techniques for making comparison.
• It helps to study the relationship between different phenomena.
• It helps to indicate the trend of behavior.
• It helps to formulate the hypothesis and test it.
• It helps to draw rational conclusions.

Statistics in Education:

Measurement and evaluation are essential part of teaching learning process. In this process we obtained scores and then interpret these score in order to take decisions. Statistics enables us to study these scores objectively. It makes the teaching learn­ing process more efficient.

The knowledge of statistics helps the teacher in the following way:

• It helps the teacher to provide the most exact type of description:

When we want to know about the pupil we administer a test or observe the child. Then from the result we describe about the pupil’s performance or trait. Statistics helps the teacher to give an accurate description of the data.

• It makes the teacher definite and exact in procedures and thinking:

Sometimes due to lack of technical knowledge the teachers become vague in describing pupil’s performance. But statistics enables him to describe the performance by using proper language, and symbols. Which make the interpretation definite and exact.

• It enables the teacher to summarize the results in a meaningful and convenient form:

Statistics gives order to the data. It helps the teacher to make the data precise and mean­ingful and to express it in an understandable and interpretable manner.

• It enables the teacher to draw general conclusions:

Statistics helps to draw conclusions as well as extracting con­clusions. Statistical steps also help to say about how much faith should be placed in any conclusion and about how far we may extend our generalization.

• It helps the teacher to predict the future perfor­mance of the pupils:

Statistics enables the teacher to predict how much of a thing will happen under conditions we know and have measured. For example the teacher can predict the probable score of a student in the final examination from his entrance test score. But the prediction may be erroneous due to different factors. Statistical methods tell about how much margin of error to allow in making predictions.

• Statistics enables the teacher to analyse some of the causal factors underlying complex and otherwise be-wildering events: It is a common factor that the behavioral outcome is a resultant of numerous causal factors. The reason why a particular student performs poor in a particular subject are varied and many. So with the appropriate statistical methods we can keep these extraneous variables constant and can observe the cause of failure of the pupil in a particular subject.

Important Concepts in Statistics:

Data may be defined as information obtained from a survey, an experiment or an investigation.

Score is the numerical evaluation of the performance of an individual on a test.

Continuous Series:

Continuous series is a series of observations in which the various possible values of the variable may differ by infinitesimal amounts. In the series it is possible to occur at any intermediate value within the range of the series.

Discrete Series:

Discrete series is a series in which the values of a variable are arranged according to magnitude or to some ordered principles. In this series it is not possible to occur at any intermediate value within the range. The example of such is merit, number of persons or census data.

Any trait or quality which has the ability to vary or has at least two points of measurement. It is the trait that changes from one case or condition to another.

Variability:

The spread of scores, usually indicated by quartile deviations, standard deviations, range etc.

Frequency may be defined as the number of occurrences of any given value or set of values. For example 8 students have scored 65. So that the score 65 has a frequency of 8.

Frequency Distribution:

It is a tabulation showing the frequencies of the values of a variable when these values are arranged in order of magnitude.

Correlation:

Correlation means the interdepended between two or more random variables. It may be stated as the tendency for corresponding observation in two or more series to vary together from the averages of their respective series, that is, to have similar relative position. If corresponding observations tend to have similar relative positions in their respective series, the correlation is positive; if the corresponding values tend to be divergent in position in their respective series, the correlation is negative; absence of any systematic tendency for the corresponding obser­vations to be either similar or dissimilar in their relative positions indicated zero correlation.

Coefficient:

It is a statistical constant that is independent of the unit of measurement.

Coefficient of correlation:

It is a pure number, limited by the values + 1.00 and —1.00 that expresses the degree of relationship between two continuous variables.               

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 Code 8614 Spring 2024

Q.2   What do you understand by the term “data”? Write in detail the types of data. 

Now, if we talk about data mainly in the field of science, then the answer to “what is data” will be that data is different types of information that usually is formatted in a particular manner. All the software is divided into two major categories, and those are programs and data. Programs are the collection made of instructions that are used to manipulate data. So, now after thoroughly understanding what is data and data science, let us learn some fantastic facts.

Types and Uses of Data

Growth in the field of technology, specifically in smartphones has led to text, video, and audio is included under data plus the web and log activity records as well. Most of this data is unstructured.

The term  Big Data  is used in the data definition to describe the data that is in the petabyte range or higher. Big Data is also described as  5Vs : variety, volume, value, veracity, and velocity. Nowadays, web-based eCommerce has spread vastly, business models based on Big Data have evolved, and they treat data as an asset itself. And there are many benefits of Big Data as well, such as reduced costs, enhanced efficiency, enhanced sales, etc.

The meaning of data expands beyond the processing of data in computing applications. When it comes to  what data science is , a body made of facts is called data science. Accordingly, finance, demographics, health, and marketing also have different meanings of data, which ultimately make up different answers for what is data.

Ideally, there are two ways to analyze the data:

• Data Analysis in Qualitative Research
• Data Analysis in Quantitative Research

Data analysis and research in subjective information work somewhat better than numerical information as the quality information consists of words, portrayals, pictures, objects, and sometimes images. Getting knowledge from such entangled data is a confounded procedure; thus, it is usually utilized for exploratory research as well as data analysis.

Although there are a few different ways to discover patterns in the printed data, a word-based strategy is the most depended and broadly utilized global method for research and analysis of data. Prominently, the  process of data analysis  in qualitative research is manual. Here the specialists, as a rule, read the accessible information and find monotonous or frequently utilized words.

The primary stage in research and analysis of data is to do it for the examination with the goal that the nominal information can be changed over into something important. The preparation of data comprises the following.

• Data Validation
• Data Editing
• Data Coding

For quantitative statistical research, the utilization of descriptive analysis regularly gives supreme numbers. However, the analysis is never adequate to show the justification behind those numbers. Still, it is important to think about the best technique to be utilized for research and analysis of data fitting your review survey and what story specialists need to tell.

Consequently, enterprises ready to make due in the hypercompetitive world must have a remarkable capacity to investigate complex research information, infer noteworthy bits of knowledge, and adjust to new market needs.

AIOU Solved Assignment 2 Code 8614 Spring 2024

Q.3   What types of characteristics a pictogram should have to successfully convey the meaning? Write down the advantages and drawbacks of using pictograms.

In  prehistoric art , the term “pictograph” or “pictogram” (derived from the Latin “pictus” meaning painting, and “graph/gram” meaning drawn or written) describes an image, sign or symbol which is created in order to express some idea or information. In addition, note that pictographic symbols that are cut or carved into the rock surface are known as “ petroglyphs “, while those drawn or painted on rocks are called “petrograms”. A pictograph that represents one particular idea is usually referred to as an “ideogram”. The most obvious type of Stone Age pictograph were the  prehistoric abstract signs  (aviforms, circles, claviforms, cordiforms, quadrangles, tectiforms, triangles and the like) which, experts believe, functioned as pictographs or pictograms, in that they were intended to express some simple message. (A good example-site is  Le Placard Cave , near La Rochefoucauld.) However, paintings of animals or hunting scenes may also have been carefully arranged to communicate some kind of message. Pictographs are characterized by their stereotyped execution which is standardized at least within their group or locality. This type of pictographic  rock art  served as an early forerunner of Neolithic written languages, such as Sumerian cuneiforms (wedge-shaped symbols) and Egyptian hieroglyphs. Few archeologists or anthropologists would agree on a specific starting date, or even period, for the first pictograph. It depends whether certain very early non-functional hemispherical indentations in the surface of rocks, known as “ cupules “, can be said to constitute incised pictographs (petroglyphs). If so, then it is possible that Neanderthal humans (Homo neanderthalensis) were creating petroglyphs in the Lower Paleolithic, as far back as 700,000 BCE. See, for instance, the  Bhimbetka Petroglyphs , discovered in Central India. Otherwise, the earliest known rock pictographs are likely to be the geometric  Blombos Cave engravings , which date to the Middle Paleolithic, around 70,000 BCE. For more about the oldest works, see:  Earliest Art .

The oldest known pictographs of the Upper Paleolithic are the red-ochre blobs among the  El Castillo Cave paintings , which have been Uranium/Thorium dated to at least 39,000 BCE, about the time that anatomically modern man first set foot in Europe. During the Stone Age, most artworks including pictographs/pictograms were created inside rock shelters or deep caves. This  parietal art  consisted of four main types, listed here in order of age: abstract symbols (please see above),  hand stencils  (handprints or palm-prints),  rock engravings  (painted or unpainted), and  cave painting  (monochrome or polychrome). This  cave art  was not “art for art’s sake”, but a means of expression with a shamanistic, or ceremonial, or hunting function. If this is true then all these different types of imagery qualify as pictographs. As it happens, most of the abstract symbols are to be found around or actually inside the paintings of animal figures, almost as if they are providing a primitive commentary on the illustrations. Thus we may have to consider the art “as a whole” rather than separating it into types. Paleolithic scholars continue to debate the meaning of these early prehistoric pictographs. Probably these images had a variety of meanings, which varied from region to region. In any event, it is worth emphasizing that, as a rule, decorated caves were not occupied by domestic inhabitants. Indeed, judging by the lack of footprints and other signs of human presence, only a small group of artists and other decision-makers ever ventured inside. This leads credence to the idea of the prehistoric cave as a sanctuary or sacred place, and the paintings as an iconographic backdrop for whatever ceremony or ritual was performed therein. Unfortunately, no one knows exactly what kind of ceremonial activity might have occurred. But two basic possibilities suggest themselves.

First, given the overwhelming visual effect of the animal figures, engraved, drawn or painted in almost every cave, it is clear that  Paleolithic art  is essentially the art of the hunter. Thus the cave paintings might be interpreted as a primitive type of hunting “wish-list”. Dangerous predators (such as lions and bears) might have been pictorialized in order to demonize or cast spells upon them, in the way that voodoo dolls are first made then pierced with pins and the like. (See:  Chauvet Cave paintings , for instance.) Game animals hunted for food might have been pictorialized in order to improve hunting prospects. (See:  Lascaux Cave paintings , for example.)

Second, given the fact that these small groups of humans kept going into these (deep and dark) caves for thirty thousand years, not to live or shelter there, but to draw on the walls, something significant must have been going on. And since time immemorial, the dark – and especially the underground dark – has been seen as a sort of supernatural realm, harbouring any number of spirits in contact with higher powers. Furthermore, the influence of “shamans” – witchdoctor-type individuals in contact with the spirit world – was a widespread cultural phenomenon among Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies. (See, for instance, the extraordinary painted and engraved image of the “Sorcerer” in the  Trois Freres Cave  c.13,000 BCE.) Therefore it seems reasonable to agree with archeologists Jean Clottes and David Lewis-Williams (Clottes & Lewis-Williams, 1998) who suggest that Shamanism is at the root of this  Stone Age art  and that early humans may have regarded the cave as a bridge between this world and the next. This “supernatural” interpretation is the only one which explains the lack of visitors to the cave: people were probably too terrified by voodoo-type fears and superstitions to enter.

Among the less portentous explanations of  ancient art  inside caves, please note the recent extensive study into the meaning of hand stencils, conducted by Paul Pettitt of the University of Sheffield. Pettitt demonstrates that the handprints were quite often created in places that were difficult to reach. He suggests that a possible interpretation of this is that they represented navigational pictographs in dimly lit caves, giving advice such as “do not use this passageway”. See also:  Gargas Cave Hand Stencils  (25,000 BCE).

A pictograph is the representation of data using images. Pictographs represent the  frequency of data  while using symbols or images that are relevant to the  data . This is one of the simplest ways to represent  statistical data . And reading a pictograph is made extremely easy as well. The best way to explain a pictograph is through an example. So let us get started. Let us take an example. We must represent how many TV sets have been sold in the last few years via a pictograph. So we get started

• Collect Data : First step is obviously collecting the data of the category you want to represent. Collect your data by appropriate  means . And then make a list or table of the data. And one  time finally review the data.
• Pick your symbol : Pick a symbol or picture  that accurately represents your data. If you are drawing a pictograph to represent TV sets sold then a symbol of a basketball would be highly confusing! So pick your symbol carefully.
• Assign a Key : Sometimes the frequency of the data is too high. Then one symbol cannot represent one frequency. You must set a numerical value that one symbol will represent. This numerical value must be written along with the pictograph. Example one symbol of a TV represents 500 TV sets. This is the key of the pictograph.
• Draw the pictograph : Final step is drawing your pictograph. Draw the two columns that represent the category and the data. Then draw the actual symbols that represent the frequencies. Remember that the symbols can be drawn as  fractions as well if the frequency is not a whole  number .
• Review your Data : And finally, review your pictograph and make sure it correctly represents the information that you wanted to relay. Don’t forget to check the  labelling of your  graph .

After you are done drawing the above pictograph it should look something similar to the following picture.

Advantages of a Pictograph

• Express a large amount of information or data in a simple form
• Since they make the use of symbols, pictographs attract attention i,e, it is an attractive way to represent data
• Pictographs are easy to read since all the information is available at one glance
• And since pictographs are universally used they do not require a lot of explanation

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 8614 Spring 2024

Q.4   Define normal curve. Write down the properties of normal curve.

Known characteristics of the normal curve make it possible to estimate the probability of occurrence of any value of a normally distributed variable. Suppose that the total area under the curve is defined to be 1. You can multiply that number by 100 and say there is a 100 percent chance that any value you can name will be somewhere in the distribution. (  Remember  : The distribution extends to infinity in both directions.) Similarly, because half the area of the curve is below the mean and half is above it, you can say that there is a 50 percent chance that a randomly chosen value will be above the mean and the same chance that it will be below it.

It makes sense that the area under the normal curve is equivalent to the probability of randomly drawing a value in that range. The area is greatest in the middle, where the “hump” is, and thins out toward the tails. That is consistent with the fact that there are more values close to the mean in a normal distribution than far from it.

When the area of the standard normal curve is divided into sections by standard deviations above and below the mean, the area in each section is a known quantity (see Figure 1). As explained earlier, the area in each section is the same as the probability of randomly drawing a value in that range.

Figure 1.The normal curve and the area under the curve between σ units.

For example, 0.3413 of the curve falls between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean, which means that about 34 percent of all the values of a normally distributed variable are between the mean and one standard deviation above it. It also means that there is a 0.3413 chance that a value drawn at random from the distribution will lie between these two points.

Sections of the curve above and below the mean may be added together to find the probability of obtaining a value within (plus or minus) a given number of standard deviations of the mean (see Figure 2). For example, the amount of curve area between one standard deviation above the mean and one standard deviation below is 0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826, which means that approximately 68.26 percent of the values lie in that range. Similarly, about 95 percent of the values lie within two standard deviations of the mean, and 99.7 percent of the values lie within three standard deviations.

Figure 2.The normal curve and the area under the curve between σ units.

In order to use the area of the normal curve to determine the probability of occurrence of a given value, the value must first be  standardized,  or converted to a  z‐score  . To convert a value to a z‐score is to express it in terms of how many standard deviations it is above or below the mean. After the z‐score is obtained, you can look up its corresponding probability in a table. The formula to compute a z‐score is

where x is the value to be converted, μ is the population mean, and σ is the population standard deviation.          

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 8614 Autumn 2024

Q.5   Explain procedure for determining median, with one example each at least, if:  

• The number of scores is even
• The number of scores is odd.

The median is the middle score of a distribution. To calculate the median

• Arrange your numbers in numerical order.
• Count how many numbers you have.
• If you have an odd number, divide by 2 and round up to get the position of the median number.
• If you have an even number, divide by 2. Go to the number in that position and average it with the number in the next higher position to get the median.

Consider this set of numbers: 5, 7, 9, 9, 11. Since you have an odd number of scores, the median would be 9. You have five numbers, so you divide 5 by 2 to get 2.5, and round up to 3. The number in the third position is the median.

What happens when you have an even number of scores so there is no single middle score? Consider this set of numbers: 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 7. Since there is an even number of scores, you need to take the average of the middle two scores, calculating their mean.

In this case, the mean would be 2 + 4 (add the two middle numbers), which equals 6. Then, you take 6 and divide it by 2 (the total number of scores you added together), which equals 3. So, for this example, the median is 3.

About Error

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Solved Assignment 2024
• AIOU Assignment Marks
• AIOU Result 2024
• Aiou Old Papers
• Privacy Policy
• Terms of Service

AIOU Solved Assignmment

Allama Iqbal Open University | Virtual University Assignments Solution

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 8614 Autumn & Spring 2024

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 8614 Autumn & Spring 2024. Solved Assignments code 8614 Educational Statistics 2024. Allama iqbal open university old papers.

Code: 8614 Assignment No.1 Semester: Autumn & Spring 2024 Educational Statistics (8614)

Q.1 Whatarelevelsofmeasurement?Explaineachlevelsothatreadercanunderstandthe descriptionoflevelanddifferentiateeachlevelfromotherlevels.Write down10examplesforeachlevelandfurtherexplainoneexamplefrom level.

NominalScaleExamples

Herearesomeoftheexamplesofnominalmeasurementthatwillhelpinunderstand thismeasurementscalebetter.

-Howwouldyoudescribeyourbehavioralpattern?

E-Extroverted I-Introverted.A-Ambivert

-Whatisyourgender?

M-Male F-Female

-Couldyoupleaseselectanoptionfrombelowtodescribeyourhaircolor.

1-Black2-Brown3-Burgundy.4-Auburn.5-Other

-Pleaseselectthedegreeofdiscomfortofthedisease:

1-Mild2-Moderate.3-Severe

Inthisparticularexample,1=Mild,2=Moderate,and3=Severe.Herenumbersaresimply usedastagsandhavenovalue.

OrdinalScaleExamples

“Howsatisfiedareyouwithourproducts?”

1-TotallySatisfied2-Satisfied3-Neutral4-Dissatisfied5-TotallyDissatisfied

“Howhappyareyouwiththecustomerservice?”

1-VeryUnhappy2-Unhappy3-Neutral4-Unhappy5-VeryUnhappy

RatioScaleExamples

Thefollowingarethemostcommonlyusedexamplesforratioscale:

1.Whatisyourheightinfeetandinches?

Lessthan5feet.5feet1inch–5feet5inches5feet6inches-6feetMorethan6feet

2.Whatisyourweightinkgs?

Lessthan50kgs51-70kgs71-90kgs91-110kgsMorethan110kgs

3.Howmuchtimedoyouspenddailywatchingtelevision?

Lessthan2hours3-4hours4-5hours5-6hoursMorethan6hours

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 8614 Autumn & Spring 2024

——————-

Q.2Whatisimportanceofpresentationofdata?Explaindifferentmethodsof effectivepresentationofdata.Listdifferenttypesofgraphsandwritenoteoneachtype.

Whatisdatapresentationandanalysis?

Datapresentationandanalysisformsanintegralpartofallacademicstudies,commercial,

industrialandmarketingactivitiesaswellasprofessionalpractices.Itisnecessarytomakeuse ofcollecteddatawhichisconsideredtoberawdatawhichmustbeprocessedtoputforany application.Dataanalysishelpsintheinterpretationofdataandtakeadecisionoranswerthe researchquestion.Dataanalysisstartswiththecollectionofdatafollowedbydataprocessing andsortingit.Processeddatahelpsinobtaininginformationfromitastherawdataisnon- comprehensiveinnature.Presentingthedataincludesthepictorialrepresentationofthedata byusinggraphs,charts,mapsandothermethods.Thesemethodshelpinaddingthevisual aspecttodatawhichmakesitmuchmorecomfortableandquickertounderstand

Datapresentationandanalysisplaysanessentialroleineveryfield.Anexcellentpresentation canbeadealmakerordealbreaker.Somepeoplemakeanincrediblyusefulpresentationwith thesamesetoffactsandfigureswhichareavailablewithothers.Attimespeoplewhodidall thehardworkbutfailedtopresentitpresentitproperlyhavelostessentialcontracts,thework whichtheydidisunabletoimpressthedecisionmakers.Sotogetthejobdoneespeciallywhile dealingwithclientsorhigherauthoritiespresentationmatters!Nooneiswillingtospendhours inunderstandingwhatyouhavetoshowandthisispreciselywhypresentationmatters!

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 8614 Autumn & Spring 2024

——————–

Q.3 a) Explainthemeasuresofcentraltendencyandmeasuresofdispersion.How thesetwoconceptsarerelated?

Measuresofcentraltendency (alsoreferredasmeasuresofcenterofcentrallocation)allow ustosummarizedatawithasinglevalue.Itisatypicalscoreamongagroupofscores(the midpoint).Theygiveusaneasywaytodescribeasetofdatawithasinglenumber.Thissingle numberrepresentsavalueorscorethatgenerallyisinthemiddleofthedataset.

Thegoalofthemeasureofcentraltendencyis:

i)Tocondensedatainasinglevalue.

ii)Tofacilitatecomparisonbetweendata.

Goodmeasureofcentraltendencyshouldbe:

i)Bestrictlydefined.

ii)Besimpletounderstandandeasytocalculate.

iii)Becapableoffurthermathematicaltreatment.

iv)Bebasedonallvaluesofgivendata.

v)Havesamplingstability.

vi)Notbeundulyaffectedbyextremevalues.

Commonlyusedmeasuresofcentraltendencyarethemean,themedianandthemode.

Eachoftheseindicesisusedwithadifferentscaleofmeasurement.

IntroductiontoMeasuresofDispersion

Measuresofcentraltendencyfocusonwhatisanaverageorinthemiddleofthedistributionof scores.Oftentheinformationprovidedbythesemeasuresdoesnotgiveusclearpictureofthe dataandweneedsomethingmore.Itmeansthatknowingthemean,median,andmodeofa distributiondoesallowustodifferentiatebetweentwoormorethantwodistributions;andwe needadditionalinformationaboutthedistribution.Thisadditionalinformationisprovidedbya seriesofmeasureswhicharecommonlyknownasmeasuresofdispersion.Thereisdispersion whenthereisdissimilarityamongthedatavalues.Thegreaterthedissimilarity,thegreaterthe degreeofdispersionwillbe.

Measuresofdispersionareneededforfourbasicpurposes.

i)Todeterminethereliabilityofanaverage.

ii)Toserveasabasisforthecontrolofthevariability.

iii)Tocomparetwoormoreserieswithregardtotheirvariability.

iv)Tofacilitatetheuseifotherstatisticalmeasures.

Measureofdispersionenablesustocomparetwoormoreserieswithregardstotheirvariability. Itisalsolookedasameansofdetermininguniformityorconsistency.Ahighdegreewould meanlittleconsistencyoruniformitywhereaslowdegreeofvariationwouldmeangreater uniformityorconsistencyamongthedataset.Commonlyusedmeasuresofdispersionare range,quartiledeviation,meandeviation,variance,andstandarddeviation.

HowTheseTwoConceptsareRelated?

Explanation:

Measuresofcentraltendencyaremean,modeandmedian.Evenwehavethreetypesofmean, suchasarithmaticmean,geometricmeanandharmonicmean.

Theytellusthecentralvaluearoundwhichthedataisdistributed.Forexampleconsiderthe dataset#6,8,2,4,12,5,8,10,3,4#.Inthissumofnumbersis#62#andastheyaretenin number,meanis#62/10=6.2#

Notethatsmallestnumberis#2#andlargestnumberis#12#.Now,evenifwehadsetof numbersas#5,6,7,5,8#andassumofnumbersis#31#andtheyarefive,meanisstill #31/5=6.2#.But#5,6,7,5,8#arefarmorenarrowlyspreadandhencenatureofdataisnotvery

wellbroughtoutbyjustmean.

Similarly,wecanhavetwodatasetswithsamemedianormode,buttheirspreadmaybe different,asmodeisjustthemorefrequentamongdatapointsandmedianisthevalueof centraldatapoint,whenthesammeisarrangedinincreasingordecreasingorder.

Measuresofdispersiontellusbetteraboutthekindofspread.Inaway,meandeviationor standarddeviationtellusmoreaboutthewaydataisspread.

Forexample,dataset#30,40,50,60,70#anddataset#10,30,50,70,90#havesamemean,mode andmedianbutwhilemeandeviationoffirstdatasetis#12#,thatofseconddatasetis#25#, indicatingthatseconddatasetistoowidespread.

Whatabouttwodatasets#30,40,50,60,70#and#130,140,150,160,170#?Theirmeandeviation issamei.e.#12#,butaretheynotwidelydifferentasmeanoffirstdatasetis#50#,whilethat ofseconddatasetis#150#.

Itisobviousthatmeasuresofcentraltendencyandmeasuresofdispersionarebothimportant andcomplementary.

b) Howthesetwoconceptsarerelated?Suggestonemeasureofdispersionfor eachmeasureofcentraltendencywithlogicalreasons.

Notethatsmallestnumberis#2#andlargestnumberis#12#.Now,evenifwehadsetof numbersas#5,6,7,5,8#andassumofnumbersis#31#andtheyarefive,meanisstill #31/5=6.2#.But#5,6,7,5,8#arefarmorenarrowlyspreadandhencenatureofdataisnotvery wellbroughtoutbyjustmean.

Itisobviousthatmeasuresofcentraltendencyandmeasuresofdispersionarebothimportant andcomplementary..

(2partanswernotavailable)

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Autumn & Spring 2024 Code 8614

Q.4Whatisnormaldistribution?Explaintheroleofnormaldistributionindecisionmakingfor dataanalysis.Writeanoteonskewenessandkurtosisandexplainitscauses.

Anormaldistribution,sometimescalledthebellcurve,isadistributionthatoccursnaturallyin manysituations.Forexample,thebellcurveisseenintestsliketheSATandGRE.Thebulkof studentswillscoretheaverage(C),whilesmallernumbersofstudentswillscoreaBorD.An evensmallerpercentageofstudentsscoreanForanA.Thiscreatesadistributionthat resemblesabell(hencethenickname).Thebellcurveissymmetrical.Halfofthedatawillfallto theleftofthemean;halfwillfalltotheright.

Manygroupsfollowthistypeofpattern.That’swhyit’swidelyusedinbusiness,statisticsandin governmentbodiesliketheFDA:

Heightsofpeople.

Measurementerrors.

Bloodpressure.

Pointsonatest.

1) Ithasoneoftheimportantpropertiescalledcentraltheorem.Centraltheoremmeans relationshipbetweenshapeofpopulationdistributionandshapeofsamplingdistributionof mean.Thismeansthatsamplingdistributionofmeanapproachesnormalassamplesize increase.

2) Incasethesamplesizeislargethenormaldistributionservesasgoodapproximation.

3) Duetoitsmathematicalpropertiesitismorepopularandeasytocalculate.

4) Itisusedinstatisticalqualitycontrolinsettingupofcontrollimits.

5) Thewholetheoryofsampletestst,fandchi-squaretestisbasedonthenormal distribution.

Thesearetheimportanceorusesorbenefitsofnormaldistribution.

Skewnesstellsusabouttheamountanddirectionofthevariationofthedataset.Itisa measureofsymmetry.Adistributionordatasetissymmetricifitlooksthesametotheleftand rightofthecentralpoint.Ifbulkofdataisatthelefti.e.thepeakistowardsleftandtherighttail islonger,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedrightorpositivelyskewed.Ontheotherhandif thebulkofdataistowardsrightor,inotherwords,thepeakistowardsrightandthelefttailis longer,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedleftornegativelyskewed.Iftheskewnessisequal tozero,thedataareperfectlysymmetrical.Butitisquietunlikelyinrealworld.

Herearesomerulesofthumb:

i)Iftheskewnessislessthan–1orgreaterthan+1,thedistributionishighlyskewed.

ii)Iftheskewnessisbetween-1and-orbetween+and+1,thedistributionismoderately skewed.

iii)Iftheskewnessisbetween-and+,thedistributionisapproximatelyskewed.

Kurtosisisaparameterthatdescribestheshapeofvariation.Itisameasurementthattellsus howthegraphofthesetofdataispeakedandhowhighthegraphisaroundthemean.Inother wordswecansaythatkurtosismeasurestheshapeofthedistribution,.i.e.thefatnessofthe tails,itfocusesonhowreturnsarearrangedaroundthemean.Apositivevaluemeansthattoo littledataisinthetailandpositivevaluemeansthattoomuchdataisinthetail.Thisheaviness orthelightnessinthetailmeansthatdatalooksmorepeakedoflesspeaked.Kurtosisis

measuredagainstthestandardnormaldistribution.Astandardnormaldistributionhasa kurtosisof3.Kurtosishasthreetypes,mesokurtic,platykurtic,andleptokurtic.Ifthedistribution haskurtosisofzero,thenthegraphisnearlynormal.Thisnearlynormaldistributioniscalled mesokurtic.Ifthedistributionhasnegativekurtosis,itiscalledplatykurtic.Anexampleof platykurticdistributionisauniformdistribution,whichhasasmuchdataineachtailasitdoes inthepeak.Ifthedistributionhaspositivekurtosis,itiscalledleptokurtic.Suchdistributionhas bulkofdatainthepeak.

———————-

Q.5Explainthefollowingtermswithexamples

a) ContinuousVariable

Avariableisaquantitythathasachangingvalue;thevaluecanvaryfromoneexampletothe next.Acontinuousvariableisavariablethathasaninfinitenumberofpossiblevalues.Inother words,anyvalueispossibleforthevariable.

Acontinuousvariableistheoppositeofadiscretevariable,whichcanonlytakeonacertain numberofvalues.

Acontinuousvariabledoesn’thavetohaveeverypossiblenumber(like-infinityto+infinity),it canalsobecontinuousbetweentwonumbers,like1and2.Forexample,discretevariables couldbe1,2whilethecontinuousvariablescouldbe1,2andeverythinginbetween:1.00,1.01, 1.001,1.0001…

Afewexamplesofcontinuousvariables/data:

Timeittakesacomputertocompleteatask.Youmightthinkyoucancountit,buttimeisoften roundeduptoconvenientintervals,likesecondsormilliseconds.Timeisactuallyacontinuum: itcouldtake1.3secondsoritcouldtake1.333333333333333…seconds.

Aperson’sweight.Someonecouldweigh180pounds,theycouldweigh180.10poundsorthey couldweigh180.1110pounds.Thenumberofpossibilitiesforweightarelimitless.

Income.Youmightthinkthatincomeiscountable(becauseit’sindollars)butwhoistosay someonecan’thaveanincomeofabilliondollarsayear?Twobillion?Fiftyninetrillion?Andso on… Age.So,you’re25years-old.Areyousure?Howabout25years,19daysandamillisecondor two?Liketime,agecantakeonaninfinitenumberofpossibilitiesandsoit’sacontinuous variable.

Thepriceofgas.Sure,itmightbe$4agallon.Butonetimeinrecenthistoryitwas99cents. Andgiveinflationafewyearsitwillbe$99.nottomentionthegasstationsalwaysliketouse fractions(i.e.gasisrarely$4.47agallon,you’llseeinthesmallprintit’sactually$4.479/10ths

b) CategoricalVariable

Asthenamesuggests,categoricalvariablesarethosevariablesthatfallintoaparticular category.Haircolor,gender,collegemajor,collegeattended,politicalaffiliation,disability,or sexualorientationareallcategoriesthatcouldhavelistsofcategoricalvariables.Usually,the variablestakeononeofanumberoffixedvariablesinaset.

Forexample:

Thecategory“haircolor”couldcontainthecategoricalvariables“black,”“brown,”“blonde,”and “red.”

Thecategory“gender”couldcontainthecategoricalvariables“Male”,“Female”,or“Other.”

Notethat“haircolor”and“gender”arethecategoriesandarenotcategoricalvariables themselves.Acategoricalvariableisavaluethatvariablesinastudytake;thevaluevariesfrom persontoperson.Let’ssayyousurveypeopleandaskthemtotellyoutheirhaircolor.They wouldrespondwithacategoricalvariableofblack,brown,blond,orred.Theywouldn’trespond “haircolor.”

Isthereanordertocategoricalvariables?

Thereisnoordertocategoricalvariables;inotherwords,theyaren’trankedfromhighestto lowestorlowesttohighest.Forexample,thereisnointrinsicordertothecategoriesofmale andfemale.Ifthereissomekindoforder,thenthosevariableswouldbeordinalvariablesand notcategoricalvariables.Forexample,youcouldcategorizehousepricesbycheap,moderate andexpensive.Althoughthesearecategories,thereisaclearorder(withcheaponthebottom andexpensiveontop).

Examplesofcategoricalvariables:

Brandoftoothpaste(Colgate,Aquafresh…)

Collegemajor(English,Math…)

Telephonecompany(BellSouth,AT&T…)

Checkingaccountlocation(Jacksonville,NewYorkCity…)

Schoolattended(LeeHigh,WescottHigh…)

Examplesofquantitativevariables:

Numberoftoothpastetubesusedperyear.

G.P.A.forcollegemajor.

Bytesofdatauploadedonyourphone.

Checkingaccountbalance.

Averagenumberofstudentsinaclass

c) IndependentVariable

IndependentVariableDefinition.

Independentvariablesarevariablesthatstandontheirownandaren’taffectedbyanythingthat you,asaresearcher,do.Youhavecompletecontroloverwhichindependentvariablesyou choose.Duringanexperiment,youusuallychooseindependentvariablesthatyouthinkwill affectdependentvariables.Thosearevariablesthatcanbechangedbyoutsidefactors.Ifa variableisclassifiedasacontrolvariable,itmaybethoughttoaltereithertheindependent variableordependentvariablebutitisn’tthefocusoftheexperiment.

Example :youwanttoknowhowcalorieintakeaffectsweight.Calorieintakeisyour independentvariableandweightisyourdependentvariable.Youcanchoosethecaloriesgiven toparticipants,andyouseehowthatindependentvariableaffectstheweights.Youmaydecide toincludeacontrolvariableofageinyourstudytoseeifitaffectstheoutcome.

Theabovegraphshowstheindependentvariableofmaleorfemaleplottedonthex=axis. “Male”or“Female”isunchangeablebyyou,theresearcher,oranythingyoucanperforminyour experiment.Ontheotherhand,thedependentvariableof“meanvocabularyscores”is potentiallychangedbywhichindependentvariableisassigned.Inotherwords,themean

vocabularyscoresdependontheindependentvariable:whethertheparticipantismaleor female.

Anotherwayoflookingatindependentvariablesisthattheycausesomething(orarethoughtto causesomething).Intheaboveexample,theindependentvariableiscalorieconsumption. That’sthoughttocauseweightgain(orloss).

d) DependentVariable

DependentVariable:

Adependentvariableiswhatyoumeasureintheexperimentandwhatisaffectedduringthe experiment.Thedependentvariablerespondstotheindependentvariable.Itiscalleddependent becauseit”depends”ontheindependentvariable.Inascientificexperiment,youcannothavea dependentvariablewithoutanindependentvariable.

Example :Youareinterestedinhowstressaffectsheartrateinhumans.Yourindependent variablewouldbethestressandthedependentvariablewouldbetheheartrate.Youcan directlymanipulatestresslevelsinyourhumansubjectsandmeasurehowthosestresslevels changeheartrate.

.Covarianceis ameasureofhowmuch tworandom variablesvarytogether. It’ssimilarto variance,butwhere variancetells youhowasinglevariable varies,co variancetellsyouhow twovariables varytogether.

TheCovarianceFormula

Theformulais:

Cov(X,Y)=?E((X-?)E(Y-?))/n-1where:

Xisarandomvariable

E(X)=?istheexpectedvalue(themean)oftherandomvariableXand

E(Y)=?istheexpectedvalue(themean)oftherandomvariableY

n=thenumberofitemsinthedataset

Calculatecovarianceforthefollowingdataset:

x:2.1,2.5,3.6,4.0(mean=3.1)

y:8,10,12,14(mean=11)

Substitutethevaluesintotheformulaandsolve:

Cov(X,Y)=?E((X-?)(Y-?))/n-1

=(2.1-3.1)(8-11)+(2.5-3.1)(10-11)+(3.6-3.1)(12-11)+(4.0-3.1)(14-11)/(4-1)

=(-1)(-3)+(-0.6)(-1)+(.5)(1)+(0.9)(3)/3

=3+0.6+.5+2.7/3

Theresultispositive,meaningthatthevariablesarepositivelyrelated.

———————

About Error

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

•  Help Desk 
•  [email protected] 
•  Screen Reader
•  051-111-112-468

Assignments (QP)

S.S.C., H.S.S.C.,ATTC,NFE& Literacy certificate, French Online Courses

Bachelor, ADC,ADB,BS,BBA,B.ed,Post Graduate Courses

Assignment Covering Form

S.S.C., H.S.S.C.,Arabic,NFE& Literacy certificate, French Online Courses

Bachelor, ATTC, ADC,ADB,BS,BBA,B.ed, Post Graduate Courses

Bachelor, ADC,ADB,BS,BBA,B.ed, Post Graduate Courses

S.S.C., H.S.S.C.,NFE& Literacy certificate, French Online Courses

S.S.C., H.S.S.C., French Online Courses

Bachelor, BS/BBA, B.Ed.,ATTC,CT,PTC Courses

All Post Graduate Courses

Contact info Address : Sector H-8, Islamabad [email protected] 051 111 112 468 Helpdesk --> Quick Links About Us Jobs Tender Notices Downloads Research ORIC AIOU Library For Query Email Us [email protected] (Admission) [email protected] (Examination) [email protected] (Regional Services) [email protected] (Student Advisory) [email protected] (Treasurer)

The Allama Iqbal Open University was established in May, 1974, with the main objectives of providing educational opportunities to masses and to those who cannot leave their homes and jobs. During all these past years, the University has more than fulfilled this promise.

Assignment Ghar

AIOU FA Solved Assignments Spring 2023

We shared solved assignments of aiou all programmes for the ease of students.Assignments are the important component of aiou programmes. Assignments contain 20 to 30 percent marks in final results af aiou all programmes. Here I am going to share solved assignments of aiou FA spring 2023. You can download aiou FA solved assignments spring 2023 from our blog and can share it with your friends to help them. Here you will find aiou FA solved assignments of spring 2023 all codes.

You can also download matric solved assignments spring 2023 from our website www.assignmentghar.com

To download aiou FA solved assignments spring 2023 from our blog click on link below.

education info center 1.

Assignment Ghar is a comprehensive online platform dedicated to providing a wide range of solved assignments from Allama Iqbal Open University. As an esteemed educational resource, we understand the importance of academic excellence and strive to support students in their learning journey.

Our website offers meticulously crafted solutions to assignments across various disciplines and programs, ensuring that learners have access to high-quality reference materials to enhance their understanding and achieve outstanding results. With a user-friendly interface and organized structure, Assignment Ghar aims to simplify the process of finding and accessing solved assignments, empowering students to excel in their academic pursuits. Whether you are a distance learner or seeking additional support, Assignment Ghar is your go-to destination for reliable and well-crafted solved assignments from Allama Iqbal Open University.

AIOU FA Code 316 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 317 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 363 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 386 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 364 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 387 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 312 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 301 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 303 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 305 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 308 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

309 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Solved Assignments 2023

AIOU FA Code 311 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 315 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 321 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 322 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 330 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 343 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 345 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 346 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA code 347 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 349 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 356 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 357 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 360 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 361 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 376 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 389 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 394 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 395 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 398 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 399 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 1307 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 1308 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

AIOU FA Code 1309 Solved Assignment Spring 2023

Here you will also find solved quizzes, past papers, assignment question papers, lesson plan and all the other information related to Allama Iqbal Open University.

AIOU B.ed Code 8601 Solved Quiz

AIOU B.ed Code 8602 Solved Quiz

AIOU B.ed Code 8603 Solved Quiz

AIOU B.ed Code 8604 Solved Quiz

AIOU B.ed Code 8605 Solved Quiz

AIOU B.ed Code 8606 Solved Quiz

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Privacy Policy

• Neelum Valley
• Balochistan

AIOU Matric Solved Assignments - Spring 2023

Tips for Using AIOU BA Solved Assignments Effectively

Aiou intermediate solved assignments 2023.

AIOU Solved assignments for the Intermediate (F.A/ICS) class are given below please download the assignments according to your course code and assignment number.

You may like these posts

Neelum valley weather, search this blog, social plugin, popular posts.

How to crack camtasia studio 2019/2020/2021/2022/2023

Beauty of neelum valley: guide to weather and best time to visit, get free pdf downloads of allama iqbal open university books, made with love by, footer copyright, #buttons=(accept ) #days=(20), contact form.

AIOU Educational Statistics Code 8614 Assignments of B.Ed And BS Class Autumn 2021

Assignments of educational statistics code 8614 aiou, there are 2 assignments for this course. you will find all the assignments below., اس کورس کی 2 اسائنمنٹ ہیں آپ کو سب اسائنمنٹ نیچے مل جائے گی۔.

Related Articles

Ethics code 5437 assignments of spring 2023, pakistan studies code 5465 assignments of spring 2023, english-v code 6472 assignments of spring 2023, sociology code 9432 assignments of spring 2023, leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• General Methods of Teaching Code 8601 Assignments of Spring 2022 19/06/2022