research paper topics on sleep disorders

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Sleep disorders articles from across Nature Portfolio

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions in which the normal sleep pattern or sleep behaviours are disturbed. Primary sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea and parasomnias (abnormal sleep behaviours, such as sleepwalking and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder).

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Testing of the Czech questionnaire for identifying children at risk of obstructive sleep apnea

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Low arousal threshold is associated with altered functional connectivity of the ascending reticular activating system in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

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Touchless short-wave infrared imaging for dynamic rapid pupillometry and gaze estimation in closed eyes

Ben Barak-Dror et al. present a short-wave infrared imaging method for touchless monitoring of pupillary light reflex (PLR) and gaze direction in closed eyes. Data obtained is comparable to that obtained from open eyes.

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Sleep architecture in idiopathic hypersomnia: the influence of age, sex, and body mass index

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State-of-the-art sleep arousal detection evaluated on a comprehensive clinical dataset

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A randomized controlled trial of alpha phase-locked auditory stimulation to treat symptoms of sleep onset insomnia

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Transforming sleep apnea treatment with a metabolic drug

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Heart disease causes sleep disturbances via neuroimmune mechanisms

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Sweet dreams are made of these?

A novel orexin receptor antagonist improved sleep quality in people with insomnia, without residual effects on daytime functioning.

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Cortical blood flow associated with cognitive decline in REM sleep behaviour disorder

Prodromal parkinson disease — time is brain.

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EDITORIAL article

Editorial: psychological sleep studies: new insights to support and integrate clinical practice within the healthcare system.

• 1 Department of Human Sciences, University of Rome Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
• 2 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
• 3 Department of Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
• 4 Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, Psychology and Human Development, University College London Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom
• 5 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Editorial on the Research Topic Psychological Sleep Studies: New Insights to Support and Integrate Clinical Practice Within the Healthcare System

Adequate sleep is essential for good health, physical functioning, cognitive performance, and self-regulatory processes. In contrast, sleep disorders affect multiple aspects of an individual's life, including daytime activity, social interactions, mood, and quality of life, playing a role in the whole healthcare public system. Consistently, sleep disorders, especially insomnia, have been reported to be key risk factors for mental and somatic disorders. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3rd edition, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014 ) includes six main clinical divisions: Insomnia, Sleep Related Breathing Disorders, Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence, Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders, Parasomnias, and Sleep Related Movement Disorders. Currently clinical practice is often lacking of systematic consideration of psychological aspects related to sleep disorders. Specifically:

(1) Health primary care does not include standard assessment and consequent treatment of insomnia in both pediatric and adult patients, in the general population or in patients with mental and somatic disorders.

(2) Motivational and psychological aspects of sleep disorders and their treatment are often not assessed and treated adequately.

Potential sleep disorders can interfere with current therapies for a variety of different illnesses, and when treated can improve quality of life and adherence to therapy, as well as severity of psychological symptoms presented by the patient. A complex, likely bidirectional relationship, is documented between sleep and mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress disorders. Clinically there is an increasing demand for psychologists with expertise in evidence base psychotherapy to join multidisciplinary health teams, providing cognitive-behavioral intervention and support for insomnia, narcolepsy, and adherence to treatment for obstructive sleep apnea.

This Research Topic (RT) brought together heterogeneous cutting-edge research on sleep and its disorders in clinical contexts (e.g., treatments, epidemiology), considering both the general population and clinical patients as well as pediatric and adult samples. Sleep, as a main aspect of physical and mental health, interacts with other processes strictly associated with wellbeing and quality of life. Two studies collected in the present RT deepened the relationship between sleep quality and other indices of health or quality of life, such as physical activity, wellbeing and academic performance ( Dubinina et al. ; Armand et al. ). Both works interestingly pointed out complex interactions between variables, suggesting that multiple factors intervene in defining individual's health patterns. Epidemiological studies are necessary to capture these complex interactions, which may explain individual variability. Specialists should be aware of the different pathways to tailor their intervention to individual's needs, thus, providing more efficacious guide to patients in finding optimal balance for their health and wellbeing. Clinically, sleep should be assessed systematically being fundamental for brain functioning. As Holzinger et al. point out insomnia and nightmares are common experience in patients with psychiatric illness, though often not assessed nor treated. The authors, by reporting an example of a case study of a woman diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), propose a program including psychological treatment for insomnia symptoms and lucid dreams training as clinical module to be offered in psychiatric care.

Studies dealing with sleep and psychological variables during adolescence are of utmost importance right now. Indeed, sleep goes through dramatic changes during adolescence determined both by biological and social developments. A shift for a more delayed circadian preference is often problematic due to school starting times. The pandemic outbreak and its social consequences particularly affected adolescents' mental health and sleep functioning (e.g., Becker and Gregory, 2020 ). In the present RT, Haugland et al. provided a contribution to this literature showing extremely high rates of insomnia and sleep difficulties and strict association of sleep problems with psychopathological symptoms in an adolescent sample referred to anxiety treatment. Sleep and circadian preference during adolescence should be systematically assessed and treated in primary care. School preventive programs should be encouraged too.

Several specific clinical populations were considered in the RT. Specifically, two studies focused on treatment for sleep problems directed to parents of children suffering of epilepsy, a population which is highly afflicted by insomnia and difficulties sleeping. While standard protocols exist for behavioral interventions for sleep problems during development, often they do not include adaptation for specific clinical populations. Cook et al. and Wiggs et al. provide data of how protocol adaptations for specific clinical populations may be created with the help of patients (in this case parents of children with epilepsy), thus, offering modules which satisfy individual's wishes and may promote better motivation and adherence to prescriptions. Considering adults, two studies contributed to the understanding of the relationship between sleep quality and pain. Zambelli et al. reported on a large sample of 1,234 participants with chronic pain that better sleep quality was associated to a reduced link between depression and pain. Blytt et al. nevertheless, found in patients with dementia that those reporting more pain had actually longer sleep times within the time the spent in bed as registered with actigraphy. Again, complex interactions between variables are suggested by results of empirical studies. While sleep patterns should be more carefully assessed and considered clinically, research should be strengthened to deepen different individual pathways.

Psychological interest in sleep research is often directed to the disorder of insomnia and to the link between sleep and mental health. Nevertheless, another area of great interest is how psychological variables associate to sleep disorders and how motivational and psychological interventions can contribute to medical treatment of sleep disorders. As two studies in the RT point out Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), a neurological chronic disease associated with altered sleep structure and behavior, is characterized by cognitive and emotional dysfunctions. The works by Filardi et al. and Scarpelli et al. deepened sleep, psychological, and psychopathological variables in this disorder through, respectively, the example of a case of an adolescent girl and a study comparing patients and controls during the pandemic period. Psychological interest in sleep research is growing and expanding to all areas of interest. This should correspond to a more standardized inclusion of clinical psychologists/psychotherapists in sleep medicine teams, as well as a regular interest in sleep variables in psychotherapy.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. However, optimizing adherence to CPAP therapy of individuals remains very challenging for clinicians because of the role played by the psychological components. Two studies considered this issue. Scarpina et al. found that a psychological training assessing risks and benefits of CPAP therapy improved adherence to treatment. Consistently a review of Rapelli et al. about motivational intervention for CPAP therapy support their integration in care for OSA patients. A final paper in the RT by Galbiati et al. deepened the mechanisms underlying psychological treatment for insomnia. Cognitive Behavior Treatment for Insomnia (CBT-I) is recognized as first line intervention for patients with insomnia comorbid and non-comorbid with other disorders (e.g., Riemann et al., 2017 ). Though, there is a need to explore more in details what are the mechanisms explaining its efficacy. The authors reported results from group therapy showing that the intervention reduced nighttime symptoms of insomnia and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep in patients. However, patients did not change the way they reacted on their own thoughts about sleep loss and its consequences. These secondary cognitions, often exacerbating the disorder, are indeed not systematically considered in standard CBT-I protocols. Emergent protocols, as the Mindfulness Based Treatment for Insomnia (MBTI) proposed by Ong et al. (2012) , direct their attention to aspects associated with secondary arousal and cognitions, and it has been suggested to improve CBT-I efficacy by including more attention to daytime symptoms and emotional variables. Nevertheless, empirical data are not yet stable enough (e.g., Baglioni et al., 2020 ).

Though heterogeneous, and covering several different topics, all papers included in the RT support the relevance of sleep assessment and treatment in primary and secondary care. Future research should deepen further the complex interaction between health variables in specific clinical population to guide protocols which can be tailored to individual's needs. All together the papers of this RT give support and suggestion to improve clinical and healthcare attention to sleep.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the authors who agreed to participate in this Topic with their original contributions, and to all the reviewers who promoted the quality of research and manuscripts with their comments.

American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd ed . Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

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Baglioni, C., Bostanova, Z., Bacaro, V., Benz, F., Hertenstein, E., Spiegelhalder, K., et al. (2020). A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the evidence base of melatonin, light exposure, exercise, and complementary and alternative medicine for patients with insomnia disorder. J. Clin. Med . 9, 1949. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061949

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Becker, S. P., and Gregory, A. M. (2020). Editorial perspective: perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 61, 757–759. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13278

Ong, J., Ulmer, C. S., and Manber, R. (2012). Improving sleep with mindfulness and acceptance: A metacognitive model of insomnia. Behav. Res. Ther. 50, 651–660. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.001

Riemann, D., Baglioni, C., Bassetti, C. L., Bjorvatn, B., Groselj, L. D., Ellis, J., et al. (2017). European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J. Sleep Res. 26, 675–700. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12594

Keywords: sleep, sleep disorders, clinical psychology and health, insomnia, dreams, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea

Citation: Baglioni C, De Gennaro L, Riemann D, Dimitriou D and Franceschini C (2022) Editorial: Psychological Sleep Studies: New Insights to Support and Integrate Clinical Practice Within the Healthcare System. Front. Psychol. 13:857433. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857433

Received: 18 January 2022; Accepted: 24 January 2022; Published: 16 February 2022.

Edited and reviewed by: Gianluca Ficca , University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy

Copyright © 2022 Baglioni, De Gennaro, Riemann, Dimitriou and Franceschini. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Chiara Baglioni, c.baglioni@unimarconi.it

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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The National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR) supports research, technology innovation, training, health education, and other activities that advance scientific knowledge of sleep disorders and circadian biology, and that promote sleep health. The NCSDR also coordinates sleep and circadian biology research throughout the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other Federal agencies. Located within the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the NCSDR was established by Congress as part of the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 (42 USC Sec. 285b-7) . 

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The National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR) promotes sleep and circadian scientific advances, from laboratory research to clinical practice, to improve scientific knowledge, transform health care, and advance public health and safety and the well-being of the nation.

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Findings highlight insufficient sleep as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes

Chronic insufficient sleep can increase insulin resistance in otherwise healthy women, with more marked effects in postmenopausal women, according to a study funded by the National Institutes of Health. The findings, published in Diabetes Care, highlight the...

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Sleep and sleep disorders

Sleep is essential for health and well-being. But millions of people don’t get enough, resulting in such problems as daytime sleepiness, poor decision-making, interference with learning and accidents. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, which helps people identify and change their thoughts and behaviors, can help.

Adapted from Why sleep is important and what happens when you don’t get enough

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Why do we dream?

Mark Blagrove, PhD, talks about what we know—and don’t know—about why we dream

Sleep deprivation and racial bias in the decision to shoot: A diffusion model analysis

An experimental study of sleep deprivation and racial bias with implications for policing

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Parasomnias and sleep-related movement disorders induced by drugs in the adult population: a review about iatrogenic medication effects

Affiliations.

• 1 Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU PRISME, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.
• 2 Service Pharmacie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU PRISME, Hôpital Larboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris, France.
• 3 Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
• 4 Université Paris Cité, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, INSERM, Paris, France.
• 5 Département de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.
• 6 Centre ChronoS, GHU Paris - Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France.
• 7 Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Paris, France.
• PMID: 39243188
• DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14306

Parasomnias and sleep-related movement disorders (SRMD) are major causes of sleep disorders and may be drug induced. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to examine the association between drug use and the occurrence of parasomnias and SRMD. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for reporting systematic reviews, we searched PubMed databases between January 2020 and June 2023. The searches retrieved 937 records, of which 174 publications were selected for full-text screening and 73 drugs were identified. The most common drug-induced parasomnias were nightmares and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorders and sleepwalking. In terms of drug-induced SRMD, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorders (PLMD), and sleep-related bruxism were most frequent. Medications that inhibit noradrenergic, serotonergic, or orexin transmission could induce REM sleep (e.g., nightmares). Regarding sleepwalking, dysregulation of serotoninergic neurone activity is implicated. Antipsychotics are mentioned, as well as medications involved in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway. A mechanism of desensitisation-autoregulation of GABA receptors on serotoninergic neurones is a hypothesis. SRMD and PLMD could involve medications disrupting the dopamine pathway (e.g., antipsychotics or opioids). Opioids would act on mu receptors and increase dopamine release. The role of adenosine and iron is also hypothesised. Regarding bruxism, the hypotheses raised involve dysregulation of mesocortical pathway or a downregulation of nigrostriatal pathway, related to medications involving dopamine or serotonin. Parasomnias are rarely identified in drug product labels, likely due to the recent classification of their diagnoses. An analysis of pharmacovigilance data could be valuable to supplement existing literature data.

Keywords: adverse effects; catathrenia; chemically induced; drug effects; iatrogenic disease; nightmares; nocturnal enuresis; parasomnias; side‐effects; sleep sex; sleep‐related eating disorder.

© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Sleep Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Sleep Research Society.

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• Akkaoui, M. A., Lejoyeux, M., d'Ortho, M.‐P., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2020). Nightmares in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychotic disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(12), E3990.
• Arora, G., Sandhu, G., & Fleser, C. (2012). Citalopram and nightmares. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 24(2), E43.
• Association AP. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Dsm‐5 (p. 947). Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated.
• Bjorvatn, B., Grønli, J., & Pallesen, S. (2010). Prevalence of different parasomnias in the general population. Sleep Medicine, 11(10), 1031–1034.
• Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010). Sleep duration and all‐cause mortality: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective studies. Sleep, 33(5), 585–592.

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69 Sleep Disorders Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best sleep disorders topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on sleep disorders, ⭐ simple & easy sleep disorders essay titles.

• The Definitions of Insomnia The dictionary definition of the word insomnia is the inability to sleep or stay asleep for an adequate length of time, another version of this definition is the inability to have the standard amount of […]
• Insomnia: A Sleeping Disorder Type Causes of insomnia can be classified into two; factors contributing to acute insomnia and chronic insomnia. Chronic insomnia can be as a result of emotional stress.
• Effects of Sleeping Disorders on Human On the other hand, Dyssomnia relates to sleep disorders that develop as a result of lack of adequate sleep. In some cases, antidepressants have been used to cure sleep disorders that are as a result […]
• Effects of Lullaby Music on Quality of Sleep in Adults With Insomnia Insomnia consists of deprivation of the duration and quality of sleep, which affects the psychological and physical condition of people. In addition, the main limitation may be the unreliability of the information provided by the […]
• Insomnia: Daytime and Nighttime Repetitive Thinking Hence, repetitive thinking before bedtime causes arousal and anxiety, which in turn causes focused attention and enhanced monitoring of dangers connected to sleep.
• Insomnia: Assessment and Treatment It is critical to consider the prescription therapy that will be most beneficial to him and have the fewest negative effects.
• Depression Associated With Sleep Disorders Y, Chang, C. Consequently, it directly affects the manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder in people with depression.
• Psychiatric Examination of Insomnia Patient Information Received from P.E.P.E.decided to address the specialist because of her insomnia and overall problems with sleep, and changes in her mood because of it.
• Benadryl, Medicine for Coping With Insomnia It is important to consult a specialist before taking the pills because the overdose effect might be irreparable. As the pill should be taken several times a day, the dose can be reviewed and increased […]
• Diphenhydramine for Insomnia FDA-approved uses: dystonias, insomnia, pruritis, urticaria, vertigo, and motion sickness, other allergy symptoms.
• Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia: Study Sources The topic of this audio record is a variety of problems with sleep and their impact on an organism. They proved the aforementioned conclusion and also paid attention to the impact of sleep deprivation on […]
• Diagnostic Pathway for Fatal Familial Insomnia In other words, the authors of the study propose that the study of the PRNP mutation resulting in the subsequent development of the framework for identifying the risks of developing the disorder in question will […]
• Sleep Apnea, the Heart and the Brain in the Elderly They should get the necessary treatment of heart diseases and neuromuscular disorders Be attentive to yourself and live a full life!
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Diseases In children with Down syndrome, incidence rates of hypertension and sleepiness are high, and the problem is compounded in the presence of OSA.
• Sleep Disorders: Sleep Deprivation of the Public Safety Officers The effects of sleep disorders and fatigue on public safety officers is a social issue that needs to be addressed with more vigor and urgency so that the key issues and factors that are salient […]
• Main Information about Sleeping Disorders In the introduction part the paper provides an overview of sleep and sleep disorders. This led to the conclusion that instead of being a quite and peaceful period of rest and resuscitation as everyone would […]
• Sleep Disorders: Narcolepsy, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Insomnia An important aspect of the pathogenesis is the autoimmune lesion of the orexin neurons of the hypothalamus, which leads to a decrease in the level of hypocretin-1.
• Treating Insomnia Patients: Scientific Method Testing The samples of twenty numbers of the treatment are chosen randomly and the treatment is assigned randomly. Time taken to fall asleep is the dependent variable as it is believed to depend on the treatment […]
• Tai Chi Practice Impact on Adults With Insomnia The goals of this project include the evaluation of the effectiveness of Tai Chi, the examination of its frequency and other sleep patterns, and the analysis of the recommendations that may be given to patients […]
• Insomnia and Narcolepsy: Sleeping Disorders Besides, it was established that people with insomnia are inclined to overestimate the negative effect of sleeping disorder and underestimate the total time of sleep.
• Prevalence of Sleep Disorders among Medical Students Nightmares and dreams arise in the course of REM sleep as it is linked to desynchronized and quick brain waves, deferral of homeostasis, and failure of muscular tonus.
• Insomnia Herbal Nonprescribed Treatment Valerian is often used for the production of supplements and is a common ingredient of sleep aids. It is also soothing the cognizance and calming the nerves.
• Eating Disorders, Insomnia, and Schizophrenia Of course, this readiness does not exclude the necessity to identify such people and provide the necessary treatment to them, which is proved to be effective.
• Sleep Disorder Consequences on the Immune System Consequently, the research question for this paper is: what are the consequences of sleep disorder on the immune system? The primary goal of the study is to determine the effects of sleep disorder on the […]
• Ethical Issues in Treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Exercise Independently The approaches should ensure that necessary preventive and curative measures are put in place to facilitate the process of eradicating the disease that is causing immense sleep related complications.
• Underlying Issues Associated with Sleep Disorders and Stress Of fundamental importance to this research paper is the realization that the amount of sleep that an individual gets is one of the internal factors that influence his or her own capacity to handle stress.
• Sleep Disorders with Children and Adolescences This study is important in terms of understanding of the effectives of empirical and theoretical research in the field and attracting the scientist’s attention to the problem so that appropriate and effective treatment to be […]
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• Anxiety and Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents
• Patterns of Cannabis Use for Sleep Disorders in Australia
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• Evaluation of the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sleep Disorders and Nutrition in Children
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• Risk and Benefit of Hypnotic Agents for Sleep Disorders Among Elderly
• Impact of Sleep Disorders on Society
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• Sleep Disorders in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
• Genetics of Common Types of Sleep Disorders
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• Effect of Essential Oil Inhalation on Sleep Disorders
• Sleep Disorders Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease
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• Strengthening Mentalizing in a Depressed Mother of an Infant With Sleep Disorders
• Quality Indicators for the Care of Sleep Disorders in Vulnerable Elders
• Sleep Disorders Affective Towards College Students
• The First Classification System Dedicated to Sleep Disorders
• Drugs for Sleep Disorders: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects
• The Influence of Sleep Disorders on the Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
• Melatonin Treatment for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
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IvyPanda. (2024, February 29). 69 Sleep Disorders Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/sleep-disorders-essay-topics/

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1. IvyPanda . "69 Sleep Disorders Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/sleep-disorders-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "69 Sleep Disorders Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/sleep-disorders-essay-topics/.

Here’s how you know

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
• National Institutes of Health

Sleep Disorders and Complementary Health Approaches

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What do we know about the usefulness of complementary approaches for sleep disorders.

• Relaxation techniques are sometimes included in cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), the most strongly recommended treatment for insomnia. Relaxation techniques by themselves have a small amount of low-quality evidence for helping with insomnia. They may still be recommended in certain situations, depending on individual preferences, health provider qualifications, and treatment availability.
• Yoga and tai chi may help improve sleep quality but not necessarily insomnia.
• Melatonin supplements may be helpful for sleep problems caused by shift work or jet lag. Melatonin may also be helpful for improving sleep-onset latency (how quickly a person falls asleep) and daytime sleepiness in people with insomnia but not other aspects of insomnia. Two clinical practice guidelines, one from 2017 and another from 2019, recommended against using melatonin for treating chronic insomnia.
• The evidence for other complementary approaches is either inconsistent or too limited to draw conclusions about whether they are helpful for sleep disorders.

What do we know about the safety of complementary approaches for sleep disorders?

• Relaxation techniques are generally considered safe.
• Melatonin appears to be relatively safe for short-term use, but its long-term safety has not been established. Use of over-the-counter melatonin might place children and teenagers at risk for accidental or intentional overdose. A 2022 study showed that from 2012 to 2021, hospitalization and serious outcomes from melatonin ingestion by people 19 years and younger increased. A 2024 report estimated that from 2019 to 2022, 11,000 emergency department visits were for unsupervised melatonin ingestion by children 5 years and younger.
• There are serious safety concerns about kava products (which have been linked to severe liver damage) and L-tryptophan supplements (which may cause life-threatening serotonin toxicity when used with medicines that affect serotonin metabolism).
• If you use a complementary approach for a sleep problem, tell your health care providers. They can do a better job caring for you if they know what you’re using.

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There are more than 70 different sleep disorders. This fact sheet primarily focuses on insomnia—difficulty falling asleep or difficulty staying asleep. Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders. This fact sheet also includes some information on sleep apnea, a common sleep disorder that occurs when a person’s breathing stops briefly or becomes very shallow during sleep.

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Chronic, long-term sleep disorders affect millions of Americans each year. These disorders and the sleep deprivation they cause can interfere with work, driving, social activities, and overall quality of life, and can have serious health implications.

To learn more about sleep, sleep deprivation and deficiency, and sleep disorders, visit the  National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) website .

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Some people who feel tired during the day have a true sleep disorder, but for others, the real problem is not allowing enough time for sleep. Adults need at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night to be well rested.  

Sleep is a basic human need, like eating, drinking, and breathing, and is vital to good health and well-being. Shortchanging yourself on sleep slows your thinking and reaction time, makes you irritable, and increases your risk of injury. It may even decrease your resistance to infections and increase your risk of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and depression. Having a poor sleep pattern in terms of sleep duration, difficulty falling and staying asleep, waking up feeling unrested, and using sleep medication has been associated with a decreased life expectancy.   

To learn more about healthy sleep habits and what happens when you don’t get enough sleep, visit NHLBI’s What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency? To learn more about research on sleep, visit NHLBI’s  Advancing Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Research .

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Complementary approaches can be classified by their primary therapeutic input (how the therapy is taken in or delivered), which may be:

• Nutritional (e.g., special diets, dietary supplements, herbs, probiotics, and microbial-based therapies).
• Psychological (e.g., meditation, hypnosis, music therapies, relaxation therapies).
• Physical (e.g., acupuncture, massage, spinal manipulation).
• Combinations such as psychological and physical (e.g., yoga, tai chi, dance therapies, some forms of art therapy) or psychological and nutritional (e.g., mindful eating).

Nutritional approaches include what the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) previously categorized as natural products, whereas psychological and/or physical approaches include what was referred to as mind and body practices.

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• There is a small amount of low-quality evidence that relaxation techniques   by themselves can help with chronic insomnia. Relaxation techniques may be recommended in certain situations, depending on individual preferences, health provider qualifications, and treatment availability. 
• The treatment most strongly recommended for insomnia remains multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). CBT-I often includes types of relaxation techniques, such as progressive relaxation, abdominal breathing, and guided imagery training. 
• A small randomized controlled trial of 108 women showed that progressive relaxation may help women with insomnia during menopause. Another small randomized controlled trial of 161 postmenopausal women found that training in both progressive relaxation exercises and good sleep habits helped with insomnia. 
• Using relaxation techniques before bedtime can be part of a strategy to improve sleep habits that also includes other steps, such as (1) maintaining a consistent sleep schedule; (2) avoiding caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, large meals, strenuous exercise, and bright artificial light (such as from a TV, computer, or cell phone) too close to bedtime; (3) spending time outside every day; and (4) sleeping in a quiet, cool, dark room. To learn more, visit NHLBI’s webpage  Healthy Sleep Habits .
• Relaxation techniques are generally considered safe for healthy people. However, occasionally, people report negative experiences such as increased anxiety, intrusive thoughts, or fear of losing control. There have been rare reports that certain relaxation techniques might cause or worsen symptoms in people with epilepsy or certain psychiatric conditions. 

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• A 2022 review of 13 studies with 1,007 adult participants found that   listening to music   may lead to improved reports of sleep quality among people with insomnia. (The term sleep quality refers to a collection of measures, including total time asleep, how long it takes to fall asleep, time asleep before waking, time spent awake, and satisfaction of sleep). However, there was not enough good-quality evidence to determine the effect of listening to music on the severity of insomnia or the number of times a person wakes up. The results showed that listening to music may slightly improve sleep-onset latency (how quickly a person falls asleep), sleep duration (length of time a person is asleep), sleep efficiency (amount of time a person is asleep compared to the total time spent in bed), and daytime effects.
• In general, research studies of music-based interventions do not show any negative effects. However, listening to music at too high a volume can contribute to noise-induced hearing loss. You can find out about this type of hearing loss on the  National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website .
• Because music can be associated with strong memories or emotional reactions, some people may be distressed by exposure to specific pieces or types of music.

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• A 2019 clinical practice guideline from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense said there was not enough evidence to know whether mindfulness meditation   is helpful for people with insomnia. 
• A 2021 clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine said there was not enough evidence to make recommendations on using mindfulness by itself for insomnia. 
• A 2022 review of 20 studies and 2,890 participants found that mindfulness-based stress reduction might be ineffective for improving sleep quality in people with insomnia, but the authors noted that the studies were small and showed bias.
• Mindfulness practices are usually considered to have few risks. However, few studies have examined mindfulness practices for potentially harmful effects, so it isn’t possible to make definite statements about safety.

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• A 2019 clinical practice guideline from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense said there was insufficient evidence to recommend for or against yoga for treating insomnia.
• A 2020 review of 19 studies and 1,832 participants suggested that yoga may be helpful for improving sleep quality but not necessarily insomnia in women with sleep problems.
• A 2019 review included 4 studies of 353 older adults and found that yoga had a small-to-moderate positive effect on improving sleep quality.
• A 2022 review included 3 studies of 109 participants with rheumatic diseases and found that yoga helped improve sleep quality.
• Yoga is generally considered a safe form of physical activity for healthy people when performed properly, under the guidance of a qualified instructor. However, as with other forms of physical activity, injuries can occur. The most common injuries are sprains and strains, and the parts of the body most commonly injured are the knee or lower leg.  

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• A 2019 clinical practice guideline from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense said there was insufficient evidence to recommend for or against using tai chi to treat insomnia.
• The authors of a 2022 review said several studies suggested that tai chi   could help improve sleep quality, particularly among older adults. They said that the impact of tai chi on insomnia, however, needs to be studied more. The review included 5 studies on tai chi (742 participants).
• Tai chi appears to be safe. A 2019 review of 24 studies (1,794 participants) found that the frequency of adverse events was similar for people doing tai chi, another active intervention, or no intervention. The adverse events that were reported as related to tai chi or other active interventions were minor, such as musculoskeletal aches and pains.

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• A 2023 review evaluated the effects of hypnotherapy on sleep for 2,551 participants in 44 studies. Some of the participants were healthy and others had different health conditions, including insomnia, pain, cancer, sickle cell disease, and various psychiatric conditions. The review found that 47.7 percent of the studies showed hypnotherapy had beneficial effects on sleep, 22.7 percent showed mixed results, and 29.5 percent showed no impact. A separate evaluation of the 11 studies (546 participants) that used hypnotic suggestions to improve sleep and included only participants with sleep disturbances saw greater beneficial effects from hypnotherapy, with 54.5 percent of the studies showing positive results, 36.4 percent showing mixed results, and 9.1 percent showing no impact.
• Hypnotherapy is generally considered safe when led by licensed hypnotherapists with special training in this technique.

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• A 2021 review of 11 studies and 775 participants suggested that acupuncture may help improve insomnia, but the studies were small, differed from each other in many ways (e.g., treatment dosage, acupoint selection), and judged to be low quality. 
• A 2019 clinical practice guideline from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense said there was not enough evidence to recommend for or against using acupuncture for insomnia, except for a weak recommendation for auricular acupuncture, which involves specific points on the outer ear.
• A 2020 evaluation of 7 systematic reviews (10,001 participants) on auricular acupuncture for insomnia found that the reviews suggested auricular acupuncture may be beneficial, but the quality of most of the reviews was low or critically low and the quality of the studies within the reviews was poor.
• Relatively few complications from using acupuncture have been reported. However, complications have resulted from use of nonsterile needles and improper delivery of treatments. When not delivered properly, acupuncture can cause serious adverse effects, including infections, punctured organs, and injury to the central nervous system. 

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• There is very little research on magnesium for insomnia. A 2021 review of 3 studies (151 participants) suggested that magnesium may help with sleep-onset latency (how quickly a person falls asleep) in older adults with insomnia. But the reviewers said the studies were of low quality and inadequate for making well-informed decisions on using magnesium. 
• A 2022 review of 9 studies (7,582 participants) showed conflicting findings for magnesium’s effect on sleep quality and sleep disorders, and the reviewers said that large, well-designed studies lasting more than 12 weeks are needed.
• Magnesium in dietary supplements and medications should not be consumed in amounts above the  upper limit   (e.g., 110 mg for children 4 to 8 years old; 350 mg for adults and children 9 to 18 years old), unless recommended by a health care provider. High intakes of magnesium from dietary supplements and medications can cause diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramping. Extremely high intakes of magnesium can lead to irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating).

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• A 2022 review of 19 studies with over 18,000 participants suggested that vitamin D may help improve sleep quality, but the reviewers said its effect on sleep quantity and sleep disorders is not clear.
• Getting too much vitamin D can be harmful. Very high levels of vitamin D in your blood (greater than 375 nmol/L or 150 ng/mL) can cause nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, confusion, pain, loss of appetite, dehydration, excessive urination and thirst, and kidney stones. Extremely high levels of vitamin D can cause kidney failure, irregular heartbeat, and even death. (High levels of vitamin D are almost always caused by consuming excessive amounts of vitamin D from dietary supplements.)

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• Melatonin may help with jet lag after eastbound and westbound flights, according to a 2021 review of 10 studies and 994 participants. Melatonin may also help with sleep problems related to shift work, according to a 2022 review of 10 studies of 318 participants. 
• A 2022 review of 12 studies and 2,666 participants suggested that melatonin helped improve sleep-onset latency (how quickly a person falls asleep) and daytime sleepiness in people with insomnia, but the use of melatonin did not improve sleep quality or the time awake during the night.
• A 2017 clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and a 2019 clinical practice guideline from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense recommended against using melatonin for treating chronic insomnia. Both said there was not enough evidence for recommending its use.
• Dietary supplements containing substances that can be changed into melatonin in the body—L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)—have sedative effects, but it is unclear how they work and there is very limited data on their effects on insomnia. The 2017 clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended against using tryptophan for treating chronic insomnia.
• Melatonin appears to be relatively safe for short-term use, but its long-term safety has not been established. Use of over-the-counter melatonin might place children and teenagers at risk for accidental or intentional overdose. A 2022 study showed that from 2012 to 2021, hospitalization and serious outcomes from melatonin ingestion by people 19 years and younger increased.
• Use of over-the-counter melatonin might place children and teenagers at risk for accidental or intentional overdose. A 2022 study showed that from 2012 to 2021, hospitalization and serious outcomes from melatonin ingestion by people 19 years and younger increased. A 2024 report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that from 2019 to 2022, 11,000 emergency department visits were for unsupervised melatonin ingestion by children 5 years and younger. The report noted that many of the incidents involved ingestion of flavored products such as gummies.
• A 2023 study found that 22 out of 25 over-the-counter melatonin gummy products were inaccurately labeled. One product did not contain detectable levels of melatonin. In the remaining products, the melatonin levels ranged from 74 to 347 percent of the labeled quantity (i.e., up to almost 3.5 times more melatonin than reported on the label). Most had more than the label said, with the majority containing between 1.2 to 1.7 times more melatonin than the amount listed. 
• The use of L-tryptophan as a dietary supplement was discontinued in 1989 because of an outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) that was traced to contaminated synthetic L-tryptophan from a single manufacturer. EMS is a rare disorder that can potentially cause severe, disabling complications and even death. Because of its chemical and biochemical relationship to L-tryptophan, 5-HTP has been under close watch for its safety. Extensive analyses of several sources of 5-HTP have shown no toxic contaminants similar to those associated with L-tryptophan, nor the presence of any other significant impurities.

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• Although  chamomile  has traditionally been used for insomnia, often in the form of a tea, there is no conclusive evidence from clinical trials showing whether it is helpful. Some people, especially those who are allergic to ragweed or related plants, may have allergic reactions to chamomile.
• Although  kava  is said to have sedative properties, very little research has been conducted on whether this herb is helpful for insomnia. More importantly,  the use of kava has been linked to liver injury that is sometimes serious or even fatal. The exact cause and frequency of the liver damage are unclear .
• Clinical trials of  valerian  (another herb said to have sedative properties) have had inconsistent results, and its value for insomnia has not been demonstrated. Although few people have reported negative side effects from valerian, it is uncertain whether this herb is safe for long-term use. A 2017 clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended against using valerian for treating chronic insomnia.

Visit this page for more information on  dietary supplements .

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• Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of essential oils from plants. A 2021 review of 16 studies (1,346 participants) suggested that aromatherapy helped improve sleep quality and reduce symptoms in people with insomnia, but the researchers said that larger and more rigorous studies are needed.
• Safety testing on essential oils shows very few side effects or risks when they are used as directed. Allergic reactions and skin irritation may occur when essential oils are in contact with the skin for long periods of time. Sun sensitivity may occur when citrus or other essential oils are applied to the skin before going out in the sun.
• A few cases of breast tissue swelling have been reported in children who used topical products containing lavender essential oil. However, it’s unclear whether the essential oil was responsible for the breast swelling, a condition that can have many causes.

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• A 2020 review that included 12 studies with 250 participants indicated that there was insufficient evidence to support the use of cannabinoid therapies for treating any sleep disorder. The cannabinoid therapies that were evaluated included cannabidiol (CBD). The authors of the review said there was not much published research and that most of the studies had a moderate-to-high risk of bias.
• CBD may have side effects, including decreases in alertness, changes in mood, decreased appetite, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea. In addition, CBD use has been associated with liver injury, male reproductive harm, and interactions with other drugs.

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NCCIH funds research on complementary health approaches for sleep disorders.

Recent projects include studies on:

• How a mindfulness-based intervention may improve poor sleep quality during pregnancy.
• The potential of the plant Centella asiatica (also called gotu kola) in promoting functional resilience to some of the challenges of growing older, including sleep deprivation.
• The effects of CBD on sleep in people with multiple sclerosis and chronic pain.
• The feasibility of using acupuncture to help manage multiple symptoms, including sleep disturbances, of breast cancer survivors who are receiving endocrine therapy at Federally Qualified Health Centers.

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Do you snore loudly? Does your bed partner say that you make gasping or snorting sounds during the night? Do you fight off sleepiness during the day?

If you have any of these symptoms, talk to your health care provider. You might have sleep apnea—a condition in which sleep is disrupted because of pauses in breathing. For more information, visit the  NHLBI website .

A 2020 review of 9 studies and 584 participants suggested that acupuncture might help improve breathing in obstructive sleep apnea, but the researchers said the quality of evidence was low to very low. Three studies looked at safety, and none of them had reports of side effects from the acupuncture treatment. There is very limited, if any, research on other complementary approaches for obstructive sleep apnea.

A 2019 review of 13 randomized controlled trials and 22 uncontrolled before-and-after studies (1,420 participants) suggested that conventional lifestyle interventions (diet, exercise, good sleep habits, and tobacco and alcohol cessation) may help improve sleep apnea. Weight loss through diet and exercise was found to be most effective for male patients with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea.

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• Be cautious about using any sleep product—prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, dietary supplements, or homeopathic remedies. Find out about potential side effects and any risks from long-term use or combining products.
• Keep in mind that “natural” does not always mean safe. Also, a manufacturer’s use of the term “standardized” (or “verified” or “certified”) does not necessarily guarantee product quality or consistency. Dietary supplements can cause health problems if not used correctly. The health care providers you see about your sleep problems can advise you.
• If you are pregnant, nursing a child, or considering giving a child a dietary supplement, it is especially important to consult your (or the child’s) health care provider.
• If you are considering a practitioner-provided complementary health practice, check with your insurer to see if the services will be covered, and ask a trusted source (such as your health care provider or a nearby hospital or medical school) to recommend a practitioner.
• Take charge of your health—talk with your health care providers about any complementary health approaches you use. Together, you can make shared, well-informed decisions.

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Nccih clearinghouse.

The NCCIH Clearinghouse provides information on NCCIH and complementary and integrative health approaches, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature. The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners.

Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-888-644-6226

Telecommunications relay service (TRS): 7-1-1

Website: https://www.nccih.nih.gov

Email: [email protected] (link sends email)

Know the Science

NCCIH and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide tools to help you understand the basics and terminology of scientific research so you can make well-informed decisions about your health. Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information.

Explaining How Research Works (NIH)

Know the Science: How To Make Sense of a Scientific Journal Article

Understanding Clinical Studies (NIH)

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

The NHLBI Health Information Center provides information to health professionals, patients, and the public about heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders and accepts orders for publications.

P.O. Box 30105 Bethesda, MD 20824-0105

National Center on Sleep Disorders Research

Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-877-NHLBI4U (1-877-645-2448)

Website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov

Email: [email protected] (link sends email)

MedlinePlus

To provide resources that help answer health questions, MedlinePlus (a service of the National Library of Medicine) brings together authoritative information from the National Institutes of Health as well as other Government agencies and health-related organizations.

Information on sleep disorders

Website: https://www.medlineplus.gov

A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed® contains publication information and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed .

Website: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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• Abboud M.  Vitamin D supplementation and sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies . Nutrients . 2022;14(5):1076. 
• Arab A, Rafie N, Amani R, et al.  The role of magnesium in sleep health: a systematic review of available literature . Biological Trace Element Research . 2023;201(1):121-128.
• Baglioni C, Bostanova Z, Bacaro V, et al.  A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the evidence base of melatonin, light exposure, exercise, and complementary and alternative medicine for patients with insomnia disorder . Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2020;9(6):1949.
• Bian T, Corral P, Wang Y, et al.  Kava as a clinical nutrient: promises and challenges . Nutrients . 2020;12(10):3044.
• Bradt J, Dileo C, Magill L, et al.  Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients .  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.  2016;(8):CD006911. Accessed at  cochranelibrary.com  on February 24, 2023.
• Bradt J, Dileo C, Shim M.  Music interventions for preoperative anxiety .  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.  2013;(6):CD006908. Accessed at  cochranelibrary.com  on February 24, 2023.
• Carneiro-Barrera A, Díaz-Román A, Guillén-Riquelme A, et al.  Weight loss and lifestyle interventions for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis . Obesity Reviews . 2019;20(5):750-762.
• Cohen PA, Avula B, Wang Y-H, et al. Quantity of melatonin and CBD in melatonin gummies sold in the US . JAMA . 2023;329(16):1401-1402.
• de Orleans Casagrande P, Coimbra DR, de Souza LC, et al.  Effects of yoga on depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep quality, and mood in patients with rheumatic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis . PM & R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation . June 20, 2022. [Epub ahead of print].
• Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, et al.  Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline . Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2021;17(2):255-262.
• Fatemeh G, Sajjad M, Niloufar R, et al.  Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . Journal of Neurology . 2022;269(1):205-216.
• Freeman DI, Lind JN, Weidle NJ, et al. Notes from the field: emergency department visits for unsupervised pediatric melatonin ingestion - United States, 2019-2022 . MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 2024;73(9):215-217.
• Huang J, Shen M, Qin X, et al.  Effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for insomnia: an overview of systematic reviews . Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine . 2020;2020:6920902.
• Jespersen KV, Pando-Naude V, Koenig J, et al.  Listening to music for insomnia in adults . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022;8(8):CD010459. Accessed at  cochranelibrary.com on January 25, 2023.
• Lelak K, Vohra V, Neuman MI, et al. Pediatric Melatonin Ingestions - United States, 2012-2021. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 2022;71(22):725-729.
• Kim SM, Park JM, Seo H-J, et al.  Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on adults with sleep disturbance: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis . BMJ Open . 2022;12(11):e058032.
• Mah J, Pitre T.  Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review & meta-analysis . BMC Complementary Medicine Therapies . 2021;21(1):125. 
• Mysliwiec V, Martin JL, Ulmer CS, et al.  The management of chronic insomnia disorder and obstructive sleep apnea: synopsis of the 2019 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines . Annals of Internal Medicine . 2020;172(5):325-336.
• Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, et al.  Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline . Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2017;13(2):307-349.
• Sivaramakrishnan D, Fitzsimons C, Kelly P, et al.  The effects of yoga compared to active and inactive controls on physical function and health related quality of life in older adults—systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials . International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.  2019;16(1):33.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Cannabidiol (CBD)— Potential Harms, Side Effects, and Unknowns. Accessed at https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep22-06-04-003.pdf on February 24, 2023.
• Suraev AS, Marshall NS, Vandrey R, et al.  Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies . Sleep Medicine Reviews . 2020;53:101339.
• Tang Y, Gong M, Qin X, et al.  The therapeutic effect of aromatherapy on insomnia: a meta-analysis . Journal of Affective Disorders . 2021;288:1-9.
• van der Steen   JT, Smaling HJ, van der Wouden JC, et al.  Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia .  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.  2018;7(7):CD003447. Accessed at  cochranelibrary.com  on February 24, 2023.
• Verma K, Singh D, Srivastava A.  The impact of complementary and alternative medicine on insomnia: a systematic review . Cureus . 2022;14(8):e28425.
• Wang W-L, Chen K-H, Pan Y-C, et al.  The effect of yoga on sleep quality and insomnia in women with sleep problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis . BMC Psychiatry . 2020;20(1):195.
• Wofford N, Snyder M, Corlett CE, et al.  Systematic review of hypnotherapy for sleep and sleep disturbance . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis . 2023;71(3):176-215.
• Zhao F-Y, Fu Q-Q, Kennedy GA, et al.  Can acupuncture improve objective sleep indices in patients with primary insomnia? A systematic review and meta-analysis . Sleep Medicine . 2021;80:244-259.

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• Adams D, Cheng F, Jou H, et al. The safety of pediatric acupuncture: a systematic review. Pediatrics . 2011;128(6):e1575-1587.
• Andersen LPH, Gögenur I, Rosenberg J, et al. The safety of melatonin in humans. Clinical Drug Investigation . 2016;36(3):169-175.
• Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Eisenberg DM, et al. Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice . 2003;16(2):131-147.
• Becker MW, Lourençone EMS, De Mello AF, et al. Liver transplantation and the use of kava: case report. Phytomedicine . 2019;56:21-26.
• Bruni O, Angriman M, Melegari MG, et al. Pharmacotherapeutic management of sleep disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy . 2019;20(18):2257-2271.
• Carriedo-Diez B, Tosoratto-Venturi JL, Cantón-Manzano C, et al. The effects of the exogenous melatonin on shift work sleep disorder in health personnel: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2022;19(16):10199.
• Chamine I, Atchley R, Oken BS. Hypnosis intervention effects on sleep outcomes: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine . 2018;14(2):271-283.
• Chan MWC, Wu XY, Wu JCY et al. Safety of acupuncture: overview of systematic reviews. Scientific Reports . 2017;7(1):3369.
• Chan V, Wang L, Allman-Farinelli M. Efficacy of functional foods, beverages, and supplements claiming to alleviate air travel symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients . 2021;13(3):961.
• Cramer H, Krucoff C, Dobos G. Adverse events associated with yoga: a systematic review of published case reports and case series. PloS One . 2013;8(10):e75515.
• Cramer H, Ward L, Saper R, et al. The safety of yoga: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Epidemiology . 2015;182(4):281-293.
• Cramer H, Ostermann T, Dobos G. Injuries and other adverse events associated with yoga practice: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2018;21(2):147-154.
• Creswell JD. Mindfulness interventions. Annual Review of Psychology . 2017;68:491-516.
• Cui H, Wang Q, Pedersen M, et al. The safety of tai chi: a meta-analysis of adverse events in randomized controlled trials. Contemporary Clinical Trials . 2019;82:85-92.
• Das YT, Bagchi M, Bagchi D, et al. Safety of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Toxicology Letters . 2004;150(1):111-122.
• Duman M, Timur Taşhan S. The effect of sleep hygiene education and relaxation exercises on insomnia among postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Nursing Practice . 2018;24(4):e12650.
• Fabbri M, Beracci A, Martoni M, et al. Measuring subjective sleep quality: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2021;18(3):1082.
• Farias M, Maraldi E, Wallenkampf KC, et al. Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation-based therapies: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica . 2020;142(5):374-393.
• Freeman MP, Fava M, Lake J, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine in major depressive disorder: the American Psychiatric Association task force report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 2010;71(6):669-681.
• Glickstein SL, Gertner E, Smith SA, et al. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan use. Journal of Rheumatology . 1990;17(11):1534-1543.
• Goldin D, Salani D. Calm down with kava: what clinicians need to know. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services . 2022;60(12):17-24.
• Häuser W, Hagl M, Schmierer A, et al. The efficacy, safety and applications of medical hypnosis. Deutsches Arzteblatt International . 2016;113(17):289-296.
• Hawkins J, Hires C, Dunne E, et al. The relationship between lavender and tea tree essential oils and pediatric endocrine disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Complementary Therapies in Medicine . 2020;49:102288.
• Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials. Phytotherapy Research . 2019;33(6):1604-1615. 
• Holeček M. Side effects of amino acid supplements. Physiological Research . 2022;71(1):29-45.
• Kaptchuk TJ. Acupuncture: theory, efficacy, and practice. Annals of Internal Medicine . 2002;136(5):374-383.
• Kumar V, Malhotra V, Kumar S. Application of standardised yoga protocols as the basis of physiotherapy recommendation in treatment of sleep apneas: moving beyond pranayamas. Indian Journal of Otolaryngoly and Head and Neck Surgery . 2019;71(Suppl 1):558-565.
• Li H, Qian F, Han L, et al. Association of healthy sleep patterns with risk of mortality and life expectancy at age 30 years: a population-based cohort study. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine . October 13, 2023. [Epub ahead of print].
• Lipton L. Using yoga to treat disease: an evidence-based review. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants . 2008;21(2):34-36, 38, 41.
• Menczel Schrire Z, Phillips CL, Chapman JL, et al. Safety of higher doses of melatonin in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pineal Research . 2022;72(2):e12782.
• National  Cancer Institute. Aromatherapy With Essential Oils (PDQ®)—Patient Version . National Cancer Institute website. Accessed at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/aromatherapy-pdq on February 17, 2023.
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Advancing Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Research (January 2023). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Accessed at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/advancing-heart-lung-blood-and-sleep-research-january-2023 on February 17, 2023.
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Sleep deprivation and deficiency. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Accessed at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation on January 25, 2023.
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Kava. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Accessed at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548637/ on February 13, 2023.
• Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium—Fact Sheet for Consumers . Office of Dietary Supplements website. Accessed at ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-Consumer/ on February 17, 2023.
• Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D—Fact Sheet for Consumers . Office of Dietary Supplements website. Accessed at ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/ on February 17, 2023.
• Pelit Aksu S, Şentürk Erenel A. Effects of health education and progressive muscle relaxation on vasomotor symptoms and insomnia in perimenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling.  2022;105(11):3279-3286.
• Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Bousman CA, et al. Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: a 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.  2020;54(3):288-297.
• Schroeck JL, Ford J, Conway EL, et al. Review of safety and efficacy of sleep medicines in older adults. Clinical Therapeutics . 2016;38(11):2340-2372. 
• Sekendiz B. An epidemiological analysis of yoga-related injury presentations to emergency departments in Australia. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2020;48(3):349-353.
• Silverman MJ, Gooding LF, Yinger O. It’s…complicated: a theoretical model of music-induced harm. Journal of Music Therapy. 2020;57(3):251-281.
• Subiza J, Subiza JL, Hinojosa M, et al. Anaphylactic reaction after the ingestion of chamomile tea: a study of cross-reactivity with other composite pollens. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology . 1989;84(3):353-358.
• Swain TA, McGwin G. Yoga-related injuries in the United States from 2001 to 2014. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine . 2016;4(11):2325967116671703.
• Van Dam NT, van Vugt MK, Vago DR, et al. Mind the hype: a critical evaluation and prescriptive agenda for research on mindfulness and meditation. Perspectives on Psychological Science . 2018;13(1):36-61.
• Vickers A, Zollman C, Payne DK. Hypnosis and relaxation therapies. Western Journal of Medicine . 2001;175(4):269-272.
• Xu S, Wang L, Cooper E, et al. Adverse events of acupuncture: a systematic review of case reports. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine . 2013;2013:581203.

Acknowledgments

NCCIH thanks Jennifer Baumgarter, Ph.D., Sekai Chideya, M.D., M.P.H., Elizabeth Ginexi, Ph.D., D. Craig Hopp, Ph.D., Peter Murray, Ph.D., and David Shurtleff, Ph.D., NCCIH, for their review of the 2024 update of this publication.

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To diagnose sleep disorders, you meet with sleep specialists who listen to your concerns and help create a plan to meet your needs. It may help for your bed partner to share information about your symptoms. Your sleep specialist does an exam. You may be asked to keep a sleep log that includes information about your daily activities and how you sleep.

You also may have tests, such as:

• Actigraphy. A small monitor, usually worn on the wrist, measures arm and leg movement during sleep. Worn for several days to weeks, the monitor gives information about sleep-wake cycles over time. The test also can show if treatment for a sleep disorder is working.
• Sleep study, also called polysomnography. A sleep study records brain waves, oxygen levels in the blood, and heart rate and breathing during sleep. It also measures eye and leg movements. A sleep study may be done at a sleep disorders unit within a hospital or at a sleep center. When you have testing for sleep apnea, a diagnosis may be made during the first half of the night, while data from the rest of the night is used to decide on the best settings for a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine. Sometimes the test is done over two different nights.
• Home sleep apnea test. Some people can have a test at home to diagnose sleep apnea. The small monitors usually record breathing rate and airflow, oxygen levels, and heart rate. Some tests also give information on blood vessel tone. This tells how well the muscles in the blood vessel walls control blood pressure and move blood around the body. After the test, information can be uploaded to a smartphone app and sent to the sleep medicine specialist for review.
• Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). This test measures daytime sleepiness. During the test, you have time in a quiet, dark room. You can take 4 to 5 naps, each spaced two hours apart. The MSLT measures the time it takes to fall asleep each time.
• Maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT). This test measures daytime alertness. During the test, you have time in a quiet, dark room. Like the MSLT, you can take 4 to 5 naps spaced two hours apart. Unlike the MSLT, the MWT measures your ability to stay awake during this time.
• Upper airway nerve stimulation therapy evaluation. This may involve several tests that help decide if a small device surgically placed inside the body is the right treatment for obstructive sleep apnea.
• Overnight oximetry test. Using a small monitor that attaches to a finger, this test measures heart rate and oxygen levels in the blood throughout the night. Drops in oxygen levels while sleeping may happen with sleep apnea.
• Care at Mayo Clinic

Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your sleep disorders-related health concerns Start Here

Treatment depends on the type of sleep disorder you have and how much your symptoms affect your daily life. Treatment options may include:

• Healthy-lifestyle choices. These can include losing weight if needed, following good sleep habits, getting regular physical activity, cutting back on alcohol and caffeine near bedtime, and avoiding recreational drugs.
• Treatment of other health conditions. Treating medical and mental health conditions that may be causing or adding to sleep disorders may improve sleep.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). CBT-I involves looking at thoughts and behaviors that interfere with sleep. With guidance, you can create a plan for getting better rest. This may include finding ways to relax at bedtime, going to sleep and waking up at the same time each day, and not taking naps.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. This is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. You use a CPAP machine to treat obstructive sleep apnea whenever you're sleeping. The machine has a hose that connects to a mask. You wear the mask over your face or nose. The machine provides airflow at a pressure that holds your airway open during sleep.

A type of CPAP called bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) may be used in obstructive sleep apnea for people who can't tolerate CPAP. BPAP also may be used to help breathing in people who have conditions that keep their breathing muscles from working as they should.

• Oral appliances. Appliances worn in the mouth, known as oral appliances, may be an option instead of CPAP. These are custom-made mouthpieces that are used during sleep. The goal is to lessen airflow blockage in the throat area by pushing the lower jaw and tongue forward.

Surgeries. Another option instead of CPAP is surgery. There are different surgical options designed to lessen airflow blockage during sleep. These include surgeries on the nose or jaws and surgeries to reduce upper airway soft tissue.

A newer surgical option for obstructive sleep apnea is upper airway nerve stimulation therapy. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration has approved an upper airway nerve stimulation system called Inspire to treat obstructive sleep apnea in some people if CPAP therapy doesn't work.

Surgery is needed to place the Inspire system. A small device called a generator is placed under the skin on the upper chest. When the breathing muscles don't move, the device sends a pulse to the nerve under the tongue. This causes the tongue to move forward, opening the airway.

• Medicines. Medicines and supplements may help treat some sleep disorders.

Clinical trials

Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

Sleep disorders care at Mayo Clinic

• Gandhi KD, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness: A clinical review. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.033.
• Maski K, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2021; doi:10.5664/jcsm.9328.
• Sleep-wake disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5-TR. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2022. https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed May 10, 2024.
• Wang Y, et al. Approach to common sleep disorders. Seminars in Neurology. 2021; doi:10.1055/s-0041-1726364.
• Sateia MJ, et al. Classification of sleep disorders. In: Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 10, 2024.
• Winkelman JW. Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 11, 2024.
• Mashaqi S, et al. The hypoglossal nerve stimulation as a novel therapy for treating obstructive sleep apnea — A literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; doi:10.3390/ijerph18041642.
• Sleep studies. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-studies. Accessed May 12, 2024.
• Wilson A, et al. Real-world utility of overnight oximetry for screening of obstructive sleep apnea in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2024.111892.
• Krahn LE, et al. Recommended protocols for the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test in adults: Guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2021; doi:10.5664/jcsm.9620.
• Sateia MJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2017; doi:10.5664/jcsm.6470.
• Edinger JD, et al. Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2021; doi:10.5664/jcsm.8986.
• Smith MT, et al. Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2018; doi:10.5664/jcsm.7230.
• Freedman N, et al. Mode selection for titration of positive airway pressure in adults with obstructive sleep apnea. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed June 28, 2024.
• Olson EJ (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. June 9, 2024.
• Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Neurology & Nervous System Diseases — Sleep Disorders

Sleep Disorders Essays

Explore our comprehensive collection of sleep disorders essay samples, a valuable resource for students seeking to delve into the intricate world of sleep health in their academic writing. Whether you're aiming to understand the causes, impacts, or treatments of sleep disorders, our diverse range of essays provides a wealth of information and perspectives. Navigate through our collection to find inspiration and guidance for your own sleep disorders essay.

Understanding Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders encompass a wide range of issues that affect people's ability to get restful sleep, crucial for overall health and well-being. From insomnia and sleep apnea to narcolepsy and restless legs syndrome, essays on sleep disorders delve into the scientific, psychological, and social aspects of these conditions. By examining these essays, students can gain a deeper insight into how sleep disorders impact individuals' lives and explore potential solutions and management strategies.

Highlights from Our Essay Collection

Our selection of essays on sleep disorders covers a broad spectrum of topics, providing students with access to comprehensive analyses and discussions. These essays not only explore the medical and psychological aspects of sleep disorders but also consider the societal implications and personal experiences of those affected. Each piece serves as a foundation for developing a nuanced understanding of sleep health issues, encouraging critical thinking and empathy in your writing.

How to Utilize Our Essays Effectively

• Topic Inspiration: Let our essays spark your creativity, offering unique angles and perspectives on the sleep disorders topic.
• Foundation for Research: Use the essays as a starting point to gather further information and data, enriching your argument and supporting evidence.
• Structural Guidance: Analyze the structure of our essays to learn how to effectively organize and present your findings and viewpoints.
• Referencing Techniques: Observe how sources are cited within our essays to improve the academic rigor and credibility of your own essay.

The study of sleep disorders offers a fascinating glimpse into the complexities of sleep health and its critical role in our lives. Our collection of sleep disorders essay samples is designed to empower students with the knowledge and inspiration needed to tackle this important topic in their academic writing. Engage with our essays to enhance your understanding of sleep disorders, and let them guide you in crafting an insightful and impactful essay.

Start your journey into the intriguing world of sleep health by exploring our sleep disorders essay samples today. Allow these essays to guide your research and writing process, helping you to create a compelling and informative piece on sleep disorders.

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The $12.8 Billion Sleep Disorders Treatment Market

by John LaRosa , on September 9, 2024

As obesity rates climb and Americans age, more people are developing sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome and other sleep disorders. Plus, stressors related to inflation and politics are resulting in more sleepless nights for Americans.

Sleep centers had to contend with the pandemic and a shift to less costly at-home tests and declining Medicare reimbursements, but are diversifying their services to add other income streams (such as CPAP fitting, oral appliance therapy, and behavioral sleep medicine).

Top 6 Things to Know About the Sleep Centers & CPAPs Market

• Market size and growth: Marketdata estimates that the U.S. sleep centers market was worth $7.75 billion in 2023, while the CPAPs devices market is worth $5.06 billion. The CPAPs market is growing faster.
• Demand: 50-70 million U.S. adults have a sleep disorder, with 39 million of them having sleep apnea.
• Industry structure : The sleep centers market is fragmented and is populated by more than 4,500 small, privately owned operations, while the CPAPs market is dominated by two large healthcare companies: ResMed and Respironics (Philips).
• Sleep centers : This market is a mature, low-growth, low-profit market populated by small, private companies with average gross annual revenues of $1.7 million.
• Competition : Marketdata analysts estimate that the true number of sleep centers in the U.S. is about 4,560. The total estimated number of ACCREDITED sleep centers is at least 3,256.
• Trends : Pre-COVID volumes were 70% in-lab and 30% home sleep testing (HST), according to various surveys, which found this in-lab to home testing ratio flipped during the pandemic. It’s now 70% home tests and 30% in-center tests.

Where to Learn More

To find out more about the sleep disorders treatment market, check out a new report titled The U.S. Sleep Disorders Treatment Market: Sleep Centers, Sleep Studies & CPAPs by Marketdata LLC. This comprehensive, 97-page report covers market sizing, patient demographics, competitor profiles, regional market potentials, and more.

About the Author:  John LaRosa is the President of  Marketdata LLC  and is the author of 100+ industry and market studies. His research appears in top media outlets including ABC, CNN, Fox,  Forbes ,  USA Today ,  The Wall Street Journal ,  The New York Times , and a variety of trade journals. 

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Research on Sleep Quality and the Factors Affecting the Sleep Quality of the Nursing Students

1 Uludag University Faculty of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey

F. TANRIKULU

2 Sakarya University Faculty of Health Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey

Purpose: This research has been conducted in order to examine the quality of sleep and the factors affecting the sleep quality.Material/Methods: The sample of this descriptive research is comprised of 223 volunteer students studying at Uludağ University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nursing. Research datas have been collected through personal features survey and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI). Results: The average result derived from the sample is 6.52±3.17. To briefly explain the average of the component scores: subjective sleep quality 1.29±0.76, sleep latency 1,55±0.94, sleep duration 0.78±0.99, habitual sleep activity 0.47±0.90, sleep disturbances 0.99±0.09, use of sleeping medication 0.12±0.48, daytime dysfunction 1.29±0.90. It has been observed that there is a meaningful discrepancies between average PSQI results and smoking habits of the students, total daily sleeping hours, efficient waking up times, average daily coffee consumption(p<0.05). According to the analyses there is no meaningful discrepancies between the age,gender, where the students live,snoozing during the morning classes, the existence of chronic diseases and daily average tea consumption.(p>0.05)Conclusions: According to the findings in the light of this research; nursing students have low sleep quality.

Introduction

Sleep, which is directly related to health and quality of life, is a basic need for a human being to continue his bio-psycho-social and cultural functions [ 1 ]. Sleep affects the quality of life and health,which is also perceived as an important variable[ 2 , 3 ]. Feeling energetic and fit after sleeping is descriped as the sleep quality [ 4 ]. The fact that, nowadays the complaints about sleep disorder being prevalent, low sleep quality being an indicator of many medical diseases and there is strong relationship between physical ,psychological wellness and sleep; sleep quality is an important concept in the clinic practices and related researches on sleep [ 5 ].

Sleeping disorders is a common health problem among adolescants and young adults [ 6 ]. There is a general belief that university students do not sleep enough [ 7 ]. It has been reported that the the amount and the quality of the sleep of university students has been changed in past few decades and the sleep disorders has been inclined [ 8 ]. In the related researches is found that sleeping disorder among university students in various frequencies and amounts [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Low quality of sleep harms not only the academic success but also behavioral and emotional problems [ 12 ], negative emotional status, increase in alcohol and smoking habits[ 13 , 14 ]. In another research, it has been found that, there is a link between sleep quality and pschological wellbeing; more psychological diseases are observed among university students with low sleep quality [ 15 ]. Additionally it is recorded in the medical literature that, sleep quality is affected from the external factors such as gender, academic success, academic background, general health, socio-economic status and the stress level of the person [ 1 , 4 , 7 , 16 ].

Nursing students may have sleep issues due to their program being though, time and effort-requiring [ 3 , 11 ]. Because of this matter, students who cannot sleep enough may have various physical,social, psychological problems. Therefore, it is much more important to indicate the sleep quality of the students and the factors affecting. There is a demand for this kind of research since there is only limited amount of related research

Aim of Study

This research is conducted in order to examine the sleep quality of the Nursing students and the factors affecting it.

Material and Method

The research sample of this descriptive and cross-sectional research is derived from the population of students studying at Uludag University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nursing in the Spring Semester of 2016-2017 academic year (N=450). The sample of the research is 223 volunteer students.

In the research data collection process, personal features survey and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) has been used. Survey,which is prepared by the researchers scanning the related medical literature, comprises of 11 survey questions. These questions are aimed to indicate the introductory information of the students and the varibles affecting the sleep quality(age, gender, semester, aree of residence, existence of chronic diseases, caffeine consumption level, smoking habits).

Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) usef for examination of the sleep quality of the students; is a scale which assesses the sleep quality and the sleeping disorder in the last one month. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is devised by the Buysee et al. [ 17 ] is adapted to Turkish by the Agargun et al. [ 18 ] and internal consistency coefficient is calculated as 0.80. In the examination process of PSQI,19 issues are scored. PSQI has 7 internal components such as subjective sleep quality, duration of sleep, habitual sleeping activity, sleep disturbance, sleep delay, use of sleeping drugs and daytime dysfunctions. Each component is scored between 0-3. Total score varies between 0-21, total PSQI score being <5 shows high sleep quality, >5 indicates low sleep quality [ 18 ].

Statistical Analysis

In the data assessment process; frequency, percentage, arithmetic average and Cronbach’s alpha is measured. The total score average of the sample was calculated and the normality test was applied to determine the normal distribution of the sample scores According to this analysis, it is observed that the sample scores does not comply with the normal distribution(Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z=0.143, p<0.05);nonparametric tests such as Mann-Whitney U and Kruskall Wallis were used to examine the difference between the independent variables and sample averages.Scores are provided as average±standard deviation and p<0.05 is considered as statistically meaningful results

Ethical Concerns

For the use of the assessment, written permissions are taken via e-mail. For the purpose of the conduct of the survey, written approval from the research commission of the related institution is taken(Decision no: 2017/7). Before application and the approval was obtained from them, students were informed about the research and data collection tools.

According to the research, average age of the stundets is 20.03±1,73, 68,6% of them are women. 50.2% of the students are in I. year, 19.7% are in II. year, 18.4% in III. year,%11.7 of them are in IV. year. 17% of the students have smoking habits, 56.5% of the sleep 6-7 hours per day. 26% of the students consumes 4-7 cups of tea per day, 19.3% of them uses 2-3 cups of coffee, 46.6% of them wake up energetic after sleep, 19.9% of them have no chronic disease, 41.3% of them snooze during morning lectures.

The total PSQI average of the students is calculated as 6.52±3.17 and the ratio of the students with sleep quality average higher than 5 is 56.1%.(Table ​ 56.1%.(Table1, 1 , Table ​ Table2) 2 ) The students internal component score averages are given below: subjective sleep quality 1.29±0.76, sleep latency 1,55±0,94, sleep duration 0.78±0.99, habitual sleep activity 0.47±0.9, sleep disturbances 0.99±0.09, sleeping drug use 0.12±0.48 and daytime dysfunctions 1.29±0.9(Table 1 )

PSQI total and internal component score averages of the sample

PSQIscore averages of the sample

Although total PSQI score average being above 5, only 56.1% of the students' PSQI averages were above 5.According to this result nearly half of the students’ sleep quality can be considered as low sleep quality (Table ​ (Table2 2 ).

In Table ​ Table3 3 personal features of the nursing stdents, the relationship between these features and PSQI scores. According to the table,a statistically meaningful relationship between PSQI score averages amd smoking habit, total daily sleeping hours, waking up energetic and daily average coffee consumption(p<0.05); no meaningful relationship is found between PSQI scores and age, gender, semester level, area of residence, preexistence of chronic diseases, snoozing during morning lectures, daily average tea consumption(p>0.05)

>Table 3. Personal feature distribution of the sample students and the relationship between personal features and PSQI scores (n:223)

*Mann Whitney U Analysis

**Correlation Analysis

***Kruskal Wallis Analysis

According to the results of this research which we conducted in order examine the affecting nursing students’ sleep quality and the factors affecting; 56.1% of the students have PSQI average of 5 and lower. In the light of this research, we can infer that more than half of the students have low sleep quality.In a similar research in the United States of America, it is observed than 71% of the students have at least one sleeping disorder [ 19 ]. According to a similar research conducted by Karatay and colleagues [ 4 ] 56% of the nursing students have low sleep. According to Aysan and colleagues’ research [ 3 ] students with sleep quality scores higher than 5 comprises 59% of the sample. Similar research in the medical literature points out that university students have low quality of sleep [ 10 , 16 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Our research results justifies the results of researches given above. It is understood from the results of our research that low sleep quality is an important issue for the nursing students. Extraordinarly apart from our research, according to some similar researches conducted in Turkey less than half of the university students studying in Turkey have sleeping disorders [ 14 , 16 ]. We interpret that, this difference may be caused by the choice of a different sample of students.

According to the results of the study, there was a significant difference between students' sleep quality and smoking habits, total sleep hours, resting status in the morning and average daily coffee consumption (Table ​ (Table3). 3 ). It is reported that sleeping is important in terms of the health of young adults [ 3 ] and it is said that young people need sleep for an average of 9-10 hours per [ 4 , 24 ]. In this study, students who wake up well-rested and sleeping 6-7 hours per day have higher sleep quality.These findings also supports the medical literature.According to Karatay et al. [ 4 ], Sari et al. [ 14 ] and Vail-Smith and colleagues’ [ 8 ] studies,smoking students have lower sleep quality compared to non-smokers.It is known that cigarette contains nicotine which has stimulant effect and it is known that smoking before sleep especially makes it difficult to fall asleep and affects sleep quality negatively. On the other side according to Shcao et al. [ 25 caffeine containing drinks harms sleep quality. Our study also show parallelism with these findings.

According to the results of this research, it is found that there was no relation between the sleep quality and the age, sex, class level, area of residence, sleepiness in morning classes, presence of chronic diseases and average daily tea consumption (Table ​ (Table3). 3 ). Age and gender have been found to be among the factors that may affect sleep quality of individuals, though some studies have shown that some factors such as age, gender, class level and place of residence do not affect sleep quality [ 3 , 16 ]. In this study, it is interpreted that the age factor to be ineffective in sleep quality may be caused by the are in a similar age group.According to researches examining the correlation between gender and sleep quality, females have lower sleep quality than males [ 3 , 5 , 7 ]. Additionally, first year students’ sleep quality may be harmed by these factors; such as their first year curriculum being though, being deprived of family attention, adaptation efforts for a new social environment.Furthermore, considering that the environmental factor on sleep quality is also very effective, it can be assumed that the students living in dormitory stay more crowded rooms and the sleep quality is lower than the other students.Consequently, our research does not justify the medical literature.

Lund and colleagues[ 26 ] pointed out that physical and psychological problems have negative effects of sleep quality.In our study, it is observed that preexistence of chronic diseases does not effect sleep quality. In Saygili and colleagues’ research [ 16 ] students with chronic diseases have lower sleep quality. Sari and colleagues [ 14 ] showed that students confirming to have chronic illnesses have lower sleep quality but this result does not reflect a statistically meaningful relationship between sleep quality and existence of a chronic disease.It is known that chronic diseases related to the respiratory system, especially asthma, are frequently caused by sleep problems and affect sleep quality negatively [ 16 ]. The results are not consistent with the literature due to the fact that students who included in the study have declared illnesses which have ambiguous relationship with the sleep quality; since the variety of the chronic diseases are not questioned in this research.

According to the findings in the light of this research; nursing students have low sleep quality. Additionally, students who do not smoke, sleeps 6-7 hours per day and consuming beverages with caffeine less have a better quality of sleep.To raise awaeness among university students and about the concept of sleep quality and the factors affecting the sleep quality and to increase the quality of sleep quality; panel discussions,seminars and conferences focusing on the relationship between alcohol/caffeine consumption, smoking and the quality of sleep are suggested.

Acknowledgments

All authors had equal contribution