indian culture essay upsc

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Indian Culture Essay in English for Students

August 10, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Indian Culture: Indian culture is one of the oldest and unique cultures worldwide. It has influenced many foreign countries due to its richness in heritage and diverse paths. Indian culture is splendid in its traditions, customs, art forms, food and cuisines, music and dance forms, etc. The joint family system, elaborate weddings, multicultural festivals, languages, and extensions of the Indian cultural diaspora.

Essay on Indian Culture

Below we have provided an Indian Culture Essay in English, suitable for classes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10. This short essay on Indian culture is helpful for school students who are participating in the essay writing competition.

Our Indian culture is diverse and vibrant and considered to be the oldest and supreme one. India’s identity all over the world is due to its tradition and mixed religions. It consists of vital components like linguistic differences, etiquette, customs, rituals, beliefs, values, etc. Even though India has adopted modernisation in its lifestyle, but they haven’t changed their traditional methods. Hence this sets it apart from other nations making it unique and dynamic. Every one respects different culture and peacefully follow their religion.

Components of Indian Culture

Despite having religious, language, and state differences, Indian culture teaches us to co-exist harmoniously. Indians accept this vast diversification with a broad outlook and look forward to work and stay together happily. People celebrate all festivals irrespective of their different caste with great pomp and reverence.

Indian culture instils positivity to a great extent by motivating to keep hope alive. Through the Epic stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata, it infuses the values of strong will and determination. Ramayana teaches to respect elders and be duty-bound towards parents. Be committed to your duty and be loyal to your spouse.

It stresses to remain grounded no matter how successful a person becomes. Mahabharata depicts an eternal bond of friendship. Stand by what you believe and never giving up attitude are the crux of its teachings. Jainism gave us five vows or principles: Non-Violence, Truth, Non-stealing, Celibacy, and Non-attachment. These were the cornerstone of Jainism given by Vardhaman Mahavir the 24th Tirthankara.

The most important highlight of his teachings was freedom to women and belief in soul and karma. Despite being a king, Gautama Buddha gave up worldly things and went on the journey to find enlightenment. After attaining enlightenment, he had given the four noble truths that one must adhere to. It states that everyone suffers, and the cause of such suffering is greed, desires, and ignorance.

One can live without such pains if they follow a correct path and eightfold path, including right knowledge, attitude, speech, action, means of livelihood, efforts, awareness, and meditation. Despite being a king gave up worldly things and went on the journey to find enlightenment. Bhagwat Gita (The holy book of Hindus) inspires one to follow the right conduct and virtue and has three main themes-knowledge, action, and love. It guides us to follow the path of devotion and compassion.

IAS Preparation
UPSC Preparation Strategy
Important Topics For Civil Services

Important Topics on Indian Heritage and Culture for Civil Services

‘Indian Heritage and Culture’ is an important part of UPSC Syllabus and it spans across the entire length and breadth of Indian History. Candidates need to study aesthetics, customs, social and economic aspects of art. This article gives the list of 14 most important topics that need to be covered under Indian Heritage and Culture.

Aspirants would find this article very helpful while preparing for the IAS Exam .

Indian Heritage and Culture – 14 Important Topics

Below are some important topics within ‘Indian Heritage and Culture’ that must be covered by Civil Services aspirants.

The Harappan Civilization
Mauryan Period
Post- Mauryan Phase: The period of Shungas, Kanvas and Satavahanas
Kushana Empire
Gupta Empire
Temple Architecture Styles
Literature and Philosophy
Medieval Period
15-16th Century Regional Kingdoms
Mughal Empire
The decline of Mughals and Rise of Provincial Kingdoms
Modern Period
Dance, Music, Paintings, Literature, Food, Fairs and Festivals

Different Types of Art

It is important to note that just like how there are important markers in Indian History, there are important markers in ‘Indian Heritage and Culture’ as well. For example,

Harappan art is often called ‘ Utilitarian Art ’. This was because, the art of this period largely had functional utility. Decorations were bare and not on an extravagant level.
The art that flourished during the Mauryan Period , was largely ‘ Court Art ’. It is called so because the art of this phase enjoyed royal patronage. For example, Emperor Ashoka popularized art in this period.
The art that flourished during the Post-Mauryan Period was largely ‘ Popular Art ’. This is so because, even common people started participating in several activities involving art. We find a large number of donors, who donated their personal wealth to certain Buddhist and Jain monasteries.
Then we find that during the Gupta Period , art becomes largely ‘ Religious Art ’. After the Gupta Period, we find that new forms of art developed during the Sultanate Period. During this period we find that several mosques, tombs and Mausoleums were constructed. After the Sultanate period, we find a period of interaction and mutual enrichment. The local art of India gets enriched due to its interaction with foreign art.
Later, with the coming of the Mughals, we find the Golden period of Indian architecture. Then, we find Colonial art and architecture, which was yet another phase of interaction and enrichment. Indian artists learnt new things from foreign influences. Finally, the art of post-independent India largely speaks of a self-sufficient country.

The nature and scope of this subject is very vast. Thus candidates find it difficult to prepare this subject. At BYJU’s we have addressed this key concern with comprehensive coverage of the entire syllabus under ‘Indian Heritage and Culture’, that proceeds in a clear, chronological manner, appreciating developments in art, architecture, culture, etc. in each phase.

Civil Service Exam aspirants can refer to the list of UPSC Books given in the link, to augment their preparation.

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UPSC Essay Topic wise Question Papers of last 31 years (1993-2023) for Civil Services IAS/IPS Exam Free Download

In the UPSC mains examination, essay paper is worth 250 marks and three hours. Here is the topic wise questions from the earlier years for the benefit of civil service IAS IPS aspirants.

1.1 India Since Independence

1.2 federalism, decentralization, 1.3 administration, 1.4 judiciary, 1.5 poverty, social justice, 1.6 indian society, culture and values, 1.7 media, tv & cinema, literature, 2.1 growth vs development, 2.2 environment vs development, 2.4 sectors of economy, 3.1 values in education, 3.2 scheme implementation, 3.3 higher education, 4.1 character, honesty, ethics, 4.2 knowledge, 4.3 compassion, 4.4 truth and reality, 4.5 youth, discipline, 4.6 towards excellence, 5.1 @national politics, 5.2 @world / quote type, 5.3 empowerment overall, 5.4 compared to men, 6.1 globalization, 6.2 international org./ bilateral, 6.3 security, 6.4 history, 7.1 science and religion, 7.2 science and education, 7.3 computer and internet, 7.4 sci-tech: others, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2023, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2022, appendix: model answer pe free lecture & powerpoint, appendix: syllabus of essay paper in upsc, 1 india: democracy, administration, society, culture.

Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? -2013
In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy -2012
Dreams which should not let India sleep. -2015
Why should we be proud of being Indians? -2000
Whither Indian democracy? -1995
How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? -2003
What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. -1997
What have we gained from our democratic set-up? -2001
My vision of India in 2001 a.d. -1993
Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. -2017
Water disputes between States in federal India. -2016
Cooperative federalism : Myth or reality. -2016
Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication -2011
Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. -2007
Water resources should be under the control of the central government. -2004
The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. -1998
There are better practices to “best practices”. -2021
How should a civil servant conduct himself? -2003
Politics without ethics is a disaster. -1995
The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy -1996
Need for transparency in public administration -1996
The country’s need for a better disaster management system. -2000
Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. -1994
We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. -2017
Justice must reach the poor -2005
Judicial activism and Indian democracy. -2004
Judicial activism. -1997
A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।) – 2023
There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless (बिना आर्थिक समृद्धि के सामाजिक न्याय नहीं हो सकता, किन्तु बिना सामाजिक न्याय के आर्थिक समृद्धि निरर्थक है ) -2020
Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness. -2019
The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. -2009
Food security for sustainable national development -2005
Reservation, politics and empowerment. -1999
Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have (जो हम है, वह संस्कार; जो हमारे पास है, वह सभ्यता ) -2020
Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
The composite culture of India. -1998
The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994
From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? -2010
New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996
Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy. -2019
Responsibility of media in a democracy. -2002
Role of media in good governance -2008
Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? -2011
How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? -2007
Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? -2014
Mass media and cultural invasion. -1999
The misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. -1998
Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world (कवि संसार के अनधिकृत रूप से विधायक होते हैं) – 2022

2 Economy, Development

Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. -2018
Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? -2014
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
Resource management in the Indian context. -1999
Economic growth without distributive justice is bound to breed violence. -1993
Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence (आर्थिक समृद्धि हासिल करने के मामले में वन सर्वोत्तम प्रतिमान होते हैं।) – 2022
Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. -2018
Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? -2010
Urbanisation and its hazards -2008
Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. -2006
Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. -1997
Ecological considerations need not hamper development. -1993
Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006
Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
Is the criticism that the ‘Public-Private-Partnership’ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012
Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India. -2017
BPO boom in India. -2007
Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? -2014
Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? -2009

3 Education

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in – school. (- शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में विधालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।)
Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008
What is real education? -2005
“Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. -2006
Restructuring of Indian education system. -1995
Privatization of higher education in India. -2002
Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges -2011

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities (हर असमंजस के लिए मुस्कराहट ही चुनिन्दा साधन है) – 2022
Philosophy of wantlessness is a Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. -2021
Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. -2021
Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication (सरलता चरम परिष्करण है ) -2020
Ships don’t sink because of water around them ships sink because of water that gets into them (जहाज अपने चारों तरफ के पानी के वजह से नहीं डूबा करते, जहाज पानी के अंदर समां जाने की वजह से डूबता हैं ) -2020
Life is a long journey between being human and being humane. (मनुष्य होने और मानव बनने के बीच का लम्बा सफर ही जीवन है)-2020
Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be -2019
Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society -2019
Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success -2019
Wisdom finds truth -2019
A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. -2018
Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. -2018
Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. -2016
Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. -2015
With greater power comes greater responsibility. -2014
Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. -2014
Attitude makes, habit makes character and character makes a man. -2007
He would reigns within himself and folds his passions and desires and fears is more than a king. -1993
Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।) – 2023
Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।) – 2023
The real is rational and the rational is real. -2021
Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self (विचारपरक संकल्प स्वयं के शांतचित्त रहने का उत्प्रेरक है )-2020
‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. -2018
A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. -2018
There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. -2003
Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. -1995
Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. -2017
Compassion is the basic of all morality of the world -1993
Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. -2015
Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi)-2013
Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022
Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. -2018
Truth is lived, not taught -1996
When money speaks, the truth is silent. -1995
Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. -2002
The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining (छप्पर मरम्मत करने का समय तभी होता है, जब धूप खिली हुई हो) – 2022
You cannot step twice in the same river (आप उसी नदी में दोबारा नहीं उतर सकते) – 2022
Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin -2008
Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret -1994
If youth knew, if age could. -2002
Youth culture today. -1999
Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? -2014
Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।) – 2023
Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।) – 2023
Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है) – 2023
A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) – 2022
Quick but steady wins the race. -2015
Useless life is an early death. -1994
Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. -1995
The paths of glory lead but to the grave. -2002
The pursuit of excellence. -2001

5 Women empowerment

Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. -1997
Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. -2006
The new emerging women power: the ground realities. -1995
Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. -2021
If women ruled the world -2005
The hand that rocks the cradle -2005
Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality (पितृ-सत्ता की व्यवस्था नजर मैं बहुत काम आने के बावजूद सामाजिक विषमता की सबसे प्रभावी संरचना है) -2020
Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. -2017
If development is not engendered, it is endangered. -2016
Whither women’s emancipation? -2004
Empowerment alone cannot help our women. -2001
Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. -1999
Woman is god’s best creation. -1998
Men have failed: let women take over. -1993
Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal ?-2012

6 International issues, Internal Security, History

South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural identities. -2019
Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. -1994
‘globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’ -2009
National identity and patriotism -2008
Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. -2004
The masks of new imperialism. -2003
As civilization advances culture declines. -2003
The implications of globalization for India. -2000
My vision of an ideal world order. -2001
India’s contribution to world wisdom. -1998
The world of the twenty-first century. -1998
Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. -2010
Technology as the silent factor in international relations (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों मैं मौन करक के रूप मैं प्रौद्योगिकी) -2020
Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
The global order: political and economic -1993
India’s role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006
Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. -2018
In the Indian context , both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism -2011
Are we a ‘soft’ state ? -2009
Good fences make good neighbours -2009
Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? -2007
Terrorism and world peace -2005
True religion cannot be misused. -1997
History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. -2021
Geography may remain the same ; history need not. -2010

7 Science-Technology

Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012
What is research, but a blind date with knowledge! -2021
Modern technological education and human values. -2002
Value-based science and education. -1999
The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001
The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. -2021
Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling. -2019
‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993
Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
The lure of space. -2004

Section-A (write any one)

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।)
Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।)
Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।)
Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है)

Section-B (write any one)

Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines. (-लड़कियां बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएं हैं।)
Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।)
A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।)

Answer one-one essay from each section in 1000-1200 words

History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man (इतिहास वैज्ञानिक मनुष्य के रूमानी मनुष्य पर विजय हासिल करने का एक सिलसिला है।) – 2022
A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) & 2022
Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022

Essay: Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

Indian Culture and Heritage - Essay, UPSC MAINS | Course for UPPSC Preparation - UPPSC (UP) PDF Download

Indian Culture and Heritage

(1) Opening — Quote Max Muller.

(2) Body — The cultural heritage of India lies in its recognition of sustaining an inner landscape of man.

— Indian architecture embodies the world view.

— There were as many schools of paintings as dynasties or another level, each is the reflector of an impersona-lisation which has been the beginning and is the ultimate goal.

— Music and dance are shaped and formed in the art of creation, live for the moment, the specific duration.

(3) Closing — The government of India has established various Academics for the development of Art and Culture.

At the time like this when chauvinistic tendencies, obscurantism and narrow nationalism has bedimmed the vision of people, made them parochial in their outlook and intolerant of others, when the concept of internationalism is becoming a mere shibboleth, it is refreshing to recall that very eminent foreign scholars and savants have expressed in panegyrical language their admiration of the splendour and glory of ancient India and their unqualified wonder at her imperishable culture and civilization. Max Muller who spent practically his whole life in trying to learn all about the hoary civilization of this great land commented like this: “If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow—in some parts, a very paradise on earth—I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greater problems of life, and has found solutions of some of them which will deserve the attention of even of those who have studied Plato and Kant, I should point to India. And if I were to ask myself what literature we have in Europe, we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of one Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw that corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, more comprehensive, more universal, in fact, more truly a human life, not for this life only but a transfigured and eternal life—again I should point to India.”

The cultural heritage of India lies in its recognition of sustaining an inner landscape of man which is the centre and the recognition that expresses itself in an outer landscape of man comprising myriad petals of a lotus flower, whenever, however, the vision may have come, it is clear that had this not been the guiding star of this country, it would not have been possible for it to have a staggering multiplicity of racist trends, language, religions, philosophic systems, social structure and artistic expressions all webbed together in one unique wholeness. This unseen but real Indianness transformed all those who made India their home whether they came as migrants or conquerors, plunderers or rulers. The Indian cultural heritage particularly its poetry, architecture, sculpture, painting, music and dance reflects this vision and evolves methodologies of structure and form through multi-media communication system only once again to evoke this wholeness.

Indian architecture whether the stupas or the temples or the mosques or the city plans or domestic architecture, humble and modest, embodies this world view, the mud walls, the brick and stone, ground or elevation plans are an orchestration of multiple forms flowing out of and flowing into a centre. The ornamentation and decoration, representational or abstract, play their role to an ascending oneness vertically and a closing in and gathering of all energies horizontally from the outer to the inner. Brick by brick, stone by stone, an immense epic poem of the infinite is made. Each detail can be separated but none is autonomous, each unit is the part of the whole, interwoven and interlocked. In its totality, it represents heaven on earth, the central mountain, the Sumeru. Ultimately it is the cosmic order on earth, arousing the dominant mood of wonder (vismaya) and evoking a transcendental experience of bliss, whether the observer, partcipator or pilgrim moves from the outside to the inside or circumbulates the stupa, temple or mosque until he reaches the centre which represents the ultimate void, the Sunya, Nirvana or Moksha. Alternatively, the figurativity ascends the pinnacle whether in the austere simplicity of the spherical dome of the Stupa or the Masjid or through the crowded multiplicity of the temple. Sanchi and Bharahut, the temples of North, South, Western or Eastern India or the mosques speak the same language of transcendence and of heightened experience despite the cultural specifics of each of these monuments. Impersonality and intensity are the twin paradoxical demands of this art which is life bound and beyond it. These monuments bear testimony to the concretisation of this vision through a perfect language of art.

Painting schools and styles ranging from those of Ajanta, Ellora to the Caves of Bagh and Murals of Alchi give further evidence of this avowed faith and commitment to the impersonalised dominant moods (achetype), which have been and are expressed in cultural specifics. At one level there are as many schools of paintings as dynasties or another level, each is the reflector of an impersonalisation which has been the beginning and is the ultimate goal. The characters, heroes and heroines of epic poetry and drama are also archetypes as in the

world of flora, fauna, animal or bird life. A formal language of symbols, signs and motifs conveys universal meaning within and outside cultural boundaries. The inner dynamics of the poetry of Valmiki, Kalidasa or the osometrical shapes of Islamic calligraphy are comparable. Again, the abstract and the concrete move together. Indian poetry transforms the notion of ecological balance into the current rhythm of the seasons; plants, animal, human, water, earth, fire, sky are again in dialogue. The passage of annual time, the seasons acquire deep meaning and so spring, summer, autumn and winter valid for themselves and in what they convey beyond themselves.

These are the more permanent arts, frozen at a moment of time for posterity. What about the occurrent arts, those of music and dance, the oral recitations and the dramatic experience. They are shaped and formed in the art of creation, live for the moment, the specific duration. Now instead of time being frozen in consecrated space, space is consecrated in time of fixed duration. The beginning and end of the performance in sound or movement is a consecration when the cosmos is made anew for that duration. It is complete and whole whether of five minutes or two hours or five days enactment. The beginning is the same, the still centre, the immutable invariable inwardness, the fixed note of the scale or the stances of the dancer. Thereupon is an enlargement in expending concentric circles of the cosmos whether through one or three octaves, the exploration of space in all its variety of shares of tonality microunits of sounds, light, shade, stresses, accents, and discriminating exclusion of particular notes. The edifice is built with sound, it is architectonic in character.

Through a beautiful and complete language of movement, Indian dance provides the most concrete manifestation of the inner state and vision. The dance like poetry, music and sculpture, seeks to communicate universal, impersonal emotion and through the very medium of the human form, it transcends the physical plane, in its technique, it employs the technique of all arts and it is impossible to comprehend the architectonic structure of this form without being aware of the complex techniques of the other arts which it constantly and faithfully employs and synthesises. The themes which the Indian dancer portrays are not only the raw material of literature, but are also the finished products of literary creation, the music which seems to accompany the dance is actually the life breath of its structure, and indeed, dance interprets in movement what music interprets in sound, the postures and the stances it attains are the posses which the sculptor models. All these the dancer imbues with a living spirit of movement in a composition of form which is both sensuous and spiritual.

For the enrichment of the splendid cultural heritage, the Government of India has established various Academies for the development of Art and Culture. These include the Sahitya Akademi (or the National Academy of Letters), the Sangeet Natak Akademi (or Academy of Music, Dance and Drama), and the Lalit Kala Akademi (or the Academy of Fine Arts). Since obtaining independence, the attention of the Government has been directed towards the revival of Indian culture and civilization. Festivals of India abroad have spread the awareness of our cultural heritage in dance, song and ballet, and the tradition of the past are now being recollected, resurrected and revered as never before.

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Essay on Indian Culture for Students and Children

500+ words essay on indian culture.

India is a country that boasts of a rich culture. The culture of India refers to a collection of minor unique cultures. The culture of India comprises of clothing, festivals, languages, religions, music, dance, architecture, food, and art in India. Most noteworthy, Indian culture has been influenced by several foreign cultures throughout its history. Also, the history of India’s culture is several millennia old.

Components of Indian Culture

First of all, Indian origin religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism . All of these religions are based on karma and dharma. Furthermore, these four are called as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major category of world religions along with Abrahamic religions.

Also, many foreign religions are present in India as well. These foreign religions include Abrahamic religions. The Abrahamic religions in India certainly are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Besides Abrahamic religions, Zoroastrianism and Bahá’í Faith are the other foreign religions which exist in India. Consequently, the presence of so many diverse religions has given rise to tolerance and secularism in Indian culture.

The Joint family system is the prevailing system of Indian culture . Most noteworthy, the family members consist of parents, children, children’s spouses, and offspring. All of these family members live together. Furthermore, the eldest male member is the head of the family.

Arranged marriages are the norm in Indian culture. Probably most Indians have their marriages planned by their parents. In almost all Indian marriages, the bride’s family gives dowry to bridegroom. Weddings are certainly festive occasions in Indian culture. There is involvement of striking decorations, clothing, music, dance, rituals in Indian weddings. Most noteworthy, the divorce rates in India are very low.

India celebrates a huge number of festivals. These festivals are very diverse due to multi-religious and multi-cultural Indian society. Indians greatly value festive occasions. Above all, the whole country joins in the celebrations irrespective of the differences.

Traditional Indian food, arts, music, sports, clothing, and architecture vary significantly across different regions. These components are influenced by various factors. Above all, these factors are geography, climate, culture, and rural/urban setting.

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Perceptions of Indian Culture

Indian culture has been an inspiration to many writers. India is certainly a symbol of unity around the world. Indian culture is certainly very complex. Furthermore, the conception of Indian identity poses certain difficulties. However, despite this, a typical Indian culture does exist. The creation of this typical Indian culture results from some internal forces. Above all, these forces are a robust Constitution, universal adult franchise, secular policy , flexible federal structure, etc.

Indian culture is characterized by a strict social hierarchy. Furthermore, Indian children are taught their roles and place in society from an early age. Probably, many Indians believe that gods and spirits have a role in determining their life. Earlier, traditional Hindus were divided into polluting and non-polluting occupations. Now, this difference is declining.

Indian culture is certainly very diverse. Also, Indian children learn and assimilate in the differences. In recent decades, huge changes have taken place in Indian culture. Above all, these changes are female empowerment , westernization, a decline of superstition, higher literacy , improved education, etc.

To sum it up, the culture of India is one of the oldest cultures in the World. Above all, many Indians till stick to the traditional Indian culture in spite of rapid westernization. Indians have demonstrated strong unity irrespective of the diversity among them. Unity in Diversity is the ultimate mantra of Indian culture.

FAQs on Indian Culture

Q1 What are the Indian religions?

A1 Indian religions refer to a major category of religion. Most noteworthy, these religions have their origin in India. Furthermore, the major Indian religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

Q2 What are changes that have taken place in Indian culture in recent decades?

A2 Certainly, many changes have taken place in Indian culture in recent decades. Above all, these changes are female empowerment, westernization, a decline of superstition, higher literacy, improved education, etc.

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Modern Indian Literature – UPSC Art & Culture Notes

Modern Indian literature, often referred to as Adhunik Kaal Sahitya, represents a vast and diverse literary landscape that transcends linguistic and cultural boundaries . While Hindi emerged as a prominent language in Northern India, several other languages, including Bengali, Odia, Assamese, Rajasthani, Gujarati, and more, made significant contributions to this literary era.

Modern Indian literature reflects the dynamic socio-political and cultural changes brought about by colonialism, nationalism, and regional influences.

Table of Contents

Hindi Literature:

With the advent of British colonial rule, a transformation in Hindi literature became evident, characterized by a desire to return to classical and Sanskrit influences. This was coupled with a growing sense of nationalism.

Bharatendu Harishchandra, in the 1850s, penned his renowned drama “Andher Nagari” (City of Darkness), which remains a seminal work inspiring subsequent generations.

“Bharat Durdasha” and the contributions of Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, after whom an era in Hindi literature is named, marked this period.

The modern period of Hindi literature is divided into four phases:

Bhartendu Yug (1868-1893)
Dwivedi Yug (1893-1918)
Chhayavad Yug (1918-1937)
Contemporary Period (1937-today)

Swami Dayanand led the movement to establish Hindi as the national language, fostering national unity. “Satyartha Prakash” in Gujarati is one of his most renowned works.

Eminent Hindi Writers

Hindi literature boasts celebrated authors such as Munshi Prem Chand, Surya Kant Tripathi ‘Nirala,’ Maithili Sharan Gupt, and Sumitranandan Pant.
Notable poets like Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’ and Harivansha Rai Bachchan, the author of “Madhushala,” have significantly enriched Hindi literature.
Mahadevi Verma, a prominent female Hindi writer of the twentieth century, is acclaimed for her contributions highlighting women’s struggles in society.

Bengali Literature:

Bengali literature developed in parallel with Hindi and Urdu in the twentieth century, fueled by the impact of Englishman William Carey, who established the Baptist Mission Press in Serampore, Bengal, in 1800.
Visionaries like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Akshay Kumar Dutta led the literary movement by writing in both Bengali and English.
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s novel “Anand Math” significantly influenced nationalist Bengali literature and even contributed to the lyrics of “Vande Mataram,” India’s national anthem.
The towering figure of Rabindranath Tagore, the first Indian Nobel laureate for his Bengali masterpiece “Geetanjali” in 1913, remains a beacon of Bengali literature.
Other influential Bengali writers include Sharat Chandra Chatterjee, Qazi Nazrul Islam, and R. C. Dutta.

Assamese Literature:

Assamese literature, once dominated by “Buranjis” (court chronicles), saw a shift towards concerns of the common man’s suffering and nationalist sentiments.
Literary luminaries like Padmanaba Gohain Barua and Lakshmi Nath Bezbarua have left indelible marks in modern Assamese literature.

Odia Literature:

Odia literature, rich and diverse, has been significantly influenced by modern writers like Radha Nath Ray and Fakirmohan Senapati, whose works emanated strong nationalistic tones.

Gujarati Literature

The Bhakti movement played a pivotal role in Gujarat’s literature, with Narsinh Mehta’s devotional songs for Lord Krishna standing out.
Later works included poetry by Narmad and the classic Gujarati novel “Saraswati Chandra” by Govardhan Ram.
Dr. K.M Munshi, renowned for his historical and fiction works, achieved pinnacle success in Gujarati literature.

Rajasthani Literature

Medieval Rajasthani literature featured a multitude of dialects, with two prominent forms of fictional writing known as Dingal and Pingal.
“Dhola Maru” is the most celebrated text in this context, along with the writings of Mirabai and other saints who composed devotional poetry.

Sindhi Literature

Sindhi literature exhibits a unique blend of influences from Rajasthan and Gujarat, owing to its geographical proximity.
Sufism and Islamic settlers’ influence has greatly shaped Sindhi poetry, with notable writers like Dewan Kauramal and Mirza Kalish Beg.

Kashmiri Literature:

Kashmiri literature draws from a rich history, with ancient texts like Kalhan’s “Rajatarangini” in Sanskrit.
The medieval period witnessed the emergence of poets like Lal Ded, a Shaivite mystic, and the influence of Islam and Sufism in later centuries, with notable authors like Sufi Ghulam Muhammad, Zinda Kaul, and others.

Punjabi Literature:

Recent efforts have been made to revive Punjabi literature, which bears influences from Persian and Gurmukhi scripts.
The religious text “Adi Granth” is a masterpiece, incorporating dohas by Kabir, Dadu, and Nanak in Hindi and Braj.
Love stories and epics like “Sohni-Mahiwal,” “Sassi-Punnu,” and “Heer-Ranjha” reflect regional influences and storytelling traditions.
The Sufi poetry of Baba Farid and Bulley Shah, along with nationalistic writing, have significantly shaped modern Punjabi literature.

Marathi Literature:

Marathi literature is diverse, reflecting dialects across Maharashtra.
Saints like Jnaneshwar and Tukaram have made timeless contributions to Marathi literature.
The nationalist movement played a pivotal role, with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and other literary giants like M.G. Ranade, G.T. Madholkar, and K.T Telang leading the way.

Modern Indian literature represents a multifaceted tapestry, showcasing the diversity of languages, cultures, and regional influences across the subcontinent. It serves as a testament to the resilience, creativity, and profound insights of the writers who have enriched the literary landscape of the nation.

FAQs on Modern Indian Literature

Q: what defines modern indian literature.

A: Modern Indian Literature refers to literary works produced in India from the late 19th century onwards, characterized by a departure from traditional themes and styles. It reflects the socio-political changes, cultural shifts, and the diverse experiences of a rapidly evolving nation. Themes often include identity, globalization, urbanization, and the complexities of contemporary Indian society.

Q: Who are some prominent figures in Modern Indian Literature?

A: Modern Indian Literature boasts a rich tapestry of writers. Prominent figures include Rabindranath Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Ismat Chughtai, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, and Jhumpa Lahiri. These authors have made significant contributions, exploring a wide range of genres and themes that capture the essence of India’s evolving landscape.

Q: How has the language landscape influenced Modern Indian Literature?

A: India is a linguistically diverse nation, and this diversity is reflected in its literature. While English has become a prominent medium, regional languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, and others contribute significantly. Modern Indian Literature often grapples with linguistic identity, code-switching, and the evolving role of English as a literary language in the Indian context.

Q: What are the key themes explored in Modern Indian Literature?

A: Modern Indian Literature delves into a myriad of themes, reflecting the complexities of contemporary Indian society. Common themes include the clash between tradition and modernity, the impact of globalization, the exploration of individual identity, caste and class dynamics, gender issues, and the diasporic experience. These themes are often interwoven to provide a nuanced portrayal of the Indian experience.

Q: How has Modern Indian Literature addressed social issues?

A: Modern Indian Literature serves as a powerful tool for social commentary and critique. Writers often use their works to address pressing social issues such as caste discrimination, gender inequality, religious conflicts, and political unrest. Through a diverse range of narratives and perspectives, authors contribute to ongoing conversations about social justice and change in the Indian context.

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Dravidian Literature – UPSC Art & Culture Notes
Zoroastrianism – UPSC Art & Culture Notes
Modern Indian Sculpture – UPSC Art & Culture Notes
Jainism – UPSC Art & Culture Notes

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Effects of Globalization on Indian Society

Last updated on April 9, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

Globalization has virtually diminished the distances and connected the whole world. Read here to know the effect of globalization on Indian society.

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.

In today’s world, consumers have a wide choice of goods and services before them. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones, and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the world are within the reach. Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads. Gone are the days when Ambassador and Fiat were the only cars on Indian roads.

Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices. Such a wide-ranging choice of goods in our markets is a relatively recent phenomenon.

One wouldn’t have found such a wide variety of goods in Indian markets two decades back. In a matter of years, our markets have been transformed! How do we understand these rapid transformations? What are the factors that brought about these changes? And, how did these changes affect the lives of the people? The answer to all these questions starts with ‘globalization’.

Table of Contents

Effect of globalization on Indian society

Globalization has several aspects and can be political, cultural, social, and economic, out of which financial integration is the most common aspect. India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and is predicted to reach the top three in the next decade.

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India’s massive economic growth is largely due to globalization which was a transformational change that didn’t occur until the 1990s. Since then, the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) has grown at an exponential rate.

The many effects of globalization on Indian society and multiple aspects of it have been discussed here.

Impact of globalization on the Indian economy

Overall, globalization has improved various aspects of India, like:

International trade relations
Technology and communication
Corporate world
Social and cultural expansion

The reduction of export subsidies and import barriers enabled free trade that made the Indian market attractive to the international community. The untapped potential of the nascent Indian market was opened to the global market and the significant changes were made to its industrial, financial, and agricultural sectors:

Industrial sector: It saw a massive influx of both foreign capital investments ’ India became a favorite offshore market for pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical, and petroleum industries. This brought advanced technologies and processes that helped in the modernization of the Indian industrial sector.

Financial sector: Prior to globalization and privatization, India’s financial sector had been mismanaged by a combination of corrupt and inept government officials. The privatization of the financial space created a much more dynamic financial services sector.

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Agricultural sector: India still has a largely agrarian society , with a significant majority of the country’s population depending on this sector either directly or indirectly for their livelihood. The new technological capabilities of farmers have increased helping drive global exports of Indian products such as tea, coffee, and sugar.

The betterment of these sectors has brought about an increase in national income, employment, exports, and GDP growth.

Advantages of globalization for India

The increasing globalization of India has access to markets of the country to foreign companies seeking to invest and operate within the massive Indian market.
Increase in employment opportunities.
Initially, globalization gave foreigners access to an inexpensive, robust labor force. But as the country has progressed, the labor force has grown more skilled and educated over time. Now India has the largest diaspora living abroad.
For foreign investors considering the economy as a whole, India offers a well-diversified export basket. This has been highlighted in the Economic Survey of India as well.

The cultural impact of globalization on Indian society

The process of globalization increased access to television and other entertainment sources over the years. Even in the rural areas satellite television has an established market. In the cities, Internet facility is everywhere and it is being extended to rural areas also through schemes like Smart Cities Mission .

There is an increase in the global food chain and restaurants in the urban areas of India. Multiple movie halls, big shopping malls, and high-rise residential are seen in every city.

The entertainment sector in India has now obtained a global market. After economic liberalization, Bollywood expanded its area and showed a major presence on the global scale. Bollywood movies are quite famous in Middle Eastern and many African countries as well.

Western styles began to be incorporated into Bollywood films to expand the outreach.

As these new cultural ideologies began to permeate the Indian population, the Indian urban population was pushed to re-evaluate their traditional Indian cultural ideology.

Bollywood movies are also distributed and accepted at the international level. Big international companies like Walt Disney, 20th Century Fox, and Columbia Pictures are investing in this sector.

Similarly, famous International brands such as Armani, Gucci, Nike, and Omega are also making investments in the Indian market with the changing of fashion statement of Indians.

Women are getting the equal opportunities they very well deserve now in more numbers due to the globalization of the market. Their empowerment has given considerable opportunities and possibilities for improving employment conditions through global solidarity and coordination. It is found that the growth of computers and other technologies enabled women with better waged, flex timings, and capacity to negotiate their role and status in-home and at the corporate level.

Effects of Globalization on Indian Education:

There is a profound effect observed in the educational sector due to globalization such as the literacy rate becoming high.

Foreign Universities are collaborating with different Indian Universities now, expanding the reach for Indian students.

The Indian educational system embraced globalization through Information technology and it offers opportunities to evolve new paradigms shifts in developmental education.

The shift from largely uneducated to an industrial society to an information society has gradually taken shape.

Globalization promotes new tools and techniques such as E-learning, Flexible learning, Distance Education Programs, and Overseas training.

Many government schemes like the ‘ New Education Policy ’ are pushing for a more global education system to make Indian students from every walk of life at par with the global community.

Challenges of globalization in Indian society

Economically, for a large market like India is harder to maintain a free, convertible, and open access enabled transnational market.
Globalization also means growing interdependence in other nations- this can issues like misdistribution of resources. The parity between underdeveloped, developing, and developed remains status quo in many cases.
The universalization of information technology has boons but also banes, in terms of cybercrimes and other darknet activities . The increase in the number of cyberattacks in India is proof of this.
Globalization does have a great effect on the ecologies and environments of nations that need safeguards that lessen the negative effects rather than exploiting them without regard to such concerns.
The negative effects of globalization on the Indian Industry are that with the coming of technology the number of labor required is decreased and this resulted in increasing unemployment, especially in the arena of the pharmaceutical, chemical, manufacturing, and cement industries.
There are a few challenges for companies due to globalization such as Migration, relocation, labor shortages, competition, and changes in skills and technology.

The effects of globalization on Indian society are manifold and have been discussed in detail. The process of globalization has changed the industrial pattern and social life of people. This has had an immense impact on Indian trade, finance, and cultural system.

The globalization of the economic, social, and cultural structures happened in simultaneously. Previously, the pace of the process was slow but now the change is happening in every arena at lightning-fast speed with the use of information technology.

Globalization has resulted in an increase in the production of a range of goods and services. MNCs have established manufacturing plants all over the world. It has positive effects on India and the administration is trying its best to overcome many obstacles and adopt global policies to expand business an international scale.

India is surely gaining international recognition which leads to the strengthening of economic and political areas.

Truly, globalization has made the world a small place, a whole lot of different people interconnected in diverse ways.

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Indian Culture and Heritage, Significance, Conservation

Indian culture and heritage is the amalgam of social mores, moral principles, age-old customs, religious beliefs, political ideologies. Check details on Indian culture and heritage in this article.

Table of Contents

Indian Culture and Heritage

Indian culture and heritage is the amalgam of social mores, moral principles, age-old customs, religious beliefs, political ideologies, artifacts, and technological advancements that have their origins in or are connected to the ethnolinguistically diverse Indian subcontinent. India is a nation with a varied cultural heritage. India’s culture is made up of a variety of tiny, independent civilizations. Indian culture includes a variety of elements including costumes, holidays, dialects, religions, music, dance, architecture, cuisine, and art. Check the detailed information on Indian Culture and Heritage below in this article.

Indian Culture

Most significantly, throughout its history, Indian culture has been influenced by many foreign cultures. The history of Indian culture also goes back thousands of years. Religions include Jainism , Sikhism, Buddhism , and Hinduism. All of these faiths are based on karma and dharma. These four are referred to as Indian religions. Indian religions are a significant group of world religions, along with Abrahamic religions.

In addition, India is home to many other foreign religions. These alien religions include the Abrahamic faiths. The Abrahamic religions are without a doubt Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in India. Along with Abrahamic religions, Zoroastrianism and the Bahá’ Faith are also practiced in India. Given the diversity of its population, Indian society has embraced tolerance and secularism.

The blended family structure is prevalent in Indian culture. Parents, kids, kids’ spouses, and children’s children are the most notable family members. The entire family resides together. In addition, the family is headed by the oldest male member. In Indian culture, pre-planned unions are typical. The majority of Indian weddings are almost certainly organized by the parents. Indian marriages almost universally include dowries from the bride’s family. In Indian culture, weddings are unquestionably happy occasions. Indian weddings feature striking decorations, attire, music, dancing, and traditions. Most notably, India has relatively low divorce rates.

About Indian Culture

India’s civilization dates back over 4,500 years, making Indian culture one of the oldest in the world. The All World Gayatri Pariwar (AWGP) group refers to it as “Sa Prathama Sanskrati Vishvavara” — the first and the greatest culture in the world.

Christina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, claimed that Western countries did not always see Indian culture favorably. Culture was formerly thought to be an evolutionary process by early anthropologists, and “every aspect of human development was seen as driven by evolution,” she told Live Science. “According to this perspective, societies that were not based in Europe or North America or that did not adhere to a Western or European way of life were viewed as being primitive and culturally inferior.

The World Health Organization estimates that India has 28 states and 7 territories. According to a Gujarat High Court decision from 2010, Hindi is the official language of the government, although there isn’t an official language in India. 23 official languages are recognized by the Indian Constitution.

Devanagari script is widely used by Indian writers. In actuality, it is a myth that Hindi is the language of choice in India. Despite the fact that many people in India speak Hindi, according to The Times of India, 59 percent of people in India speak a language other than Hindi. Other languages spoken in the nation include Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, and Urdu.

Northern India is where Sanskrit, an old Indo-European language, originated. It is frequently used in action movies. Linguists disagree on the exact beginning of the language. It has numerous similarities to the languages of English, French, Farsi, and Russian. Sanskrit’s origins may have been brought about by an Aryan invasion, according to recent DNA research published in 2017. According to Martin Richards, an archaeogeneticist at the University of Huddersfield in England and research co-author, “people have been debating the arrival of the Indo-European languages in India for hundreds of years.” The question of whether the Indo-European languages originated locally rather than being introduced by outside migrations, which is what most linguists would believe, has been debated for a very long time. [India’s Bronze-Age Population May Have Changed Due to the Aryan Invasion]

The third- and fourth-largest religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, are said to have originated in India. The “Handbook of Research on Development and Religion,” edited by Matthew Clarke (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013), estimates that 84 percent of the population identifies as Hindu. Hinduism is a diverse religion with four main sects: Shaiva, Vaishnava, Shakteya, and Smarta.

One of the major Islamic countries in the world, India has about 13 percent of its population as Muslims. According to the “Handbook,” there are not many Christians or Sikhs in India, and much fewer Buddhists and Jains.

Architecture and art

The Taj Mahal, which was erected by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, is the most well-known example of Indian architecture. It incorporates features from the architectural styles of Islam, Persia, the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and India. India is home to numerous historic temples.

Bollywood, the name given to India’s film industry, is well-known worldwide. According to the Golden Globes, the country’s film history began in 1896 when the Lumière brothers presented a demonstration of the cinematic medium in Mumbai. The extravagant singing and dancing in the movies has made them famous today.

Nilima Bhadbhade, author of “Contract Law in India” (Kluwer Law International, 2010), claims that Indian dance, music, and theater traditions date back more than 2,000 years. The two main classical dance genres are Kathak and Bharata Natyam Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, Mohiniattam and Kathakali — draw on themes from mythology and literature and have rigid presentation rules.

According to a study that was published in the Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology in April 2016, some Indian horns are very similar to Irish horns. According to this research, the two nations may have shared concepts and methods for creating musical instruments during the Bronze Age. Billy Foghl, an archaeologist and PhD student at the Australian National University in Canberra and one of the study’s authors, told Live Science that some horns are “honestly shockingly similar, to the point where it is like witnessing time travel.” “I would probably assume it was a Late Bronze Age Irish artifact if I were to find one of these modern Indian instruments in an Irish archaeological excavation and I didn’t know what I was looking at.”

According to Texas A&M University, the Mughal Empire’s invasion during the sixteenth century made a lasting impression on Indian food. Many other nations have affected Indian food as well. It is renowned for having a wide variety of dishes and for using lots of herbs and spices. Different regions have different cooking methods.

The three main components of the Indian cuisine are wheat, basmati rice, and pulses like chana (Bengal gram). Curries and spices, such as ginger, coriander, cardamom, turmeric, dried spicy peppers, and cinnamon, are abundant in the dish. Indian cuisine makes extensive use of chutneys, which are thick condiments and spreads created from a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs including mint, cilantro, and cilantro.

Lamb and chicken are frequently found in main courses for non-vegetarians even though many Hindus are vegetarians. According to The Guardian, between 20 and 40 percent of Indians identify as vegetarians. Indian cuisine is frequently consumed with bread or fingers as utensils. Naan, a leavened, oven-baked flatbread, and bhatoora, a fried, fluffy flatbread popular in North India and eaten with chickpea stew, are just a couple of the many breads that are offered with meals.

Customs and celebrations

According to National Geographic, the biggest and most significant holiday in India is Diwali. The five-day celebration is referred to as the “festival of lights” because candles are lit to represent the inner light that shields participants from spiritual gloom. The springtime celebration of Holi, also known as the festival of love, is well-known. Along with Republic Day and Independence Day, the nation also observes Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday on October 2 and Republic Day on January 26.

The vibrant silk saris donned by many Indian ladies are a key component of the country’s fashion identity. The dhoti, an unstitched garment that is tied around the waist and legs of males, is a traditional article of clothing. Men also dress in loose kurtas, which are worn to the knee. Men typically dress in a sherwani or achkan, a long coat with no lapels on the collar, for important events. It is knee-length and fully buttoned up to the collar. The term “Nehru jacket” refers to a sherwani that is less long. Although Jawaharlal Nehru served as prime minister of India from 1947 to 1964, he never wore a Nehru jacket. According to the Indian newspaper Tehelka, he preferred the achkan. Westerners were the target market for the Nehru jacket.

Indian Heritage

What we inherit from our mothers and fathers is referred to as our heritage. India has a wide variety of cultures and traditions. People of different castes, beliefs, and creeds live in our country. Every ethnic group in our nation has a unique origin story, as well as a unique collection of customs and cultural practices. Each of them has left a unique imprint on Indian history and culture. In India, nature has created a unique geographical region.

Our nation is home to many different religious communities, contributing to the rich diversity of our tradition and culture. Every society transmits its own set of customs and rituals to succeeding generations. However, certain of our customs and practices are shared throughout India. Our traditions show us how to form positive habits and improve ourselves. Therefore, our cultural heritage is a priceless gift from our elders that will enable us to improve as individuals and foster peaceful community development.

Constitutional and Legislative Provisions Related to Indian Heritage

The following divisions of authority over monuments, pieces of cultural heritage, and archaeological sites are set down in the Indian Constitution:

The historical and archaeologically significant monuments and locations that Parliament has designated through legislation.
Both the Union and States possess concurrent jurisdiction over archaeological sites and remains other than those declared of national importance by law.
Article 49 of Directive Principle of State Policy requires the State to safeguard any monuments, locations, or items of artistic or historic interest that have been deemed to be of national significance by or pursuant to legislation enacted by Parliament.
Every Indian citizen has a responsibility to respect and conserve the rich cultural heritage of their country, according to Article 51A of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution.
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act) of 1958 is a law passed by the Indian Parliament that establishes guidelines for the protection of sculptures, carvings, and other similar artifacts as well as the preservation of important historical and archaeological sites and remains.

India’s UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites

The following geological locations have been named UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Natural). The following websites:

In 1985, at Kaziranga National Park, home of the endangered one-horned rhinoceros.
Established in 1985, Keoladeo National Park is home to many species of lovely birds.
The Manas Wildlife Sanctuary was founded in 1985.
The world’s largest mangrove forest, Sundarbans, in 1987.
National Parks of Nanda Devi and the Valley of Flowers, 2004.
The Western Ghats in 2012.
The Great Himalayan National Park received the UNESCO World Heritage Site designation in 2014.

Indian Culture and Heritage UPSC

India is a very ancient nation. We are blessed to have such a lovely past. It is entirely our responsibility to protect it so that subsequent generations can see and appreciate it as well. Protecting India’s artistic legacy is essential for maintaining the nation’s identity, history, and culture. It is crucial to take action to save this history so that future generations can value it and be inspired by it.

Indian Culture and Heritage FAQs

What is indian heritage and culture upsc.

Indian Heritage and Culture' is an important part of UPSC Syllabus and it spans across the entire length and breadth of Indian History.

What comes under Indian heritage?

Clothing, festivals, languages, religions, music, dance, architecture, food, and art are all part of Indian culture.

What is the importance of Indian culture and heritage?

People from overseas are realizing the importance of Indian heritage and are adapting the goodness of Indian culture such as the practice of Yoga and meditation, wisdom and teachings passed by the ancient saint, etc.

What are the main characteristics of Indian culture?

The important characteristics of Indian Culture are civilized communication, beliefs, values, etiquette, and rituals

Which state of India has very rich cultural heritage?

India is a land of diverse cultures, traditions and history, and the largest state of Rajasthan is no exception

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IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN CULTURE

Relevant for ups-cse general studies paper 1 (impact of globalization of indian society).

GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN CULTURE

Globalization is a process of increasing interdependence, interconnectedness and integration of economies and societies to such an extent that an event in one part of the globe affects people in other parts of world.

The effect of globalization is far reaching. It affects us all but affects us differently. Thus, while for some it may mean new opportunities, for others the loss of livelihood. Women silk spinners and twisters of Bihar lost their jobs once the Chinese and Korean silk yarn entered the market. Weavers and consumers prefer this yarn as it is somewhat cheaper and has a shine.

Similar displacements have come with the entry of large fishing vessels into Indian waters. These vessels take away the fish that used to be earlier collected by Indian fishing vessels. The livelihood of women fish sorters, dryers, vendors and net makers thereby get affected. In Gujarat, women gum collectors, who were picking from the ‘julifera’ (Baval trees), lost their employment due to the import of cheaper gum from Sudan. In almost all cities of India, the rag pickers lost some of their employment due to import of waste paper from developed countries.

It is obvious that globalization is of great social significance. But its impact on different sections of society is very different. There are, therefore, sharply divided views about the impact of globalization regarding its effect. Some believe that it is necessary to herald a better world.

Impact of Globalization on Indian Culture

There are many ways that globalization affects culture. Over the ages India has had an open approach to cultural influences and has been enriched because of this. The last few decades have seen major cultural changes leading to fears that our local cultures would be overtaken. Thus there are heated debates in our society not just about political and economic issues but also about changes in clothes, styles, music, films, languages, body language. The debate is not new and 19th century reformers and early nationalists also debated on culture and tradition. The issues today are in some ways the same, in some ways different. What is perhaps different is the scale and intensity of change.
A central contention is that all cultures will become similar, that is homogeneous. Others argue that there is an increasing tendency towards globalization of culture. Globalization refers to the mixing of the global with the local. It is not entirely spontaneous. Nor is it entirely delinked from the commercial interests of globalization. It is a strategy often adopted by foreign firms while dealing with local traditions in order to enhance their marketability. In India, we find that all the foreign television channels like Star, MTV, Channel V and Cartoon Network use Indian languages. Even McDonald sells only vegetarian and chicken products in India and not its beef products, which are popular abroad. McDonald’s goes vegetarian during the Navaratri festival . In the field of music, one can see the growth of popularity of ‘ Bhangra pop ’, ‘Indi pop’, fusion music and even remixes.
Joint family has been adversely affected due to globalization. There has been an increase in nuclear families. This can be clearly manifested in the increasing number of old age homes that are present now. The diversity in family forms has given way to a dominance of nuclear family in the globalized India
Due to opening up of food joints like McDonalds, KFC across the country, there has been a homogenization of food available across the country, but there has also been heterogenization in food. Old restaurants are now replaced by Mc. Donalds . Fast food and Chinese dishes have replaced juice corners and Parathas.
Borrowing of money has become more acceptable now as compared to the past. Taking loans is very common due to increasing access to financial institutions
In place of old cinema halls, multiplex theatres are coming up.
Use of English has increased manifold in urban areas, this has led to a homogenization in language across the country, but the rural areas have been less affected by it.

Globalization of Culture

India has its unique cuisine, but the cuisines of foreign countries have become more easily available, they are modified to suit the taste buds of Indians (like Paneer Tikka Burger in McDonalds) . This has led to a wide variety of food being available, leading to heterogenization French, German and Spanish are taught to students right from school level along with indigenous languages, this is an exemplification of hybridization of culture
Popularity of foreign movies has increased, Hollywood, Chinese, French and Korean movies are quite popular among the urban youth. Along with this, dubbing of these foreign movies in local languages is testimony of increased glocalization. Festivals: celebrations of Valentines’ day, Friendship day are examples of change in cultural values related to festival. However, along with these new days, traditional festivals are celebrated with equal enthusiasm.
Importance of marriage is decreasing, there has been an increase in divorce, increase in live-in relationships, and single parenting is increasing. Marriage used to be considered as bonding of the souls; but today marriage is becoming professional and contractual. However, despite change in forms of marriage, it has not declined as an institution.

Revival of Culture

Revival of Yoga in the country as well as in the international level. This can be seen in the popularity of the ‘Art of Living’ course by Ravi Shankar, or the celebration of International Yoga day across the world
There has been a revival of ayurvedic medicines in the country as well as outside it.
Due to increasing uncertainty by inter-linkage with the outside world, there has been religious revivalism. This can be manifested in the use of religion to attract voters, or mobilizing people on the basis of religion.
Increasing demand for local handicraft products in global market, such as Chikenkari or bandhani.
Due to increasing global tourism, locals are making efforts to preserve their diversity and revive their traditions.

All these changes have led to drastic changes to Indian culture, though most of these changes are confined to the urban areas, but the rural areas are fast catching up. We can see that the western culture is influencing the Indian culture, but it is not replacing it, rather there is a mixture of both cultures. It is to be noted that culture cannot be seen as an unchanging fixed entity that can either collapse or remain the same when faced with social change. What is more likely even today is that globalization will lead to the creation of not just new local traditions but global ones too.

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Impact of Globalization, Indian Culture, Social Significance, Globalization of Culture, Revival of Culture, Nuclear Families, Revival, Social Structures, Chikenkari or bandhani

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One comment.

Hey there! Your essay was rather eye-opening, but I couldn’t help but notice that you, in your admirable attempt to convey the widespread effects of globalisation in our country, may have conveyed what can be best described as unsubstantiated hearsay and anecdotal evidence as proof of your claims. I would love to see some data regarding the various points you’ve gone over in your essay. Cheers.

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