essay writing on dr br ambedkar in english

B.R. Ambedkar | PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Introduction.

Birth and Early Life :

• Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891 , into the Mahar caste , which was considered one of the 'untouchable' castes in India. This social status posed significant challenges for his education.

Education :

• Despite the difficulties due to his caste, Ambedkar pursued higher education with the help of a scholarship from Sayajirao Gaekwad , the Maharaja of Baroda.
• He attended Columbia University in the United States and later studied at the London School of Economics .
• In England, Ambedkar earned a doctorate degree and became a barrister .

Advocacy for Untouchables :

• Upon returning to India, Ambedkar dedicated himself to the upliftment of the untouchable community.
• He became a key leader for the untouchables, gaining their trust and support.

Organizations and Movements :

• To mobilize untouchables, Ambedkar founded several organizations, including the Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha , the Independent Labour Party , and the All India Scheduled Caste Federation .
• He led temple-entry Satyagrahas and organized various movements for the rights of untouchables.

Publications and Advocacy :

• Ambedkar established educational institutions and spread his ideas through newspapers like 'Mooknayak' , ' Bahishkrit Bharat ', and ' Janata '.
• He also participated in the Round Table Conference to advocate for the interests of untouchables.

Constitutional Role :

• Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly and played a crucial role in framing the Indian Constitution .
• He served as the Law Minister of India until 1951 .

Conversion to Buddhism :

• From 1935 onwards, Ambedkar contemplated renouncing Hinduism. In 1956 , he converted to Buddhism and urged his followers to do the same.
• He believed that the eradication of untouchability and the spiritual upliftment of untouchables could not be achieved while remaining a Hindu.

Scholarship and Writings :

• In addition to being a political leader and social reformer, Ambedkar was a scholar and thinker.
• He wrote extensively on social and political issues, with notable works including 'Annihilation of Castes' , ' Who Were the Shudras' , ' The Untouchables' , and ' Buddha and His Dharma' .
• His writings were influenced by his belief in equity and liberty , as well as by thinkers like John Dewey , Jotirao Phule , and the teachings of the Buddha .
• Ambedkar's personal experiences, scholarly work, and focus on achieving equality for the untouchable community profoundly shaped his thoughts and writings.

Ambedkar's View on the British Rule in India

Ambedkar's Views on British Rule and Self-Government :

• Ambedkar recognized the limitations of foreign rule, particularly under the British government in India.
• While the British introduced some representative institutions, Ambedkar believed that full self-government was essential and could not be replaced.
• He criticized British rule for failing to improve the conditions of the untouchables, as the British were not committed to eliminating untouchability.
• The British policy was cautious about social reforms to avoid upsetting the upper castes, which hindered rapid social changes.
• In education, Ambedkar felt that the British government was insincere in promoting education for untouchables, with most educational resources benefiting the upper castes.
• He wanted the British government to advocate for the untouchables, but this responsibility was neglected, leaving the untouchable community without support.
• Ambedkar was critical of British administration for being expensive and neglecting public welfare. However, he feared that an abrupt British departure would lead to upper caste domination.
• Therefore, he advocated for a political settlement that outlined the powers and safeguards for the untouchable community.
• Ambedkar criticized British rule for not uplifting the untouchables and supported self-government, insisting that post-independence India must ensure a fair share of power for the untouchable community.
• Without this, independence would only mean upper caste rule.

Failure to improve the conditions of the untouchables.

Lack of representative institutions.

Neglect of public welfare.

Promotion of education for all communities.

Ambedkar on Democracy

Ambedkar's Belief in Democracy :

• Ambedkar, like many national leaders, strongly believed in democracy .
• While dictatorship might deliver quick results and maintain discipline, Ambedkar did not see it as a suitable long-term solution.
• He argued that democracy is superior because it promotes liberty and allows people to have control over their rulers.
• Among the various forms of democratic government, Ambedkar preferred the parliamentary system , a choice he shared with many other national leaders.

Meaning: Social and Economic Democracy

Ambedkar's View on Democracy :

• Ambedkar saw democracy as a means to achieve peaceful change in society. He believed it was not just about majority rule or elected representatives , but a way to bring about significant social and economic changes .
• For Ambedkar, democracy was more than a system of government; it required political equality and the elimination of oppression and injustice for it to be meaningful. He argued that democratic government should reflect the values of a democratic society .
• He emphasized the importance of fraternity and equality over mere political arrangements, suggesting that true democracy in India could only be achieved by addressing caste barriers and caste-based inequalities .
• While Ambedkar valued parliamentary democracy , he was critical of its focus on liberty without addressing economic inequalities . He believed that true democracy required a balance of liberty and equality .
• In the Indian context, Ambedkar felt that achieving freedom from British rule alone would not guarantee freedom for all. He advocated for a revolution in social structures and attitudes, replacing hereditary inequality with principles of brotherhood and equality .
• Ambedkar's vision of democracy was therefore one of all-round change , addressing both social and economic inequalities to create a truly democratic society .

Factors Necessary for the Successful Operation of Democracy

Ambedkar's Vision for Parliamentary Democracy :

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar strongly supported the parliamentary system of government, emphasizing its effectiveness when certain conditions are met.
• Political parties are essential for a functioning parliamentary democracy, as they ensure the presence of a strong opposition . This opposition is crucial for holding the executive accountable.
• The parliamentary system is often called responsible government because the executive is under constant scrutiny by the opposition. A respectful and official status for the opposition prevents the executive from wielding absolute power.
• A neutral and non-political civil service is another key requirement. Civil servants should be permanent and not influenced by the changing fortunes of political parties. Appointments should be based on merit, not political considerations.
• The success of democracy also relies on ethical and moral factors . A constitution is just a set of rules; its effectiveness depends on the conventions and traditions developed by the people. Norms of honest and responsible behavior must be ingrained in society.
• Democracy thrives when citizens feel a moral obligation to fight against injustice, even when it doesn't personally affect them. This is facilitated by a sense of equality and brotherhood within society.
• Ambedkar warned against the tyranny of the majority . While democracy means majority rule, it's vital that the majority respects the views of the minority. Ensuring the freedom, safety, and security of minority groups is crucial to prevent democracy from becoming a tool of oppression.
• The caste system poses a significant challenge to democratic functioning. Low-status castes may struggle to gain their rightful share of power, creating barriers to healthy democratic traditions. Therefore, achieving social democracy is essential for the survival of political democracy.

On State Socialism

• Ambedkar was not just a knowledgeable scholar but also deeply understood the real-world social challenges that could hinder democratic practices.
• He believed that liberty alone was not enough ; it must be accompanied by equality for it to be meaningful.
• Ambedkar advocated for a democratic government that prioritizes equality alongside liberty.
• He critiqued Western concepts of liberal democracy and the parliamentary system for failing to ensure true equality.
• As a solution, Ambedkar embraced socialism as a means to achieve the desired balance of liberty and equality.

Inclination to Socialism

In Ambedkar's time, there were two main types of socialism: Marxist Socialism and Democratic Socialism.

Marxist Socialism:

• Ambedkar studied Marxism and agreed with some of its principles.
• He accepted the material view of history and the need for a complete change to achieve equality.
• He supported the idea of public ownership of property but did not fully embrace Marxism.

Democratic Socialism:

• Ambedkar was drawn to Democratic Socialism because of his strong belief in democracy.
• He believed that socialism should operate within a democratic framework and that democracy and socialism could coexist.

In 1947, Ambedkar introduced the concept of 'State socialism.'

Earlier, in 1937, when he founded the Independent Labour Party, he adopted a broadly socialist agenda.

• The party aimed to represent all depressed classes.
• Its program included state management of key industries and the establishment of a fair economic system.
• The party also sought to ensure a minimum standard of living for both agricultural and industrial workers.

Meaning of State Socialism

In 1947, Ambedkar proposed that the Indian Constitution should include the principle of State Socialism. State socialism implies that the government would implement a socialist agenda by overseeing the industrial and agricultural sectors.

Key aspects of Ambedkar's State Socialism include:

• State Ownership: Essential and basic industries would be owned by the state, with no private ownership. This aims to facilitate rapid industrialization while ensuring that the benefits are distributed among all sections of society. Insurance would also be under state control.
• Agricultural Management: Agriculture would be regarded as a state industry, involving initiatives like collective farming. Farmers would retain a portion of the produce, while the state would take a share through levies. The grains procured would be used for distribution at fair prices.
• Equitable Distribution: The state would actively manage both industry and agriculture to ensure fair wealth distribution, protecting the needy and poor. The responsibility for rapid industrial progress and the welfare of all societal sections would lie with the state, while democratic institutions like Parliament would remain intact.

Ambedkar's Vision :

• Flexibility in Government: Recognizing that different political parties with varying programs might come to power in a parliamentary system, Ambedkar suggested that the State Socialism program should be an unchangeable part of the constitution. This would ensure that any party in power would have to implement this program.
• Awareness of Economic Issues: Ambedkar's idea of State Socialism reflected his awareness of poverty and economic inequality issues. He stressed the need for rapid industrial growth to alleviate the burden on agriculture and to avoid the pitfalls of capitalism while ensuring wealth distribution.

Role of Government

Role of Government in Economic Progress as per Ambedkar :

• Ambedkar emphasized the importance of a strong government in driving economic progress and ensuring justice.
• He believed that the state should be a major partner in industry , acting as a neutral agency for the community's benefit.
• The government's role is not limited to industry but extends to banking, insurance, and agriculture .
• By owning key industries and controlling agriculture , the government can prevent economic injustice and ensure a fair distribution of resources.
• Ambedkar advocated for revolutionary changes through government action to achieve rapid progress and equitable distribution of wealth.

Ambedkar and Drafting of the Indian Constitution

Role in Framing the Indian Constitution :

• In 1947, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India, a role in which his contributions became highly significant.
• Ambedkar's legal expertise and extensive knowledge of constitutional laws from various countries were instrumental in shaping the Indian Constitution.
• His strong commitment to a democratic constitution and emphasis on constitutional morality played a crucial role in the drafting process, earning him the title of the architect of the Indian Constitution.
• The Indian Constitution is lengthy due to numerous administrative details, such as provisions regarding the Public Service Commission, Attorney General, and Comptroller and Auditor General. Ambedkar defended the inclusion of these details to prevent future misuse by unscrupulous rulers.
• Ambedkar believed that in a traditional society like India, it was essential to incorporate all necessary details to bind future rulers and ensure the constitution's real purpose was upheld. He was a staunch constitutionalist who valued the constitution as a sacred document and opposed extra-parliamentary activities in constitutional politics.
• His most significant contributions to the Constitution include the areas of fundamental rights, a strong central government, and the protection of minorities .
• As a liberal, Ambedkar viewed fundamental rights as a crucial part of the constitution. He emphasized that the guarantee of constitutional protection, particularly through Article 32, which ensures judicial protection for these rights, is what makes them truly fundamental.
• There was a consensus in the Constituent Assembly on the need for a strong central government , and while Ambedkar agreed with this view, his reasoning was unique. He believed that a strong central government was necessary to protect lower castes from caste-based oppression, which he feared would be more pronounced at local and provincial levels.
• Ambedkar was aware that minority communities in India were vulnerable to both political and social harassment, as majorities could easily dominate both politically and socially. He advocated for safeguards to ensure minorities had a share in power and the opportunity to elect their representatives, whose views would be respected.
• He successfully included provisions for political reservations in legislatures and the appointment of a special officer for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under Article 338. Although he wished for more safeguards, the majority in the Constituent Assembly was not supportive.
• Dr. Ambedkar's perspective was that democracy should not be merely about majority rule but must also protect caste and communal minorities to make democracy meaningful. He opposed the idea of 'Majoritarianism' and sought to ensure that minority rights were safeguarded within the democratic framework.

Strong central government

Political parties and a strong opposition

Majority rule without safeguards

Caste-based discrimination

On Social Change

Ambedkar's Efforts Against Untouchability :

• Ambedkar worked tirelessly to eliminate untouchability and improve the living conditions of untouchables.
• From 1924 onwards , he led the movement for untouchables until his death, believing that national progress was impossible without addressing untouchability.
• He argued that removing untouchability was connected to abolishing the caste system, which required discarding the religious foundations of the caste system.
• In his critique of the caste system, Ambedkar examined and criticized Hindu religious philosophy , often facing backlash from orthodox Hindus.

Priority to Social Reform

Dr. Ambedkar's Focus on Social Reform :

• Dr. Ambedkar prioritized social reform above economic and political issues . He believed that social justice needed to be achieved first.
• He argued that if political emancipation was prioritized, power would simply shift from foreign rulers to upper-caste Hindus , leaving the untouchables still oppressed.
• Ambedkar also disputed the idea that economic progress could solve social problems , emphasizing that casteism was a form of mental slavery that made people insensitive.
• He believed that social reform , particularly the abolition of casteism, was essential for any revolutionary change in society.
• His vision for social reform included family reform and religious reform . Family reform aimed at abolishing harmful practices like child marriage , which particularly affected women .
• Ambedkar advocated for equal rights for women , including the right to education and property . In the Hindu Code Bill , he ensured that women would receive a share of the property .
• He also encouraged women from the untouchable community to actively participate in social and political movements .

Attack on the Caste

Ambedkar's Fight Against the Caste System :

• Ambedkar's primary struggle was against the caste system, which he believed had rendered Hindu society stagnant .
• The caste system hindered Hindu society's ability to integrate outsiders and created lasting challenges for societal cohesion.
• Within the community, the caste system prevented the formation of a homogeneous society , making it merely a collection of different castes.
• Caste acted as a barrier to the development of a national spirit and perpetuated injustice against lower castes .
• Lower castes faced contempt and discrimination , which led to their moral degradation and demoralization .
• Untouchables , in particular, were subjected to continuous injustice , being denied education , decent livelihoods , and human dignity .
• The caste system dehumanized individuals by promoting the idea that the mere touch of one person could pollute another , reflecting the extreme inequality and cruelty of the system.
• Thus, the struggle against untouchability became a fight for human rights and justice .

Origins of Caste and Untouchability

Research on Caste Hierarchy and Untouchability in Hindu Society :

• The caste hierarchy and the practice of untouchability are often justified by religious scriptures . Hindus traditionally believed that those in the untouchable community were of non-Aryan descent, considered to be of lowly origin and lacking in capabilities.
• B.R. Ambedkar aimed to challenge these misconceptions and promote self-respect among untouchables. He conducted extensive research on Hindu scriptures and ancient society to dispel myths about untouchability.
• In his works 'Who Were the Shudras?' and 'The Untouchables' , Ambedkar argued that the original social structure included only three Varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas. The Shudras, initially a powerful tribe within the Kshatriya Varna, were demoted due to a conflict with the Brahmins.
• Ambedkar explained that the Brahmins' ritual and religious power led to the Shudras' degradation and the eventual creation of untouchability, which was partly a result of Brahmin supremacy.
• He also contested the idea that untouchables were non-Aryans, suggesting instead that Indian society was a mix of various races. The untouchables were originally outsiders who became subordinate to settled tribes through a series of conflicts.
• Ambedkar linked the rise of untouchability to the conflict between Brahminism and Buddhism, with Brahminism adopting strict non-violence and renunciation of meat-eating to counter Buddhism.
• He argued that the ex-communication of outsiders who continued to eat beef was later justified by religious scriptures, making untouchability a permanent aspect of religion.
• Despite debates over some of Ambedkar's interpretations, it is acknowledged that untouchability became a religious concept after its initial establishment.
• Ambedkar's research played a crucial role in fostering self-respect among lower castes and untouchables, convincing them that their low status was a result of social mechanisms influenced by Brahminism, not personal deficiencies.
• His work highlighted the need to scrutinize the religious foundations of Hinduism.

Removal of Untouchability

Untouchability: A Reflection of Slavery in Hindu Society :

• Untouchability is a form of social slavery within the Hindu community.
• The caste Hindus, while oppressing the untouchables, are themselves bound by the limitations of religious scriptures.
• Thus, the liberation of untouchables is intertwined with the overall liberation of Hindu society.
• B.R. Ambedkar argues that a society cannot be built on the foundation of caste, as it hampers the creation of a nation and moral values.
• A casteless society is essential for progress and unity.

Inter-caste Marriages: A Path to Eradicate Caste :

• Inter-caste marriages have the potential to eliminate caste distinctions.
• However, the prevalence of casteism makes such marriages rare.
• Ambedkar criticizes superficial attempts like inter-caste dining and marriage as inadequate.

Need for Drastic Change :

• A profound transformation is necessary to free individuals from the grip of religious texts and traditions.
• Many Hindus are bound by the Vedas and Shastras, which Ambedkar argues perpetuate injustice.
• To abolish caste, the reverence for these scriptures must be dismantled.

Establishing New Principles :

• Instead of the hereditary hierarchy of castes, society should be founded on principles of equality, liberty, and fraternity .
• These principles should form the basis of any new religion or social order.

Self-respect among Untouchables

Ambedkar's Vision for Untouchables :

• Ambedkar recognized that transforming Hinduism to uplift untouchables would be a long and challenging process. Despite this, he proposed fundamental changes while also advocating for immediate upliftment measures.
• He observed that untouchables, under the influence of tradition, had submitted to the dominance of upper castes and had lost the spirit to fight for their rights. The pervasive myth of inherent pollution further affected their mindset.
• To combat this, Ambedkar stressed the importance of instilling self-respect among untouchables. He believed they needed to understand that they were equals to caste Hindus and should reject their subjugation.

Ambedkar and the Importance of Education for Untouchables :

• Ambedkar believed that education would significantly improve the lives of untouchables.
• He encouraged his followers to strive for excellence in knowledge , viewing it as a liberating force.
• Education, according to Ambedkar, makes individuals enlightened , aware of their self-respect , and helps them lead a better material life .
• One reason for the degradation of untouchables was their denial of the right to education .
• Ambedkar criticized British education policy for not sufficiently promoting education among the lower castes .
• He believed that even under British rule, education remained an upper caste monopoly .
• To address this, Ambedkar mobilized the lower castes and untouchables, founding various centers of learning .
• As a member of the executive council under the Governor-General, he advocated for scholarships for untouchable students to study abroad.
• Ambedkar supported both liberal and technical education for untouchables.
• He opposed education under religious auspices , believing that only secular education could instill values of liberty and equality .

Economic Progress

• Ambedkar believed that untouchables should liberate themselves from the village community and its economic constraints.
• In the traditional system, untouchables were tied to specific occupations and relied on caste Hindus for their livelihood.
• Ambedkar recognized the economic aspect of their subjugation and advocated for untouchables to abandon their traditional work.
• He urged them to acquire new skills and pursue different professions, emphasizing the importance of education for employment.
• With the rise of industrialization , there were more opportunities in cities, and untouchables were encouraged to leave villages if necessary.
• By breaking free from dependence on caste Hindus, untouchables could shed the psychological burden of their status.
• Ambedkar described villages as places of ignorance , narrow-mindedness, and communalism, advocating for untouchables to escape village bondage.
• If they had to remain in villages, they should stop their traditional work and seek new livelihoods for economic emancipation .
• He believed that self-respect and self-help were crucial for the uplift of oppressed classes, and rights should be asserted through conflict rather than pity or sympathy.
• Ambedkar emphasized that equal status and just treatment were matters of right , not charity.

Political Strength

Ambedkar's Emphasis on Political Participation for the Oppressed Classes :

• Ambedkar stressed the importance of political participation for the oppressed classes, particularly the untouchables, in the context of colonialism.
• He believed that it was crucial for untouchables to gain political rights through political organization.
• Ambedkar argued that by achieving political power , untouchables could secure safeguards and a significant share in power , enabling them to influence legislative policies.
• During the final phase of British rule, negotiations were underway regarding the transfer of power . Ambedkar urged untouchables to assert their political rights and demand an adequate share in power.
• To facilitate this, he established political organizations for untouchables, aiming to empower them politically.

Ambedkar's Efforts to Reform Hinduism and Adoption of Buddhism:

• Ambedkar attempted to reform the philosophical foundations of Hinduism throughout his life.
• However, he believed that Hinduism would not change its treatment of the untouchables.
• In search of an alternative, Ambedkar carefully considered and ultimately adopted Buddhism, urging his followers to do the same.
• His conversion to Buddhism represented a reaffirmation of his belief in a religion grounded in humanism.
• Ambedkar argued that Buddhism was the least obsessive religion, promoting principles of equality and liberty.
• The core goals of Buddhism, according to Ambedkar, were the removal of injustice and exploitation.
• By embracing Buddhism, the untouchables could forge a new identity for themselves.
• Having endured suffering under Hinduism, renouncing it would allow the untouchables to shed the stigma of untouchability and bondage.
• Ambedkar believed that a new material life required a spiritual foundation aligned with liberal values, which Buddhism could provide.
• At the social level, he emphasized education; at the material level, new means of livelihood; at the political level, political organization; and at the spiritual level, self-assertion and conversion as key components of his program for the removal of untouchability.
• In 19th century Maharashtra, there was a significant wave of reform activities influenced by British liberalism and the critiques from Christian missionaries.
• Intellectuals began to critically reassess their religious beliefs, leading to a re-examination of Hinduism.
• Joti Rao Phule was among the most radical thinkers in this context.
• Ambedkar's ideas can be seen as a continuation of Phule's radical search for alternatives to Hinduism.
• Ambedkar's thought also has a strong liberal foundation.
• Influenced by thinkers like Dewey, British educational practices, and his legal training, Ambedkar leaned towards liberalism.
• Despite recognizing the limitations of liberalism, Ambedkar remained committed to its principles.
• His faith in democracy, emphasis on discussion for decision-making, and belief in the law and constitution exemplify his liberal stance.

Political Awakening among Untouchables 

Ambedkar's Impact on the Untouchable Community:

• His writings and activities significantly contributed to the revival of the untouchable community.
• He fostered a sense of political awareness among the downtrodden, leading to the rise of Dalit power in Indian society.
• Ambedkar recognized that the most oppressed group in society was the untouchables . He emphasized their progress as essential for the overall development of Indian society.
• To instill a sense of self-assertion among the untouchables, it was crucial to give them their own identity .
• Ambedkar aimed to achieve mental liberation for the untouchables through his criticism of Hinduism.
• He challenged the authority of the Vedas and Shastras , arguing that Hinduism was merely a set of rules and regulations without a philosophical foundation.
• He showed that Hinduism was closely linked to Chaturvarna and Brahminism , with Brahminism representing the negation of justice .

Liberty, Equality and Fraternity

Ambedkar's Ideology: Key Principles

• Influence of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity: Ambedkar's writings are guided by the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity . He envisioned a society where these principles are foundational.
• Liberty and Equality: Ambedkar believed that liberty and equality must coexist for the moral and material improvement of all individuals. He argued that political democracy is meaningless without social democracy and economic justice.
• Social Unity: He emphasized the importance of social unity , where people recognize their common interests and future. In a society divided by caste and class, mutual suspicion hinders progress.
• Fraternity: For Ambedkar, fraternity is essential for achieving equality and liberty. A sense of brotherhood , where members share each other's joys and sorrows, is crucial for a common societal goal.
• Ideal Society: Ambedkar's vision of an ideal society is one built on liberty, equality, and fraternity , where all individuals can thrive together.

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HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR

2024, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research

Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar's life is an account of the immense struggle of a man who, despite being born into a family of untouchables, ascended to great heights and left an indelible mark not just in Indian history but also as an inspiration for the future generation. On 14 April 2023, Indians across the world commemorated his 132th birthday and paying honor to such a wonderful figure by highlighting his struggle and achievements for the welfare of downtrodden people, would be an honest tribute to his legacy. His contribution in the fields of social, political, economic, judicial, and educational arenas is exemplary. He undertook the task of upliftment of the unprivileged segment of the society suffering since time immemorial and his phenomenal efforts in the making of the Indian constitution is what carved out a distinguished position for Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar among the renowned architects of the then India.

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Proceedings of the national conference on Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, 2018

ABSTRACT : Dr. Ambedkar was a freedom fighter of the truest kind, not merely dreaming of setting India force from British rule, but of transforming India into a country where freedom holds meaning for everyone. He dedicated his life for uplifting of the Dalits. Ambedkar wished social reformers to create public opinion to fight the gross inequalities in the society. It is very sad that the media in the past as well as the present has projected Ambedkar mainly as a bitter critic of the Hindu religion and a great social rebel. They have ignored Dr. Ambedkar’s multi-faceted personality. Here is our little effort to focus his role in Modern India. Keywords: Emancipation, inequalities, humanist, Dalits, Reformer.

IJCRT - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 2017

Odisha State Open Univeristy, Odisha, 2022

Ambedkar today, is a synonym of human rights, equality and justice everywhere. His preoccupation of these concerns established him not only a national icon but as a global figure. The power and contributions of Ambedkar can be understood by the fact that he is present in every nook and corner of this country in the form of statues, parks and civil organizations. Probably, no other politician dead or alive has so much reach and depth in the in the minds of people anywhere. This speaks the contributions of Ambedkar and the power of his ideas, struggles and contributions. He brings out religion to the core and front to study and scrutiny Indian society and inequalities. This makes Ambedkar's approach different from the structural-functionalist, interpretive and Marxian school of thought.

The name of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar brings to our mind a social reformer, Principal architect of Indian Constitution and messiah of backward classes and women's rights. In spite of development in social-economic and political sectors in our country, still there are caste violence and discrimination exist among the Dalits and women, which challenges the human dignity of those weaker section. Ambedkar being a rationalist thinker critically see the Hindus traditional social system so as to create a simply and egalitarian society. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, widely acknowledged as Babasaheb, was an Indian economist, historian, jurist, philosopher and politician. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the principle architect of the Constitution of India. Ambedkar's labors to eliminate the social evils like untouchability, caste boundaries and work for women upliftment were significant. The leader, right through his living, fought for the civil rights & privileges of the 'dalits' and other socially backward classes.At present the Nation paid rich tributes to Babasaheb Ambedkar, principal architect of Indian Constitution, on his 125th birth anniversary. To eradicate of these social evils, Ambedkar's work on build a simply and egalitarian society is more necessary for not only to grasp the social orders but also for take away the current day's social evils of the Indian society.

Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to study, analyze and evaluate critically the role of B.R.Ambedkar in relation to his contribution towards Dalits, Society, as a Constitution maker, as a feminist, Welfare of Labourers, as an Economist, as a Politician, as a Nation builder and as a Writer in shaping modern India. Keywords: Constitution Maker, Emancipation, Inequalities, Humanist, Dalits, Reformer

As India celebrated the most precious Ratna of India-Dr. Ambedkar"s 128 th birth anniversary, on the 14 th of April, 19, we are once again reminded of his ideals and contribution to this nation and her people, especially the oppressed section that constitutes one-fifth of the population-the Dalits. He will be remembered beyond time and space, particularly by the oppressed sections of the Indian society vis-à-vis the Dalits. His contributions to writing on diverse areas of society and Constitution and in that his notions of social justice, functioning of democracy, equality, fraternity and dignity have been outstanding that sheds light to hundreds and thousands of people not only in India, but across the globe. He was a genius of par excellence and brilliant in such ways nuanced the concepts and categories that shed new horizons of understanding as we read and interpret them. Ambedkar"s idea of social justice runs though the basic structure and tenor of B.R. Ambedkar alone and none can match him. For him, the flesh and blood and in letter and spirit, he steered the Constitution of India-and this flows through in and in and out and out. Why did he add on social as the prefix to justice? He went beyond Rawlsian notion of justice and added social. India is a peculiar country and the Indian society is structured in and around the system of caste. As we are aware of the fact each individual is designed on the basis of birth and occupation. Those considered as avarnas the "Untouchables" remain outside and not at all considered as human beings. Dr. Ambedkar in his life faced the naked and heinous sides of "Untouchability" and caste. He went through the deep roots of caste and came to a realization that the Indian social structure is premised and triggered on the system of caste and he went all out to annihilate caste. Social does presuppose the identity of a person attached to varna/jati-a de-facto category that describes about his/her being and becoming. Therefore, as long as the system of caste remains in the Indian society, those designated as "Untouchables" will have to face the wrath of the diabolic manifestation of caste-the dominant castes. D B.R. Ambedkar knew very well that under the current schema of caste, the Dalits have no scope or avenue to compete with those who come under the rungs of "varnas". It was under these contextual realities and specificities mooted social justice. He pushed this concept and elaborated as he drafted the constitution. He incorporated mechanisms and provisions for those who have been ostracized by the system of caste. Therefore, B.R. Ambedkar wherever possible unfolded spaces for the Dalits to maneuver and do employ their presence and move on till the system of caste is eliminated. Nevertheless, in the judiciary, executive and the legislature and in the different organs of the State the presence of the Dalits is hardly visible and in some facets like the judiciary and legislature their visibility is just minimal. Though there are clear constitutional provisions those agencies that ought to translate or execute do not want and by and large they belong to dominant castes. Even after 127 years of Ambedkar"s legacy in this country his clarion calls and the constitution he worked has not taken off. The following write up by the former AGI opens up a series of question that questions the constitutional apparatus failed to translate and why is it so is the question:

IGNOU, 2017

AbstractAmbedkar was a beckoning leader of the Untouchables, but he was also much more- patriot, scholar, thinker and Founding Father of the Indian Constitution. Babasaheb's contribution to the advancement of education in the country is multifarious. Educate, Organize and Agitate was his burning message. His empowerment refers to increase in the spiritual, political, social, racial, educational, gender or economic strength of individuals and communities. The term empowerment covers a vast landscape of meanings, interpretations, definitions and disciplines ranging from psychology and philosophy to the highly commercialized self-help industry and motivational sciences. Ambedkar wanted the people to cultivate the values of freedom and equality among themselves; it is possible only through education. He regarded education as a means to reach the doors of light and perception to remove the regions of darkness and ignorance. Ambedkar emphasized on secular education for social emancipa...

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar a composite persona delved into various dimensions of our society candidly. His words and woks continue to inspire and illumine millions of Indians and inspiration too.

Round Table India , 2022

(This speech was delivered on 14 April 2022 on the occasion of 131 birth anniversary celebrations of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar at Columbia University, organized by Ambedkarite Students of Columbia and Global Studies, Columbia University, New York, USA)

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3 Touching freedom: Ambedkar, untouchability and liberty in late colonial India

• Published: March 2024
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This chapter argues that Ambedkar had a republican conception of liberty. Republican liberty refers to the belief that political liberty is the paramount value in life. In the republican tradition, political liberty is understood as ‘non-domination’ or ‘non-dependence’ from arbitrary power. Ambedkar found this notion quite valuable for defending Dalit rights and claiming the status of this group as a political minority in need of separate electorates. The emphasis on non-domination allowed Ambedkar to criticise two other mainstream conceptions of liberty: ‘negative’ and ‘positive freedom’. Negative liberty stands for non-interference, mainly on the part of the state, in the lives of individuals. Colonial and nationalist politicians alike held this view and considered external restraints as the principal impediments to liberty. Ambedkar’s understanding of republican liberty allowed him to argue against positive freedom. This view contends that overcoming internal constraints or achieving one’s full potential (whatever that may be), and becoming one’s own master, are the main indicators of being truly free. Similarly, participation in politics is often seen as essential in achieving positive liberty. M.K. Gandhi was one of the main exponents of this type of liberty. The clash between the Gandhian and the Ambedkarite visions of liberty emerged over the political representation of Dalits. Though the debate between Gandhi and Ambedkar involved the electoral rights of Dalits, their contrasting visions of liberty illustrate key points of contention in their discussion.

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Constitution of India: List of All Articles (1-395) and Parts (1-22)

Last updated on April 6, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

The Constitution of India contains 395 articles in 22 parts. Additional articles and parts are inserted later through various amendments. There are also 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution .

Links are given against each Part to understand the purpose and background of each article of the Constitution of India.

Titles are mentioned for all articles from 1-395, separated under various parts and chapters. The preamble and Repealed articles or parts are specially mentioned.

Table of Contents

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

PART I: THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

1 Name and territory of the Union. 2 Admission or establishment of new States. 2A [Repealed.] 3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. 4 Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

PART II: CITIZENSHIP

5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. 6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan. 7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan. 8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India. 9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. 10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship. 11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

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PART III : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General 12 Definition. 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. Right to Equality 14 Equality before law. 15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. 17 Abolition of Untouchability. 18 Abolition of titles. Right to Freedom 19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. 20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences. 21 Protection of life and personal liberty. 21A Right to education 22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Right against Exploitation 23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. Right to Freedom of Religion 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs. 27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. 28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. Cultural and Educational Rights 29 Protection of interests of minorities. 30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. 31 [Repealed.] Saving of Certain Laws 31A Saving of Laws providing for the acquisition of estates, etc. 31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations. 31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles. 31D [Repealed.] Right to Constitutional Remedies 32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. 32A [Repealed.] 33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc. 34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. 35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

36 Definition. 37 Application of the principles contained in this Part. 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people. 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. 39A Equal justice and free legal aid. 40 The organisation of village panchayats. 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. 43 Living wage, etc., for workers. 43A Participation of workers in the management of industries. 43B Promotion of co-operative societies. 44 Uniform civil code for the citizens. 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children. 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. 47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. 48 The organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife. 49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance. 50 Separation of judiciary from the executive. 51 Promotion of international peace and security.

PART IVA: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

51A Fundamental duties.

PART V: THE UNION

Chapter i: the executive.

The President and Vice-President 52 The President of India . 53 The executive power of the Union. 54 Election of President. 55 Manner of election of President. 56 Term of office of President. 57 Eligibility for re-election. 58 Qualifications for election as President. 59 Conditions of the President’s office. 60 Oath or affirmation by the President. 61 Procedure for impeachment of the President. 62 Time of holding the election to fill the vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill the casual vacancy. 63 The Vice-President of India . 64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. 65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President. 66 Election of Vice-President. 67 Term of office of Vice-President. 68 Time of holding the election to fill the vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill the casual vacancy. 69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. 70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies. 71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President. 72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 73 The extent of executive power of the Union. Council of Ministers 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President. 75 Other provisions as to Ministers. The Attorney-General for India 76 Attorney-General for India. Conduct of Government Business 77 Conduct of business of the Government of India. 78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.

CHAPTER II: PARLIAMENT

General 79 Constitution of Parliament. 80 Composition of the Council of States. 81 Composition of the House of the People. 82 Readjustment after each census. 83 Duration of Houses of Parliament. 84 Qualification for membership of Parliament. 85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution. 86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses. 87 Special address by the President. 88 Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses. Officers of Parliament 89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States. 90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman. 91 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. 92 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People . 94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 95 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. 96 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 98 Secretariat of Parliament. Conduct of Business 99 Oath or affirmation by members. 100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. Disqualifications of Members 101 Vacation of seats. 102 Disqualifications for membership. 103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. 104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified. Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members 105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof. 106 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure 107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. 108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases. 109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. 110 Definition of “Money Bills”. 111 Assent to Bills. Procedure in Financial Matters 112 Annual financial statement. 113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates. 114 Appropriation Bills. 115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants. 116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. 117 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally 118 Rules of procedure. 119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business. 120 Language to be used in Parliament. 121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament. 122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.

CHAPTER III: LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament .

CHAPTER IV: THE UNION JUDICIARY

124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. 124A National Judicial Appointments Commission. (Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, however not repealed by the Parliament) 124B Functions of Commission. 124C Power of Parliament to make law. 125 Salaries, etc., of Judges. 126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice. 127 Appointment of ad hoc judges. 128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court. 129 Supreme Court to be a court of record. 130 Seat of Supreme Court. 131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 131A [Repealed.] 132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases. 133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters. 134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters. 134A Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court. 135 Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court. 136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court. 137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court. 138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs. 139A Transfer of certain cases. 140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court. 141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts. 142 Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. 143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court. 144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court. 144A [Repealed.] 145 Rules of Court, etc. 146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court. 147 Interpretation.

CHAPTER V: COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA

148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. 149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. 150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States. 151 Audit reports.

PART VI: THE STATES

Chapter i: general.

152 Definition.

CHAPTER II: THE EXECUTIVE

The Governor 153 Governors of States. 154 Executive power of State. 155 Appointment of Governor. 156 Term of office of Governor. 157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor. 158 Conditions of Governor’s office 159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor. 160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies. 161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 162 Extent of executive power of State. Council of Ministers 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor. 164 Other provisions as to Ministers. The Advocate-General for the State 165 Advocate-General for the State. Conduct of Government Business 166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State. 167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

CHAPTER III: THE STATE LEGISLATURE

General 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States. 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States. 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies. 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils. 172 Duration of State Legislatures. 173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature. 174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution. 175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses. 176 Special address by the Governor. 177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses. Officers of the State Legislature 178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. 179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. 181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council. 183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman. 184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. 185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman. 187 Secretariat of State Legislature. Conduct of Business 188 Oath or affirmation by members. 189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. Disqualifications of Members 190 Vacation of seats. 191 Disqualifications for membership. 192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. 193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified. Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members 194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof. 195 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure 196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. 197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills. 198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. 199 Definition of “Money Bills”. 200 Assent to Bills. 201 Bills reserved for consideration. Procedure in Financial Matters 202 Annual financial statement. 203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates. 204 Appropriation Bills. 205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants. 206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. 207 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally 208 Rules of procedure. 209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business. 210 Language to be used in the Legislature. 211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. 212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.

CHAPTER IV : LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

CHAPTER V: THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

214 High Courts for States. 215 High Courts to be courts of record. 216 Constitution of High Courts. 217 Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court. 218 Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts. 219 Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts. 220 Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge. 221 Salaries, etc., of Judges. 222 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. 223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice. 224 Appointment of additional and acting Judges. 224A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. 225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts. 226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs. 226A [Repealed..] 227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court. 228 Transfer of certain cases to High Court. 228A [Repealed.] 229 Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts. 230 Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories. 231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.

CHAPTER VI : SUBORDINATE COURTS

233 Appointment of district judges. 233A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges. 234 Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service. 235 Control over subordinate courts. 236 Interpretation. 237 Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

PART VII: THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE

238 [Repealed.]

PART VIII: THE UNION TERRITORIES

239 Administration of Union territories. 239A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories. 239AA Special provisions with respect to Delhi. 239AB Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. 239B Power of the administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of the Legislature. 240 Power of the President to make regulations for certain Union territories. 241 High Courts for Union territories. 242 [Repealed.]

PART IX: THE PANCHAYATS

243 Definitions. 243A Gram Sabha. 243B Constitution of Panchayats. 243C Composition of Panchayats. 243D Reservation of seats. 243E Duration of Panchayats, etc. 243F Disqualifications for membership. 243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. 243H Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats. 243-I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position. 243J Audit of accounts of Panchayats. 243K Elections to the Panchayats. 243L Application to Union territories. 243M Part not to apply to certain areas. 243N Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats. 243-O Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

PART IXA: THE MUNICIPALITIES

243P Definitions. 243Q Constitution of Municipalities. 243R Composition of Municipalities. 243S Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. 243T Reservation of seats. 243U Duration of Municipalities, etc. 243V Disqualifications for membership. 243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. 243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities. 243 Finance Commission. 243Z Audit of accounts of Municipalities. 243ZA Elections to the Municipalities. 243ZB Application to Union territories. 243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas. 243ZD Committee for district planning. 243ZE Committee for Metropolitan planning. 243ZF Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities. 243ZG Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

PART IXB: THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

243ZH Definitions 243ZI Incorporation of co-operative societies 243ZJ Number and term of members of the board and its office bearers. 243 ZK Election of members of board. 243ZL Supersession and suspension of the board and interim management. 243ZM Audit of accounts of co-operative societies. 243ZN Convening of general body meetings. 243ZO Right of a member to get information, 243ZP Returns. 243ZQ Offences and penalties. 243ZR Application to multi-state co-operative societies. 243ZS Application to Union Territories. 243ZT Continuance of existing laws.

PART X: THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS

244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. 244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES

Chapter i: legislative relations.

Distribution of Legislative Powers

245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. 246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. 246A Special provision with respect to goods and services tax. 247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts. 248 Residuary powers of legislation. 249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. 250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. 251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States. 252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State. 253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements. 254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States. 255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.

CHAPTER II : ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS

256 Obligation of States and the Union. 257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases. 257A [Repealed.] 258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases. 258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union. 259 [Repealed.] 260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India. 261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings. Disputes relating to Waters 262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys. Co-ordination between States 263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS

Chapter i: finance.

General 264 Interpretation. 265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law. 266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States. 267 Contingency Fund. Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States 268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State. 268A [Repealed.] 269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States. 269A Levy and collection of goods and services tax in the course of inter-state trade or commerce. 270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States. 271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union. 272 [Repealed.] 273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products. 274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested. 275 Grants from the Union to certain States. 276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. 277 Savings. 278 [Repealed.] 279 Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc. 279A Goods and Services Tax Council. 280 Finance Commission. 281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission. Miscellaneous financial provisions 282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues. 283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts. 284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts. 285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation. 286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods. 287 Exemption from taxes on electricity. 288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases. 289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation. 290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions. 290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds. 291 [Repealed.]

CHAPTER II: BORROWING

292 Borrowing by the Government of India. 293 Borrowing by States.

CHAPTER III: PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS

294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases. 295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases. 296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia. 297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union. 298 Power to carry on trade, etc. 299 Contracts. 300 Suits and proceedings.

CHAPTER IV: RIGHT TO PROPERTY

300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

Also read: Default Bail

PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE, AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA

301 Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse. 302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse. 303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce. 304 Restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse among States. 305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies. 306 [Repealed.] 307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.

PART XIV: SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES

Chapter i: services.

308 Interpretation. 309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State. 310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State. 311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State. 312 All-India services. 312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services. 313 Transitional provisions. 314 [Repeated.]

CHAPTER II: PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS

315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States. 316 Appointment and term of office of members. 317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission. 318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission. 319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members. 320 Functions of Public Service Commissions. 321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions. 322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions. 323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.

PART XIVA: TRIBUNALS

323A Administrative tribunals. 323B Tribunals for other matters.

PART XV: ELECTIONS

324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. 325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. 326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage. 327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures. 328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature. 329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. 329A [Repealed.]

PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. 331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People. 332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. 333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. 334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years. 335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts. 336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services. 337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of the Anglo-Indian Community. 338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes. 338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. 338A National Commission for Backward Classes. 339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes. 340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. 341 Scheduled Castes. 342 Scheduled Tribes. 342A Socially and educationally backward classes.

PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

Chapter i: language of the union.

343 Official language of the Union. 344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.

CHAPTER II: REGIONAL LANGUAGES

345 Official language or languages of a State. 346 Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union. 347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.

CHAPTER III: LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.

348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc. 349 Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.

CHAPTER IV: SPECIAL DIRECTIVES

350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances. 350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at the primary stage. 350B Special Officer for linguistic minorities. 351 Directive for development of the Hindi language.

PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS

352 Proclamation of Emergency. 353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency. 354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. 355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. 356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States. 357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356. 358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies. 359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies. 359A [Repealed.] 360 Provisions as to financial emergency.

PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS

361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs. 361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures. 361B Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post. 362 [Repealed.] 363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. 363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished. 364 Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes. 365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union. 366 Definitions. 367 Interpretation.

PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

Also read: Bail: Laws in India

PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS

369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List. 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. 371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. 371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland. 371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam. 371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur. 371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh. 371E Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh. 371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim. 371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram. 371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh. 371-I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa. 371J Special provision with respect to the State of Karnataka. 372 Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation. 372A Power of the President to adapt laws. 373 Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases. 374 Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council. 375 Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution. 376 Provisions as to Judges of High Courts. 377 Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. 378 Provisions as to Public Service Commissions. 378A Special provision as to the duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. 379-391 [Repealed.] 392 Power of the President to remove difficulties.

PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS

393 Short title. 394 Commencement. 394A Authoritative text in the Hindi language. 395 Repeals.

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MPSC Syllabus 2024, Exam Pattern, Subject Wise Syllabus Topics

• MPSC Syllabus 2024

MPSC Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2024

Mpsc selection process 2024, mpsc prelims exam pattern 2024, mpsc rajyaseva syllabus 2024, mpsc prelims syllabus 2024, mpsc mains exam pattern 2024, mpsc mains syllabus 2024, mpsc interview test.

Table of Contents

For Maharashtra State Government job aspirants, the Maharashtra Public Service Commission (MPSC) State Service Exam (also known as the MPSC Rajyaseva exam ) is one of the best exams. It is conducted every year by MPSC to recruit officers into the different wings of the state administration departments under the Maharashtra State Government. The exams are conducted and overseen by the Maharashtra Public Service Commission (MPSC). Candidates who are willing to appear for the next MPSC Rajyaseva must check the MPSC State Service Exam Syllabus and Pattern as discussed in the article.

To prepare for the MPSC exam, candidates should familiarize themselves with the MPSC Rajyaseva syllabus. This will give them an idea of the structure of the exam, the maximum marks, the exam duration, and the marking scheme. It is important to note that the syllabus for both the Prelims and Mains exams are different and are discussed in detail in the article. To get a brief overview of the MPSC Syllabus and Exam Pattern for 2024, please refer to the table below.

MPSC Hall Ticket 2024 Out- Click to Download

Candidates have to clear each stage to be eligible for the next stage, if candidates clear the prelims, they can give the mains, clearing which they would be summoned for the final stage i.e., an interview for the MPSC 2024 Exam. Like all the other State Public Service Commission and UPSC , the MPSC state services exam is also conducted in three stages namely:

Stage I: Prelims

Stage II: Mains

Stage III: Interview

Before going to the syllabus directly candidates are advised to check the Exam Pattern of the MPSC Prelims Exam. MPPSC Prelims Exam Pattern: This stage exam consists of two compulsory objective papers. Check the elaborated exam pattern and details of the MPSC prelims exam. Both papers are of 2 hours each .

Important Points:

• Marks of both papers will be considered for qualifying candidates for the mains exam.
• Both Paper I and Paper II have negative markings for all the incorrect answers.
• There will be no negative marking for unattended questions.
• There is a negative marking of 1/3 of the marks allocated to the question in Paper 1 & 2 . The questions on decision-making in Paper 2 do not have negative marks if incorrectly answered.
• MPSC Prelims is screening in nature .
• Candidates need to score minimum marks as decided by the commission to qualify for the main exam .
• All the questions are set in English and Marathi except for those questions which are meant to test the candidate’s knowledge of English.

Go through the detailed MPSC Rajyaseva Syllabus for the Prelims and Mains Exam in the below section. The candidate must begin with their preparation by understanding the topic-wise syllabus which has been provided in the below section too. 

Candidates can check the MPSC Prelims Syllabus 2024 of both papers in the subsequent points. Like the UPSC, MPSC also provides just the topic's names in the Syllabus. As it is a State Level Exam , most of the questions have a specific focus on the Maharastra. With the right preparation strategy, candidates can prepare for both exams simultaneously.

MPPSC Prelims Paper 1 Syllabus

• Current events of state, national and international importance.
• History of India (with special reference to Maharashtra) and Indian National Movement.
• Maharashtra, India and world geography – Physical, Social, and Economic geography of Maharashtra, India and the World.
• Maharashtra and India – Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Urban Governance, Public Policy, Rights Issue, etc.
• Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
• General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization.
• General Science

MPPSC Prelims Paper 2 Syllabus

• Comprehension
• Interpersonal skills including communication skills
• Logical reasoning and analytical ability
• Decision-making and problem-solving
• General mental ability
• Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data Interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency, etc. – Class X level)
• Marathi and English language comprehension skills (Class X/XII level) Questions relating to this will be tested through passages from Marathi and English language without providing cross translation thereof in the question paper.

MPSC Prelims Exam Pattern and Syllabus PDF

After qualifying the MPSC Prelims candidates have to appear for the MPSC Mains exam , the exam pattern and syllabus of the MPSC mains exam is given in the subsequent paragraph.

In MPSC Mains there are six compulsory papers . Paper I and Paper II are language papers while Papers III, IV, V and VI are general studies papers. There are no optional subjects in MPSC Mains . Candidates can check the MPSC Mains Exam Pattern in the table below.

Important Points: 

• There is negative marking in the objective question papers.
• Candidates need to attempt all the papers to qualify for the Interview round.
• This round is both scoring and qualifying in nature.

The Maharashtra Public Service Commission (MPSC) conducts the Maharashtra State Services Examination, which is divided into two stages: Preliminary Examination and Main Examination. Below is the syllabus for the MPSC Main Examination for six papers.

Paper I: Marathi and English (Essay/Translation/Precis)

Section 1: Marathi (50 marks)

• Essay writing – An essay on one out of the two given topics/subjects (About 400 words)
• Translation – English paragraph to be translated into Marathi, approximately 1/2 page/2 paragraphs
• Precis writing

Section 2: English (50 marks)

• Translation – Marathi paragraph to be translated into English, approximately 1/2 page/2 paragraphs

Paper II: Marathi & English (Grammar and Comprehension)

• Grammar – Idioms, Phrases, Synonyms/Antonyms, Correct formation of words and sentences, Punctuation, etc

Paper III: General Studies I (History & Geography) (150 marks)

History of Modern India (1818-1857) particularly Maharashtra: Introduction of modern education - Press, Railway, Post and Telegraph, Industries, Land reforms and socio-religious reforms – Its impact on society.

Establishment of British Rule in India: Wars against major Indian powers, Policy of subsidiary alliance, Doctrine of Lapse, Structure of British Raj up to 1857.

Socio-Cultural Changes: Contacts with Christian Missions, coming of English education and the Press, Official-social reform measures (1828 to 1857). Socio-religious reform movements: Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Arya Samaj. Reform movements among the Sikhs and the Muslims, Depressed Classes Mission, Non-Brahmin movement and Justice Party.

Social and economic awakening: Indian Nationalism - 1857 revolt and after, Indian National Congress (1885- 1947), Azad Hind Sena, Role of important personalities, Role of Press and Education in social awakening in pre-independent India.

Emergence and growth of Indian nationalism: Social background, formation of National Associations, Peasant uprisings, the foundation of Indian National Congress, the moderate phase, growth of extremism, Morley-Minto reforms, Home Rule movement, Lucknow pact, Mont-Ford reforms.

National movement in Gandhi Era: Gandhiji’s leadership and ideology of resistance, Gandhian mass movements, Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience, individual Satyagraha, Quit India movement. Satyashodhak Samaj, Gandhiji and removal of untouchability, Dr. B.R.Ambedakar’s approach to the problem of untouchability, Muslim politics and Freedom movement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh movement, Muslim League and Ali Brothers, Iqbal, Jinnah), Unionist Party and Krishak Praja Party, Politics of Hindu Mahasabha, Communists and the Indian freedom struggle, Congress Socialist Party, Women in the National movement, States’ Peoples' movements, Leftist Movement – Peasant Movement - Tribal uprising, Trade Union Movement and Adivasi Movement.

India after Independence: Consequences of Partition, Integration of Princely states, Linguistic reorganization of states, Nehru’s policy of Non-alignment. Samyukta Maharashtra movement: major political parties and personalities involved therein, Relations with neighbouring countries, India’s role in International Politics. Progress in Agriculture, Industry, Education, Science and Technology. The emergence of Indira Gandhi’s Leadership, Liberation of Bangladesh, Non-Alignment under Indira Gandhi, Coalition Governments in States; Students’ unrest, Jayaprakash Narayan and Emergency. Terrorism in Panjab andAssam. Naxalism and Maoism, Environmental Movement, Women’s Movement and Ethnic Movement.

Selected Social Reformers of Maharashtra:  their ideology and work: Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Mahatma Phule, M.G. Ranade, Prabodhankar Thakare, Maharshi Karve, Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj, Maharshi Vitthal Shinde, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Lokmanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave, Vinayak D. Sawarkar, Annabhau Sathe, Krantiveer Nana Patil, Lahuji Salve, Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil.

Cultural Heritage of Maharashtra (Ancient to Modern): Performing Arts (Dance, Drama, Films, Music and Folk Arts, Lavani, Tamasha, Povada, Bharud, and other folk dances), Visual Arts (Architecture, Painting and Sculpture) and Festivals. Impact of Literature on socio-psychological development of Maharashtra: Bhakti, Dalit, Urban and Rural Literature.

Physical Geography: Interior of the earth- composition and physical conditions. Factors controlling and form development. Concept of geomorphic cycles- landforms associated with fluvial, arid, glacial, and coastal cycles. Evolution and Geomorphology of the Indian Subcontinent- Major physiographic regions - Problems of floods - Physiographic details of Maharashtra. Geomorphic features of Maharashtra. India's strategic location concerning her neighbours, Indian Ocean Rim, Asia and the World.

Economic Geography of Maharashtra: Minerals and Energy Resources: Their distribution, importance and development in Maharashtra. Tourism in Maharashtra – Religious Tourism, Medicinal Tourism, Eco-Tourism and Cultural Heritage. Reserved forests, Animal sanctuaries, National Parks and Forts in Maharashtra, Tiger Project.

Human and Social Geography of Maharashtra: Migration of population, causes and effects, sugarcane cutting labourers - effects of migration on the source and destination areas. Rural settlements in Maharashtra.Problems of Urban and Rural Settlements – Environmental, Housing, Slum, Water Supply and Sanitation, Urban Traffic and Pollution.

Environmental Geography: Ecology and Ecosystem- energy flow, material cycle, food chain and webs. Environmental degradation and conservation, global ecological imbalances- pollution and Greenhouse effect, the role of CO2 and methane in the greenhouse effect, global warming, reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of forests. Environmental laws and environmental impact assessment. Kyoto protocol and Carbon credits. Urban waste management. CRZ I and CRZ II.

Population Geography (about Maharashtra): Causes and consequences of migration. Rural and Urban settlements- site, situation, types, size, spacing and morphology. Urbanisation- process and problems. Rural-Urban Fringe, and sphere of urban influence. Regional imbalances.

Remote Sensing: Concept of remote sensing. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites. Imageries- IRS products, MSS bands- blue, green, red and near-infrared, False Colour Composite (FCC). Application of remote sensing in natural resources. Introduction to Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS).

Geography and Agriculture

Agroecology: Agroecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans.

Climate: Atmosphere- composition and structure. Solar radiation and heat balance. Weather elements temperature, pressure, planetary and local winds, monsoon, air masses and fronts and cyclones. Mechanism of the Indian monsoon, monsoon forecast, distribution of rainfall, cyclones, droughts and floods, and climatic regions. Distribution of Rainfall in Maharashtra - spatial and temporal variability – Agroclimatic zones of Maharashtra - Problem of Drought and scarcity, DPAP (Draught Prone Area Programme) –Water requirement in Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Sectors. The problem of Drinking Water. Cropping pattern in different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping pattern. Concepts of multiple cropping, and inter-cropping and their importance. Modern concepts of organic farming, sustainable agriculture.

Soils: Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Mineral and organic constituents of soil and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants Problem soils and their reclamation methods. Problems of soil erosion and degradation in Maharashtra. Soil conservation planning on a watershed basis. Erosion and runoff management in hilly, foothills and valley lands; processes and factors affecting them.

Water management: Present scenario, Methods and importance of water conservation. Water quality standards. Interlinking of rivers in India. Conventional and non-conventional methods of rainwater harvesting. Groundwater management- technical and social aspects, Methods of artificial groundwater recharge. Concept of watershed and watershed management. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Water use efficiency with crop production, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, the effect of industrial effluents on soil and water.

Paper IV: General Studies II (Indian Constitution and Indian Politics and Law) (150 marks)

The Constitution of India: Making of the Constitution, Salient Features of the Constitution. Philosophy of the Preamble - (Secular democratic and socialist), Fundamental Rights and Duties – Directive Principles of State Policy, Free and Compulsory primary education, Uniform Civil Code, and Fundamental Duties. Centre-State Relations and Formation of New States. Independent Judiciary.

Amendment Procedure and Major Amendments to the Constitution: Landmark Judgments used for interpreting the Constitution. Structure and Functions of Major Commissions and Boards: Election Commission, Union and State Public Service Commissions, National Women's Commission, Human Rights Commission, National Minorities S.C./S.T. Commission - River Water Dispute Settlements Board etc.

The Political System ( Structure, Powers and Functions of Governments ): Nature of Indian Federation - Union & State- Legislatures, Executive & Judiciary. Union-State Relationship Administrative, Executive and Financial Relationships. Distribution of Legislative powers, Subjects.

(1) The Central Government - The Union Executive: President- Vice-President - Prime Minister and Council of Ministers - Attorney General of India - Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

(2) The Union Legislature-Parliament, Speaker and Dy. Speaker - Parliamentary Committees - Parliament's Control over Executive.

(3) Judiciary: Organisation of Judiciary - Integrated Judiciary - Functions - Role and Power of the Supreme Court and High Court - Subordinate Courts – Lokpal, Lokayukta and Lok Nyayalaya - Judiciary as a watch-dog protecting the Constitutional Order- Judicial Activism, Public Interest Litigation.

State Government and Administration (With Special Reference to Maharashtra): Formation and Reorganisation of Maharashtra State, Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, Chief Secretary, State Secretariat, Directorates, Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council, - Powers, Functions and Role - Legislative Committees. Sherrif of Mumbai.

District Administration: Evolution of District Administration, Changing role of the District Collector: Law and Order, Relationship with functional Departments. District Administration and the Panchayati Raj Institutions. Role and Functions of the Sub-Divisional Officer.

Rural and Urban Local Government: Significance of 73rd and 74th Amendment to the Constitution. Empowerment of local government and their role in development.

(1) Rural Local Government, Composition, Powers and Functions of Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayat. Peculiarities of Panchayat Raj Institutions of Maharashtra, Status Report of Panchayat Raj Institutions and its Performance Appraisal. Main features of 73rd Constitutional Amendments. Problems of implementation. Major rural development programmes and their management.

(2) Urban Local Government, Composition and Functions of Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils and Cantonment Boards. Structure, Officials, Resources, Powers- Functions and Controls. Main features of 74th Constitutional Amendments: Problems of implementation. Major urban development programmes and their management.

Educational System: Directive Principles of State Policy and Education; Educational Problems of Disadvantaged Sections- Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Women; Privatization of education - issues of access to education, merit, quality, and social justice; General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and emerging issues, Challenges in Higher Education today. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan.

Parties and Pressure Groups: Nature of Party system - Role of National Parties - Ideology, organisation and electoral performance - Political Parties and their Social Bases. Regionalism- Rise of Regional Parties; Ideology, Organisation and electoral performance - Major Pressure Groups and Interest Groups in Maharashtra - their Role and impact on Policymaking. Programmes of Social Welfare in Maharashtra: Women and Children; Labour; and Youth. Non-Government Organizations and their Role in Social Welfare.

The Media: Print and Electronic Media - its impact on policy-making, shaping of the public opinion and educating the people. Press Council of India. Code of conduct for Mass media in a secular democracy like India. The portrayal of women in the mainstream mass media: Facts and Norms. Freedom of speech and expression, and limitation thereof.

The Electoral Process: Main features of the Electoral process - single-member territorial Constituencies. Reserved constituencies for weaker sections - Adult Franchise - Role of Election Commission – General Elections - Major trends – Patterns of Voting behaviour - and Factors influencing the voting behaviour - Problems and difficulties in conducting Free and Fair Elections - Electoral Reforms. EVMs.

Administrative Law: Rule of law. Administrative Discretion and its Control and Judicial Review. Administrative Tribunals, their establishment and functioning. Principles of Natural Justice.

Central and State Government Privileges: Section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act, Official Secrets Act, RTI and its impact on Official Secrets Act.

Some Pertinent Laws:

(1) Environmental Protection Act, 1986: Object, Machinery and Measures provided therein.

(2) The Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Definitions - Consumer Disputes Redressal Machinery.

(3) Right to Information Act, 2005: Rights of Applicants, duty of Public Authority, exceptions to the information.

(4) Information Technology Act - 2000 (Cyber Law): Definitions -Authorities – offences.

(5) The Prevention of Corruption Act: Object, Machinery and Measures provided therein.

(6) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989: Object, Machinery and Measures provided therein.

(7) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules 1995: Object, Machinery and Measures provided therein.

(8) Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955: Object, Machinery and Measures provided therein.

Social Welfare and Social Legislation: Social Legislation as an Instrument of Social Change; Human Rights. Protection to Women under The Constitution of India and Criminal Law (CrPC), Domestic Violence (Prevention) Act, The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 and The Right of Information Act, 2005.

Public Services: All India Services, Constitutional position, role and functions. Central Services: nature and functions. Union Public Service Commission. State Services and the Maharashtra State Public Service Commission. Training in the changing context of governance- YASUDA, Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy.

Control over Public Expenditure: Parliamentary Control, Estimates Committee, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Public Undertakings, Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, Role of the Finance Ministry in Monetary and Fiscal policy, Composition and function of Accountant General, Maharashtra.

Paper V: General Studies III (Human Resource Development & Human Rights) (150 marks)

Human resource development.

Human Resource Development in India: Present status of the population in India - quantitative aspect (size and growth - Sex, Age, Urban and Rural) and qualitative aspects (Education and Healthcare). Population policy and projection up to 2050. Importance and need of Human resource planning in modern society. Components and factors involved in the planning of Human Resources. Nature, types and problems of unemployment in India, Trends of Employment in India, Demand estimate of skilled manpower in different Sectors and Areas. Governmental and Voluntary Institutions engaged in the development of manpower e.g. NCERT, NIEPA, UGC, Open Universities, AICTE, NCTE, ITIs, NCVT, IMC, etc. Problems and issues related to HRD. Govt. employment policy, various schemes to reduce unemployment and underemployment.

Education: Education as a tool of HR development and social change. Education (Pre-primary to Higher Education) system in India. Problems and issues (Universalisation of education, vocationalisation of education, Quality improvement, Dropout rate etc.) Education for Girls, Socially and Economically underprivileged classes, Handicapped, Minorities, Talent Search etc. Govt. policies, Schemes and programmes for Education. Govt. and Voluntary Agencies involved in promoting, regulating and monitoring Formal, Non-formal and Adult education. e-Learning. Impact of globalisation and privatisation on Indian education. National Knowledge Commission, National Commission for Higher Education and Research, IITs, IIMs, NITs.

Vocational Education: As a tool of HR development. Vocational/Technical Education- Present status, systems and training in India particularly in Maharashtra. Govt. policies, schemes and programs – Problems, issues and efforts to overcome them. Institutes involved in promoting, regulating, and accrediting vocational and Technical Education.

Health: As an essential and major component of HRD, Vital Statistics, World Health Organisation (WHO) - objectives, structure, functions and its programmes. Govt. Health policies, schemes and programmes, Healthcare system in India. Problems and issues related to Healthcare and efforts to overcome them. Janani-Bal Suraksha Yojana. National Rural Health Mission.

Rural Development: Empowerment of Panchayat Raj system. Village Panchayat and its role in Rural development, Land reforms and development, Role of cooperative institutes in Rural Development, Financial Institutes involved in Rural Development, Rural Employment Schemes, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation programs. Infrastructure development e.g. Energy, Transportation, Housing and communication in the rural areas. National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS).

Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948): International human rights standards, its reflections in the Indian constitution, a mechanism to enforce and protect Human Rights in India. Human Rights Movement in India. Problems related to human rights deprivations such as poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, social-cultural-religious practices, violence, corruption, terrorism, exploitation of labour, custodial crimes etc. Need, for training in and practising human rights and human dignity in a democratic set-up. Globalisation and its impact on different sections of Indian Society. Human Development Index, Infant Mortality Ratio, Sex Ratio.

Child Development: problems and issues (Infant mortality, Malnutrition, Child labour, Children's education etc.) - Government Policies, welfare schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations Community resources. People participate in their Welfare.

Women Development: Problems and issues (Gender inequality, violence against women, Girl child Infanticide/Foeticide, Empowerment of Women etc.)- Government Policy, schemes and programs for development/welfare and empowerment - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community resources. People’s participation in their development. AASHA.

Youth Development: problems and issues (Unemployment, unrest, drug addiction etc.) - Government Policy - development schemes and programs Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community resources. People’s participation in their development.

Tribal Development: problems and issues (Malnutrition, isolation, integration and development etc.) Tribal movement - Government Policy, welfare schemes and programs- Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community resources. People’s participation in their Welfare.

Development for Socially deprived classes (SC, ST, VJ/NT, OBC etc. ): problems and issues (inequality in opportunity etc.) - Government Policy, welfare schemes and development programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Resource mobilization and Community participation.

Welfare for aged People- problems and issues: Government Policy welfare schemes and programs. Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations and Community participation for their development. The utilisation of their services in developmental activities.

Labour Welfare: problems and issues (working conditions, wages, health and problems related to organised and unorganised sectors) - Government Policy, welfare schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, community and Voluntary Organisations.

Welfare of disabled persons: problems and issues (inequality in educational and employment opportunity etc.) - Government Policy, welfare schemes and programs - Role of international agencies, Voluntary Organisations in employment and rehabilitation.

People’s Rehabilitations: (People affected by Development projects and Natural Calamities.) Strategy and programs – Legal Provisions Consideration of different aspects like economic, cultural, social, psychological etc.

International and Regional Organisations: United Nations and its specialised agencies – UNCTAD, UNDP, ICJ, ILO, UNICEF, UNESCO, UNCHR, EU, APEC, ASEAN, OPEC, OAU, SAARC, NAM, Commonwealth of Nations and European Union.

Consumer Protection: Salient features of the existing act- Rights of consumers- Consumer disputes and redressal machinery, Different kinds of Forums- Objectives, Powers, functions, procedures, Consumer Welfare Fund.

Values and Ethics: Fostering of social norms, values, ethics through formal and informal agencies such as family, religion, education, media etc.

Paper VI: General Studies IV (Economy & Planning, Economics of Development and Agriculture, Science and Technology Development) (150 marks)

Economy and planning.

Indian Economy: Challenges in Indian Economy - Poverty, Unemployment and Regional Imbalances. Planning: Process - Types - Review of India's First to Tenth Five year Plans. Evaluation. Social and Economic Indicators of Development. State and Local Level Planning. Decentralisation -73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.

Urban and Rural Infrastructure Development: Need and Significance. Growth and Development of Social and economic infrastructure such as Energy, Water supply and sanitation, Housing, Transport (Road, Ports etc.), Communications (Post and Telegraphs, Telecommunication), and Network of Radio, TV, and Internet. Crises, and problems related to Infrastructure in India. Policy alternatives- Public-Private Sector Partnership (PPP). FDI and Infrastructure Development- Privatisation of infrastructure development. Centre and State Government Policies for Infrastructure Development. Transport and Housing (Urban and Rural). Problems - Centre and State Government initiatives and programmes. BOLT and BOT schemes.

Industry: Need - importance and role of industries in economic and social development, Growth Pattern, Structure of Large-scale Industries in India with special reference to Maharashtra. Smallscale, Cottage and Village industries, their problems and prospects. Impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on SSIs. Maharashtra’s Policy, measures and programmes for the development, promotion and monitoring of SSIs. Export Potential of Small scale and cottage industries. SEZs, SPVs.

Co-operation: Concept, Meaning, Objectives, Old and new principles of cooperation. Growth and diversification of co-operative movement in India. The co-operative institution in Maharashtra – types, role, importance and diversification. State policy and Co-operative sector - Legislation, Supervision, Audit and Aid. Problems of Co-operatives in Maharashtra. Prospects of Cooperatives in the era of global competition. Review, reforms and prospects of the cooperative movement in Maharashtra – Alternative policy initiatives in agricultural marketing- Employment Guarantee Scheme.

Economic reforms: Background, Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation – (concept, meaning, scope and limitations). Economic Reforms at Centre and State Level. WTO Regime - Provisions and its implications and impact on the Indian Economy, issues and problems.

International Trade and International Capital Movements: Emerging Trends in the era of globalisation. Growth, Composition and Direction of India's Foreign Trade. Foreign trade policy of India - Export Promotion. WTO and International Trade. Foreign Capital Inflows - Composition and Growth - FDI. eCommerce. Role of Multinationals - International Financing Agencies – (IMF, World Bank and IDA). International Credit Ratings.

Measurement and estimate of poverty: Poverty line: concept and facts, BPL, poverty eradication measures – fertility, nuptiality, mortality and morbidity in India - gender empowerment policies.

Factors determining employment: measures of unemployment - relation between income, poverty and employment - issues of distributional and social justice.

Economy of Maharashtra: Salient features of agriculture, industry and service sectors - drought management in Maharashtra - FDI in Maharashtra

Economics of Development and Agriculture

Macro Economics: Methods of national income accounting. Functions of money - base money -high power money - quantity theory of money - money multiplier. Monetary and non-monetary theories of inflation - control of inflation: monetary, fiscal and direct measures.

Public Finance and Financial Institutions: Role of public finance in a market economy - Criteria for public investment. Merit goods and public goods- sources of revenue and expenditure (Centre and State) -forms of taxes and subsidies and their incidence and effects.- tax, non-tax and public debt of Centre and States in India. Public Expenditure (Centre and States) - Growth and causes. Public Expenditure Reform - Performance-Based Budgeting and Zero-Based Budgeting. Zero-base budgeting - types of budget deficits - internal and external borrowings. Review of Tax Reforms at national and state levels. VAT. Public debt - Growth, Composition and Burden. The problem of States' Indebtedness to Centre. Fiscal Deficits - Concepts, Control of Deficits - Centre, State and RBI Initiatives. Fiscal Reforms in India - Review at Centre and State Level. Financial sector reforms - new trends in banking - real and nominal interest rates - repo and reverse repo transactions.

Growth, Development and International Economics:

(1) Indicators of development- sustainable development- development and environment – Green GDP.

(2) Factors of economic development: natural resource, population, human capital, infrastructure - theory of demographic transition- Human development index - human poverty index – gender empowerment measure

(3) Role of foreign capital and technology in growth - multi-national corporations.

(4) International trade as an engine of growth - theories of international trade.

(5) IMF-IBRD-WTO - Regional Trade Agreements - SAARC - ASEAN.

Indian Agriculture, Rural Development and Cooperation:

(1) Role of agriculture in economic development - the interrelationship between agriculture, industry and services sectors - contract farming - precision farming – corporate farming – organic farming.

(2) Size of landholding and productivity - Green Revolution and technological change - agricultural prices and terms of trade - farm subsidies–Public Distribution System - food security.

(3) Regional disparities in agricultural growth in India–agri-business and global marketing - agricultural credit in India.

(4) Sources of irrigation and water management - live-stock resource and their productivity - White Revolution, fisheries, poultry, forestry, horticulture and floriculture development in India and Maharashtra.

(5) Strategies of rural development during the plan period-rural infrastructure (social and economic) (6) W.T.O. and agriculture - Farmer’s and Breeder’s Rights - biodiversity - GM technology. Implications of GATT (WTO) agreement in agricultural marketing.

(7) Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost, role of co-operatives in agricultural economy.

Agriculture:

(1) Importance of Agriculture in National Economy - Causes of low productivity - Government policies, schemes and programmes for agriculture production and developments such as land reforms and land utilisation, soil and water conservation, rainfed farming, Irrigation and its methods, Mechanization of Agriculture. Role of ICAR, MCAER.

(2) Problem of rural indebtedness, Agriculture credit- need, importance and Financial Institutions involved therein. NABARD and Bhu-Vikas Bank. Agriculture pricing- components, factors affecting prices of various Agriculture produces - Govt. support prices of various agriculture produces, Subsidies. Agriculture Marketing - present status, Value-added products. Role of Govt and its institutes in agriculture marketing. (APC, APMC, etc.)

Food and Nutrition:

Trends in Food production and consumption in India, First and ensuing second Green Revolutions, Self-sufficiency in food, Problem of food security, Problems and issues of storage, procurement, distribution, import and export of food. The calorific value of foods and its measurement, Energy and nutrient needs of the human body for better health and balanced diet - common nutritional problems in India and its causes and effects, Govt. Policies, schemes, programs such as PDS, Food for work, Midday Meal Scheme and other nutritional programs. Proposed Food Security Act.

Indian Industry, Infrastructure and Services Sector:

(1) Trends, composition and growth of industries, infrastructure and services sector in India - the role of public, private and cooperative sectors in India - small and cottage industries. BPO.

(2) Liberalisation and its effects on Indian industries - industrial sickness.

Science and technology developments

Energy: Conventional and non-conventional energy sources - Potential of Solar, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Geothermal and other renewable energy sources. Introduction to solar gadgets viz solar cooker, water heater etc. Biogas- principle, and process. Problems of Energy Crises, Govt. Policies and programs for power generation. Nuclear Power Program, Thermal Power Program, Hydroelectric Power program, Power distribution and National Grid. Agencies and Institutions engaged in Energy security, Research and development.

Computer and Information Technology: Role of computer in modern society, its applications in various spheres of life such as data communication, networking and web technologies, Cybercrime and its prevention. Use of I.T. in various services, Govt. programs such as Media Lab Asia, Vidya Vahini, Gyan Vahini, Community Information Centre etc. Major issues in the IT industry - its prospects.

Space Technology: Indian space programmes, Indian Artificial satellites for telecommunication, television, education, broadcasting, weather forecasting, GPS, disaster warning. Indian missile program etc., Remote sensing, GIS and its application in weather forecasting, Disaster warning, water, soil, mineral resources development, agriculture and fisheries development, urban planning, ecological studies, GS and GIS.

Biotechnology: Its potential to improve human life and the national economy through agricultural, industrial development and employment generation. Biotechnology as an essential tool of natural resource development. Areas of application - Agriculture, Animal breeding and Veterinary health care, Pharmaceutics, Human healthcare, Food technology, energy generation, environment protection etc. Role and efforts of government in promoting, regulating and developing biotechnology in the country. Ethical, Social, and Legal issues related to biotechnological development, possible adverse effects of biotechnological development. Seed technology, its importance. Quality of seed. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. BT cotton, BT brinjal, etc.

Nuclear Policy of India: Salient features. Nuclear Power a source of energy and its significance as clean energy. Problems of nuclear waste. Nuclear thermal power generation in India, its contribution to total power generation. Determinants of Nuclear Tests: Pokhran I (1974) and Pokhran II (1998). Recent Trends in Nuclear Policy such as NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) and CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty). INDO-US Nuclear Treaty of 2009.

Disaster Management: Definition, nature, types and classification of disasters, Natural Hazards: Causative factors and mitigation measures. Floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, etc., Factors affecting mitigation measures- Case studies of major earthquakes and tsunamis such as Killari (1993), Bhuj (2001), Sikkim-Nepal (2011) earthquakes, Banda Ache (2004) (Sumatra), Fukushima (2011) (Japan) earthquakes and Tsunami. Maharashtra: Mumbai floods of 2005. December 1993, June 2006, November 2009, July 2011 bomb blasts and terrorist attacks, their impact.

Click Here for MPSC Mains Exam Pattern and Syllabus 2024 PDF

• Candidates who qualify for the MPSC Mains Exam are called for the ‘Interview’ Round.  Candidates are interviewed by a  Board appointed by the MPSC. The main fields checked by the interviewer are given below.
• The candidate will be interviewed by a board and will have before them a record of the candidate's career and interests filled by the candidate in the Application Form.
• The objective of the interview is to check the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in the state services by a board of competent and unbiased observers.
• In the personality test, apart from their academic study, candidates must be aware of the affairs happening both within and outside their state.
• The interview is more of a purposeful conversation intended to explore the mental qualities and analytical ability of the candidate.

MPSC Group C Syllabus 2024- Click to Check

Q1. What is the difference in preparation for M.P.S.C. and U.P.S.C. ?

Q2. Is knowledge of Marathi needed?

Q3. Do we have optional subjects in MPSC exam?

Q4. Do we have subjective mains papers in MPSC Exam?

Q5. Which is the language / medium of MPSC question papers?

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Dr BR Ambedkar University Delhi MBA/PGDM

• Median Salary ₹7.5 L
• Total tuition fees ₹72.5 K - 3.22 L
• Accepted Exams CMAT + 1 More

Dr BR Ambedkar University Delhi M.Des

• Total tuition fees ₹1.99 L
• B.A. (Hons) (9 courses)
• M.A. (18 courses)
• BBA (2 courses)
• MBA/PGDM (2 courses)
• M.Des (1 course)

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• B.A. (Hons)

आस्था के लिये प्रमाण की आवश्यकता नही!

मन व शरीर को स्वस्थ रखने का एक ही निदान!

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योगा व ध्यान

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