applied research project examples

25 Applied Research Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

Learn about our Editorial Process

Applied research is research intended to solve specific and practical problems faced by the researcher and their shareholders.

Grimsgaard (2023) defines it below:

“Applied research tends to drill down more toward solving specific problems that affect people in the here and now.”

It is contrasted to basic research , which is research for its own sake. Bentley, Gulbrandsen and Kyvik (2015) define basic research as “research undertaken with a primary purpose of the advancement of knowledge for its own sake.”

The key benefit of applied research is that it helps solve problems in the real world – it is the embodiment of the concept of ‘invention is the mother of invention. But if we only did applied research, we wouldn’t achieve any of the blue skies breakthroughs that are achieved through basis research.

In fact, applied research often follows up from basic research, finding ways to apply that basic research to real-life needs in society.

Applied Research Examples

• Medicine: Development of a new vaccine to combat a specific viral strain.
• Computer Science: Creating an algorithm to enhance image recognition in smartphones.
• Agriculture: Introducing a genetically modified crop variety to improve yield and pest resistance.
• Psychology: Implementing cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques to treat anxiety disorders.
• Environmental Science: Designing a method to purify water using solar energy in remote areas.
• Engineering: Developing a more efficient and lightweight battery for electric cars.
• Education: Evaluating the effectiveness of online teaching methods on student performance.
• Economics: Assessing the impact of a new taxation policy on consumer spending.
• Sociology: Creating community programs based on studies of urban youth engagement.
• Architecture: Designing earthquake-resistant buildings based on geological research.
• Nutrition: Formulating a diet plan to mitigate the effects of type 2 diabetes.
• Linguistics: Developing language learning apps based on cognitive linguistics research.
• Sports Science: Designing a training regimen to enhance the performance of long-distance runners.
• Marketing: Analyzing consumer behavior to optimize product placement in retail stores.
• Geology: Creating risk assessment tools for communities near active volcanoes.
• Transportation: Designing an urban transportation system based on traffic flow research.
• Marine Biology: Establishing sustainable fishing guidelines based on studies of fish populations.
• Chemistry: Developing a new drug formulation for faster pain relief.
• Physics: Creating more efficient solar panels based on the study of photovoltaic materials.
• Communication Studies: Implementing crisis communication strategies for corporations based on media research.
• Aerospace Engineering: Designing a new airplane wing for reduced fuel consumption.
• Biotechnology: Producing biofuels from algae after studying their growth and energy properties.
• Musicology: Enhancing acoustics in concert halls based on sound wave research.
• Pharmacology: Testing a new drug to treat a rare form of cancer.
• Urban Planning: Designing green spaces in cities based on studies of residents’ mental well-being.

Case Studies

1. the invention of the internet.

One of the most celebrated examples of applied research leading to a groundbreaking invention is the development of the World Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Tim Berners-Lee, a British engineer and computer scientist, was working at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. His task was to find a way to allow scientists to share data and research results efficiently across the world. The challenge was significant because, at that time, there were no universally accepted and easy-to-use methods for data sharing and retrieval across different computer networks and platforms.

In solving this problem, Berners-Lee developed the three fundamental technologies that remain the foundation of today’s Web (and which you may recognize!):

• HTML : HyperText Markup Language
• URI : Uniform Resource Identifier
• HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol

These technologies enabled the creation and retrieval of linked documents and multimedia across a network of computers. Berners-Lee also created the first web browser and web server to demonstrate and utilize these technologies.

The invention of the World Wide Web has had a profound and transformative impact on society, affecting almost every aspect of our daily lives, including communication, education, business, and entertainment. Berners-Lee’s applied research, initially aimed at solving a specific problem related to scientific data sharing, ended up unleashing a revolutionary tool that reshaped the world.

2. The Discovery of Penicillin

The discovery and development of penicillin, an antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming and its subsequent mass production shows how applied research can lead to revolutionary inventions.

In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish bacteriologist, observed that a mold called Penicillium notatum was able to kill bacteria in a petri dish. This discovery was quite accidental and came while Fleming was researching staphylococci, a type of bacteria. At this point, it was just basic research .

But in 1939, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain took Fleming’s discovery from a useful laboratory finding to a life-saving drug through extensive research and development. They conducted systematic, applied research to figure out how to mass-produce and purify penicillin.

By 1941, the team had successfully treated its first patient with penicillin, marking a major milestone in medicinal history.

But it was in the years of World War II that penicillin really became a life safer – literally. During World War II, the production of penicillin was scaled up massively to treat wounded soldiers, saving countless lives that might have been lost to bacterial infections.

Fleming’s initial discovery and the subsequent applied research by Florey, Chain, and their team transformed penicillin into a practical, widely available antibiotic.

The development and mass production of penicillin marked the beginning of the antibiotic era, fundamentally altering medicine by providing an effective treatment for bacterial infections.

Applied vs Basic Research

Unlike applied research, basic research seeks to expand knowledge and understanding of fundamental principles and theories without immediate application in mind (Abeysekera, 2019; Bentley, Gulbrandsen & Kyvik, 2015).

Basic research is exploratory and often driven by curiosity or the academic interests of the researcher. The results may not have immediate practical implications but can form the foundation for future applied research (Grimsgaard, 2023).

Applied research , on the other hand, is aimed at addressing specific problems or questions, with the intent of applying the findings to practical solutions or actions (Abeysekera, 2019; Baimyrzaeva, 2018).

It is more structured, systematic, and focused on practical problem-solving or enhancing existing methods. The results are typically intended for immediate application, with direct, observable implications.

Benefits and Limitations of Applied Research

Applied research is specifically designed to address immediate problems, which is one of its greatest advantages.

It helps businesses, industries and policy makers improve operations, products, services or policies, thereby providing practical and immediate solutions (Baimyrzaeva, 2018).

Moreover, its impact can be quantified, making it easier to secure funding. However, the main disadvantage is that it is narrowly focused and its findings may not be universally applicable.

However, the desire for quick, practical results can constrain the methodology, perhaps limiting creativity or ignoring broader implications (Baimyrzaeva, 2018; Marotti de Mello & Wood 2019).

The pressure for immediate usability can also drive researchers towards safe, predictable projects rather than innovative or risky ones.

Abeysekera, A. (2019). Basic research and applied research.  Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka ,  47 (3).

Baimyrzaeva, M. (2018). Beginners’ guide for applied research process: What is it, and why and how to do it.  University of Central Asia ,  4 (8).

Bentley, P. J., Gulbrandsen, M., & Kyvik, S. (2015). The relationship between basic and applied research in universities.  Higher Education ,  70 , 689-709. ( Source )

Dunn, D. S. (2012). Research Methods for Social Psychology (2nd ed.). Wiley Global Education.

Grimsgaard, W. (2023). Design and strategy: a step by step guide . New York: Taylor & Francis.

Marotti de Mello, A., & Wood Jr, T. (2019). What is applied research anyway?.  Revista de Gestão ,  26 (4), 338-339. ( Source )

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 101 Hidden Talents Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 15 Green Flags in a Relationship
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 15 Signs you're Burnt Out, Not Lazy
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 15 Toxic Things Parents Say to their Children

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

• Privacy Policy

Home » Applied Research – Types, Methods and Examples

Applied Research – Types, Methods and Examples

Table of Contents

Applied Research

Definition:

Applied research is a type of scientific inquiry that focuses on developing practical solutions to real-world problems. It involves the use of existing knowledge, theories, and techniques to address specific problems or challenges in a particular field or industry.

Applied research is often conducted in collaboration with industry or government partners, who provide funding and expertise to support the research. The results of applied research are typically intended to be directly applicable to the real world, and may involve the development of new products, technologies, or processes.

Types of Applied Research

Types of Applied Research are as follows:

Action Research

This type of research is designed to solve specific problems within an organization or community. The research involves collaboration between researchers and stakeholders to develop solutions to issues that affect the organization or community.

Evaluation Research

This type of research is used to assess the effectiveness of a particular program, policy, or intervention. Evaluation research is often used in government, healthcare, and social service settings to determine whether programs are meeting their intended goals.

Developmental Research

This type of research is used to develop new products, technologies, or processes. The research may involve the testing of prototypes or the development of new methods for production or delivery.

Diagnostic Research

This type of research is used to identify the causes of problems or issues. Diagnostic research is often used in healthcare, where researchers may investigate the causes of a particular disease or condition.

Policy Research

This type of research is used to inform policy decisions. Policy research may involve analyzing the impact of existing policies or evaluating the potential outcomes of proposed policies.

Predictive Research

This type of research is used to forecast future trends or events. Predictive research is often used in marketing, where researchers may use data analysis to predict consumer behavior or market trends.

Data Collection Methods

In applied research, data collection methods can be broadly classified into two categories: Quantitative and Qualitative methods:

Quantitative Data Collection

Quantitative research methods involve collecting numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. The most commonly used quantitative data collection methods in applied research include:

• Surveys : Surveys are questionnaires designed to collect data from a large sample of people. Surveys can be conducted face-to-face, over the phone, or online.
• Experiments : Experiments involve manipulating variables to test cause-and-effect relationships. Experiments can be conducted in the lab or in the field.
• Observations : Observations involve watching and recording behaviors or events in a systematic way. Observations can be conducted in the lab or in natural settings.
• Secondary data analysis: Secondary data analysis involves analyzing data that has already been collected by someone else. This can include data from government agencies, research institutes, or other sources.

Qualitative Data Collection

Qualitative research methods involve collecting non-numerical data that can be analyzed for themes and patterns. The most commonly used qualitative data collection methods in applied research include:

• Interviews : Interviews involve asking open-ended questions to individuals or groups. Interviews can be conducted in-person, over the phone, or online.
• Focus groups : Focus groups involve a group of people discussing a topic with a moderator. Focus groups can be conducted in-person or online.
• Case studies : Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a single individual, group, or organization.
• Document analysis : Document analysis involves analyzing written or recorded documents to extract data. This can include analyzing written records, audio recordings, or video recordings.

Data Analysis Methods

In applied research, data analysis methods can be broadly classified into two categories: Quantitative and Qualitative methods:

Quantitative Data Analysis

Quantitative data analysis methods involve analyzing numerical data to identify patterns and trends. The most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods in applied research include:

• Descriptive statistics: Descriptive statistics involve summarizing and presenting data using measures such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation.
• Inferential statistics : Inferential statistics involve testing hypotheses and making predictions about a population based on a sample of data. This includes methods such as t-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis, and correlation analysis.
• Data mining: Data mining involves analyzing large datasets to identify patterns and relationships using machine learning algorithms.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative data analysis methods involve analyzing non-numerical data to identify themes and patterns. The most commonly used qualitative data analysis methods in applied research include:

• Content analysis: Content analysis involves analyzing written or recorded data to identify themes and patterns. This includes methods such as thematic analysis, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.
• Grounded theory: Grounded theory involves developing theories and hypotheses based on the analysis of data.
• Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Interpretative phenomenological analysis involves analyzing data to identify the subjective experiences of individuals.
• Case study analysis: Case study analysis involves analyzing a single individual, group, or organization in-depth to identify patterns and themes.

Applied Research Methodology

Applied research methodology refers to the set of procedures, tools, and techniques used to design, conduct, and analyze research studies aimed at solving practical problems in real-world settings. The general steps involved in applied research methodology include:

• Identifying the research problem: The first step in applied research is to identify the problem to be studied. This involves conducting a literature review to identify existing knowledge and gaps in the literature, and to determine the research question.
• Developing a research design : Once the research question has been identified, the next step is to develop a research design. This involves determining the appropriate research method (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods), selecting the data collection methods, and designing the sampling strategy.
• Collecting data: The third step in applied research is to collect data using the selected data collection methods. This can include surveys, interviews, experiments, observations, or a combination of methods.
• Analyzing data : Once the data has been collected, it needs to be analyzed using appropriate data analysis methods. This can include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, content analysis, or other methods, depending on the type of data collected.
• Interpreting and reporting findings : The final step in applied research is to interpret the findings and report the results. This involves drawing conclusions from the data analysis and presenting the findings in a clear and concise manner.

Applications of Applied Research

Some applications of applied research are as follows:

• Product development: Applied research can help companies develop new products or improve existing ones. For example, a company might conduct research to develop a new type of battery that lasts longer or a new type of software that is more efficient.
• Medical research : Applied research can be used to develop new treatments or drugs for diseases. For example, a pharmaceutical company might conduct research to develop a new cancer treatment.
• Environmental research : Applied research can be used to study and address environmental problems such as pollution and climate change. For example, research might be conducted to develop new technologies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Agriculture : Applied research can be used to improve crop yields, develop new varieties of plants, and study the impact of pests and diseases on crops.
• Education : Applied research can be used to study the effectiveness of teaching methods or to develop new teaching strategies.
• Transportation : Applied research can be used to develop new technologies for transportation, such as electric cars or high-speed trains.
• Communication : Applied research can be used to improve communication technologies, such as developing new methods for wireless communication or improving the quality of video calls.

Examples of Applied Research

Here are some real-time examples of applied research:

• COVID-19 Vaccine Development: The development of COVID-19 vaccines is a prime example of applied research. Researchers applied their knowledge of virology and immunology to develop vaccines that could prevent or reduce the severity of COVID-19.
• Autonomous Vehicles : The development of autonomous vehicles involves applied research in areas such as artificial intelligence, computer vision, and robotics. Companies like Tesla, Waymo, and Uber are conducting extensive research to improve their autonomous vehicle technology.
• Renewable Energy : Research is being conducted on renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro power to improve efficiency and reduce costs. This is an example of applied research that aims to solve environmental problems.
• Precision Agriculture : Applied research is being conducted in the field of precision agriculture, which involves using technology to optimize crop yields and reduce waste. This includes research on crop sensors, drones, and data analysis.
• Telemedicine : Telemedicine involves using technology to deliver healthcare remotely. Applied research is being conducted to improve the quality of telemedicine services, such as developing new technologies for remote diagnosis and treatment.
• Cybersecurity : Applied research is being conducted to improve cybersecurity measures and protect against cyber threats. This includes research on encryption, network security, and data protection.

Purpose of Applied Research

The purpose of applied research is to solve practical problems or improve existing products, technologies, or processes. Applied research is focused on specific goals and objectives and is designed to have direct practical applications in the real world. It seeks to address problems and challenges faced by individuals, organizations, or communities and aims to provide solutions that can be implemented in a practical manner.

The primary purpose of applied research is to generate new knowledge that can be used to solve real-world problems or improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing products, technologies, or processes. Applied research is often conducted in collaboration with industry, government, or non-profit organizations to address practical problems and create innovative solutions.

Applied research is also used to inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of specific interventions or programs. By conducting research on the impact of policies and programs, decision-makers can make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and prioritize interventions.

Overall, the purpose of applied research is to improve people’s lives by developing practical solutions to real-world problems. It aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and to ensure that research findings are put into action to achieve tangible benefits.

When to use Applied Research

Here are some specific situations when applied research may be appropriate:

• When there is a need to develop a new product : Applied research can be used to develop new products that meet the needs of consumers. For example, a company may conduct research to develop a new type of smartphone with improved features.
• When there is a need to improve an existing product : Applied research can also be used to improve existing products. For example, a company may conduct research to improve the battery life of an existing product.
• When there is a need to solve a practical problem: Applied research can be used to solve practical problems faced by individuals, organizations, or communities. For example, research may be conducted to find solutions to problems related to healthcare, transportation, or environmental issues.
• When there is a need to inform policy decisions: Applied research can be used to inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of specific interventions or programs.
• When there is a need to improve efficiency and effectiveness: Applied research can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processes or systems. For example, research may be conducted to identify ways to streamline manufacturing processes or to improve the delivery of healthcare services.

Characteristics of Applied Research

The following are some of the characteristics of applied research:

• Focus on solving real-world problems : Applied research focuses on addressing specific problems or needs in a practical setting, with the aim of developing solutions that can be implemented in the real world.
• Goal-oriented: A pplied research is goal-oriented, with a specific aim of solving a particular problem or meeting a specific need. The research is usually designed to achieve a specific outcome, such as developing a new product, improving an existing process, or solving a particular issue.
• Practical and relevant: Applied research is practical and relevant to the needs of the industry or field in which it is conducted. It aims to provide practical solutions that can be implemented to improve processes or solve problems.
• Collaborative : Applied research often involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, such as engineers, scientists, and business professionals. Collaboration allows for the exchange of knowledge and expertise, which can lead to more effective solutions.
• Data-driven: Applied research is data-driven, relying on empirical evidence to support its findings and recommendations. Data collection and analysis are important components of applied research, as they help to identify patterns and trends that can inform decision-making.
• Results-oriented: Applied research is results-oriented, with an emphasis on achieving measurable outcomes. Research findings are often used to inform decisions about product development, process improvement, or policy changes.
• Time-bound : Applied research is often conducted within a specific timeframe, with deadlines for achieving specific outcomes. This helps to ensure that the research stays focused on its goals and that the results are timely and relevant to the needs of the industry or field.

Advantages of Applied Research

Some of the advantages of applied research are as follows:

• Practical solutions: Applied research is focused on developing practical solutions to real-world problems, making it highly relevant to the needs of the industry or field in which it is conducted. The solutions developed through applied research are often highly effective and can be implemented quickly to address specific issues.
• Improved processes: Applied research can help organizations to improve their processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity. The research can identify areas for improvement, such as bottlenecks or inefficiencies, and provide recommendations for optimizing processes.
• Innovation: Applied research can lead to the development of new products, services, and technologies that can transform industries and create new opportunities for growth and innovation. The research can help organizations to identify unmet needs and develop new solutions to meet them.
• Collaboration : Applied research often involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, leading to the exchange of knowledge and expertise. Collaboration can result in more effective solutions and can help to build partnerships between academia and industry.
• Increased competitiveness : Applied research can help organizations to stay competitive by enabling them to adapt to changing market conditions and customer needs. The research can provide insights into emerging trends and technologies, helping organizations to stay ahead of the curve.
• Economic growth: Applied research can contribute to economic growth by creating new industries and jobs. The research can lead to the development of new technologies and products that can drive economic growth and create new opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation.

Limitations of Applied Research

Some of the limitations of applied research are as follows:

• Limited generalizability: Applied research often focuses on specific contexts and may not be generalizable to other settings. This means that the findings of applied research may not be applicable to other industries, regions, or populations.
• Time and resource constraints: Applied research is often conducted within a specific timeframe and with limited resources. This can limit the scope and depth of the research and may prevent researchers from exploring all possible avenues.
• Potential for bias: Applied research may be influenced by the interests and perspectives of the organization or industry funding the research. This can lead to a bias in the research and potentially compromise the objectivity and validity of the findings.
• Ethical considerations: Applied research may raise ethical concerns, particularly if it involves human subjects or sensitive issues. Researchers must adhere to ethical standards and ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limited theoretical development: Applied research tends to focus on practical solutions and may not contribute significantly to theoretical development in a particular field. This can limit the broader impact of the research and may hinder the development of new theories and frameworks.
• Limited focus on long-term impact: Applied research often focuses on short-term outcomes, such as developing a new product or improving a process. This may limit the focus on long-term impacts, such as the sustainability of the solution or its broader implications for the industry or society.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

Descriptive Research Design – Types, Methods and...

Survey Research – Types, Methods, Examples

Ethnographic Research -Types, Methods and Guide

Questionnaire – Definition, Types, and Examples

Transformative Design – Methods, Types, Guide

One-to-One Interview – Methods and Guide

• What is Applied Research? + [Types, Examples & Method]

Every research begins with a clear delineation of the purpose of the investigation as this goes a long way to determine the research process or methodology adopted. In this sense, a researcher may choose to carry out basic research or applied research. 

Applied research is set on providing answers to specific questions in a bid to provide a solution to a defined problem. In this article, we will outline the features of this method of systematic investigation as well as how it differs from other approaches to research. 

What is Applied Research?

Applied research is a type of research design that seeks to solve a specific problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual, group or society. It is often referred to as a scientific method of inquiry or contractual research because it involves the practical application of scientific methods to everyday problems. 

When conducting applied research, the researcher takes extra care to identify a problem, develop a research hypothesis and goes ahead to test these hypotheses via an experiment. In many cases, this research approach employs empirical methods in order to solve practical problems. 

Applied research is sometimes considered to be a non-systematic inquiry because  of its direct approach in  seeking a solution to a problem. It is typically a follow-up research design that further investigates the findings of pure or basic research in order to validate these findings and apply them to create innovative solutions.     

Types of Applied Research

There are 3 types of applied research. These are evaluation research, research and development, and action research.

• Evaluation Research

Evaluation research is a type of applied research that analyses existing information about a research subject to arrive at objective research outcomes or reach informed decisions. This type of applied research is mostly applied in business contexts, for example, an organisation may adopt evaluation research to determine how to cut down  overhead costs.

• Research and Development

Research and development is a type of applied research that is focused on developing new products and services based on the needs of target markets. It focuses on gathering information about marketing needs and finding ways to improve on an existing product or create new products that satisfy the identified needs.

• Action Research

Action research is a type of applied research that is set on providing practical solutions to specific business problems by pointing the business in the right directions. Typically, action research is a process of reflective inquiry that is limited to specific contexts and situational in nature.

Examples of Applied Research 

Applied research is relevant in different fields of study; especially science and social science-related fields. Examples of applied research can be seen in medicine, education, business, engineering, psychology and health, and these would be further explicated below. 

Applied Research Example in Business

Applied research is used in business to build knowledge and develop product solutions. It enables organisations to identify the peculiar needs of target markets and this would help them to create different business strategies that would allow them to satisfy these needs. 

In addition, conducting contractual research would help business owners to get insightful feedback on product gaps that may have, otherwise, been ignored. This is a great way to get first-hand information on target market reactions which can inform brand decisions. 

Applied research also helps employers of labour to identify and address the productivity needs of their workforce. For instance, an organization may carry out applied research in order to measure the effectiveness of its recruitment practices or of its organisational structure. 

• Applied research to improve an organization’s hiring process.
• Applied research to improve workplace efficiency and organizational policies.
• Applied research to bridge skill gaps in the workplace.

Applied Research Examples in Education  

In education, applied research is used to test pedagogic processes in order to discover the best teaching and learning methods. It is also used to test educational policies before implementation and to address different issues associated with teaching paradigms and classroom dynamics for a better learning experience. 

Educational applied research attempts solving a problem by gathering data from primary sources using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This data serves as empirical evidence which is then subjected to rigorous analysis and description in order to arrive at valid conclusions.

The goal of this research methodology is to determine the applicability of educational theory and principles by way of subjecting hypotheses to experimentation within specific settings. Applied research in education is also more utilitarian as it gathers practical evidence that can inform pragmatic solutions to problems. 

Characteristics of Applied Research in Education 

• It clearly highlights generalizations and hypotheses that inform the research findings.
• It relies on empirical evidence.
• It is set at providing solutions to a defined problem.
• It requires accurate observation and description.
• A study into the way to improve teacher-learner classroom engagements.
• A study into the way to improve a school’s readiness for its students.
• A study to build students’ interests in Mathematics.

Applied Research Example in Science

In itself, applied research is a scientific method of investigation because it applies existing scientific knowledge to practical situations. It is useful in different fields including thermodynamics, physics, material sciences and microbiology. 

Examples of applied research in science include the following: 

• Applied research to improve agricultural crop production
• Applied research to treat or cure a specific disease.

Applied Research Examples in Psychology  

There are different reasons psychologists would make use of applied research in the course of their work. In many cases, industrial-psychologists concerned with workplace behavior, human resources and organisational development combine psychological principles with applied research to proffer solutions. 

Examples of applied research in psychology include:

• Applied research to improve workplace commitment by arriving at practical worker-motivation strategies.
• Investigating treatment and management options for anxiety and panic attacks.
• Investigating factors that improve worker’s productivity.

Applied Research Example in Health   

In health and medical sciences, applied research serves as the background to evidence-based and solution-oriented medicine. It effectively merges scientific knowledge and methods with health experiences in order to arrive at accurate and verifiable results; using empirical research data or evidence. 

The adaptation of applied research to medicine is referred to as applied clinical research . Many health and medical practitioners use applied research to measure the extent to which the findings of basic or pure research can be adopted or modified into a solution-oriented approach.

Examples of applied research in health include:

• An investigation to identify the healing properties of a specific herb.
• An investigation to identify the side effects of using a particular drug.

APPLIED RESEARCH METHODS

Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods are used in applied research to gather empirical evidence that is further subjected to experimentation in order to arrive at valid research outcomes. The following are data collection methods in applied research:

An interview is a qualitative method of data collection that involves having a one-on-one interaction or discussion with the research subjects in order to gather relevant information that can serve as empirical data. It can be conducted with the use of an audio recorder, digital camera or camcorder.

Even though it is time-consuming and expensive, interviews allow the researcher to gather the most relevant data which gives him or her in-depth knowledge about the research subjects. An interview may be structured, semi-structured or unstructured; depending on the research purpose. 

• Surveys/Questionnaires

A questionnaire is an instrument that is typically used for quantitative data gathering . It outlines a series of questions relating to the research context and requires the research subjects to choose or provide responses that reflect their knowledge and experiences.

There are different types of questions that can be contained in a questionnaire including rating scale question s, close and open-ended questions and fixed alternatives. You can create and administer your applied research survey using data-collection platforms like Formplus . 

You can also start choosing from our over 200 online survey/questionnaire templates.

Here is a step-by-step guide on  how to create and administer questionnaires for applied research using Formplus

Sign in to Formplus

In the Formplus builder, you can easily create different questionnaires for applied research by dragging and dropping preferred fields into your form. To access the Formplus builder, you will need to create an account on Formplus. 

Once you do this, sign in to your account and click on “Create Form ” to begin.

Edit Form Title

Click on the field provided to input your form title, for example, “Applied Research Questionnaire”.

Click on the edit button to edit the form.

i. Add Fields: Drag and drop preferred form fields into your form in the Formplus builder inputs column. There are several field input options for questionnaires in the Formplus builder. 

ii. Edit fields

iii. Click on “Save”

iv. Preview form. 

Form Customization

With the form customization options in the form builder, you can easily improve on the appearance of your questionnaire and make it more unique and personalized. Formplus allows you to change your form theme, add background images and even change the font according to your needs. 

Multiple Sharing Options

Formplus also provides multiple form sharing options which enables you to easily share your questionnaire with respondents. With the direct social media sharing buttons, you can swiftly share your applied research questionnaire link to your organization’s social media pages. 

You can send out your questionnaire as email invitations to your research subjects too. Formplus also allows you to share your form’s QR code or embed it in your organization’s website for easy access. 

• Data Reporting

The process of gathering useful information about a research subject which can be used for further research. This can be done through not-for-profit reports, newspapers, website articles and hospital records.

It helps you  gather relevant data that results in more insightful decisions.  However, it is susceptible to bias because the information can easily be exaggerated by the individual or group collecting the data. 

• Observation

A type of data gathering method in applied research that requires the researcher to pay close attention to a subject (s) in order to gather useful information about it. Although bias may arise with this method, observation is widely considered as a universally accepted research practice.

Observation helps the researcher to gather empirical data and thus, it is the starting point for the formulation of a hypothesis. There are different techniques for observation including complete observer, complete participant, participant as observer and observer as participant. 

• Focus Groups

A focus group is a type of qualitative data collection process that allows the researcher to gather information about the disposition, feelings and opinions of the research subjects about a specific issue.

Here, the researcher engages a group comprising 6-10 individuals with a range of open-ended questions with the aim of gathering feedback about their emotional disposition to the issue at hand. This method is cost-effective compared to one-on-one interviews, and the information obtained is insightful and detailed. 

How is Applied Research Different from Basic Research?

Applied research and basic research are common methods of inquiry, based on purpose or utility. However, there are key differences between these 2 research approaches and these would be clearly outlined below: 

Applied research is a type of research that is aimed at the practical application of science in order to solve practical problems. On the other hand, basic research is a type of research that is aimed at expanding knowledge rather than solving problems. 

Basic research is theoretical in nature while applied research is practical and descriptive in nature. Basic research explores and generates theories that may be abstract while applied research tests these theories in order to solve a problem. 

Basic research is universal while applied research is limited. Basic research can focus on diverse or multiple contexts while applied research focuses on specific contexts with the aim of providing a solution to an identified problem. 

Applied research is focused on providing answers or solutions to a specific research question while basic research focuses on multiple concepts at the same time in its quest to expand knowledge. 

• Applied research pays attention to external validity while basic research is more focused on internal validity .

Characteristics of Applied Research 

• Applied research is solution-specific and it addresses practical problems. Unlike basic research that is aimed at theorizing and expanding knowledge, applied research focuses on addressing a particular problem using a range of science-based approaches.
• Applied research is descriptive in nature as it arrives at solutions by experimenting on empirical evidence and describing research outcomes.
• Usually, applied research tests theories arrived at by pure research in order to determine the usefulness of these theories in solving practical problems.
• It describes the relationship between research variables by measuring the characteristics of dependent and independent variables.
• Applied research relies on empirical evidence in order to arrive at valid research outcomes.
• It is not theoretical and it is not directly concerned with the expansion of knowledge.
• Applied research is synthetic in nature.
• It is aimed at the cost-effective reduction of social problems.
• Applied research is action-oriented.

Advantages of Applied Research

• Validity: Applied research is unbiased in nature because it tests empirical evidence in order to arrive at valid research outcomes. It employs carefully mapped-out procedures, and this makes it a more valid research approach.
• It is useful in solving specific problems. It helps individuals and organizations to find solutions to specific problems.

Disadvantages of Applied Research 

• It is not flexible in nature as it is restricted to a stipulated deadline.
• Applied research is limited in nature and it cannot be generalized. In other words, the findings from applied research cannot be generalized.

Conclusion 

Applied research is an important research approach because it helps organisations to arrive at practical solutions to specific problems while improving their productivity and output. Unlike basic research that focuses on generating theories that explain phenomena, applied research pays attention to describing empirical evidence with the aim of providing solutions. 

In carrying out applied research, the researcher combines a number of qualitative and quantitative data-gathering methods including questionnaires, observation methods, and interviews. This helps the researcher to gather empirical evidence that is then subjected to experimentation depending on the type of applied research and the overall focus. 

Connect to Formplus, Get Started Now - It's Free!

• applied basic research differences
• Applied research
• applied research characteristics
• Applied research methods
• applied research types
• examples of applied research
• types of applied research
• busayo.longe

You may also like:

Basic vs Applied Research: 15 Key Differences

Differences between basic and applied research in definition, advantages, methods, types and examples

How to Write a Problem Statement for your Research

Learn how to write problem statements before commencing any research effort. Learn about its structure and explore examples

What is Pure or Basic Research? + [Examples & Method]

Simple guide on pure or basic research, its methods, characteristics, advantages, and examples in science, medicine, education and psychology

21 Chrome Extensions for Academic Researchers in 2022

In this article, we will discuss a number of chrome extensions you can use to make your research process even seamless

Formplus - For Seamless Data Collection

Collect data the right way with a versatile data collection tool. try formplus and transform your work productivity today..

• Skip to main content
• Skip to primary sidebar
• Skip to footer
• QuestionPro

• Solutions Industries Gaming Automotive Sports and events Education Government Travel & Hospitality Financial Services Healthcare Cannabis Technology Use Case AskWhy Communities Audience Contactless surveys Mobile LivePolls Member Experience GDPR Positive People Science 360 Feedback Surveys
• Resources Blog eBooks Survey Templates Case Studies Training Help center

Home Market Research Research Tools and Apps

Applied Research: Definition, Types & Examples

Every research project begins with a clear definition of the investigation’s purpose, which helps to identify the research procedure or approach used. In this sense, a researcher can conduct either basic or applied research.

This research focuses on answering specific questions to solve a specific problem. It tries to identify a solution to a cultural or organizational problem and is often a follow-up research plan for basic or pure research.

In this blog, we will explain the types of applied research and give some examples. But before that, we will go through what it is.

What is applied research?

Applied research is a non-systematic way of finding solutions to specific research problems or issues. These problems or issues can be on an individual, group, or societal level. It is called “non-systematic” because it goes straight to finding solutions.

It is often called a “scientific process” because it uses the available scientific tools and puts them to use to find answers.

Like in regular research, the researcher identifies the problem, makes a hypothesis, and then experiments to test it. It goes deeper into the findings of true or basic research.

LEARN ABOUT:   Research Process Steps

Types of applied research

This research has three types: 

• Evaluation research, 
• Research and Development, and 
• Action research. 

The short versions of each type are explained below:

• Evaluation research

Evaluation research is one type of applied research. It looks at the information on a research subject. This kind of research leads to objective research or helps people make better decisions sooner. Most of the time, evaluation research is used in business settings. 

The organization uses this research to figure out how the overhead costs can be cut down or cut down a lot.

• Research and development

Research and Development is the second type of applied research. Its main goal is to create or design new products, goods, or services that meet the needs of certain markets in society. It finds out what the needs of the market are. It focuses on finding new ways to improve products that already meet an organization’s needs.

• Action research

Action research is the third type of applied research. Action research is a way to learn about things that happen in everyday life and nature. Its goal is to find real-world solutions to business problems by pointing the business in the right direction.

LEARN ABOUT: Action Research

Examples of applied research

Applied study is used in many areas of study and research, from the sciences to the social sciences. We also talk about how it’s used in those fields and give some examples:

• Applied study in business

Applied study in business sectors is fully dependent on their products and services. It helps organizations understand market needs and trends, and then shape their products to fit customers.

Businesses benefit from This research because it allows them to detect gaps in their findings and obtain primary information on target market preferences.

• It can improve hiring.
• It improves work and policy.
• It identifies workplace skill gaps.
• Applied study in education

The applied study is used in the education field to test different ways of teaching and to find better ways of teaching and learning. Before implementing new education policies, they are tested to see how well they work, how they affect teaching, and how the classroom works.

Applied education research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from first-hand sources. This information is then looked at and interpreted differently to generate valuable results or conclusions.

LEARN ABOUT: Qualitative Interview

Most applied research in this field is done to develop and test different ways of doing things by trying them out in different situations. It is based on accurate observations and descriptions of the real world.

• Applied study to understand the reach of online learning initiatives.
• Applied study to promote teacher-student classroom engagement.
• Applied study on the new math program.
• Applied study in science

As already said, applied study is often called a scientific process because it uses the available scientific tools to find answers. It can be used in physics, microbiology, thermodynamics, and other fields.

• The applied study is put into practice to cure a disease.
• The applied study is put into practice to improve agricultural practices.
• The applied study is applied to testing new laboratory equipment.
• Applied study in psychology

Researchers use this research in psychology to figure out how people act at work, how HR works, and how the organization is growing and changing so they can come up with solutions.

It is used a lot in areas where researchers try to figure out how people think and then come up with solutions that fit their behavior best.

• Applied study to figure out new ways to deal with depression.
• Applied study to improve students’ grades by emphasizing practical Education.
• Applied study to create a plan to keep employees coming to work regularly.
• Applied study in health

This research is used to examine new drugs in the medical industry. It combines scientific knowledge and procedures with health experiences to produce evidence-based results.

• Applied study in heart surgery.
• Applied study to determine a drug’s efficacy.
• Applied study on a medicine’s adverse effects.

LEARN ABOUT: Theoretical Research

Applied research is an important way to research because it helps organizations find real-world solutions to specific problems while also increasing their output and productivity. In contrast to basic research, which focuses on making theories that explain things, applied research focuses on describing evidence to find solutions.

In the applied study, the researcher uses qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data, such as questionnaires, interviews, and observation methods. Conducting interviews is one of the examples of qualitative data in education . It helps the researcher collect real-world evidence, which is then tested depending on the type of applied research and the main focus.

At QuestionPro, we give researchers access to a library of long-term research insights and tools for collecting data, like our survey software. Go to InsightHub if you want to see a demo or learn more about it.

LEARN MORE         FREE TRIAL

MORE LIKE THIS

Age Gating: Effective Strategies for Online Content Control

Aug 23, 2024

Customer Experience Lessons from 13,000 Feet — Tuesday CX Thoughts

Aug 20, 2024

Insight: Definition & meaning, types and examples

Aug 19, 2024

Employee Loyalty: Strategies for Long-Term Business Success 

Other categories.

• Academic Research
• Artificial Intelligence
• Assessments
• Brand Awareness
• Case Studies
• Communities
• Consumer Insights
• Customer effort score
• Customer Engagement
• Customer Experience
• Customer Loyalty
• Customer Research
• Customer Satisfaction
• Employee Benefits
• Employee Engagement
• Employee Retention
• Friday Five
• General Data Protection Regulation
• Insights Hub
• Life@QuestionPro
• Market Research
• Mobile diaries
• Mobile Surveys
• New Features
• Online Communities
• Question Types
• Questionnaire
• QuestionPro Products
• Release Notes
• Research Tools and Apps
• Revenue at Risk
• Survey Templates
• Training Tips
• Tuesday CX Thoughts (TCXT)
• Uncategorized
• What’s Coming Up
• Workforce Intelligence

What is Applied Research? Definition, Types, Examples

Appinio Research · 10.01.2024 · 35min read

Ever wondered how groundbreaking solutions to real-world challenges are developed, or how innovations come to life? Applied research holds the key. In this guide, we will delve deep into the world of applied research, uncovering its principles, methodologies, and real-world impact.  From harnessing cutting-edge technology to address healthcare crises to revolutionizing industries through data-driven insights, we'll explore the diverse domains where applied research thrives.

What is Applied Research?

Applied research is a systematic and organized inquiry aimed at solving specific real-world problems or improving existing practices, products, or services. Unlike basic research, which focuses on expanding general knowledge, applied research is all about using existing knowledge to address practical issues.

The primary purpose of applied research is to generate actionable insights and solutions that have a direct impact on practical situations. It seeks to bridge the gap between theory and practice by taking existing knowledge and applying it in real-world contexts. Applied research is driven by the need to address specific challenges, make informed decisions, and drive innovation in various domains.

Importance of Applied Research

Applied research holds immense significance across various fields and industries. Here's a list of reasons why applied research is crucial:

• Problem Solving:  Applied research provides effective solutions to real-world problems, improving processes, products, and services.
• Innovation:  It drives innovation by identifying opportunities for enhancement and developing practical solutions.
• Evidence-Based Decision-Making:  Policymakers and decision-makers rely on applied research findings to make informed choices and shape effective policies.
• Competitive Advantage:  In business, applied research can lead to improved products, increased efficiency, and a competitive edge in the market.
• Social Impact:  Applied research contributes to solving societal issues, from healthcare improvements to environmental sustainability.
• Technological Advancement:  In technology and engineering, it fuels advancements by applying scientific knowledge to practical applications.

Applied Research vs. Basic Research

Applied research differs from basic research in several key ways:

• Objectives:  Applied research aims to address specific practical problems or improve existing processes, while basic research seeks to expand general knowledge.
• Focus:  Applied research focuses on solving real-world challenges, whereas basic research explores fundamental principles and concepts.
• Applicability:  Applied research findings are directly applicable to practical situations, while basic research often lacks immediate practical applications.
• Immediate Impact:  Applied research has a more immediate impact on solving problems and improving practices, whereas basic research may have longer-term or indirect effects on knowledge and innovation.
• Research Questions:  Applied research formulates research questions related to practical issues, while basic research poses questions to explore theoretical or fundamental concepts.

Understanding these distinctions is essential for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders in various fields, as it guides the choice of research approach and the expected outcomes of a research endeavor.

Types of Applied Research

Applied research encompasses various types, each tailored to specific objectives and domains. Understanding these types is essential for choosing the right approach to address real-world problems effectively. Here are some common types of applied research, each with its distinct focus and methodologies.

Evaluation Research

Purpose:  Evaluation research assesses the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of programs, interventions, or policies. It aims to determine whether these initiatives meet their intended goals and objectives.

Methodology:  Researchers employ a range of quantitative and qualitative methods , including surveys, interviews, observations, and data analysis, to evaluate the outcomes and outcomes of programs or interventions.

Example:  Evaluating the impact of a public health campaign aimed at reducing smoking rates by analyzing pre- and post-campaign survey data on smoking habits and attitudes.

Action Research

Purpose:  Action research focuses on solving practical problems within a specific organizational or community context. It involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners to implement and assess solutions.

Methodology:  Action research is iterative and participatory, with researchers and stakeholders working together to identify problems, develop interventions, and assess their effectiveness. It often involves cycles of planning, action, reflection, and adjustment.

Example:  Teachers collaborating with researchers to improve classroom teaching methods and student outcomes by implementing and refining innovative teaching strategies.

Case Study Research

Purpose:   Case study research investigates a particular individual, organization, or situation in-depth to gain a comprehensive understanding of a specific phenomenon or issue.

Methodology:  Researchers collect and analyze a wealth of data, which may include interviews, documents, observations, and archival records. The goal is to provide a detailed and context-rich description of the case.

Example:  A detailed examination of a successful startup company's growth strategies and challenges, offering insights into factors contributing to its success.

Applied Experimental Research

Purpose:  Applied experimental research seeks to establish causal relationships between variables by manipulating one or more factors and observing their impact on outcomes. It helps determine cause-and-effect relationships in real-world settings.

Methodology:  Researchers conduct controlled experiments, similar to those in basic research, but within practical contexts. They manipulate variables and use statistical analysis to assess their effects on specific outcomes.

Example:  Testing the impact of different website designs on user engagement and conversion rates by randomly assigning visitors to various design versions and measuring their interactions.

Survey Research

Purpose:   Survey research involves collecting data from a sample of individuals or organizations to understand their opinions, attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics. It is commonly used to gather quantitative data on specific topics.

Methodology:  Researchers design surveys with carefully crafted questions and administer them to a representative sample of the target population . Statistical analysis is used to draw conclusions based on survey responses.

Example:  Conducting a national survey to assess public sentiment and preferences on environmental conservation initiatives and policies.

These types of applied research provide a framework for approaching real-world challenges systematically. Researchers can choose the most appropriate type based on their research goals, objectives, and the nature of the problem or phenomenon they seek to address. By selecting the right approach, applied researchers can generate valuable insights and practical solutions in various fields and disciplines.

How to Prepare for Applied Research?

In the preparatory phase of your applied research journey, you'll lay the groundwork for a successful study. This phase involves a series of crucial steps that will shape the direction and ethics of your research project.

Identifying Research Questions

One of the key starting points for any applied research endeavor is identifying the right research questions. Your research questions should be clear, specific, and directly related to the problem or issue you aim to address.

• Engage with Stakeholders:  Reach out to individuals or groups who are affected by or have an interest in the issue you're researching. Their perspectives can help you formulate relevant questions.
• Consider Feasibility:  Ensure that your research questions are feasible within your available resources, including time, budget, and access to data or participants.
• Prioritize Impact:  Focus on questions that have the potential to create meaningful change or provide valuable insights in your chosen field.

Formulating Hypotheses

Hypotheses serve as the guiding stars of your research, providing a clear direction for your investigation. Formulating hypotheses is a critical step that sets the stage for testing and validating your ideas.

• Testable Predictions:  Your hypotheses should be testable and capable of being proven or disproven through empirical research.
• Informed by Literature:  Base your hypotheses on existing knowledge and insights gained from the literature review. They should build upon what is already known and aim to expand that knowledge.
• Clarity and Precision:  Write your hypotheses in a clear and precise manner, specifying the expected relationship or outcome you intend to explore.

Literature Review

Conducting a thorough literature review is like embarking on a treasure hunt through existing knowledge in your field. It's a comprehensive exploration of what other researchers have already discovered and what gaps in knowledge still exist.

• Search Strategies:  Utilize academic databases, journals, books, and credible online sources to search for relevant literature.
• Analyze Existing Research:  Examine the findings, methodologies, and conclusions of previous studies related to your research topic.
• Identify Research Gaps:  Look for areas where current knowledge is insufficient or contradictory. These gaps will be the foundation for your own research.

Data Collection Methods

Selecting the proper data collection methods is crucial to gather the information needed to address your research questions. The choice of methods will depend on the nature of your research and the type of data you require.

• Quantitative vs. Qualitative:  Decide whether you will collect numerical data (quantitative) or focus on descriptive insights and narratives (qualitative).
• Survey Design :  If surveys are part of your data collection plan, carefully design questions that are clear, unbiased, and aligned with your research goals.
• Sampling Strategies:  Determine how you will select participants or data points to ensure representativeness and reliability.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are at the heart of responsible research. Ensuring that your study is conducted ethically and with integrity is paramount.

• Informed Consent:  Obtain informed consent from participants, ensuring they understand the purpose of the research, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time.
• Confidentiality:  Safeguard participants' personal information and ensure their anonymity when reporting findings.
• Minimizing Harm:  Take measures to mitigate any physical or emotional harm that participants may experience during the research process.
• Ethical Reporting:  Accurately represent your research findings, avoiding manipulation or selective reporting that may mislead readers or stakeholders.

By diligently addressing these aspects of research preparation, you are building a solid foundation for your applied research project, setting the stage for effective data collection and meaningful analysis in the subsequent phases of your study.

How to Design Your Research Study?

When it comes to applied research, the design of your study is paramount. It shapes the entire research process, from data collection to analysis and interpretation. In this section, we will explore the various elements that make up the foundation of your research design.

Research Design Types

Your choice of research design is like selecting the blueprint for your research project. Different research design types offer unique advantages and are suited for different research questions. Here are some common research design types:

• Experimental Design :  In this design, researchers manipulate one or more variables to observe their impact on outcomes. It allows for causal inference but may not always be feasible in applied research due to ethical or practical constraints.
• Descriptive Design:  This design aims to describe a phenomenon or population without manipulating variables. It is often used when researchers want to provide a snapshot of a situation or gain insights into a specific context.
• Correlational Design :  In this design, researchers examine relationships between variables without manipulating them. It helps identify associations but does not establish causation.
• Longitudinal Design :   Longitudinal studies involve collecting data from the same subjects over an extended period. They are valuable for tracking changes or developments over time.
• Cross-Sectional Design :  This design involves data collection from a diverse group of subjects at a single point in time. It's helpful in studying differences or variations among groups.

Sampling Methods

Sampling methods determine who or what will be included in your study. The choice of sampling method has a significant impact on the generalizability of your findings. Here are some standard sampling methods:

• Random Sampling:  This method involves selecting participants or data points entirely at random from the population. It ensures every element has an equal chance of being included, which enhances representativeness .
• Stratified Sampling:  In stratified sampling, the population is divided into subgroups or strata, and then random samples are drawn from each stratum. This method ensures that each subgroup is adequately represented.
• Convenience Sampling:  Researchers choose subjects or data points that are readily available and accessible. While convenient, this method may lead to sampling bias as it may not accurately represent the entire population.
• Purposive Sampling:  In purposive sampling, researchers deliberately select specific individuals or groups based on their expertise, experience, or relevance to the research topic. It is often used when seeking specialized knowledge.

Data Collection Tools

Selecting the right data collection tools is essential to gather accurate and relevant information. Your choice of tools will depend on the research design and objectives. Standard data collection tools include:

• Questionnaires and Surveys:  These structured instruments use standardized questions to gather data from participants. They are suitable for collecting large amounts of quantitative data.
• Interviews:   Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. They provide an opportunity to gather in-depth, qualitative insights from participants.
• Observation:  Direct observation involves systematically watching and recording behaviors or events. It's valuable for studying behaviors or phenomena in their natural context.
• Secondary Data :  Researchers can also utilize existing data sources, such as government reports, databases, or historical records, for their research.

Variables and Measurement

Defining variables and choosing appropriate measurement methods is crucial for ensuring the reliability and validity of your research. Variables are characteristics, phenomena, or factors that can change or vary in your study. They can be categorized into:

• Independent Variables:  These are the variables you manipulate or control in your study to observe their effects on other variables.
• Dependent Variables:  These are the variables you measure to assess the impact of the independent variables.

Choosing the right measurement techniques, scales, or instruments is essential to accurately quantify variables and collect valid data. It's crucial to establish clear operational definitions for each variable to ensure consistency in measurement.

Data Analysis Techniques

Once you have collected your data, the next step is to analyze it effectively. Data analysis involves:

• Data Cleaning:  Removing any errors, inconsistencies, or outliers from your dataset to ensure data quality.
• Statistical Analysis :  Depending on your research design and data type, you may use various statistical techniques such as regression analysis , t-tests, ANOVA, or chi-square tests.
• Qualitative Analysis:  For qualitative data, techniques like thematic analysis, content analysis, or discourse analysis help uncover patterns and themes.
• Data Visualization:  Using graphs, charts, and visual representations to present your data effectively.

Chi-Square Calculator :

t-Test Calculator :

One-way ANOVA Calculator :

Selecting the appropriate analysis techniques depends on your research questions, data type, and objectives. Proper data analysis is crucial for drawing meaningful conclusions and insights from your research.

With a solid understanding of research design, sampling methods, data collection tools, variables, and measurement, you are well-equipped to embark on your applied research journey. These elements lay the groundwork for collecting valuable data and conducting meaningful analyses in the subsequent phases of your study.

How to Conduct Applied Research?

Now that you've prepared and designed your research study, it's time to delve into the practical aspects of conducting applied research. This phase involves the execution of your research plan, from collecting data to drawing meaningful conclusions. Let's explore the critical components in this stage.

Data Collection Phase

The data collection phase is where your research plan comes to life. It's a crucial step that requires precision and attention to detail to ensure the quality and reliability of your data.

• Implement Data Collection Methods:   Execute the data collection methods you've chosen, whether they involve surveys, interviews, observations, or the analysis of existing datasets.
• Maintain Consistency:  Ensure that data collection is carried out consistently according to your research design and protocols. Minimize any variations or deviations that may introduce bias .
• Document the Process:  Keep thorough records of the data collection process. Note any challenges, unexpected occurrences, or deviations from your original plan. Documentation is essential for transparency and replication.
• Quality Assurance:  Continuously monitor the quality of the data you collect. Check for errors, missing information, or outliers. Implement data validation and cleaning procedures to address any issues promptly.
• Participant Engagement:  If your research involves human participants, maintain open and respectful communication with them. Address any questions or concerns and ensure participants' comfort and willingness to participate.

Data Analysis Phase

Once you've collected your data, it's time to make sense of the information you've gathered. The data analysis phase involves transforming raw data into meaningful insights and patterns.

• Data Preparation:  Start by organizing and cleaning your data. This includes dealing with missing values, outliers, and ensuring data consistency.
• Selecting Analysis Methods:  Depending on your research design and data type, choose the appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis methods. Common techniques include regression analysis , content analysis, or thematic coding .
• Conducting Analysis:  Perform the chosen analysis systematically and according to established protocols. Ensure that your analysis is reproducible by documenting every step.
• Interpreting Results:  Interpretation involves making sense of your findings in the context of your research questions and hypotheses. Consider the statistical significance of the results and any practical implications they may have.
• Visualization:  Create visual representations of your data, such as graphs, charts, or tables, to convey your findings effectively. Visualizations make complex data more accessible to a broader audience.

Interpretation of Results

Interpreting research results is a critical step that bridges the gap between data analysis and drawing conclusions. This process involves making sense of the patterns and insights that emerge from your analysis.

• Relate to Hypotheses:  Determine whether your results support or refute your hypotheses. Be prepared to explain any unexpected findings.
• Contextualize Findings:  Consider the broader context in which your research takes place. How do your results fit into the larger body of knowledge in your field?
• Identify Patterns :  Highlight significant trends, correlations, or relationships you've uncovered. Discuss their practical implications and relevance.
• Acknowledge Limitations:  Be transparent about any limitations in your study that may affect the interpretation of results. This includes sample size, data quality, and potential biases.

Drawing Conclusions

Drawing conclusions is the ultimate goal of your research. It involves synthesizing your findings and answering the research questions you initially posed.

• Answer Research Questions:  Explicitly address the research questions you formulated at the beginning of your study. State whether your findings confirm or challenge your initial hypotheses.
• Highlight Insights:  Emphasize the key insights and contributions of your research. Discuss the practical implications of your findings and their relevance to the field.
• Recommend Actions:  Based on your conclusions, suggest practical steps, recommendations, or future research directions. How can your research contribute to addressing the problem or challenge you investigated?
• Consider Implications:  Reflect on the broader implications of your research for stakeholders, policymakers, or practitioners in your field.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

During the data collection, analysis, interpretation, and conclusion-drawing phases, it's essential to be aware of common pitfalls that can affect the quality and integrity of your research.

• Sampling Bias :  Ensure that your sample is representative of the population you intend to study. Address any bias that may have been introduced during data collection.
• Data Manipulation:  Avoid manipulating or selectively reporting data to fit preconceived notions. Maintain transparency in your analysis and reporting.
• Overinterpretation:  Be cautious of drawing overly broad conclusions based on limited data. Acknowledge the limitations of your study.
• Ignoring Ethical Considerations:  Continuously uphold ethical standards in your research, from data collection to reporting. Protect participants' rights and privacy.
• Lack of Validation:  Ensure that the methods and tools you use for data collection and analysis are valid and reliable. Validation helps establish the credibility of your findings.

By navigating the data collection, analysis, interpretation, and conclusion-drawing phases with care and attention to detail, you'll be well-prepared to confidently share your research findings and contribute to advancing knowledge in your field.

How to Report Applied Research Results?

Now that you've conducted your applied research and drawn meaningful conclusions, it's time to share your insights with the world. Effective reporting and communication are crucial to ensure that your research has a real impact and contributes to the broader knowledge base.

Writing Research Reports

Writing a comprehensive research report is the cornerstone of communicating your findings. It provides a detailed account of your research process, results, and conclusions. Here's what you need to consider:

Structure of a Research Report

• Title:  Create a concise, informative title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Abstract:  Summarize your research in a clear and concise manner, highlighting key objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.
• Introduction:  Provide an overview of your research topic, objectives, significance, and research questions.
• Literature Review:  Summarize relevant literature and identify gaps in existing knowledge that your research addresses.
• Methodology:  Describe your research design, sampling methods, data collection tools, and data analysis techniques.
• Results:  Present your findings using tables, charts, and narratives. Be transparent and objective in reporting your results.
• Discussion:  Interpret your results, discuss their implications, and relate them to your research questions and hypotheses.
• Conclusion:  Summarize your main findings, their significance, and the implications for future research or practical applications.
• References:  Cite all sources and studies you referenced in your report using a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

Writing Tips

• Use clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or overly technical terms.
• Organize your report logically, with headings and subheadings for easy navigation.
• Provide evidence and data to support your claims and conclusions.
• Consider your target audience and tailor the report to their level of expertise and interest.

Creating Visualizations

Visualizations are powerful tools for conveying complex data and making your research findings more accessible. Here are some types of visualizations commonly used in research reports:

Charts and Graphs

• Bar Charts:  Ideal for comparing categories or groups.
• Line Charts:  Effective for showing trends or changes over time.
• Pie Charts:  Useful for displaying proportions or percentages.
• Data Tables:  Present numerical data in an organized format.
• Cross-tabulations:  Show relationships between variables.

Diagrams and Maps

• Flowcharts:  Visualize processes or workflows.
• Concept Maps:  Illustrate connections between concepts.
• Geographic Maps:  Display spatial data and patterns.

When creating visualizations:

• Choose the correct type of visualization for your data and research questions.
• Ensure that visualizations are labeled, clear, and easy to understand.
• Provide context and explanations to help readers interpret the visuals.

Presenting Your Research

Presenting your research to an audience is an opportunity to engage, educate, and inspire. Whether it's through a conference presentation, seminar, or webinar, effective communication is vital.

• Know Your Audience:  Tailor your presentation to the interests and expertise of your audience.
• Practice:  Rehearse your presentation to ensure a smooth delivery and confident demeanor.
• Use Visual Aids:  Enhance your presentation with visual aids such as slides, images, or videos.
• Engage with Questions:  Encourage questions and discussions to foster interaction and clarify points.
• Stay within Time Limits:  Respect time constraints and stay on schedule.

Peer Review Process

Before your research is published, it typically undergoes a peer review process. This involves experts in your field evaluating the quality, validity, and significance of your work. The peer review process aims to ensure the integrity and credibility of your research.

• Submission:  Submit your research manuscript to a journal or conference for review.
• Editorial Review:  The editorial team assesses your submission's fit with the journal's scope and may conduct an initial review for quality and compliance.
• Peer Review:  Your manuscript is sent to peer reviewers who evaluate it for methodology, validity, significance, and adherence to ethical standards.
• Feedback and Revision:  Based on reviewers' feedback, you may be asked to revise and improve your research.
• Acceptance or Rejection:  After revisions, the manuscript is reevaluated, and a decision is made regarding publication.

Publishing Your Research

Publishing your research is the final step in sharing your findings with the broader scientific community. It allows others to access and build upon your work. Consider the following when choosing where to publish:

• Journal Selection:  Choose a reputable journal that aligns with your research field and target audience.
• Review Process:  Understand the journal's peer review process and requirements for submission.
• Open Access:  Consider whether you want your research to be open access, freely accessible to all.

Once published, actively promote your research through academic networks, conferences, and social media to maximize its reach and impact.

By effectively reporting and communicating your research findings, you contribute to the advancement of knowledge, inspire others, and ensure that your hard work has a meaningful impact on your field and beyond.

Applied Research Examples

To provide a deeper understanding of applied research's impact and relevance, let's delve into specific real-world examples that demonstrate how this type of research has addressed pressing challenges and improved our lives in tangible ways.

Applied Medical Research: mRNA Vaccines

Example:  mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccine technology, exemplified by the COVID-19 vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, is a remarkable achievement in the field of applied medical research.

Applied researchers in this domain utilized mRNA technology to create vaccines that provide immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Unlike traditional vaccines, which use weakened or inactivated viruses, mRNA vaccines instruct cells to produce a harmless spike protein found on the virus's surface. The immune system then recognizes this protein and mounts a defense, preparing the body to combat the actual virus.

Impact:  The rapid development and deployment of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic have been groundbreaking. They've played a crucial role in controlling the spread of the virus and saving countless lives worldwide. This example underscores how applied research can revolutionize healthcare and respond swiftly to global health crises.

Environmental Science and Applied Research: Ocean Cleanup

Example:  The Ocean Cleanup Project, founded by Boyan Slat, is an ambitious endeavor rooted in applied research to combat plastic pollution in the world's oceans.

This project employs innovative technology, such as large-scale floating barriers and autonomous systems, to collect and remove plastic debris from the ocean. Applied researchers have played a pivotal role in designing, testing, and optimizing these systems to make them efficient and environmentally friendly.

Impact:  The Ocean Cleanup Project is a testament to the power of applied research in addressing pressing environmental challenges. By removing plastic waste from the oceans, it mitigates harm to marine ecosystems and raises awareness about the urgent need for sustainable waste management.

Business and Applied Research: E-commerce Personalization

Example:   E-commerce giants like Amazon and Netflix use applied research to develop sophisticated personalization algorithms that tailor product recommendations and content to individual users.

Applied researchers in data science and machine learning analyze user behavior, preferences, and historical data to create recommendation systems. These algorithms utilize predictive analytics to suggest products, movies, or shows that align with a user's interests.

Impact:  The application of research-driven personalization has transformed the e-commerce and streaming industries. It enhances user experiences, increases customer engagement, and drives sales by presenting customers with products or content they are more likely to enjoy.

Agriculture and Applied Research: Precision Agriculture

Example:  Precision agriculture employs data-driven technology and applied research to optimize farming practices.

Farmers utilize satellite imagery, sensors, and data analytics to monitor crop conditions, soil health, and weather patterns. Applied research guides the development of precision farming techniques, enabling more efficient resource allocation and reducing environmental impact.

Impact:  Precision agriculture increases crop yields, conserves resources (such as water and fertilizer), and minimizes the ecological footprint of farming. This approach contributes to sustainable and economically viable agriculture.

These real-world examples underscore the versatility and impact of applied research across diverse domains. From healthcare and environmental conservation to business, education, and agriculture, applied research continually drives innovation, addresses critical challenges, and enhances the quality of life for individuals and communities worldwide.

Conclusion for Applied Research

Applied research is a powerful force for solving real-world problems and driving progress. By applying existing knowledge and innovative thinking, we can address healthcare challenges, protect our environment, improve businesses, enhance education, and revolutionize agriculture. Through this guide, you've gained valuable insights into the what, why, and how of applied research, unlocking the potential to make a positive impact in your field. So, go forth, conduct meaningful research, and be part of the solution to the world's most pressing issues. Remember, applied research is not just a concept; it's a practical approach that empowers individuals and teams to create solutions that matter. As you embark on your own applied research endeavors, keep the spirit of inquiry alive, remain open to new ideas, and never underestimate the transformative power of knowledge put into action.

How to Conduct Applied Research in Minutes?

Appinio , a real-time market research platform, is here to revolutionize your approach to applied research. Imagine having the power to get real-time consumer insights at your fingertips, enabling you to make swift, data-driven decisions for your business. Appinio takes care of all the heavy lifting in research and tech, so you can focus on what truly matters.

• Lightning-Speed Insights:  From posing questions to gaining insights, it takes mere minutes. When you need answers fast, Appinio delivers.
• User-Friendly:  No need for a PhD in research; our platform is so intuitive that anyone can use it effectively.
• Global Reach:  Access a diverse pool of respondents from over 90 countries, with the ability to define the perfect target group using 1200+ characteristics.

Get free access to the platform!

Join the loop 💌

Be the first to hear about new updates, product news, and data insights. We'll send it all straight to your inbox.

Get the latest market research news straight to your inbox! 💌

Wait, there's more

20.08.2024 | 30min read

What is Employee Experience (EX) and How to Improve It?

19.08.2024 | 14min read

Revolutionizing Brand Health with Mental Availability: Key Takeaways

15.08.2024 | 31min read

360-Degree Feedback: Survey, Process, Software, Examples

Applied Research Examples: Empowering Real-World Solutions

Understand the meaning of ‘ibid’ and its usage in academic and legal writing. Explore citation practices and raise your referencing skills.

Applied research plays a crucial role in various fields, providing practical solutions to real-world problems and driving advancements in technology, healthcare, business, and more. It bridges the gap between theory and practice by translating scientific knowledge into tangible outcomes that positively impact individuals, organizations, communities, or industries. Applied research enables us to develop innovative solutions, refine existing practices, and make informed decisions based on evidence. By focusing on practical applications, applied research contributes to advancements in various fields, ultimately leading to societal progress and improvement. It serves as a driving force for innovation, economic growth, and the overall betterment of individuals and communities. 

What is Applied Research and its purposes?

Applied research is a systematic and practical approach to investigating real-world problems and finding practical solutions. It makes application of scientific methods and techniques to gather and analyze data, conduct experiments, and make evidence-based recommendations. The primary purpose of applied research is to address specific issues or challenges in various fields. It aims to make better-existing practices, processes, or products, validate the effectiveness of interventions or programs, inform policy decisions, and contribute to the development and implementation of evidence-based strategies. 

When using Applied Research

Some common applications of applied research include:

Business and Marketing

Through the utilization of applied research, organizations can gain valuable insights into consumer behavior, evaluate marketing strategies, assess market trends, and identify opportunities for product development and innovation.

Healthcare and Medicine

Applied research is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of medical treatments, interventions, and healthcare policies. It helps in the advancement of patient outcomes, optimizes healthcare delivery systems, and informs evidence-based medical practices.

In education, applied research informs curriculum development, evaluates program effectiveness, guides evidence-based instruction, informs policy decisions, supports professional development, and optimizes student assessment and evaluation.

Public Policy and Governance

Policymakers can leverage data-driven insights to inform decision-making, evaluate program effectiveness, and enhance governance practices. This approach fosters evidence-based policymaking, promotes transparency, and facilitates effective and equitable governance.

Environmental Studies

Applied research is used to address environmental challenges, such as climate change, pollution, and natural resource management. It helps develop sustainable practices, assess the environmental impact of policies and projects, and guide conservation efforts.

Technology and Engineering

Optimizing efficiency and advancing technology, applied research in technological and engineering fields develops and upgrades products, systems, and processes, addressing practical problems with innovative solutions.

Agriculture and Food Science

Applied research is conducted to raise agricultural practices and crop yields, ensure food safety, and develop sustainable farming methods. It addresses challenges related to food production, distribution, and environmental impact.

Types of Applied Research

Applied research includes various types tailored to address specific practical issues and inform decision-making. Some common types of applied research are:

Evaluation Research

This type of research focuses on assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of programs, interventions, policies, or initiatives. It measures outcomes, identifies strengths and weaknesses, and provides recommendations for improvement.

Action Research

Action research involves collaborative inquiry and problem-solving in real-world settings. It emphasizes the active participation of stakeholders to identify and address practical challenges, often leading to immediate changes or interventions.

Research and Development

R&D is a type of applied research with the objective to create innovative products and services to meet market needs. It requires gathering market information, improving existing products, and developing new ones to fulfill customer demands and enhance organizational effectiveness.

Policy Research

Generating evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, policy research plays a crucial role in informing policy development, implementation, and evaluation. By analyzing existing policies and identifying areas for improvement, it aims to shape effective and informed decision-making processes.

Data Collection Methods

Data collection methods refer to the techniques and approaches used to gather information or data for research purposes. These methods vary depending on the nature of the research question, the type of data needed, and the resources available. Here are some common data collection methods:

This collects data through structured questionnaires or interviews. They can be administered in person, over the phone, through mail, or online. Surveys are useful for gathering information from a large number of participants and obtaining self-reported data on attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or demographics.

Interviews conduct one-on-one or group conversations with participants to gather detailed information. Interviews can be structured (with predetermined questions), semi-structured (with a set of guiding questions), or unstructured (allowing for open-ended discussion). Interviews are useful for exploring complex topics, capturing in-depth insights, and understanding participants’ perspectives.

Observations

The method of observation watches and records behaviors, actions, or events in their natural settings. Researchers can be participant observers (actively participating in the observed context) or non-participant observers (observing from a distance). Observations are valuable for studying social interactions, behaviors, and patterns in real-life contexts.

Experiments

Experiments manipulate variables under controlled conditions to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Participants are assigned to different experimental conditions, and data is collected to assess the impact of the manipulated variables. Experiments allow researchers to study causal relationships and test hypotheses.

Data Analysis Methods

Data analysis methods are the techniques and procedures used to analyze and interpret data collected during a research study. These methods help researchers make sense of the data, identify patterns, draw conclusions, and answer research questions. Data analysis plays a crucial role in research as it transforms raw data into meaningful insights and supports evidence-based decision-making. Some common data analysis methods are:

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main characteristics of the data. They include measures such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and frequency distributions. Descriptive statistics provide a snapshot of the data’s central tendency, dispersion, and distribution.

Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics make inferences or draw conclusions about a population based on a sample. These methods help researchers test hypotheses, determine statistical significance, and make generalizations. Examples of inferential statistics include t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and chi-square tests.

Data Mining

Data mining uses computational algorithms to discover patterns, trends, and relationships within large datasets. It helps identify hidden insights and generate predictive models. Data mining techniques include association rule mining, classification, clustering, and anomaly detection.

Applied Research Methodology

Applied research methodology refers to the systematic approach used to conduct applied research studies. It is a series of steps and procedures designed to gather relevant data, analyze it, and draw meaningful conclusions to address real-world problems or provide practical solutions. The methodology for applied research typically includes the following key components:

Problem Identification

Clearly defining and understanding the specific problem or issue to be addressed is the first step in applied research methodology. Conducting a thorough literature review, consulting with experts, and engaging stakeholders are essential steps to gain insights into the problem’s context, scope, and potential impact.

Research Design

Developing a research design involves determining the appropriate research approach, such as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, based on the research objectives and the nature of the problem. It also includes selecting the appropriate data collection methods, sampling techniques, and data analysis procedures.

Data Collection

Data collection methods are chosen based on the research design and the type of data required. Common data collection methods include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, case studies, and document analysis. Rigorous data collection techniques ensure the collection of accurate and reliable data relevant to the research problem.

Data Analysis

Data analysis is about processing, organizing, and interpreting the collected data to derive meaningful insights. Depending on the nature of the data, quantitative analysis techniques such as statistical analysis, regression analysis, or data mining may be used. Qualitative analysis techniques, such as thematic analysis or content analysis, can be employed for textual or qualitative data.

Results and Conclusion

The analyzed data is used to draw conclusions, identify patterns, and make inferences related to the research problem. The results are presented in a clear and concise manner, often through tables, charts, or visualizations. Conclusions should be supported by evidence from the data analysis and aligned with the research objectives.

Examples of Applied Research

The applied research examples illustrate how this addresses real-world issues and aims to provide practical solutions that can be implemented and make a meaningful impact in various domains. Here are some applied research examples across different fields:

In healthcare, the focus is finding practical solutions to improve patient care and outcomes. For example, a study investigating the effectiveness of a new medical treatment or therapy for a specific condition would be considered applied research.

The primary objective is to increase teaching methods, curriculum development, and student learning outcomes. This involves evaluating the effectiveness of various instructional approaches and designing interventions to foster improved student engagement and achievement.

In the domain of business and marketing, the emphasis is on tackling practical issues encountered by organizations. This can include analyzing consumer behavior to devise impactful marketing strategies or conducting market research to evaluate the viability of introducing a new product. Such endeavors align with the principles of applied research.

Environmental Science

The objective is to devise practical solutions for addressing environmental challenges. This can encompass studying the effects of pollution on ecosystems, formulating sustainable practices, or assessing the efficacy of conservation initiatives. These pursuits align with the principles of applied research.

Engineering and Technology

The emphasis of applied research on engineering and technology is to create inventive solutions for real-world problems. This could entail research endeavors aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, refining manufacturing techniques, or pioneering novel materials.

Online Infographic Maker for Science

Mind the Graph enables scientists to present complex information in a visually appealing and accessible manner. With an extensive library of customizable templates, icons, illustrations, and graphs, researchers can effortlessly create visually stunning infographics, posters, and presentations that effectively convey their scientific concepts and data. Mind the Graph not only saves time and effort but also ensures that scientific information is presented in a visually compelling way, captivating audiences and enhancing research impact. 

Related Articles

Subscribe to our newsletter

Exclusive high quality content about effective visual communication in science.

Sign Up for Free

Try the best infographic maker and promote your research with scientifically-accurate beautiful figures

no credit card required

Content tags

• Translation

Applied Research Essentials: Types, examples, and writing tips

By charlesworth author services.

Commencing a research journey involves a distinct definition of the investigation’s purpose, guiding the selection of the research procedure or approach. In this context, researchers can opt for either basic or applied research , each with its unique characteristics and objectives.

Embarking on the journey of conducting applied research requires a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Understanding the nuances of applied research and its distinctions from basic research is crucial before delving into the intricacies of crafting an impactful paper.

What is Applied Research?

Applied research addresses specific problems with the goal of finding practical solutions. Distinguishing it from basic research, which primarily seeks to expand theoretical knowledge, applied research focuses on resolving real-world issues. It serves as a follow-up to basic or pure research, aiming to identify solutions to specific issues at individual, group, or societal levels.

Applied research encompasses various types, each tailored to address specific challenges and practical issues in different domains. The following are three common types of applied research with examples:

1. Evaluation Research:

• Purpose: Evaluation research aims to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance of programs, policies, or interventions. It seeks to determine the impact and outcomes of specific actions and initiatives.

• Application: Often employed in business, government, and non-profit sectors, evaluation research helps organisations make informed decisions by providing data-driven insights into the success or shortcomings of their endeavors.

• Example: Evaluating the impact of a workplace training program on employee productivity and job satisfaction.

2. Research and Development (R&D):

• Purpose: Research and Development applied research focuses on creating or enhancing products, goods, or services to meet the needs of specific markets or industries. It involves innovation and design to improve existing offerings or introduce new solutions.

• Application: Commonly found in industries such as technology, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing, R&D applied research supports the creation of cutting-edge products and processes, contributing to market competitiveness.

• Example: Conducting R&D to develop a new pharmaceutical drug with improved efficacy and fewer side effects.

3. Action Research:

• Purpose: Action research aims to address real-world problems by actively engaging with and observing everyday life and organisational dynamics. It involves a cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting to bring about positive change.

• Application: Widely used in fields like education, healthcare, and organisational development, action research empowers practitioners to collaboratively solve problems, improve processes, and enhance outcomes in their specific contexts.

• Example: Implementing action research in a primary school to integrate AI-driven personalised learning platforms. By actively observing the impact of AI on student engagement, understanding, and academic performance, the research aims to refine teaching strategies and optimise the integration of AI in the classroom.

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Applied Research Paper

Writing an applied research paper involves a systematic and purposeful approach to address practical issues in a specific field. The following steps provide a comprehensive guide for crafting an effective applied research paper:

1. Selecting a Relevant Topic:

• Identify a specific problem or question within your field of study that requires practical solutions.

• Ensure your topic aligns with the goals of applied research, focusing on real-world issues and challenges.

2. Conducting a Thorough Literature Review:

• Explore existing literature related to your chosen topic to understand the current state of knowledge.

• Identify gaps or areas where applied research can contribute valuable insights.

3. Defining Clear Objectives and Hypotheses:

• Clearly outline the goals and hypotheses of your research to guide the direction of your investigation.

• Ensure that your objectives align with the practical implications you aim to address.

4. Choosing an Appropriate Research Methodology:

• Select a methodology that aligns with your research objectives. This could involve qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods.

• Justify your choice of methodology and discuss how it will address the practical aspects of your research.

5. Collecting and Analysing Data:

• Implement your chosen methodology to collect relevant data. Ensure that your data collection methods are appropriate for the practical nature of your research.

• Thoroughly analyse the data using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques.

6. Presenting Results and Drawing Conclusions:

• Clearly present your findings, using tables, charts, or graphs if necessary.

• Connect your results back to your research objectives and draw meaningful conclusions that address the practical implications of your study.

7. Crafting a Well-structured Paper:

• Follow the specific format and guidelines provided by your university or institution.

• Typically, an applied research paper includes sections such as an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.

8. Providing Recommendations for Practice:

• Offer practical recommendations based on your research findings. Discuss how these recommendations can be implemented in real-world scenarios.

• Emphasise the actionable nature of your suggestions.

9. Acknowledging Limitations:

• Address any limitations or constraints in your research methodology or data collection.

• Acknowledge potential challenges and discuss their impact on the reliability and validity of your findings.

10. Citing Relevant Literature:

• Ensure proper citation of all sources used in your research. Follow the citation style recommended by your institution.

11. Reviewing and Revising:

• Proofread your paper for clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy.

• Seek feedback from peers or mentors and be open to making revisions based on constructive input.

By following these steps, researchers can produce applied research papers that not only contribute to academic knowledge but also offer practical solutions to real-world challenges in their respective fields.

In conclusion, the significance of applied research cannot be understated. With their practical orientation and real-world solutions, they serve as invaluable assets across industries, academia, and societal sectors. They are instrumental in addressing pressing challenges, guiding informed decision-making, fostering innovation, and contributing to positive changes in various fields. Applied research papers bridge the gap between theory and practice, providing actionable insights that enhance efficiency, optimise processes, and lead to tangible improvements. As agents of continuous learning and development, these papers play a pivotal role in shaping the future landscape of industries, organisations, and communities. In a world that demands pragmatic solutions, the importance of applied research papers lies in their ability to make a lasting and meaningful impact on the way we approach and solve real-world problems.

Scientific Editing Services

Sign up – stay updated.

We use cookies to offer you a personalized experience. By continuing to use this website, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy.

Basic vs. applied research

• Coding qualitative data for valuable insights

What is the difference between applied research and basic research?

Examples of basic research vs. applied research, basic vs. applied research: a comparative analysis, the interplay between basic and applied research, introduction.

Basic and applied research look at existing knowledge and create new knowledge in different ways. They share the same basic principles of contributing to knowledge through research findings, but their aims and objectives are distinctly different.

In the vast realm of scientific inquiry, research stands as the cornerstone for advancement, driving our understanding of the world and fostering innovation. At its core, research can be bifurcated into two primary types: applied and basic research . While both serve pivotal roles in contributing to our collective knowledge, they operate with distinct objectives and outcomes.

Any approach that is called basic research delves into the foundational principles and theories of science. It is driven by a researcher's curiosity and the aspiration to expand the frontiers of understanding. The primary goal isn't to solve an immediate problem but to garner knowledge for the sake of understanding.

On the other hand, applied research focuses on analysis intended to solve practical problems. Conducting applied research means seeking solutions to specific, tangible challenges that society or industries face. Using the principles derived from basic research, applied research aims to bring about real-world impact and deliver pragmatic solutions.

Basic research

Basic research, often called "pure" or "fundamental" research , is characterized by its intrinsic quest to unravel the mysteries of nature and society. It is an investigation into the very core of phenomena, aiming to discover new principles, theories, or facts without an immediate application in mind. This kind of research is often propelled by the researcher's curiosity, a thirst to understand the "why" and "how" of things, rather than the "what can we do with it."

Basic research has a relatively broad scope and aims to enhance the existing body of knowledge in a particular field. It's not about creating a new product, improving a process, or solving a current societal problem. Instead, it's about laying the groundwork for future investigations, paving the way for applied research to build upon. Basic research poses questions like, "What are the fundamental principles of this phenomenon?" or "How does this process work at different levels?"

Such goals provide the essential framework upon which much of our modern understanding and technological advancement rests. Without the exploratory and explanatory nature of basic research, the foundational knowledge needed to drive innovation would be missing.

Applied research

While basic research focuses on curiosity and the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, applied research takes a different approach by examining how real-world phenomena or outcomes can be altered. At its core, applied research is oriented towards identifying practical solutions to specific problems. Its primary objective is not just to add to the existing knowledge base but to leverage that knowledge to develop solutions, innovations, or interventions that can be directly applied in the real world.

Applied research is deeply rooted in real-world issues. Whether it's finding a cure for a specific disease, developing a new technological solution for environmental challenges, or creating strategies to improve education in underprivileged communities, the primary goal is to generate practical outcomes that can be directly implemented. Its relevance is often immediately apparent, as it's tailored to answer particular challenges faced by society, industries, or organizations.

The line between basic and applied research can sometimes blur, especially when foundational discoveries from basic research lead directly to tangible applications. However, the main distinction lies in the intent: while basic research seeks to understand the fundamental nature of phenomena, applied research aims to harness that understanding for tangible benefits.

Applied research is invaluable as it accelerates the transition of theoretical knowledge into practical, impactful solutions. Through applied research, the abstract findings of basic research are transformed into actionable insights, tools, and technologies that shape our daily lives and address pressing challenges.

Make the most of your data with ATLAS.ti

Powerful tools in an intuitive interface, ready for you with a free trial today.

Research in the social sciences encompasses a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from understanding human behavior and societal structures to exploring the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. Basic and applied research methods in the social sciences offer unique insights into these areas. Let's delve into some examples to understand their distinct approaches.

Basic research examples

The social construction of reality

A classic area of investigation in sociology is understanding how societies construct reality. This kind of research delves deep into the ways cultures, languages, and institutions shape our understanding of the world. It doesn't immediately aim to solve societal problems but provides essential insights into how perceptions and beliefs are formed. Research methods often used for this type of study include in-depth interviews , participant observations , and ethnographic studies .

Attachment theory in psychology

Attachment theory seeks to understand the deep emotional and physical attachment between a child and at least one primary caregiver. It delves into the nature of attachment and its implications for personal development. The research often involves longitudinal studies that observe behaviors over extended periods.

Applied research examples

Interventions for at-risk youth

Applied researchers might design programs or interventions to help at-risk youth, building on the foundational knowledge of psychology, sociology, and education. The research might involve evaluating the effectiveness of a particular program, using methods like surveys , focus groups , and pre-and-post assessments.

Communication strategies for public health

Understanding human behavior is crucial for successful public health campaigns. Researchers might study the best ways to communicate vital health information to various populations, especially in times of crisis like pandemics. Methods often include A/B testing of messages, surveys to assess message efficacy, and observational studies to gauge real-world behavior following communication campaigns.

The distinction between basic and applied research is not just a matter of intent or outcome; it also encompasses differences in methodologies , scopes, and approaches. Let's undertake a comparative analysis to illuminate these distinctions further, particularly in the context of the social sciences.

Purpose and motivation

Basic research is motivated by the quest for knowledge. It seeks to answer fundamental questions about human behavior, societal structures, and the interplay between various social factors. The driving force here is curiosity. In contrast, applied research is driven by the need to address specific societal or practical problems. Its purpose is to take the theoretical knowledge derived from basic research and convert it into actionable solutions.

Methodological approaches

It's important to acknowledge that there is no one universal research method that can address all potential research inquiries. Moreover, the same research methods, such as conducting interviews or engaging in inductive and deductive reasoning , can be utilized in basic and applied research, but they will differ in their scope and objectives. While applied research is more experimental or confirmatory, a basic research approach is often exploratory or explanatory in nature. Basic research methods include ethnography , in-depth interviews , or longitudinal studies to gain a deep understanding of a topic. The focus is on generating theories and understanding patterns.

Applied research, on the other hand, often employs more structured and targeted methodologies. Surveys , experiments, and evaluations are commonly used to verify propositions, assess the efficacy of interventions, or gauge public opinion. The approach is more pragmatic, seeking results that can inform decisions and guide actions.

Outcomes and results

Basic research outcomes are usually theoretical contributions: new concepts, theories, or insights into existing phenomena. The results expand the academic literature and provide a foundation for future studies.

Applied research results in tangible solutions or recommendations. The outcomes might include a new social program, policy recommendations, interventions, or communication strategies. The results are geared towards immediate implementation and often have direct implications for organizations, governments, or communities.

The discourse on basic and applied research often sets them apart, emphasizing their distinct objectives and methodologies. However, it's crucial to recognize that these research types aren't isolated from each other. They coexist in a symbiotic relationship, where the findings from basic research often provide the foundational knowledge for applied research, and the results of applied research can inspire further basic investigations.

The transition of knowledge

One of the most notable instances of the interplay is how basic research's findings become the bedrock for applied research projects. For example, a basic research study on cognitive development in children might reveal specific patterns or stages. An applied researcher, recognizing the implications of these findings, could then design educational interventions tailored to these developmental stages.

How one complements the other

Basic research pushes the boundaries of our understanding, expanding the horizon of what we know. Applied research, on the other hand, can reframe this expansive knowledge and make it relevant and actionable for society's immediate needs.

But the relationship is reciprocal. Applied research can also highlight gaps in our understanding, pointing out areas where basic research is needed. For instance, if an intervention designed based on current knowledge fails to achieve its intended results, it signals to basic researchers that there might be underlying factors or dynamics not yet understood.

The dynamic continuum

Instead of viewing basic and applied research as two separate entities, it's more accurate to see them as points on a continuum. The knowledge generated by basic research flows towards applied projects, which in turn can inspire further basic investigations. This dynamic loop ensures that research in the social sciences remains both grounded in fundamental understanding and relevant to real-world challenges.

Conduct applied and basic research through ATLAS.ti

Whatever your research objectives, make it happen with ATLAS.ti. Download a free trial today.

• Applied Research Project

An Applied Research Project is a project connecting what a student learns in class to an employers’ problem. Applied research can also be called a capstone, consulting, or design project. Students will spend anywhere from 2-8 months working with the host organization to solve their problem.

Example of an Applied Research Project

Emilio is a business student. In his final year, he and three other classmates worked with a local pizza company to determine which food delivery app would be the most profitable for the restaurant. Emilio and his classmates did a scan of the marketplace, determined which apps were the most downloaded in the area, and the percentage of profit each app took. They made a final presentation to the pizzeria owner with their recommendation.

Benefits to Employers

• Can target larger, long terms problems that are important but not urgent
•  Get detailed, well-thought out solutions to a problem
• Low cost and low time required for supervision
• Typically conducted remotely

Are you an employer who wants to get started with applied research projects? Contact us here.

Benefits to Students

•  Apply classroom skills in a team setting
• Builds unique and industry-focused resume
• Build connections within the industry
• Low time commitment, and typically done remotely

Testimonials

A student applied-research project, completed by 4 graduates of SAIT’s Software Developer program, won the research poster award at the Canadian Cattle Identification Agency’s inaugural Traceability Symposium. They worked with Sherry Yang, a software developer with SAIT’s Applied Research and Innovation Services (ARIS) department, on a capstone project called “Chuckwagon Check-In” during their final term at SAIT in the spring of 2015.

The group was supported by the World Professional Chuckwagon Association (WPCA) to develop an automated high-tech system that would monitor the number of...

Under the supervision of principal researcher Lance Wall, a student from Saskatchewan Polytechnic’s BioScience Technology program is collecting DNA from GWBC’s yeast and comparing it with catalogued yeast strains. Once the company’s strain is identified, GWBC plans to deep-freeze a sample of the yeast culture off-site to protect it and ensure the continuity of the company’s beer brands.

“Applied research projects in the BioScience Technology program directly incorporate the knowledge and skills students acquire both in the classroom and in the lab,” says Wall. “These experiences not only...

“The idea of these projects is because these students are going to be working in the community and working outdoors, these types of projects give them that experiential learning on really unique projects and allows them to work with real community partners,” said Julie Sylvestre, project manager with the Office of Applied Research and Innovation at Algonquin College."

Julie Sylvestre, a student at Algonquin College

• Board of Directors
• Join Our Team
• Privacy Policy
• BHER Partnerships
• WIL Partnerships
• Corporate Publications
• General Publications
• Research Publications
• Student Perspectives
• Case Studies
• Employer WIL Benefits at a Glance
• Apprenticeship
• Co-operative Education
• Community Service Learning
• Entrepreneurship
• Field Placement
• Mandatory Professional Practice
• Work Experience
• Find Your WIL
• Canadian Success Stories
• Step 1: Understand ROI
• Step 2: Measure Your Costs
• Step 3: Identify Your Benefits
• Step 4: Quantify Your Benefits
• Step 5: Measure ROI & Incorporate SROI
• Interactive ROI Calculator
• ROI: Beyond the Numbers
• Financial Supports Catalogue
• Benefits of Mentorship
• Coaching and Mentoring Skills
• Coaching for Career Development
• Developing an Effective Mentorship Relationship
• Student Experience During COVID
• Student Success in Remote Work
• Course: Mentoring Post-Secondary Students
• Performance Assessment Strategies in WIL
• Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Strategies in WIL
• Building Partnerships - Rural, Remote and Northern
• Building Partnerships
• Building Relationships - Rural, Remote and Northern
• Connect with Youth - Rural, Remote, and Northern
• Engagement Communautaire
• Engaging Youth in the Design of WIL Programs
• Meeting Youth Where They’re At
• Preparing for a Remote WIL Experience
• Préparation au stage
• The Importance of Relationships for Northern WIL Programs
• Training and Education - Rural, Remote and Northern
• Training and Education
• WIL and Community Engagement
• WIL Virtual Events
• Research & Development
• Supervising
• Diversity & Inclusion
• Interviewing

Basic vs. applied research: what’s the difference?

Last updated

27 February 2023

Reviewed by

Cathy Heath

Short on time? Get an AI generated summary of this article instead

Research can be used to learn new facts, create new products, and solve various problems. Yet, there are different ways to undertake research to meet a desired goal. 

The method you choose to conduct research will most likely be based on what question you want to answer, plus other factors that will help you accurately get the answer you need. 

Research falls into two main categories: basic research and applied research. Both types of research have distinct purposes and varied benefits. 

This guide will help you understand the differences and similarities between basic and applied research and how they're used. It also answers common questions about the two types of research, including:

Why is it called basic research?

What is more important, basic research or applied research?

What are examples of pure (basic) research and applied research?

Analyze basic and applied research

Dovetail streamlines analysis to help you uncover and share actionable insights

• What is basic research?

Basic research (sometimes called fundamental or pure) advances scientific knowledge to completely understand a subject, topic, or phenomenon. It's conducted to satisfy curiosity or develop a full body of knowledge on a specific subject.

Basic research is used to bring about a fundamental understanding of the world, different behaviors, and is the foundation of knowledge in the scientific disciplines. It is usually conducted based on developing and testing theories.

While there is no apparent commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research, it is the foundation of research used for other projects like developing solutions to solve problems. 

Examples of basic research

Basic research has always been used to give humans a better understanding of all branches of science and knowledge. However, it's not specifically based on identifying new things about the universe.

Basic research has a wide range of uses, as shown in the following examples:

Investigation into how the universe began

A study searching for the causes of cancer

Understanding the components that make up human DNA

An examination into whether a vegetarian diet is healthier than one with meat

A study to learn more about which areas in the world get the most precipitation

Benefits of conducting basic research

Called basic research because it is performed without an immediate or obvious benefit, this type of research often leads to vital solutions in the future. While basic research isn't technically solution-driven, it develops the underlying knowledge used for additional learning and research. 

There are many benefits derived from basic research, including:

Gaining an understanding of living systems and the environment

Gathering information that can help society prepare for the future

Expanding knowledge that can lead to medical advances

Providing a foundation for applied research

• What is applied research?

Applied research studies particular circumstances to apply the information to real-life situations. It helps improve the human condition by finding practical solutions for existing problems.

Applied research builds off facts derived from basic research and other data to address challenges in all facets of life. Instead of exploring theories of the unknown, applied research requires researchers to use existing knowledge, facts, and discoveries to generate new knowledge. 

Solutions derived from applied research are used in situations ranging from medical treatments or product development to new laws or regulations.

Examples of applied research

Applied research is designed to solve practical problems that exist under current conditions. However, it's not only used for consumer-based products and decisions.

Applied research can be used in a variety of ways, as illustrated by the following examples:

The investigation of ways to improve agricultural crop production

A study to improve methods to market products for Gen Z consumers

Examination of how technology can t make car tires last longer

Exploration of how to cook healthy meals with a limited budget

A study on how to treat patients with insomnia

Benefits of using applied research

Although applied research expands upon a foundation of existing knowledge, it also brings about new ideas. Applied research provides many benefits in various circumstances, including:

Designing new products and services

Creating new objectives

Providing unbiased data through the testing of verifiable evidence

• Basic research vs. applied research: the differences

Both basic and applied research are tactics for discovering specific information. However, they differ significantly in the way research is conducted and the objectives they achieve. 

Some of the most notable differences between basic and applied research include the following:

Research outcomes: curiosity-driven vs. solution-driven

Basic research is generally conducted to learn more about a specific subject. It is usually self-initiated to gain knowledge to satisfy curiosity or confirm a theory. 

Conversely, applied knowledge is directed toward finding a solution to a specific problem. It is often conducted to assist a client in improving products, services, or issues.

Research scope: universal scope vs. specific scope

Basic research uses a broad scope to apply various concepts to gain more knowledge. Research methods may include studying different subjects to add more information that connects evidence points in a greater body of data.

Meanwhile, applied research depends on a specific or narrow scope to gather specific evidence to address a certain problem.

Research approaches: expanding existing knowledge vs. finding new knowledge

Researchers conduct basic research to fill in gaps between existing information points. Basic knowledge is an expansion of existing knowledge to gain a deeper understanding. It is often based on how, what, or why something is the way it is. Although applied research may be based on information derived from basic research, it's not designed to expand the knowledge. Instead, the research is conducted to find new knowledge, usually in the form of a solution.

Research commercialization: Informational vs. commercial gain

The main basis of product development is to solve a problem for consumers.

Basic research might lead to solutions and commercial products in the future to help with this. Since applied research is used to develop solutions, it's often used for commercial gain.

Theory formulation: theoretical vs. practical nature

Basic research is usually based on a theory about a specific subject. Researchers may develop a theory that grows and changes as more information is discovered during the research process. Conversely, applied research is practical in nature since the goal is to solve a specific problem.

• Are there similarities between applied and basic research?

While some obvious differences exist, applied and basic research methods have similarities. For example, researchers may use the same methods to collect data (like interviews, surveys , and focus groups ) for both types of research. 

Both types of research require researchers to use inductive and deductive reasoning to develop and prove hypotheses . The two types of research frequently intersect when basic research serves as the foundation for applied research.

While applied research is solution-based, basic research is equally important because it yields information used to develop solutions to many types of problems. 

• Methods used in basic research and applied research

While basic and applied research have different approaches and goals, they require researchers or scientists to gather data. Basic and applied research makes use of many of the same methods to gather and study information, including the following:

Observations: Studying research subjects for an extended time allows researchers to gather information about how subjects behave under different conditions.

Interviews: Surveys and one-to-one discussions help researchers gain information from other subjects and validate data.

Experiments: Researchers conduct experiments to prove or disprove certain hypotheses based on information that has been gathered.

Questionnaires: A series of questions related to the research context helps researchers gather quantitative information applicable to both basic and applied research.

• How do you determine when to use basic research vs. applied research?

Basic and applied research are both helpful in obtaining knowledge. However, they aren't usually used in the same settings or under the same circumstances. 

When you're trying to determine which type of research to use for a particular project, it's essential to consider your product goals. Basic research seeks answers to universal, theoretical questions. While it works to uncover specific knowledge, it's generally not used to develop a solution. Conversely, applied research discovers answers to specific questions. It should be used to find out new knowledge to solve a problem.

• Bottom line

Both basic and applied research are methods used to gather information and analyze facts that help build knowledge around a subject. However, basic research is used to gain understanding and satisfy curiosity, while applied research is used to solve specific problems. Both types of research depend on gathering information to prove a hypothesis or create a product, service, or valuable process. 

By learning more about the similarities and differences between basic and applied research, you'll be prepared to gather and use data efficiently to meet your needs.

Should you be using a customer insights hub?

Do you want to discover previous research faster?

Do you share your research findings with others?

Do you analyze research data?

Start for free today, add your research, and get to key insights faster

Editor’s picks

Last updated: 18 April 2023

Last updated: 27 February 2023

Last updated: 5 February 2023

Last updated: 16 April 2023

Last updated: 16 August 2024

Last updated: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 30 April 2024

Last updated: 12 December 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2024

Last updated: 4 July 2024

Last updated: 6 March 2024

Last updated: 5 March 2024

Last updated: 13 May 2024

Latest articles

Related topics, .css-je19u9{-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;row-gap:0;text-align:center;max-width:671px;}@media (max-width: 1079px){.css-je19u9{max-width:400px;}.css-je19u9>span{white-space:pre;}}@media (max-width: 799px){.css-je19u9{max-width:400px;}.css-je19u9>span{white-space:pre;}} decide what to .css-1kiodld{max-height:56px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (max-width: 1079px){.css-1kiodld{display:none;}} build next, decide what to build next, log in or sign up.

Get started for free

• Bipolar Disorder
• Therapy Center
• When To See a Therapist
• Types of Therapy
• Best Online Therapy
• Best Couples Therapy
• Managing Stress
• Sleep and Dreaming
• Understanding Emotions
• Self-Improvement
• Healthy Relationships
• Student Resources
• Personality Types
• Sweepstakes
• Guided Meditations
• Verywell Mind Insights
• 2024 Verywell Mind 25
• Mental Health in the Classroom
• Editorial Process
• Meet Our Review Board
• Crisis Support

How Applied Research Is Used in Psychology

Verywell / JR Bee

Basic vs. Applied Research

How it works, potential challenges.

• Real-World Applications

Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. This type of research plays an important role in solving everyday problems that can have an impact on life, work, health, and overall well-being. For example, it can be used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies.

There are many different types of psychologists who perform applied research. Human factors or industrial/organizational psychologists often do this type of research.

A few examples of applied research in psychology include:

• Analyzing what type of prompts will inspire people to volunteer their time to charities
• Investigating if background music in a work environment can contribute to greater productivity
• Investigating which treatment approach is the most effective for reducing anxiety
• Researching which strategies work best to motivate workers
• Studying different keyboard designs to determine which is the most efficient and ergonomic

As you may notice, all of these examples explore topics that will address real-world issues. This immediate and practical application of the findings is what distinguishes applied research from basic research , which instead focuses on theoretical concerns.  

Basic research tends to focus on "big picture" topics, such as increasing the scientific knowledge base around a particular topic. Applied research tends to work toward solving specific problems that affect people in the here and now.

For example a social psychologist may perform basic research on how different factors may contribute to violence in general. But if a social psychologist were conducting applied research, they may be tackling the question of what specific programs can be implemented to reduce violence in school settings.

However, basic research and applied research are actually closely intertwined. The information learned from basic research often builds the basis on which applied research is formed.

Basic research often informs applied research, and applied research often helps basic researchers refine their theories.

Applied research usually starts by identifying a problem that exists in the real world. Then psychologists begin to conduct research in order to identify a solution.

The type of research used depends on a variety of factors. This includes unique characteristics of the situation and the kind of problem psychologists are looking to solve.

Researchers might opt to use naturalistic observation to see the problem as it occurs in a real-world setting. They may then conduct experiments to determine why the problem occurs and to explore different solutions that may solve it.

As with any type of research, challenges can arise when conducting applied research in psychology. Some potential problems that researchers may face include:

Ethical Challenges

When conducting applied research in a naturalistic setting, researchers have to avoid ethical issues, which can make research more difficult. For example, they may come across concerns about privacy and informed consent.

In some cases, such as in workplace studies conducted by industrial-organizational psychologists, participants may feel pressured or even coerced into participating as a condition of their employment. Such factors sometimes impact the result of research studies.

Problems With Validity

Since applied research often takes place in the field, it can be difficult for researchers to maintain complete control over all of the variables . Extraneous variables can also exert a subtle influence that experimenters may not even consider could have an effect on the results.

In many cases, researchers are forced to strike a balance between a study's ecological validity (which is usually quite high in applied research) and the study's internal validity .  

Since applied research focuses on taking the results of scientific research and applying it to real-world situations, those who work in this line of research tend to be more concerned with the external validity of their work.

External validity refers to the extent that scientific findings can be generalized to other populations.

Researchers don't just want to know if the results of their experiments apply to the participants in their studies, rather they want these results to also apply to larger populations outside of the lab.

External validity is often of particular importance in applied research. Researchers want to know that their findings can be applied to real people in real settings.

How It's Used in the Real-World

Here are some examples of how applied research is used to solve real-world problems:

• A hospital may conduct applied research to figure out how to best prepare patients for certain types of surgical procedures.
• A business may hire an applied psychologist to assess how to design a workplace console to maximize efficiency and productivity while minimizing worker fatigue and error.
• An organization may hire an applied researcher to determine how to select employees that are best suited for certain positions within the company.

Applied research is an important tool in the process of understanding the human mind and behavior. Thanks to much of this research, psychologists are able to investigate problems that affect people's daily lives. This kind of research specifically targets real-world issues, however it also contributes to knowledge about how people think and behave.

National Science Foundation. Definitions of research and development: An annotated compilation of official sources .

CDC. Evaluation briefs .

Helmchen H. Ethical issues in naturalistic versus controlled trials .  Dialogues Clin Neurosci . 2011;13(2):173‐182.

Truijens FL, Cornelis S, Desmet M, De Smet MM, Meganck R. Validity beyond measurement: Why psychometric validity is insufficient for valid psychotherapy research .  Front Psychol . 2019;10:532. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00532

 McBride D.  The Process Of Research In Psychology . SAGE Publications; 2018.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

• Getting Started

What is Applied Research?

• How to Conduct a Literature Review
• Search Tools
• Scholarly & Peer Reviewed Articles
• Grey Literature
• Research Methods & Data Collection
• Writing the Research Paper
• Sharing Your Research
• SLC Research Sites
• Other Helpful Tutorials & Guides

Applied research  produces results that actively try to solve a real-world problem. The focus is on an actionable outcome.

• How can nurses improve their basic wound care?
• How can early childhood settings better educate children about racial injustice?
• How can local long term care facilities encourage people with arthritis to attend the aquatic therapy program?
• How can XYZ night safety phone app appeal more to new college students to increase downloads of the app?

As students, the majority of research you may have done up until now is basic research (also called "pure" or "fundamental" research). 

Basic / Pure research  is different from applied research. It is used to expand theoretical knowledge on a topic. 

• How did South Sudan respond to the cholera outbreak?
• What do early childhood settings teach about racial injustice?
• How effective is aquatic therapy in reducing the pain and immobility associated with arthritis?
• How does alcohol and drug use on campus affect the safety of college students?

When you take on an applied research project, the focus of your question and answer is more practical. 

Five-Step Framework for the Applied Research Process

Clarify your research focus

• Why am I doing this research? (i.e. problem, need, opportunity) 
• What is the goal of this research?

Scan existing information

• What is known about this situation?
• What don't we know about this situation?
• What questions do I need to answer to meet the research goal?

Plan your research tasks and methods

• What information do I need?
• How will I get it in order to reach my research goals?

Collect , analyze and interpret data

• How do I collect data with maximum efficiency and effectiveness?
• How do I make sense of the data?
• How do I draw practical recommendations for the client?
• How do I best organize the information?

Share your work

• How do I present, revise, and submit my findings?
• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: How to Conduct a Literature Review >>

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Starting the research process
• 10 Research Question Examples to Guide Your Research Project

10 Research Question Examples to Guide your Research Project

Published on October 30, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on October 19, 2023.

The research question is one of the most important parts of your research paper , thesis or dissertation . It’s important to spend some time assessing and refining your question before you get started.

The exact form of your question will depend on a few things, such as the length of your project, the type of research you’re conducting, the topic , and the research problem . However, all research questions should be focused, specific, and relevant to a timely social or scholarly issue.

Once you’ve read our guide on how to write a research question , you can use these examples to craft your own.

Note that the design of your research question can depend on what method you are pursuing. Here are a few options for qualitative, quantitative, and statistical research questions.

Other interesting articles

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, October 19). 10 Research Question Examples to Guide your Research Project. Scribbr. Retrieved August 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-question-examples/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, how to choose a dissertation topic | 8 steps to follow, evaluating sources | methods & examples, what is your plagiarism score.

Research Proposal Example/Sample

Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template

If you’re getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals , you’ve come to the right place.

In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals , one for a Master’s-level project, and one for a PhD-level dissertation. We also start off by unpacking our free research proposal template and discussing the four core sections of a research proposal, so that you have a clear understanding of the basics before diving into the actual proposals.

• Research proposal example/sample – Master’s-level (PDF/Word)
• Research proposal example/sample – PhD-level (PDF/Word)
• Proposal template (Fully editable) 

If you’re working on a research proposal for a dissertation or thesis, you may also find the following useful:

• Research Proposal Bootcamp : Learn how to write a research proposal as efficiently and effectively as possible
• 1:1 Proposal Coaching : Get hands-on help with your research proposal

PS – If you’re working on a dissertation, be sure to also check out our collection of dissertation and thesis examples here .

FAQ: Research Proposal Example

Research proposal example: frequently asked questions, are the sample proposals real.

Yes. The proposals are real and were approved by the respective universities.

Can I copy one of these proposals for my own research?

As we discuss in the video, every research proposal will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your research proposal to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a research proposal here .

How do I get the research proposal template?

You can access our free proposal template here .

Is the proposal template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the proposal template and you are free to use it as a foundation for your research proposal.

Where can I learn more about proposal writing?

For self-directed learners, our Research Proposal Bootcamp is a great starting point.

For students that want hands-on guidance, our private coaching service is recommended.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

14 Comments

I am at the stage of writing my thesis proposal for a PhD in Management at Altantic International University. I checked on the coaching services, but it indicates that it’s not available in my area. I am in South Sudan. My proposed topic is: “Leadership Behavior in Local Government Governance Ecosystem and Service Delivery Effectiveness in Post Conflict Districts of Northern Uganda”. I will appreciate your guidance and support

GRADCOCH is very grateful motivated and helpful for all students etc. it is very accorporated and provide easy access way strongly agree from GRADCOCH.

Proposal research departemet management

I am at the stage of writing my thesis proposal for a masters in Analysis of w heat commercialisation by small holders householdrs at Hawassa International University. I will appreciate your guidance and support

please provide a attractive proposal about foreign universities .It would be your highness.

comparative constitutional law

Kindly guide me through writing a good proposal on the thesis topic; Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Financial Inclusion in Nigeria. Thank you

Kindly help me write a research proposal on the topic of impacts of artisanal gold panning on the environment

I am in the process of research proposal for my Master of Art with a topic : “factors influence on first-year students’s academic adjustment”. I am absorbing in GRADCOACH and interested in such proposal sample. However, it is great for me to learn and seeking for more new updated proposal framework from GRADCAOCH.

Kindly help me write a research proposal on the effectiveness of junior call on prevention of theft

kindly assist me in writing the proposal in psychology education

Please,Kindly assist my in my phd thesis writing on personal and socio cultural factors as determinate of family planning adoption

I’m interested to apply for a mhil program in crop production. Please need assistance in proposal format.

Submit a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Print Friendly

If you're seeing this message - that means some of our site's content isn't loading properly. Click here to reload and try another method.

• Int'l Campuses
• Corporate Training
• Future Students
• Current Students
• International Students
• Financial Aid

Applied Research

Project examples.

Centre: Data Analytics Centre Managing Director: Theo Mirtchev Client: DroneEntry Summary: DroneEntry is an online social platform for drone pilots to manage their profiles and portfolios. In the fragmented drone industry, an ecosystem is budding around innovative drone projects. However, it faces the significant obstacle of credibility and trust.

DroneEntry is working to bring together all industry stakeholders on an innovative new platform centred around the idea of verified profiles and proof-of-work. Pilots use DroneEntry as a tool to build a credible profile and track record, while companies get a one-stop portal to recruit talent for their project needs.

Masterpiece Motion

Centre: Design Centre Managing Director: John Omura Client: Masterpiece VR Summary: Masterpiece Motion is virtual reality software for professional content creators who want to quickly preanimate 3D models and speed up their existing workflow.

Musclebound Mama Process Explanation Video

Centre: Design Centre Managing Director: John Omura Academic Programs: Interactive Media Design Client: Musclebound Mama Summary: A hybrid live-action/animated video explaining the 60 day challenge process with a combination of on-screen and full screen overlay motion graphics. The use of motion graphics helps clients understand difficult and complicated concepts in a simple and effective way increasing client retention in a science-heavy program.

Diefenbunker Lighting Design

Centre: Construction Research Centre Managing Director: Alexander Yang Academic Program: Mechanical Engineering Technology Client: Diefenbunker Summary: A redesign andmodernization of the lighting system using in Canada’s Diefenbunker Museum with the goal of improving efficiency and economical conceptualization.

Residential Living Laboratory

Centre: Applied Research at Perth Campus Managing Director: Kerry Milford Academic Program: Green Architecture, Advanced Housing Client: Office of Applied Research and Innovation Summary: The Residential Living Laboratory (RLL) will be a 1600 square foot building located at the Perth campus . This lab will be used as a collaborative space for students, faculty and clients engaged in Applied Research projects and training for Highly Skilled Personnel. Research projects are in support of driving innovation within the construction sector as well as opportunities within the many disciplines offered at the Perth campus. Read more.

Solar Decathlon – ECHO

Centre: Construction Research Centre Managing Director: Alex Yang Academic Program: Team Ontario is a collaboration of students and faculty from Queen’s University, Carleton University and Algonquin College (Computer Engineering Technology, Interactive Media Design). Client: Team Ontario Solar Decathlon Summary: The Ecological Home (known as “ECHO”) is designed to be “off the grid” and self-sustaining. It performs water reclamation and generates power via solar panels. It is also built to be transported easily to new locations. It employs a variety of technical instrumentation and devices to allow for reduced energy consumption and better maintainability, as well as reduced emissions. This is Team Ontario’s entry to the 6th biennial U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon competition. Read more.

Lake Bottom Sediment Sampling on Muskrat Lake

Centre: Applied Research at Pembroke Campus Managing Director: Julie Sylvestre Academic Program: Environmental Technician Client: Water Adaptation Management and Quality Initiative (WAMQI), Muskrat Watershed Council (MWC), the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), and Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Summary: Collect lake bottom sediment to determine current phosphorous levels, how much nutrient loading has occurred over time, and whether the lake is naturally eutrophic. The low-laying sediment at the bottom of Muskrat Lake could yield clues as to whether the lake is improving or degrading. Nutrient loading, primarily phosphorous and nitrogen, from its many tributaries has compromised the integrity of the lake. Yearly project updates : 2014 , 2015

#FlashForward Youth Outreach

Centre: Health and Wellness Research Centre Managing Director: Kevin Holmes Academic Program: Broadcast TV and Advertising Client: The Ottawa Hospital Summary: What happens when high school students with video cameras are set loose to communicate real life challenges in our local hospitals? #FlashForward in is an afterschool program that engages local youth via a video competition. Teams of high school students from across the region under the mentorship of Algonquin College Students and experts inside The Ottawa Hospital to produce short public service announcements on a variety of hospital topics. Read more.

Automatic Tracking System and Personal Trainer

Centre: Health and Wellness Research Centre Managing Director: Kevin Holmes Academic Program: Graphic Design, Computer Engineering and Fitness and Health Promotion Client: GymTrack Inc. Summary: Development of a mobile application for tracking workouts that can be used by gyms to offer virtual personal training. A follow-on project currently underway has the system being assessed through the first full scale pilot installation of the developed technology in the Fitness Zone run by the Algonquin Student Association. Read more.

This site uses cookies to offer you a better browsing experience. Find out more on how we use cookies and how you can change your settings.

• Open access
• Published: 23 August 2024

Facilitating co-research: lessons learned from reflection forms within three participatory action research projects

• Helga Emke   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8675-2577 1 , 3 , 6   na1 ,
• Ann Vandendriessche 2   na1 ,
• Mai Chinapaw 3 , 6 ,
• Benedicte Deforche 2 , 4 ,
• Maïté Verloigne 2 ,
• Teatske Altenburg 3 , 6 &
• Manou Anselma 3 , 5  

Health Research Policy and Systems volume  22 , Article number:  117 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Mutual learning and shared decision-making are key elements of Participatory Action Research (PAR), highlighting the important role of the facilitator to support this. This study aims to illustrate how a facilitator can contribute to successful PAR sessions based on the reflection of three PAR projects.

Participatory sessions took place with adolescents for 3–4 school years. After each session ( n  = 252 sessions across three projects), facilitators filled in a reflection form that assessed the group process and their facilitating role. Facilitators independently coded a selection of 135 reflection forms partly deductive and partly inductive based on core PAR principles derived from a pragmatic literature search.

A well-prepared session – for example, including active and creative participatory methods and a clearly stated goal – contributed to efficiency and the necessary flexibility. Making agreements, making sure everyone is heard and taking 'fun-time' appeared important for creating and maintaining a safe, functional and positive atmosphere. Finally, facilitators needed to encourage co-researchers to take the lead and adapt to the group dynamics, to ensure ownership and shared decision-making.

In-depth qualitative analyses of a standardized reflection form used in three different PAR projects resulted in various lessons to support facilitators in collaborating with co-researchers in PAR projects.

Detailed preparation of participatory sessions with multiple scenarios allows the flexibility needed for productive sessions.

Ensuring a positive, safe and functional atmosphere encouraged productive participatory sessions.

Facilitators need to continuously adapt to the characteristics, moods and emotions of co-researchers.

We present an improved reflection form to support facilitators in optimizing their PAR sessions.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Participatory action research (PAR) is a promising approach to improve health and reduce health inequities. In this approach, there is collaboration and shared decision-making between researchers and the population of interest to develop actions improving that population’s own situation [ 1 ]. Actions developed using PAR are more likely to meet the needs and preferences of the population of interest, and thereby may be more effective than traditional more top-down developed actions [ 2 ]. Mutual learning and respect are essential in the participatory process, with participants’ experiences valued as a legitimate form of knowledge that can influence practice [ 1 ]. In the participatory process, participants are trained as co-researchers to provide them with knowledge, skills and abilities to conduct research in their own particular context and that of their peers [ 1 , 3 ]. Particularly for children and adolescents, participating in PAR and, thus, being a co-researcher can improve their individual development, empowerment and critical awareness of societal issues [ 4 ].

When conducting PAR, there are several core principles to take into account [ 5 ]. Wright and colleagues identified 11 common participatory principles, including that co-research should promote critical reflexivity of co-researchers and academic researchers [ 6 ]. Academic researchers will become better researchers when they reflect on their behaviour, thoughts and co-operation during their collaboration with co-researchers [ 7 ]. This is especially important when academic researchers act as facilitators of the PAR process, for example, by reflecting on power differences between the academic researchers and the co-researchers [ 5 ]. Reflexivity reveals the influence of the facilitator on the PAR process, the generated data and the group dynamics [ 8 ]. However, guidance on how to structurally reflect on and improve the role of the facilitator is currently lacking [ 9 ].

Due to the grant-based funding of academic research, in most projects the overall aim and research questions are already set. Within these boundaries, researchers can and should still promote a shared and dynamic PAR process, endorsing mutual learning and decision-making, where co-researchers can contribute to the best of their potential [ 9 ]. Facilitators who are flexible and open-minded and who have good verbal and written communication skills and the ability to maintain a supportive and encouraging attitude are generally capable to create such a PAR process [ 10 ]. However, apart from more general guidelines [ 5 ], there is currently a lack of data of how PAR can be successfully facilitated. Critical reflection by facilitators can provide insight in success factors of a good PAR session. This insight can further improve future PAR projects.

The current study aims to illustrate how a facilitator can contribute to a successful PAR process based on standardized reflection forms collected in three PAR projects with children and adolescents. This paper presents how a standardized reflection form can inform the facilitators in improving their PAR facilitation in practice, including specific examples, lessons learned and recommendations from the three PAR projects using this form. Based on the analysis of the reflection forms, suggestions will be made to improve the reflection form.

In the following sections, we give a description of each project, the design of the participatory sessions across the three projects, the reflection form and how the forms were coded and analysed based on a pragmatic literature research.

All three projects focused on improving one or multiple energy balance-related behaviours in children and/or adolescents. The leading academic researchers (H.E., A.V., M.A.) collaborated with their co-researchers in so-called Action Teams, consisting of 3–12 children or adolescents. The academic researcher had a facilitating role. Often a second facilitator (e.g. an intern) was present to assist in the process. We obtained a written active informed consent to participate in the participatory process from at least one of the parents or guardians in all three projects and in the LIKE and Healthy sleep project also from the co-researchers themselves. Table 1 presents more information on the three PAR projects and background information of the facilitating researchers. All three researchers had a positive attitude towards both PAR and the healthy behaviour they wanted to promote. The researchers were highly motivated to co-create with children and adolescents and expected empowerment and effective interventions adjusted to the target population to be outcomes of the PAR. Additional File 1 shows an overview of the composition of each Action Team per project, the frequency and duration of sessions and how the co-researchers were recruited.

Design participatory sessions

Across the three PAR projects, sessions were typically structured with a check-in, the main part of the session and a check-out. The check-in was used for an active game for fun and team spirit and to (re)state the goal of the session and project. During the main part of the session the Action Teams worked on the research topic through varying exercises. We used energizers to help the co-researchers regain their focus or energy when needed. An example was letting the co-researchers play rock-paper-scissors with their whole body for a few minutes. The co-researchers suggested or rejected games or energizers when they liked or disliked a specific game or energizer. Additionally, during some sessions, we applied capacity building to teach the co-researchers certain skills. In two of the PAR projects, another academic researcher, announced as a “research expert” was invited and explained research methods and ethics. In all three projects, the co-researchers acquired organizational skills by being intensively involved and taking the lead throughout the PAR process. During the check-out, we encouraged the co-researchers to summarize the session and plan the next session.

Reflection form

The leading academic researchers (H.E., A.V., M.A.) from the three PAR projects used the same standardized reflection form to reflect on the group process as well as on their own role as a facilitator. This form was developed using relevant literature on PAR and the facilitation of group sessions as part of the Kids in Action project in 2016 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands [ 11 ] and later applied in the Healthy Sleep Project in Ghent, Belgium [ 13 ] and the LIKE-project in Amsterdam [ 14 ].

The three facilitating researchers (H.E., A.V., M.A.) filled in the reflection form after each PAR session (Table  2 ). The first part of the reflection form contained 10 items (statements or questions) about the group process, whereas the second part of the reflection form contained 6 items (statements or questions) prompting the facilitator to reflect on their own role as a facilitator. Statements could be answered with −−, −, 0, + or ++, and additional information could be added when necessary. All statements and open questions invited the researcher to reflect on what went well during the session and what could be improved in regard to meeting the principles of participatory research (i.e. “Everyone could give their opinion”) and facilitating collaboration as a team (i.e. “Facilitators had a positive influence on the group atmosphere”).

Data used for analysis included answers to the open questions in the reflection forms as well as the optional additional information provided to the statements. Grading (−−, −, 0, +, ++) of the statements in the reflection forms was not included in the current study. We used thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke to identify, analyze and interpret themes within our qualitative data using the following phases (1) familiarizing of the data, (2) generating initial codes, (3) searching for themes, (4) reviewing themes, (5) defining and naming themes, and 6) producing the report [ 15 ]. First, we started with familiarizing ourselves with our data by (re-)reading several reflection forms filled in by various facilitators. Then, we generated initial codes based on core principles of facilitating a PAR session that were found through a pragmatic literature search, including scientific articles, manuals, guides and frameworks on participatory research, co-creation and facilitation [ 5 , 10 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. We individually searched literature using (scientific) search engines and summarized relevant literature. We discussed the summaries in a face-to-face meeting, and from these we identified guidelines to facilitate the PAR process and clustered the guidelines in themes. Subsequently, we checked whether the defined themes matched the different items of the reflection form, ensuring that the themes would be useful in coding the reflection forms. The defined themes matched most of the items from the reflection form; items that were not represented in the coding book could be added at a later stage while coding.

The three facilitating researchers filled in 252 reflection forms across the three PAR studies (H.E.: 84, A.V.: 69, M.A.: 99). To ensure inclusion of reflection forms on a diversity of PAR sessions, we first sorted the reflection forms by Action Team per school and research phase: (1) the needs assessment phase, (2) the action development phase, and (3) the implementation and evaluation phase, as each Action Team and each phase of the project required a different facilitation approach. For each project, we randomly selected forms from each phase per Action Team until data saturation. Each researcher only coded the reflections forms from the sessions she facilitated, to enable including contextual information and to prevent misinterpretation.

To test and fine-tune the codebook, each researcher searched for themes in three reflection forms from the sessions that she facilitated, using NVivo 11. Then we reviewed the themes, which led to new codes, re-ordering of existing themes and subthemes, and specifying definitions of codes. Afterwards, we individually coded reflection forms from the sessions that we facilitated ourselves (135 in total; H.E.: 41, A.V.: 41, M.A.: 53) using the finalized codebook. To determine whether data saturation was reached, we compared the coded segments. When no additional codes arose during comparison, we concluded that data saturation was reached and no additional reflection forms needed to be included; however, small changes were made in defining and naming the themes in the codebook. For example, similar sub-codes were better defined or merged. Using this final codebook, we checked the coded segments from the reflection forms from our own projects again. Together we discussed the segments of each code and made a summary of the findings per code, which we used to produce the paper.

Additional File 2 presents an overview of the coding scheme. The coding scheme consisted of 10 themes, that were grouped into 3 subthemes: (1) preparing the PAR sessions – including (i) design of the sessions, (ii) guarding the scope of the project, and (iii) facilitation skills; (2) managing a safe, positive and functional atmosphere during PAR sessions – including (iv) ownership, (v) capacity building, (vi) functional atmosphere, (vii) positive atmosphere and (viii) safe atmosphere; (3) dealing with influencing factors – including (ix) circumstances and (x) group dynamics. The results section is structured according to these three themes. For each theme, detailed information and specific examples are given to illustrate the lessons learned. Finally, each theme ends with a recapitulation of lessons learned from the reflection forms, offering a quick overview of lessons learned.

Preparing the sessions

Sessions were more successful when prepared in detail, including which participatory methods to use, a time schedule, a “plan B”, and access to a quiet location where the setup could be changed to fit the session and tasks. A successful meeting entailed reaching all the aims for the meeting within the scheduled time and when decision-making was shared with the co-researchers. Starting a session with explaining the goal of the session and how it fitted the overall aim of the co-research helped to keep the co-researchers involved and motivated. When the goal of the session was not clear for the co-researchers, sessions were more chaotic and difficult to facilitate.

This session wasn’t as well prepared, which shows from the group. It might be a good idea to give a brief overview of what needs to be discussed at the beginning of each session. – Healthy Sleep Project I explained in advance the expectations of this meeting which made it [the aim] clear. Doing so gave me more time to chat and connect with everyone when they were working by themselves. – LIKE project

When a session was well prepared, facilitators could be more flexible and more easily adapt to the circumstances. Examples are adapting an assignment to fit the atmosphere or using the co-researchers’ alternative ideas for the assignment. Preparing a time schedule consisting of a few topics definitively necessary to discuss in that session and a few optional topics for when time was left allowed for more flexibility. Also preparing alternative plans for unexpected influencing factors (see “ Dealing with influencing factors ”) enhanced flexibility, for example when the regular meeting room could not be used and the meeting took place in the school hallway. Active games as part of the check-in also helped co-researchers to be more focused during the session. This was similar for the main part of the session, where active and creative participatory methods ensured that co-researchers enjoyed the session and kept their focus. On the other hand, co-researchers sometimes became too energized from an energizer, and had a hard time to refocus.

Woosh [an energizer] was nice for building a good atmosphere, and as an energizer it enables them to become “energized”. However, I think it was not an ideal exercise for this group, particularly if a more serious task is next. – Healthy Sleep Project

Before the start of a session, the room in which the session would take place was prepared. When sessions were conducted at school, a more informal atmosphere was created by adjusting the setting to not resemble a school setup. Distracting objects were removed out of the room or furniture moved to improve the efficiency of the session. Tables were, for example, spread across the room so subgroups could work together without getting distracted by others (see “ Managing the positive, safe and functional atmosphere during PAR sessions ”). The focus of some co-researchers seemed to improve when going outside or being more physical activity during a session.

Today we were sitting in the sitting area [where children can sit on the floor], which doesn’t work well. On the other hand, we can move around more, compared to sitting at a table, which works better for the more restless individuals. – Kids in Action.

The main lessons from this theme are: (1) prepare and share the structure of the meeting and start each session with explaining the session goal, (2) plan for flexibility, (3) select various active and creative participatory methods, and (4) play with various meeting areas and setups.

Managing the safe, positive and functional atmosphere during PAR sessions

When co-researchers had fun and shared in decision-making, this resulted in more successful sessions in which progress could be made. Therefore, ensuring a safe, positive and functional atmosphere appeared important.

Creating a good relationship with the co-researchers contributed to ensure a safe atmosphere. Making agreements or rules together with the co-researchers at the start of or during the PAR process facilitated a safe and functional atmosphere. Co-researchers were encouraged to think of rules themselves regarding creating and maintaining respectful and fruitful relationships within the group. Examples of agreements included listening to each other or taking turns to talk. The facilitators and co-researchers referred to these agreements when necessary. When difficult situations arose that were not covered by these agreements, the facilitator had to indicate boundaries and be strict to avoid chaos. This did not necessarily create a negative atmosphere: the clarity and structure created by the boundaries actually improved the atmosphere in most cases. Only in some instances was it necessary to address the co-researcher(s) who distorted the session separately after the session. In the case where a co-researcher’s participation had to be ended, this decision was discussed together with the co-researcher, their parents and the school teacher.

[group was misbehaving] You want the working environment to remain healthy, in order to support appropriate behaviour. For instance, to enable this, I established my boundaries, yet remained pleasant in this situation. – Healthy Sleep Project

Furthermore, to ensure a safe atmosphere, one of the most important tasks of facilitators was to make sure that each co-researcher felt acknowledged and heard during the session. In situations where a dominant person took over the conversation and prevented others from expressing themselves, it helped to ask if everyone agreed with what was being said and to address individuals. This sometimes opened unexpected conversations or perspectives. A useful approach was to let all co-researchers write down their opinion and then let everyone share what they had written down, so everyone’s opinion was considered. Being hasty as a facilitator could be a pitfall, as then only the loudest voices were heard and there was less time to show appreciation of other co-researchers. Expressing appreciation to all co-researchers appeared important, as it made them feel acknowledged and it increased their motivation.

Taking time to have fun with the group and getting to know each other rather than being strict to increase efficiency contributed to a positive atmosphere. Playing a game or having an informal conversation sometimes led to deviations from the plan, yet it resulted in a stronger relationship with the co-researchers. Co-researchers often had personal questions for the facilitator; taking the time to answer such questions promoted having an open and strong relationship with the co-researchers, which aided a safe, positive and functional atmosphere. This actually allowed us to be more strict when necessary. Creating a positive atmosphere was sometimes at the expense of a functional atmosphere, but a good team spirit increased the motivation and, thus, the efficiency in the longer term.

I share a lot about myself, am able to laugh along as well as join conversations that others initiate (it really interests me too). It makes for a pleasant atmosphere, but perhaps this is less favourable for focusing purposes. – Healthy Sleep Project We sometimes had to reprimand the others, but maybe we should have been more stern to maintain a better working environment. – Kids in Action It would be nice if they [the adolescents] could listen to each other better without me needing to raise my voice. Therefore, we can perhaps still be more strict or ask them how we can manage that together (refer to the rules?) – LIKE project

Several approaches to moderate the ongoing conversation and guide co-researchers during their thought process stimulated a functional atmosphere in which shared decisions could be made and ideas could be elaborated on. Examples are: asking the co-researchers questions, offering them new angles or summarizing what they had said. It worked even better to ask a co-researcher to summarize what had been said. Co-researchers were also encouraged to think creatively and think of alternatives when an idea appeared not feasible. This was sometimes considered difficult by facilitators because they did not want to immediately destruct an idea and demotivate the co-researchers. This mainly happened in groups with younger co-researchers, who had many ideas but struggled with feasibility, especially in the beginning of their participation. In some groups, especially with co-researchers following vocational education, it was necessary for the facilitators to bring in some ideas as inspiration to facilitate the brainstorm. Co-researchers could then explain why they did or did not like the idea and build on from there.

The process was very smooth and natural. I was able to ask the right questions and leave silences to allow more ideas to surface. I had a good attitude to brainstorming. (We also get training for that at [name organization]). – Healthy Sleep Project I think that, together, we were well engaged with brainstorming. Actually, some of those involved in this had come up with the majority of ideas. In some instances, ideas necessitated adaption, but I do think almost all the ideas came from the children. – Kids in Action

When concrete tasks had to be worked out, it was more functional to split the action group into smaller groups to work on a separate task. Everyone could then contribute more actively, co-researchers worked more focused and personal strengths arose. It was useful to have one facilitator per subgroup if possible, to let subgroups work at different tables or in different rooms, and to think about the subgroup composition. Co-researchers could choose a task or subgroup themselves or were divided by us according to age, sex, strengths and so on. To keep the co-researchers focused, it helped to use visual support during explanations or group discussions, for example, writing or drawing what co-researchers talked about on a whiteboard or flip-over. At the end of the session, subgroups reported to each other what they had worked on using these visual summaries, so that every co-researcher stayed up to date about the progress and they could decide as a group on the next steps. Staying up to date about all decisions in the project was important for the sense of ownership among co-researchers. Therefore, it was also important to inform co-researchers about meetings that took place without them (e.g. between facilitators and school board or advisors) and ask the opinion of co-researchers about decisions that had to be made in response to such meetings.

Finally, encouraging co-researchers to take the lead – by asking them what they wanted to do themselves and giving them as many responsibilities as possible – increased their sense of ownership. This was aided by the time spent on capacity building. Co-researchers were very capable of gaining research and organizational skills. At the end of the session, co-researchers were often asked what they would like to do the following session, which helped to keep them engaged and design sessions that fit their interests. This again had a positive influence on their sense of ownership. When the sense of ownership in co-researchers increased, co-researchers started to be more assertive.

The children cooperated on their own initiative to set up a questionnaire. – Kids in Action I was good at relinquishing control and letting [one of the adolescents] be more in charge. This allowed them to gain some leadership. Nonetheless, I was able to successfully take the lead again when needed. – LIKE project The adolescents often asked each other for advice, engaged in dialogue and came up with solutions for the others. This made it a super interactive session. – Healthy Sleep Project

The main lessons that can be concluded from this theme are: (1) make good agreements or rules together about how to create and maintain a respectful and fruitful relationship within the group, (2) take time to have fun and to get to know each other, (3) guide co-researchers in structuring their ideas, (4) make sure everyone is heard, (5) split the group into smaller subgroups for concrete tasks, (6) be transparent about meetings that take place without the co-researchers being present, and (7) encourage co-researchers to take the lead.

Dealing with influencing factors

The characteristics, moods and emotions of facilitators and the co-researchers often influenced the session and all attendees. For example, when facilitators lacked energy, this reflected on the co-researchers. In addition, co-researchers could, for example, be nervous for exams that were coming up, excited about a good grade or on edge because of bad weather conditions. Those factors were unpredictable and had to be dealt with on the spot. Other factors, such as co-researchers’ personality, were more predictable and, therefore, methods could already be adapted to this.

You can clearly notice your own influence on the group. Having been so busy lately, I felt like chilling with them and not stressing much about time (or people not paying attention). Today I enjoyed that (instead of the strict time management and progress) = > outcome: they enjoyed themselves a lot and were outgoing BUT their input was of lower quality than last week. – Healthy Sleep Project

To a certain extent, facilitators tried to neutralize the effect of hindering factors. If facilitators were, for example, in a hurry and felt stressed, it helped to take 10 min before the session to relax. If that did not work and an extra facilitator was present, the second facilitator was given more responsibility. If co-researchers were distracted, it helped to let them share what was on their mind instead of urging them to immediately start working on the project. In this sense, the dynamics and energy of the group had to be considered constantly. Dealing with these varying circumstances required different facilitation skills and methods from the facilitators. For this, it helped to have taken facilitation courses or joined more experienced PAR researchers earlier on which enabled learning by doing.

Z. came in later today. He wanted to join the conversation right away, but he did not really know what we were talking about. I should have let the two other girls get him up to speed first. – Kids in Action

The dynamics in the group were also influenced by the composition of the group. The reflection forms indicated that when there were both dominant and shy co-researchers in one group, the moderating role of the facilitator became more important. With younger co-researchers, more pedagogical and facilitation skills were needed, as they could be more energetic and lost their focus more quickly. When a co-researcher impeded the atmosphere or bullied others, skills to manage tough situations were needed, such as having a serious one-on-one conversation with that co-researcher.

The PAR process ran more smoothly when all co-researchers were on time and attended all sessions, as it was very distracting when co-researchers showed up late and missed out what had already been discussed. It was useful to decide on the frequency and time of sessions together with the co-researchers, as some preferred to have sessions in the morning (but others were still half-asleep then), while others preferred the late afternoon (but others were half-asleep by then).

I could direct them to attend weekly. Additionally, the kids attending every week are much more involved and their tasks are more evident. For the ones only in occasional attendance, I think the work is less fulfilling since they don't have a clear understanding of what their purpose is. —Kids in Action

The main lessons that can be concluded within this theme are: (1) the facilitator’s mood and energy is reflected in the co-researchers, (2) a facilitator needs a diverse skillset (e.g. to adequately handle different personalities within the group), and (3) to decide on a meeting time and frequency together with the co-researchers.

This study aimed to illustrate how a facilitator can contribute to a successful PAR process based on a standardized reflection form from three PAR projects with children and adolescents. Several lessons learned that are likely also valuable for PAR with adult co-researchers. The added value of our study over existing more general guidelines [ 5 ] is that our findings result from in-depth qualitative analysis of a standardized reflection form used in three separate projects. Our reflection form proved to be a valuable tool for uncovering detailed examples and specific recommendations for the PAR process and our role as facilitator, enabling facilitators to improve their facilitation during the participatory process. These findings provide researchers who want to conduct PAR with a more practical summary of best practices for facilitators and detailed examples. The insights provided regarding ethics, methods and evaluation may be informative for future PAR projects and researchers wanting to develop or further elaborate on a co-creation methodology.

Successful sessions need considerable preparation. Facilitators need to maintain a safe, positive and functional atmosphere during sessions which can be influenced by the mood of both the facilitator and co-researchers. These findings confirm previous research [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].

Engaging with co-researchers on a personal level and ensuring a good connection with the group seemed important, confirming findings by facilitators from other PAR projects [ 25 ]. This contributed to a trustworthy relationship where all co-researchers felt they could speak their mind and be themselves, which in turn positively influenced the sense of ownership and control over the process, which are core principles of PAR [ 5 ]. Co-researchers took a more leading role in the sessions when they felt more ownership. These observations correspond with the Theoretical Framework of Symbolic Interactionism, which suggests that individuals’ engagement is based on their personal meaning in life, which is shaped by their interactions with others [ 26 ]. However, facilitators should be aware that closer relationships with co-researchers also bring greater potential for exploitation [ 27 ]. Since participation is often voluntary, it is critical that decisions are made together with the co-researchers, for example, about the aim of the study, their preferred role and how much time they want to invest.

Above all, our findings show that a flexible attitude from the facilitator in being goal oriented, being able to build strong relationships with co-researchers and having strong facilitation skills are essential for a successful PAR process. Especially finding a balance between moderating the conversation and letting co-researchers steer the conversation (in sometimes directions unrelated to the research topic) is a common challenge for PAR facilitators [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Sharing power with adolescents might be challenging for facilitators, and the most recurrent criticism on Youth PAR is the risk that researchers keep too much control. This can result in tokenism and falsely claiming collaboration with adolescents [ 31 ]. An important responsibility lies with the facilitator and their integrity regarding this challenge: facilitators should be compassionate, courageous, honest, humble and righteous and have the ability to have moral insight about a situation to establish ethical relationships in participatory research [ 32 ]. As facilitators play an important role in the PAR process, critical reflection through journaling or group dialogues on their behaviour and thoughts during collaboration with co-researchers is recommended [ 33 ]. Continuous reflection throughout the PAR process will provide insights into the facilitators’ influence on the research process, the social dynamics with co-researchers and power differentials that arise [ 8 , 33 ]. As a helpful tool to guide this reflection, we provide the adapted reflection form in Additional File 3 .

Based on the results of this study, we adjusted the reflection form for future use (Additional File 3 ). As a functional atmosphere and suitable working methods emerged as important themes, we added the following questions to the reflection form: “Were all goals of the session reached? If not, why not? If yes, how were they reached?” and “How were the used participatory methods received and did they give the anticipated output?”. As reflecting on the influence of the facilitators’ mood and personal characteristics on the session was not part of the reflection form, we added the following question: “How did the mood and personal characteristics of the facilitator influence the session?”. Finally, as equal collaboration and shared decision-making must be pursued at all times during PAR [ 6 ], we added the following questions: “To what extent were co-researchers in the lead during the session? How did this become visible? How was this reached?”.

Some limitations of the study need to be acknowledged. This study was conceived after the data had been collected, and we did not know in advance that we would combine the reflection forms of the three projects during the PAR process. Therefore, not all situations were described elaborately or easily interpretable for others. Furthermore, as the grading system within the reflection form (−−, −, 0, +, ++) was not concretized, we interpreted this differently when filling out the forms and, therefore, could not include the grading in the current study. We changed the grading system to disagree, neutral and agree in the updated reflection form in Additional File 3 . Another limitation of our study is the potential bias introduced by facilitators analysing their own reflection forms, which was necessary to include contextual information and to prevent misinterpretation. Although we believe that our findings are of use to a wide spread of PAR researchers, researchers using our recommendations should take the context in which these originated (PAR with children and adolescents in West Europe) into account.

A strength of this study was that a large amount of data was collected over long time periods (3–4 years for each of the projects). Another strength is that the three PAR projects that used the reflection forms worked with co-researchers from different age groups, social backgrounds and educational levels. This led to insights that can be used for a wider range of PAR projects. A third and final strength of this study is that real-world data were analysed on the basis of already identified principles of facilitating PAR processes, linking available core principles of facilitating PAR processes in literature to data.

In-depth qualitative analyses of a standardized reflection form used in three different PAR projects resulted in various lessons to support facilitators in collaborating with co-researchers in PAR projects: 1) when preparing PAR sessions, facilitators should plan for flexibility, include active and creative participatory methods, play with varying locations and set-ups and let co-researchers influence the pace and clearly state the goal at the beginning of the sessions; 2) to ensure a safe, positive and functional atmosphere, make good agreements on how to work together and make sure everyone is heard as well as take time to have fun and get to know each other; 3) to ensure ownership and shared decision-making, facilitators need to encourage co-researchers to take the lead and be transparent about additional meetings that facilitators or involved researchers have without the co-researchers; 4) to handle influencing factors such as the mood of co-researchers, a facilitator needs a diverse skillset.

Availability of data and materials

The reflection form and final codebook are shared in the study and Additional file. The filled in reflection forms cannot be shared because individual privacy could be compromised.

Abbreviations

Participatory Action Research

Socio-Economic Status

Baum F, MacDougall C, Smith D. Participatory action research. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(10):854.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Kornet-van der Aa D, Altenburg T, van Randeraad-van der Zee C, Chinapaw M. The effectiveness and promising strategies of obesity prevention and treatment programmes among adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2017;18(5):581–93.

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Bozlak CT, Kelley MA. Participatory action research with youth. In: Participatory action research. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 67.

Google Scholar  

Kim J. Youth involvement in participatory action research (PAR). Crit Soc Work. 2016. https://doi.org/10.22329/csw.v17i1.5891 .

Article   Google Scholar  

Wright M. International Collaboration for Participatory Health Research (ICPHR) (2013) position paper 1: what is participatory health research? Version: Mai 2013. Berlin: International Collaboration for Participatory Health Research; 2013.

Wright MT, Springett J, Kongats K. What is participatory health research? In: Wright MT, Kongats K, editors. Participatory health research: voices from around the world. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 3–15.

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Watt D. On becoming a qualitative researcher: the value of reflexivity. Qual Rep. 2007;12(1):82–101.

Green J, Thorogood N. Qualitative methods for health research. London: Sage; 2018.

Dewar B, Sharp C. Appreciative dialogue for co-facilitation in action research and practice development. Int Pract Dev J. 2013;3(2). https://www.fons.org/library/journal/volume3-issue2/article7/

Boyden J, Ennew J, editors. Children in focus—a manual for participatory research with children. Save the Children Sweden; 1997.

Anselma M, Altenburg T, Chinapaw M. Kids in action: the protocol of a youth participatory action research project to promote physical activity and dietary behaviour. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3): e025584.

Anselma M, Altenburg TM, Emke H, van Nassau F, Jurg M, Ruiter RAC, et al. Co-designing obesity prevention interventions together with children: intervention mapping meets youth-led participatory action research. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):130.

Vandendriessche A, Deforche B, Dhondt K, Altenburg TM, Verloigne M. Combining participatory action research with intervention mapping to develop and plan the implementation and evaluation of a healthy sleep intervention for adolescents. Health Promot Perspect. 2023;13(4):316.

Waterlander WE, Luna Pinzon A, Verhoeff A, Den Hertog K, Altenburg T, Dijkstra C, et al. A system dynamics and participatory action research approach to promote healthy living and a healthy weight among 10–14-year-old adolescents in Amsterdam: the LIKE programme. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(14):4928.

Clarke V, Braun V. Thematic analysis. J Posit Psychol. 2017;12(3):297–8.

Abma T, Lips S, Schrijver J. Sowing seeds to harvest healthier adults: the working principles and impact of participatory health research with children in a primary school context. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):451.

Ansell N, Robson E, Hajdu F, van Blerk L. Learning from young people about their lives: using participatory methods to research the impacts of AIDS in southern Africa. Children’s Geogr. 2012;10(2):169–86.

Haarmans H. 2018-01, editor: Facilitations Academy. 2018.

Jurrius K. Uit de spagaat! Naar een kwaliteitsraamwerk voor Participatief Jongeren Onderzoek. Utrecht University; 2013.

Ozer EJ. Youth-led participatory action research: developmental and equity perspectives. Adv Child Dev Behav. 2016;50:189–207.

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Shamrova DP, Cummings CE. Participatory action research (PAR) with children and youth: an integrative review of methodology and PAR outcomes for participants, organizations, and communities. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2017;81:400–12.

Vandael K, Dewaele A, Buysse A, Westerduin S. Guide to co-creation. Ghent: Ghent University & Ministry of Makers; 2018.

Ozer EJ, Ritterman ML, Wanis MG. Participatory action research (PAR) in middle school: opportunities, constraints, and key processes. Am J Community Psychol. 2010;46(1–2):152–66.

Horgan D. Child participatory research methods: attempts to go ‘deeper.’ Childhood. 2016;24:245–59.

Schiller U, Jaffray P, Ridley T, Du Plessis C. Facilitating a participatory action learning action research process in a higher educational context. Action Res. 2021;19(2):301–17.

Blumer H. Symbolic interactionism: perspective and method. Berkeley: Univ of California Press; 1986.

Dodson L, Piatelli D, Schmalzbauer L. Researching inequality through interpretive collaborations: shifting power and the unspoken contract. Qual Inq. 2007;13(6):821–43.

Wilson N, Dasho S, Martin AC, Wallerstein N, Wang CC, Minkler M. Engaging young adolescents in social action through photovoice: the youth empowerment strategies (YES!) project. J Early Adolesc. 2007;27(2):241–61.

Flicker S, Maley O, Ridgley A, Biscope S, Lombardo C, Skinner HA. e-PAR: using technology and participatory action research to engage youth in health promotion. Action Res. 2008;6(3):285–303.

Anderson AJ. A qualitative systematic review of youth participatory action research implementation in US high schools. Am J Community Psychol. 2020;65(1–2):242–57.

Fox R. Resisting participation: critiquing participatory research methodologies with young people. J Youth Stud. 2013;16(8):986–99.

Schaffer MA. A virtue ethics guide to best practices for community-based participatory research. Progr Community Health Partnersh Res Educ Action. 2009;3(1):83–90.

Malorni A, Lea CH III, Richards-Schuster K, Spencer MS. Facilitating youth participatory action research (YPAR): a scoping review of relational practice in US youth development & out-of-school time projects. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2022;136: 106399.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank all participating children/adolescents, schools and community partners for their effort and contributions to these participatory studies.

This study is part of the Kids in Action study, which was funded by FNO (Grant Number 101569). The Medical Ethics Committee of the VUmc (2016.366) approved the study. The healthy sleep project was funded by the Special Research Fund- Doctoral Scholarship Ghent University (BOF DOC2018003201). The Medical Ethics Committee of the Ghent University approved the study protocol (B670201630466). The LIKE study was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: An initiative with support of the Dutch Heart Foundation, ZonMw, CVON2016-07 LIKE. The Medical Ethical Committee of the VU University Medical Centre approved the study protocol (2018.234).

Author information

Helga Emke and Ann Vandendriessche share first authorship as they contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Ann Vandendriessche, Benedicte Deforche & Maïté Verloigne

Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Helga Emke, Mai Chinapaw, Teatske Altenburg & Manou Anselma

Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

Benedicte Deforche

Mulier Instituut, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Manou Anselma

Health Behaviour and Chronic Diseases and Methodology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Helga Emke, Mai Chinapaw & Teatske Altenburg

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

The study was designed by H.E., A.V. and M.A. M.C., B.D., M.V. and T.A. provided support on the design of the paper. The paper was drafted by H.E., A.V. and M.A., with all authors providing feedback to drafts. All authors approved the final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helga Emke .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

A written active informed consent to participate in the participatory process was obtained from at least one of the parents or guardians in all three projects and in the LIKE and Healthy Sleep project also from the co-researchers themselves.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1, additional file 2, additional file 3, rights and permissions.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Emke, H., Vandendriessche, A., Chinapaw, M. et al. Facilitating co-research: lessons learned from reflection forms within three participatory action research projects. Health Res Policy Sys 22 , 117 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-024-01210-x

Download citation

Received : 19 October 2023

Accepted : 03 August 2024

Published : 23 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-024-01210-x

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Facilitation
• Co-research
• Participatory action research

Health Research Policy and Systems

ISSN: 1478-4505

• Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
• General enquiries: [email protected]

Breaking News Alerts

Press "allow" to activate.

• Food & Dining
• Arts & Entertainment
• Real Estate
• Hawai‘i Journalism Initiative
• Crime Statistics
• Local Sports
• Weather Forecast
• Surf Report
• Maui Arts & Entertainment
• Food and Dining
• On the Menu
• Visitors’ Guide
• Maui Discussion
• Reader Survey
• Upcoming Maui Events
• Map of Events
• Post an Event
• Recent Job Listings
• IMUA Discovery Garden
• Medical Minute
• Latest Maui Videos
• About Maui Now
• Contact Information
• Get the App
• Advertising
• Meet the Team

Privacy Policy | About Our Ads

• Entertainment

$26M grant fuels UH research on climate-friendly cooling

A team from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa is tackling an important cause of human-made climate change—common refrigerants used for everything from cooling homes and businesses to freezing and preserving food and medicine. The National Science Foundation (NSF) announced Wednesday that UH and five other universities have been awarded $26 million to establish a fourth generation (Gen-4) NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) to create sustainable refrigerant technology.

The majority of refrigerants, called hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), are used in heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVACR) systems. HVACR systems account for almost 10% of global greenhouse-gas emissions because of leaks that release HFCs into the atmosphere and the significant amount of energy it takes to operate them.

The new NSF Gen-4 ERC Environmentally Applied Refrigerant Technology Hub (EARTH) aims to create a transformative “sustainable refrigerant lifecycle” by lowering HFC emissions; creating safe, property-balanced replacement refrigerants; and increasing the energy efficiency of HVACR systems.

“Understanding the underlying chemistry of new refrigerants in the atmosphere is central to defining the impact onto our climate and ultimately the rise of sea levels,” said UH Mānoa Professor Ralf I. Kaiser, the UH project lead. “We will be developing a tightly integrated collaborative network to predict for the first time the atmospheric impact of potential new refrigerants before they are incorporated into HVACR systems. This is just one aspect of UHʻs role in this important project.”

Gen-4 NSF Engineering Research Center

Along with UH, ERC EARTH includes teams from University of Notre Dame, Lehigh University, University of South Dakota, University of Maryland and project lead University of Kansas. The group was selected from among hundreds of other proposed centers following a highly competitive two-year review process. NSF currently supports just 15 ERCs in advanced manufacturing, energy and environment, health and infrastructure.

“For UH to be part of a team selected for a NSF Engineering Research Center just speaks volumes to the quality of our researchers and personnel,” said UH Mānoa Provost Michael Bruno. “I cannot overstate its significance, and this groundbreaking project positions UH at the forefront of climate change mitigation while addressing a critical challenge to Hawaiʻi and the world.”

NSF Director Sethuraman Panchanathan said ERCs ask big questions in order to catalyze solutions with far reaching impacts.

“NSF Engineering Research Centers are powerhouses of discovery and innovation, bringing America’s great engineering minds to bear on our toughest challenges,” said Panchanathan. “By collaborating with industry and training the workforce of the future, ERCs create an innovation ecosystem that can accelerate engineering innovations, producing tremendous economic and societal benefits for the nation.”

UHʻs many project responsibilities

The UH Mānoa team includes professors Kaiser, Rui Sun (Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences), Christina Karamperidou (Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology), Kieko Matteson (Department of History, College of Arts, Languages & Letters) and Jennifer Pagala Barnett (Division Of Student Success Student, Diversity and Inclusion). Kaiser says it is fitting that UH is playing such an important role in the project.

“Hawaiʻi is increasingly vulnerable to global warming and its impacts, including more frequent and severe weather extremes and sea level rise,” Kaiser said. “Sea level rise, which exacerbates flooding, coastal inundation and erosion, poses a serious threat not only to Hawaiʻi, but also to major population centers along the Pacific Rim, such as Japan and Australia.”

Kaiser and Sun’s groups will study the atmospheric chemistry of gas phase refrigerants and their interaction with atmospheric ice particles. Kaiser’s group will employ crossed molecular beams and acoustic levitators to study the fate of refrigerants in the atmosphere. The efforts are complimented by Sun’s computer simulations with artificial intelligence to understand the reaction at the atomistic detail.

“By following this approach, we will avoid the mistakes done in the 1970s, when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), an otherwise excellent refrigerant, resulted in catastrophic ozone depletion,” Sun said.

Karamperidou, a co-leader of the ERC’s research thrust on novel and safe refrigerants, will integrate the experimental and computational data into climate models to study the impacts of HFCs, their replacement compounds, and novel cooling technologies and practices on climate and atmospheric circulation.

“As temperatures continue to rise and with them the frequency and intensity of heat waves, so does the need for refrigeration and air conditioning,” said Karamperidou. “This leads to increased refrigerant use and related greenhouse gas emissions, and a vicious cycle between HVACR and global warming that needs to be better understood and ultimately broken.”

Matteson will place the modern demand for cooling and its social, environmental, and economic impacts into historical context. She notes that air conditioning technology was first developed in the early twentieth century and didn’t become widespread in US homes until the 1970s.

“Now, extreme heat is affecting our health, learning and productivity, and exacerbating disparities between the haves and have-nots,” said Matteson. “Mitigating HFCs’ harmful effects while ensuring that everyone can function at a livable temperature is a vital social justice issue that needs to be driven by historical understanding as much as science.”

As part of the center, UH Mānoa will also establish a new interdisciplinary graduate program in atmospheric chemistry (College of Natural Sciences and SOEST) to train future leaders in chemistry, atmospheric science and environmental science.

Diversity and Culture of Inclusion

Barnett will manage the Diversity and Culture of Inclusion (DCI) for the ERC, spearheading initiatives to support and advance EARTH’s diversity goals for students, faculty and staff. A major focus is to recruit and increase participation of Indigenous and tribal communities.

“I am looking forward to this opportunity to bring our commitment to diversity to our partner universities and to this important effort,” said Barnett. “This is a global issue that we are trying to address and one of the keys to success is to ensure that all voices are being considered and heard and offered an equitable opportunity to affect change.”

“For our team to be leading the DCI initiatives for the entire ERC shows how UH, and Hawaiʻi in general, lead the nation in these types of efforts,” said Bruno. “We are committed to being a Native Hawaiian Place of Learning and fully embracing our multicultural and multi-ethnic communities. This is an opportunity to extend that forward thinking to the continent.”

Allen Vincent, a 4th year Chemistry Ph.D student in Sun’s lab, is the President of the Student Leadership Council (SLC) for ERC EARTH. He leads an active council of 26 students from the partner institutions who are all involved in research and academic activities for the ERC. The SLC will work closely with DCI efforts to address the ERC culture, diversity and recruitment of students.

Workforce training

ERC EARTH will work with industry to develop workforce goals that will involve community colleges to address workforce gaps. The UH team will work with the UH community colleges through coordinated outreach and training to prepare the next generation of HVACR workers.

“This project demonstrates the amazing synergies we can achieve when our campuses work together,” said UH President David Lassner. “Our world-class researchers will be developing solutions to a major challenge facing the planet with the commitment to train not just the next generation of researchers but also helping our community colleges train local residents for the high-quality jobs that will need to be filled to install and maintain newer systems that are more climate-friendly to our planet.”

The initial $26-million award is eligible for renewal for five additional years until 2034. 

Sponsored Content

Subscribe to our Newsletter

• Send Me Daily Updates
• Send Me Weekly Updates

• Maui Business
• Maui Sports
• Maui Activities
• Maui Events Calendar
• Official Visitors’ Guide
• About Our Ads
• Terms of Service

Facebook YouTube Twitter Instagram