sorbonne university phd in english

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Doctoral schools

Sorbonne University has 23 doctoral schools covering all disciplinary fields of research in the humanities, languages and social sciences, sciences and engineering, and medicine.

Published on 7/01/2020 - Updated on 9/02/2023

The doctoral school is responsible for all matters related to the doctorate.

It brings together a set of research units grouped around a given scientific field.

The doctoral school is responsible for recruiting, monitoring, training and defending doctoral candidates. It offers courses and scientific activities to doctoral candidates and validates each doctoral candidate's individual educational plan.

The doctoral school is run by a director assisted by a board, which monitors and coordinates the life of the doctoral school. Doctoral candidates are invited to elect their representatives every two years. Bylaws define its organisation and functioning, in particular for governance, admission, the allocation of funding, supervision and the conduct of doctoral courses. They are published on each doctoral school's website. 

List of Sorbonne University doctoral schools

• Astronomy and Astrophysics for Paris Area (DS 127)
• Brain Cognition Behaviour (DS158)
• Paris Centre Physical and Analytical Chemistry (DS 388)
• Paris Centre Molecular Chemistry (DS 406)
• Civilizations, Cultures, Literatures and Societies (DS 020)
• Life Science Complexity (DS 515 )
• Concepts and Languages (DS 433)
• History of Art and Archaeology (DS 124)
• Geography of Paris (DS 434)
• Geosciences, Natural Resources and Environment (DS 398)
• Modern and Contemporary History (ED 188)
• Information Technology, Telecommunications and Electronics in Paris - EDITE (DS 130)
• French and Comparative Literature (DS 019)
• Ancient and Medieval Worlds (DS 022)
• Pierre Louis of Public Health in Paris: Epidemiology and Biomedical Information Sciences (DS 393)
• Physiology, Physiopathology and Therapeutics (DS 394)
• Materials Physics and Chemistry  (DS 397)
• Physics of Ile-de-France (DS 564)
• Environmental Sciences of Ile-de-France (DS 129)
• Natural and Human Sciences: Evolution and Ecology (DS 227)
• Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences of the Universe (DS 560)
• Paris Centre Mathematical Sciences (DS 386)
• Mechanical, Acoustic, Electronics and Robotics Sciences of Paris - SMAER (DS 391)

List of UTC and INSEAD Doctoral School, Sorbonne University partners in Alliance

• Sciences for Engineers (DS71) - UTC
• PhD - INSEAD
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• MU 75 - Paris Brain Institute
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The Faculty of Medicine teaches the 3 cycles of medical studies: from PASS (integrated into the faculty) to the 3rd cycle including DES, DESC, DU and DIU. The lessons are given mainly on two sites: Pitié-Salpêtrière and Saint-Antoine. The faculty also provides paramedical education: speech therapy, psychomotricity and orthoptics. The Saint-Antoine site includes a midwifery school.

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Study | at the faculty of medicine

One of our riches is the diversity of students and their backgrounds. Sorbonne University is committed to the success of each of its students and offers them a wide range of training as well as support adapted to their profile and their project.

Hugo Bottemanne

Philosophe et clinicien de l'esprit.

David Klatzmann

Immunologiste et codécouvreur du vih.

Dominique Costagliola

Une scientifique sur le front des maladies infectieuses.

Simon Pouzet

Associate dean student of the faculty of medicine.

Maha Dahawi

Doctorante en génétique.

Associative life

One of our riches is the diversity of students and their backgrounds. Sorbonne University is committed to the success of each of its students.

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A unique combination of courses and expertise

Our international study programmes are organised according to the major disciplinary areas of the faculty. They represent the graduate study programmes that are not strictly conducted in French or that could be suitable (in part) for non French-speaking students. They also reflect part of the diversity of the disciplines involved and the bi- and inter-disciplinary aspects of many of the courses we offer.

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We rely on disciplinary skills and on interdisciplinary approaches to renew concepts, methods and research subjects and to focus on some of the crucial issues faced by our societies: transformations affecting the very construction of knowledge (data, AI), the treatment of complex objects (the environment, marine and ocean sciences, cultural heritage) or our contributions to addressing societal challenges (climate change, healthcare).

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Our campuses offer different and unique experiences to our students, visitors and staff. resources and support services are also available to ensure an equal chance at success to all., joana desbordes, student in biology-geosciences-chemistry and top-level swimmer.

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Graduate - master of science and environmental policy.

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In addition to the cultural activities and events organised throughout the year by our clubs and societies, th e Parismus society organises numerous events, evenings and cultural visits that will help you discover France and its parisian life.

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Doctoral schools and research units

The Faculty of Arts and Humanities supports numerous major fields of research in the sphere of humanities, thanks to the work of leading researchers in their areas of expertise.

Published on 30/06/2023 - Updated on 13/07/2023

Doctoral schools

Doctoral schools manage all matters related to doctorates. Each doctoral school comprises several research units centred around a specific research field. Doctoral schools are in charge of recruiting, training and monitoring PhD candidates, as well as evaluating PhD viva voces. They organise courses and scientific activities for PhD candidates, and validate each candidate’s individual academic plan. The Faculty’s scientific activities are organised by seven doctoral schools.

• Civilisations, cultures, literatures and societies
• Concepts and languages
• History of art and archaeology
• Modern and contemporary history
• French and comparative literature
• Ancient and medieval worlds

  These doctoral schools organise and schedule the scientific activities of over 30 research units, 8 of which are supported by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). These human-scale units are sensitive to the challenges of the contemporary world. They take part in numerous scientific events and organise around 100 events each year within the Faculty. The wide disciplinary and thematic range covered by these scientific communities has established the Faculty of Arts and Humanities as a major institution in many fields.   Our doctoral schools in figures :

• 750 teacher-researchers
• 230 teachers
• 1500 PhD candidates
• 200 theses defended every year
• 40 accreditations to supervise research (habilitations à diriger des recherches – HDR) delivered every year

Research units

JOINT RESEARCH UNIT - Unité mixte de recherche (UMR)

André-Chastel Centre (CAC) : research unit in art history (UMR 8150) Centre for French language and literature studies (CELLF) (UMR 8599) Centre of research on Ancient Philosophy (Centre Léon Robin)  (UMR 8061) Roland Mousnier Centre (CRM) (UMR 8596) Eastern, Balkan and East-Central Europe (EUR’ORBEM) (UMR 8224) Sorbonne research group for the study of the methods of sociological analysis (GEMASS)  (UMR 8598) Research institute in Musicolgy (IReMus) (UMR 8223) Research unit on monotheisms (LEM) (UMR 8584) The East and the Mediterranean, texts – archaeology – history (O&M) (UMR 8167) Sorbonne identities, cultures and international relations in Europe (SIRICE) (UMR 8138) Sciences, Norms, Democracy (SND) (UMR 8011) RESEARCH UNIT - Unité de recherche (UR)

Centre for English medieval studies (CEMA) Centre of research on 19th-century history (CRHXIX) Sorbonne Study Centre on linguistics (CeLiSo) Centre of research on comparative literature (CRLC) Centre of research on Pre-Hispanic America (CERAP) Centre of research on the Far East (CREOPS) Sorbonne Centre of research on Egyptology (CRES) Centre of cross-disciplinary research on contemporary Iberian worlds (CRIMIC) Spanish and American civilisations and literatures from the Middle-Ages to the Enlightenment (CLEA) Publishing, interpreting and translating ancient texts (EDITTA) Italian literature and culture research team (ELCI) Studying and publishing medieval texts Cross-disciplinary research group on information and communication processes (GRIPIC) History and dynamics of English-speaking spaces: from the real to the digital (HDEA) Mediations, geographical sciences, human sciences Metaphysics, histories, transformations, contemporary relevance Identities and representations. Germanic, Nordic and Dutch-speaking spaces (REIGENN) Rome and its renaissances: Arts, Archaeology, Literatures and Philosophies Meaning, Text, Computer science, History (STIH) English voices Literature and Aesthetics (VALE)

CROSS-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH PROGRAMME Digital encyclopedia of European history (EHNE) Observatory of literary life (OBVIL) Cross-disciplinary research programme on drama and theatrical practices (PRITEPS)

RESEARCH PROGRAMME Modelling Enlightenment. Reassembling Networks of Modernity through data-driven research (ModERN)

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PhD Program

Become an outstanding scholar.

Fields of expertise

Explore our selective fields of expertise in scientific computing, and data analysis

Academic experience

Our PhD's program is intended to enable fellows to become outstanding researchers, and scholars in the future

How to apply

Be part of a rigorous, rewarding experience that will boost your academic career

From day one, ISCD PhD fellows will focus their academic experiences in one of several fields of study. This will allow them to benefit more from their time in this program, and to prepare themselves to pursue a fruitful career in research in their field.

A network of faculty and staff provide help and guidance throughout the PhD program. PhD fellows work with collagues in their field of expertise and also engage in collaborative research at ISCD’s affiliated labs.

Have a look at our fields of expertise

HPC technology focuses on developing parallel processing algorithms to analyze data and to perform complex computations at high speed. It relies on the use of dedicated computer architectures: vector Computers, MPP, SMP, Distributed Systems, Clusters, Cloud, GPU.

Data analytics aims at investigating data using specialized software tools to extract information and draw conclusions, in view of improving operational efficiency.

Complex models are difficult to understand. Interactive interfaces and visualizations are developed to help researchers understand their data and results.

The PhD Program’s distinct academic approach is designed to enable students to excel as researchers and scholars in the future.

Throughout their three-year experience, PhD fellows focus on one of several distinct fields. They work closely with faculty members and interact with the other students within the PhD program. All doctorate fellows benefit from the attention and expertise of renowned experts in their fields. The intensity of the full time PhD program requires a commitment to master the fundamental concepts in computer sciences and mathematics.

Each year, a group of talented fellows is enrolled in our PhD Program. The are committed to a flexible, collaborative and rewarding experience in one of the leading institutions in Europe.

The application for Fall will open in early May of each year.

Apply to our program

A PhD program is not simply a continuation of your undergraduate program. The goal is to develop significant and original research in your area of expertise. You will have required courses to take, but these are designed to compliment your research and provide a broad and deep knowledge base to support you in your research endeavors.

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Doctoral schools

Sorbonne University has 23 doctoral schools covering all disciplinary fields of research in the humanities, languages and social sciences, sciences and engineering, and medicine.

Published on 7/01/2020 - Updated on 9/02/2023

The doctoral school is responsible for all matters related to the doctorate.

It brings together a set of research units grouped around a given scientific field.

The doctoral school is responsible for recruiting, monitoring, training and defending doctoral candidates. It offers courses and scientific activities to doctoral candidates and validates each doctoral candidate's individual educational plan.

The doctoral school is run by a director assisted by a board, which monitors and coordinates the life of the doctoral school. Doctoral candidates are invited to elect their representatives every two years. Bylaws define its organisation and functioning, in particular for governance, admission, the allocation of funding, supervision and the conduct of doctoral courses. They are published on each doctoral school's website. 

List of Sorbonne University doctoral schools

• Astronomy and Astrophysics for Paris Area (DS 127)
• Brain Cognition Behaviour (DS158)
• Paris Centre Physical and Analytical Chemistry (DS 388)
• Paris Centre Molecular Chemistry (DS 406)
• Civilizations, Cultures, Literatures and Societies (DS 020)
• Life Science Complexity (DS 515 )
• Concepts and Languages (DS 433)
• History of Art and Archaeology (DS 124)
• Geography of Paris (DS 434)
• Geosciences, Natural Resources and Environment (DS 398)
• Modern and Contemporary History (ED 188)
• Information Technology, Telecommunications and Electronics in Paris - EDITE (DS 130)
• French and Comparative Literature (DS 019)
• Ancient and Medieval Worlds (DS 022)
• Pierre Louis of Public Health in Paris: Epidemiology and Biomedical Information Sciences (DS 393)
• Physiology, Physiopathology and Therapeutics (DS 394)
• Materials Physics and Chemistry  (DS 397)
• Physics of Ile-de-France (DS 564)
• Environmental Sciences of Ile-de-France (DS 129)
• Natural and Human Sciences: Evolution and Ecology (DS 227)
• Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences of the Universe (DS 560)
• Paris Centre Mathematical Sciences (DS 386)
• Mechanical, Acoustic, Electronics and Robotics Sciences of Paris - SMAER (DS 391)

List of UTC and INSEAD Doctoral School, Sorbonne University partners in Alliance

• Sciences for Engineers (DS71) - UTC
• PhD - INSEAD

International degrees

Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University has developed a wide range of international programmes, bringing together over 1,600 students each year within courses taught in France and abroad. Some of these degrees benefit from the support of the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) , the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (MESR) , the Franco-German University (UFA) , and the Francophonie University Association (AUF) .

Off-campus courses

Universidad del Salvador

• Bachelor’s in Law, Master’s in Law
• Bachelor’s in Management, Master’s in Management

École Supérieure de la Francophonie pour l'Administration et le Management

• Master’s in International Transport

Côte d’Ivoire

Institut national polytechnique félix houphouët-boigny.

• Master’s in Social Protection and Health Insurance Management

Cairo University - Filière francophone d'Économie et de Sciences Politiques

• Bachelor’s in Economics
• Bachelor’s in Political Science
• Master’s in Development Economics

Cairo University -  École de Droit de la Sorbonne au Caire-IDAI

Université française d’égypte.

• Master’s in Heritage Management

Harokopio University

• Master’s in Sustainable Tourism Development

Université Euro-Méditerranéenne de Fès

• Master’s in French and Moroccan Business Law

Collège juridique franco-roumain d'études européennes

Galatasaray university.

• Bachelor’s in Philosophy

(Data: July 2023)

Double degrees with mobility

Bond University

• LLM in French, European and International Business Law

University of Melbourne

• Master’s in Global Business Law and Governance

Université du Québec à Chicoutimi

• Master’s in Computer Methods applied to Business Management

Université Laval

• Master’s in Environmental Law

Fudan University

• Master's in Economics of Globalization

City University of Hong Kong

• Master's in Global Business Law and Governance

Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

• Master's in Development Economics
• Master's in Banking Finance and Insurance

Universidad EAFIT  

• Bachelor’s in Mathematics and Computer Science applied to Humanities and Social Sciences
• PhD in Computer Science

Universidad Nacional de Colombia

• Master's in Economics

Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica

Europa-universität viadrina frankfurt (oder).

• Master’s in Philosophy and Culture Sciences

Ludwig Maximilians Universität München

• Master’s in History

Pondicherry University

• Bachelor’s in Social and Economic Administration

Università degli Studi della Basilicata

• Bachelor’s in Art History

Università degli Studi di Firenze

• Bachelor’s in French and Italian Law, Master’s in French and Italian Law
• Master’s in International Law

Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza"

• Master’s in Philosophy, Ancient and Contemporary Ethics

Università degli Studi di Siena

• Master’s in Logic and Philosophy of Science

Università di Bologna

• Master’s in Heritage and Museum Studies

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

• Bachelor's in Economics
• Master’s in Tourism

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

• Master's in Tourism

Switzerland

Università della svizzera italiana.

• Master's in Digital Fashion Communication

United Kingdom

Queen mary university of london.

• Bachelor’s in French and English Law, Master’s in French and English Law
• LLM in French and European Law

University of Glasgow

• LLM Sorbonne Business Law
• Master’s in Comparative Law

United States

With each of the following universities: fordham university , pace university , university of pittsburgh , washington university in st louis.

(Data: July 2023)

Joint degrees & Erasmus Mundus

Erasmus Mundus – Master’s in Models and Methods of Quantitative Economics (QEM)

This master’s programme in economics, coordinated by Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, offers a rigorous education in fundamental quantitative tools by combining core economic theory with related quantitative disciplines. It is intended to prepare students for a wide range of careers utilising their skills in Economics. Graduates will be able to analyse economic and econometric problems and conduct complex theoretical and empirical investigations. Partners Belgium: Université Catholique de Louvain Italy: Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Poland: Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie Spain: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Erasmus Mundus - Master’s in Techniques, Heritage, Territories of Industry (TPTI)

Coordinated by Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, the TPTI master’s programme focuses on the investigation of industrial heritage and historical technical environments. The programme aims at teaching students how to enhance their technical knowledge and manage industrial landscapes. The course is mainly designed for historians, architects, and experts in the preservation of cultural heritage, as well as economists and managers specialised in cultural heritage. Partners Argentina:  Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Czech Republic: České vysoké učení technické v Praze Italy: Università degli Studi di Padova Japan: Kagoshima University Portugal: Universidade de Evora Senegal:  Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar Spain: Universidad de Oviedo Tunisia: Université de Sfax

European Doctorate in Economics Excellence Mobility (EDEEM)

This doctoral programme in economics is organised in three years. All PhD students are jointly supervised by two professors through a bilateral agreement between two universities within the consortium. The preparation of the PhD thesis will be carried out in alternating periods of at least two semesters within each university.

Partners Belgium: Université Catholique de Louvain Germany: Universität Bielefeld (coordinator) Italy: Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Netherlands: Universiteit van Amsterdam Portugal: Universidade Nova de Lisboa

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Mathematics

Collaborating with the economic world and with other scientific fields through a wide range of interactions

Our teams collaborate with experts from the economic world and from other scientific fields, resulting in a wide range of interactions with: physics and astrophysics, theoretical mechanics and chemistry, information and data sciences, artificial intelligence, finance and insurance, medicine and life sciences, the human and social sciences.

Home to one of the world's largest and most renowned centres for training and research in pure and applied mathematics, our institution hosts over 800 associate members and over 275 doctoral students in three joint research units associated with the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the University of Paris.

Since 2007, these research units have also been part of the Fondation Sciences Mathématiques de Paris , a network of excellence founded by Parisian universities and research institutions. It covers all 19 subject areas listed by the International Congress of Mathematicians, ranging from the most fundamental mathematics to their applications:

>> logic and foundations, algebra,number theory, algebraic and complex geometries, geometry, topology, Lie theories and generalisations, the analysis and algebras of operators, dynamic systems and ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, mathematical physics, probability and statistics, combinatorial and mathematical aspects of computer science, digital analysis and scientific calculation, control theory and optimisation, mathematics in science and technology, the teaching and popularisation of mathematics, and the history of mathematics.

Our research activities in mathematics and its applications benefit from support of the labex FSMP  and the SUMMIT technological development centre.

Pro-Palestine protests: How some universities reached deals with students

Many campus protesters have taken down Gaza solidarity encampments after colleges agreed to consider divestment from Israel.

College campuses around the world have exploded in recent weeks in protests by pro-Palestinian students and faculty members against Israel’s war on Gaza, in which more than 34,000 people have been killed.

In university after university, protesters are demanding that their schools sever any direct or indirect financial and academic links with Israel, including by divesting from companies with ties to Israel.

Keep reading

Where is the pro-palestine student protest movement heading, cambridge and oxford students set up gaza solidarity camps, sorbonne students show solidarity with protests for palestine, australian students join protests for palestine.

The protests have led to an array of different responses from universities. On Monday, Columbia University cancelled its main graduation or commencement ceremony. Many universities have called police and other law enforcement agencies on to campus. In the United States alone, more than 2,000 students have been arrested. Both protests and the campus crackdowns have also spread to other parts of the world – from Canada to Australia, and in multiple European nations. On Monday, students at Oxford and Cambridge in the United Kingdom also set up encampments.

Yet, even as tension continues to soar at several campuses, students and administrators in some universities have managed to negotiate agreements that have acceded to some of the demands of the protesters.

So how have these universities managed protests – and what deals have students and administrators struck in these cases?

What are the compromises universities and protesters have struck?

For the most part, the agreements that have helped calm tensions have revolved around a few common themes:

• Some universities have agreed to divest from companies with links to Israel, while others have said that they will consider the demands and take them up with bodies in charge of overseeing their investments. In some cases, universities have agreed to demands to disclose their investments, without committing to divest.
• Other universities, including some that have also conceded ground on divestment-related demands, have agreed to invest in setting up new centres or hiring new faculty in a bid to create greater awareness about Palestine.
• In exchange, students on these campuses have agreed to end their encampments.
• In some cases, universities have chosen to take no action to disperse encampments, allowing them to continue. These include Wesleyan University in Connecticut and the University of California, Berkeley.

Which universities have agreed to specific student demands?

• Northwestern University , based in Illinois, US struck a deal with its protesting students on April 29 to take down most of the tents. It allowed them, however, to continue their protest – just not through an encampment – until June 1. The university promised to provide students with ways to engage with the Investment Committee of the Board of Trustees, including re-establishing an advisory committee on investment responsibility in the fall (autumn). The advisory committee could consider divestment proposals from university members. The institute agreed to disclose its investments through its endowment funds to “internal stakeholders”, which include current students, faculty, staff and trustees. Northwestern also agreed to cover education at the university for five Palestinian undergraduate students.
• Brown University in Rhode Island agreed on April 30 that the Corporation, Brown’s highest governing body, would vote on divestment from companies affiliated with Israel during a meeting in October. In return, students cleared the encampments that had been in place since April 24.
• Also on April 30, students and administrators at Evergreen State College in Washington agreed to a pact. Students removed a week-long encampment. The university set up task forces to assess – among other things – investment policies and the possibility of divestment, and look at whether the school’s policies regarding grants help governments engaged in illegal occupations abroad.
• On May 1, the University of Minnesota announced a compromise under which it promised to provide protesters with information on public companies it has invested in. However, the university made it clear that non-disclosure agreements barred it from disclosing information about private companies that the school has invested in. It added that the administration had recommended to the University’s police department that it avoid arresting student protesters. However, the university said it will not ban employers from career fairs because it does not “support restricting student career opportunities”. Students had been demanding that firms with ties to Israel not be invited.
• Student protesters from Rutgers University in New Jersey reached an agreement with the administration on May 2. The university agreed to create an Arab cultural centre and hire staff and instructors who have knowledge about Palestinian communities alongside naming Palestine, Palestinians and Gaza in future communications. It also agreed to work with students, faculty and staff to support 10 displaced Palestinian students to complete their education at Rutgers. No students, staff or faculty involved in the encampment will face retaliation, the university promised. The students’ request for divestment is also under review.
• Goldsmiths University in the UK reached an agreement on May 3 after students set up encampments in the university’s library. Goldsmiths agreed to a new ethical investment policy. The protesting student group will have an opportunity to present their “evidence of Goldsmiths’ complicity with Israel” to the institute’s finance committee. Goldsmiths also agreed to name one of the media department’s lecture theatres after Shireen Abu Akleh, an Al Jazeera reporter who was killed by Israeli forces while she was on assignment in the West Bank. The institute will also conduct a review of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) definition of anti-Semitism which critics have described as so broad as to effectively bar most criticism of Israel.
• The University of California, Riverside  (UCR) issued a statement on May 3 saying an agreement has been reached to peacefully end the encampments. The university announced it would publish several details of its investments online. UCR’s School of Business has also discontinued multiple global programmes, including those in Israel. Students also want the university to ban the sale of Sabra Hummus, a packaged hummus brand owned by PepsiCo and the Israel-based Strauss Group, from campus. The university said it would review the demand.
• Thompson Rivers University (TRU) in Canada’s British Columbia also saw an agreement on Saturday, May 4, following negotiations, making it the first Canadian institute to see a deal. TRU’s student group called the People’s University of Gaza at TRU did not have encampments and began their push towards divestment through an email sent to the administration on April 30, a TRU student protester wrote in a statement to Al Jazeera. The TRU administration has agreed to disclose their investments within 30 days of the students filing a Freedom of Information (FOI) request. A student at TRU told Al Jazeera that they have already filed the request. Once TRU discloses its investments, students will draft a divestment proposal. However, TRU has refused to publicly condemn and demand an end to “acts of genocide in Gaza,” which was one of the students’ demands. “We will continue to engage with the institution on this matter,” a press release by the People’s University of Gaza at TRU said.

What’s happening on other campuses?

Columbia announced on Monday that there will be smaller, school-level ceremonies during this week and the next, instead of a large commencement.

Also on Monday, pro-Palestine student protesters at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) resisted a university deadline to clear the encampment . This was after the institute’s president issued a warning letter to students where he asserted they would be suspended if they did not disperse voluntarily. Harvard authorities issued a similar letter to students on Monday, saying that the students who continue with the encampment “will be referred for involuntary leave from their Schools”.

Students at more than 100 universities are protesting across the US. Their counterparts in at least 20 campuses outside of the US are protesting and several of these protests are also encampments.

What are the reactions to the encampment deals?

While some students and those supporting them have welcomed the breakthroughs with university officials, others have criticised the deals as inadequate. Northwestern University is a case in point.

Immediately after the deal, two Palestinian students at the university said they were proud to “have a seat at a table that we’ve never had before,” student-run newspaper The Daily Northwestern reported. Similarly, the student protesters at Brown celebrated the deal after the encampment was dismantled.

Here is another idea #ColumbiaUniversity , instead of turning your campus into a police state https://t.co/AIBV4N0dZ5 — Matteo Farinella (@matteofarinella) May 1, 2024

However, not everyone has hailed the deals as a win.

this is NOT good. The divestment is NON BINDING and the vote won’t happen until OCTOBER. Administration win for this https://t.co/ty2OGN2WwM — lucas 📕 (@lucas_s21122) May 1, 2024

The Daily Northwestern reported that some students were disappointed that the deal did not involve divestment.

On the other hand, critics of the pro-Palestine protests have also accused the universities of buckling under pressure in reaching the agreements.

Not only is it a major cave, it’s also got major anti-Semitic implications Dude weird it’s like the “until our demands are met” Rutgers protester-agitator branch planned it that way https://t.co/7n3HuNXNbu — AAPL Tree (@AAPLTree) May 3, 2024

On May 1, two graduate students and one first-year undergraduate student at Northwestern University sued the institute in a breach of contract lawsuit, saying that the university breached its own rules by allowing the encampments. The lawsuit also criticised the agreement for allowing student protesters to stay on campus until June 1.