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• Master’s vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Master's vs PhD | A Complete Guide to the Differences

Published on November 27, 2020 by Lauren Thomas . Revised on June 1, 2023.

The two most common types of graduate degrees are master’s and doctoral degrees:

• A master’s is a 1–2 year degree that can prepare you for a multitude of careers.
• A PhD, or doctoral degree, takes 3–7 years to complete (depending on the country) and prepares you for a career in academic research.

A master’s is also the necessary first step to a PhD. In the US, the master’s is built into PhD programs, while in most other countries, a separate master’s degree is required before applying for PhDs.

Master’s are far more common than PhDs. In the US, 24 million people have master’s or professional degrees, whereas only 4.5 million have doctorates.

Table of contents

Master’s vs phd at a glance, which is right for you, length of time required, career prospects, costs and salaries, application process, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about master's and phd degrees.

The table below shows the key differences between the two.

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A PhD is right for you if:

• Your goal is to become a professor at a university or some other type of professional researcher.
• You love research and are passionate about discovering the answer to a particular question.
• You are willing to spend years pursuing your research even if you have to put up with a lot of dead ends and roadblocks.

A master’s degree is the better choice if any of the following apply:

• You want to continue studies in your field, but you’re not committed to a career as a professional researcher.
• You want to develop professional skills for a specific career.
• You are willing to pay a higher upfront cost if it means finishing with your degree (and thus being able to work) much faster.
• You want the option to study part-time while working.

The length of time required to complete a PhD or master’s degree varies. Unsurprisingly, PhDs take much longer, usually between 3–7 years. Master’s degrees are usually only 1–2 years.

Length of a master’s

Master’s degrees are usually 2 years, although 1-year master’s degrees also exist, mainly in the UK.

Most of the degree consists of classes and coursework, although many master’s programs include an intensive, semester-long master’s thesis or capstone project in which students bring together all they’ve learned to produce an original piece of work.

Length of a PhD

In the US, a PhD usually takes between 5 and 7 years to complete. The first 2 years are spent on coursework. Students, even those who choose to leave without finishing the program, usually receive a master’s degree at this point.

The next 3–5 years are spent preparing a dissertation —a lengthy piece of writing based on independent research, which aims to make a significant original contribution to one’s field.

Master’s degrees tend to prepare you for a career outside of academia, while PhDs are designed to lead to a career in research.

Careers for master’s graduates

There are two types of master’s degrees: terminal and research-intensive. The career prospects are different for each.

Terminal master’s degrees are intended to prepare students for careers outside of academia. Some degrees, known as professional degrees, specifically prepare students for particular professions; these include the Master of Public Policy (MPP), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), Master of Fine Arts (MFA), and Master of Public Health (MPH) degrees.

Other master’s degrees, usually Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Sciences (MS or MSc) degrees, do not necessarily lead to a specific career, but are intended to be a final degree. Examples include an MS in Communications or MS in Data Analytics.

In research-intensive master’s programs, students take coursework intended to prepare them for writing an original piece of research known as the master’s thesis . Such programs are usually intended to prepare for further study in a doctoral program.

Careers for PhD graduates

As research degrees, PhDs are usually intended to lead to an academic career. A PhD can be thought of like an apprenticeship, where students learn from professional researchers (academics) how to produce their own research.

Most students aspire to become a university professor upon the completion of their degree. However, careers in academia are highly competitive, and the skills learned in a doctoral program often lend themselves well to other types of careers.

Some graduates who find they prefer teaching to producing research go on to be teachers at liberal arts colleges or even secondary schools. Others work in research-intensive careers in the government, private sector, or at think tanks.

Below are a few examples of specific fields and non-academic careers that are common destinations of graduates of those fields.

• Computer Science
• Lab Sciences

Many government jobs, including economists at a country’s central bank, are research-intensive and require a PhD. Think tanks also hire economists to carry out independent research.

In the private sector, economic consulting and technology firms frequently hire PhDs to solve real-world problems that require complex mathematical modeling.

Graduate students from the humanities are sometimes hired by museums, who can make use of their research and writing skills to curate exhibits and run public outreach.

Humanities PhDs are often well-suited to research and grant-writing roles at nonprofits. Since so much of research is funded by grants, PhD students often gain a lot of experience applying for them, which is a useful skill in the nonprofit sector.

There are a wide range of non-academic research jobs for lab scientists with doctorates in subjects like chemistry, biology, ecology and physics.

Many PhD graduates are hired by pharmaceutical companies that need to perform research to create and test their products. Government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), also hire lab scientists to work on research projects.

Job prospects after graduation vary widely based on the field. In fields like management, computer science, statistics, and economics, there’s little underemployment—even graduates from less well-known programs can easily find jobs that pay well and use the skills they’ve gained from the PhD.

However, in other fields, particularly in the humanities, many PhD graduates have difficulty in the job market. Unfortunately, there are far more PhD graduates than assistant professor roles, so many instead take on part-time and low-paid roles as adjunct instructors. Even non-academic careers can sometimes be difficult for PhDs to move into, as they may be seen as “overqualified”  or as lacking in relevant professional experience.

Because career options post-PhD vary so much, you should take the time to figure out what the career prospects are in your field. Doctoral programs often have detailed “placement” records online in which they list the career outcomes of their graduates immediately upon leaving the program. If you can’t find these records, contact the program and ask for them—placement information should play an important role in your choice of PhD program.

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Although PhDs take far longer to complete, students often receive a living stipend in exchange for being a teaching or research assistant. Master’s degrees are shorter but less likely to be funded.

Both master’s degrees and PhDs lead to increased salaries upon graduation. While PhDs usually earn a bit more than those with a master’s degree, in some fields, the wages are identical, meaning that no financial benefit is gained from going on to a PhD.

Cost of a master’s

The upfront cost of a master’s degree is usually higher than a doctoral degree due to the lower amount of financial aid available. However, increased salaries also arrive faster than with a doctoral degree, because people graduate much earlier from a master’s program.

Some master’s students do receive stipends for their degrees, usually as compensation for being a teaching or research assistant. In addition, many people complete master’s degrees part time while working full-time, which allows them to fund their living costs as well as tuition.

The cost varies significantly by school and program. Public schools are usually cheaper than private ones. Some master’s degrees, such as MBAs, are notoriously expensive, but also result in much higher wages afterwards that make up for the high cost.

The master’s wage premium , or the extra amount that someone with a master’s degree makes than someone with just a high school diploma, is 23% on average. Many universities provide detailed statistics on the career and salary outcomes of their students. If they do not have this online, you should feel free to contact an administrator of the program and ask.

Cost of a PhD

PhDs, particularly outside the humanities, are usually (though not always) funded, meaning that tuition fees are fully waived and students receive a small living stipend. During the last 3–5 years of a PhD, after finishing their coursework (and sometimes before), students are usually expected to work as graduate instructors or research assistants in exchange for the stipend.

Sometimes students can apply for a fellowship (such as the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Program in the United States) that relieves them of any obligations to be a teaching or research assistant. Doctoral programs in the US tend to be better funded than in the rest of the world.

Sometimes, PhD degrees can be completed part-time, but this is rare. Students are usually expected to devote at least 40 hours a week to their research and work as teaching or research assistants.

The main cost of doctoral programs comes in the form of opportunity cost—all the years that students could be working a regular, full-time job, which usually pays much better than a graduate school stipend.

The average wage premium for PhDs is 26%, which is not much higher than the master’s degree premium.

In the US, the application process is similar for master’s and PhD programs. Both will generally ask for:

• At least one application essay, often called a personal statement or statement of purpose .
• Letters of recommendation .
• A resume or CV .
• Transcripts.
• Writing samples.

Applications for both types of programs also often require a standardized test. PhDs usually require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), which tries to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative, critical thinking , and analytical writing skills. Many master’s programs require this test as well.

Applying for a master’s

Master’s degrees programs will often ask you to respond to specific essay prompts that may ask you to reflect upon not just your academic background, but also your personal character and future career ambitions.

Northwestern University’s Kellogg Business School requires Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) applicants write two essays, one about a recent time they demonstrated leadership and the second about their personal values.

Who you should ask for your letters of recommendation varies by program. If you are applying to a research-intensive master’s program, then you should choose former professors or research supervisors. For other programs, particularly business school, current work supervisors may be a better choice.

Some professional master’s programs require a specific test. For example, to apply to law school, you must take the Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT. For business school, you must take either the GRE or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT).

Applying for a PhD

When applying for a PhD, your resume should focus more on your research background—you should especially emphasize any publications you’ve authored or presentations that you’ve given.

Similarly, your statement of purpose should discuss research that you’ve participated in, whether as an assistant or the lead author. You should detail what exactly you did in projects you’ve contributed to, whether that’s conducting a literature review, coding regressions, or writing an entire article.

Your letters of recommendations should be from former professors or supervisors who can speak to your abilities and potential as a researcher. A good rule of thumb is to avoid asking for recommendations from anyone who does not themselves have a PhD.

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A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program.

Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD.

This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation.

In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years.

A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid.

PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little.

In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE.

Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD.

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Stanford’s Schools and Programs

Stanford offers the following degrees: BA, BS, BAS, MA, MS, PhD, DMA, MD, MBA, MSM, JD, JSD, JSM, LLM, MFA, MLS, MLA, MPP, ENG

Graduate School of Business

Dean: Jonathan Levin

Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) empowers leaders to change lives, change organizations and change the world. Its faculty, including five Nobel laureates, conducts breakthrough research and engages with students in three degree programs: the two-year full-time MBA, one-year full-time Master of Science for experienced leaders (MSx) and PhD. The Executive Education portfolio includes more than 100 courses, both on campus and online. Stanford Seed is an initiative that partners with entrepreneurs in emerging markets to end the cycle of global poverty. Stanford GSB instills the courage to take risks, the passion to lead and the motivation to make a positive impact.

Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability

Dean: Arun Majumdar

The Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability draws on a deep understanding of Earth, climate and society to create solutions at a global scale, in collaboration with partners worldwide. The school strives to create a future where humans and nature thrive in concert and in perpetuity. The school includes a novel three-part structure with departments and programs to generate scholarship, institutes that innovate across disciplines, and an accelerator to drive policy and technology solutions to sustainability challenges. With more than 100 faculty, and nearly 1,000 students in six departments, one social sciences division and three interdisciplinary programs, the school brings together all areas of scholarship that, together, are crucial for advancing the long-term prosperity of the planet.

Graduate School of Education

Dean: Daniel Schwartz

The Graduate School of Education is the center of teaching and learning at Stanford. With 400 graduate students, the school prepares researchers, policymakers, entrepreneurs, executives and school leaders. The GSE’s faculty draw from a variety of disciplines to produce novel scholarship that shapes teaching and learning worldwide. Faculty partner with schools, nonprofits and governments to improve policies and practices and help prepare all learners for a dynamic future. The GSE awards PhD, MA, MS and MA with teaching credential degrees, as well as joint degrees in public policy, law and business. It also offers an undergraduate minor. The GSE houses the Stanford Accelerator for Learning to scale effective and equitable learning solutions to all.

School of Engineering

Dean: Jennifer Widom

Stanford Engineering has been at the forefront of innovation for nearly a century, laying the technological and business foundations for what we now know as Silicon Valley and creating pivotal technologies that have transformed the worlds of information technology, communications, health care, energy, business and beyond. With nearly 5,000 graduate and undergraduate students and 280 faculty across nine departments and more than 160 laboratories, centers, institutes and programs, the school focuses on seeking solutions to important global problems and educating leaders who will make the world a better place by using the power of engineering principles, techniques and systems. The school aims to educate engineers who possess not only deep technical excellence, but the creativity, cultural awareness and entrepreneurial skills that come from exposure to the liberal arts, business, medicine and other disciplines that are an integral part of the Stanford experience.

School of Humanities and Sciences

Dean: Debra Satz

The School of Humanities and Sciences is Stanford’s largest school. As the home of Stanford’s world-class liberal arts education, the school encompasses more than 45 departments and interdisciplinary degree programs that span the humanities, arts, languages and literatures, social sciences, mathematics, and the physical and life sciences. H&S enrolls more than 2,300 graduate students and more than 2,400 undergraduate students and has close to 600 faculty members. H&S serves as the foundation of a Stanford undergraduate education no matter which discipline students pursue as a major. The school is the university’s home for fundamental and applied research, where free, open and critical inquiry is pursued across disciplines. The school’s graduate programs lead to Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Musical Arts, Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Public Policy or Master of Fine Arts degrees. 

Stanford Law School

Dean: Paul Brest (interim)

Stanford Law School combines classic and innovative legal education, with approximately 70 faculty members and 180 new JD students annually. The student-to-faculty ratio is 4.6 to 1. The school offers 24 joint degree programs in areas ranging from bioengineering to business to public policy. Eleven clinics allow students to undertake the roles of practicing lawyers, and 25+ academic programs and centers and about 20 policy practicums offer opportunities for research and policy work.

School of Medicine

Dean: Lloyd Minor

The School of Medicine , the oldest medical school in the western United States, encourages intellectual diversity in students interested in developing a scholarly, investigative approach to problems in medicine and science and using discoveries to transform patient care. The school has 1,137 faculty; 1,890 clinician educators; 1,502 postdoctoral scholars; 490 MD students; 1,222 PhD and MS candidates; and 1,471 residents and clinical fellows. The school’s world-class faculty, which includes five Nobel laureates, are leaders in research, patient care and education. Our medical students gain experience at Stanford Hospital and Stanford Health Care, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford and Stanford Medicine Children’s Health, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and other affiliated sites, including the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. The School of Medicine received $866 million in sponsored research revenue as of 2022 and $584 million in NIH funding as of 2022. 

Other Academic Programs

Stanford digital education.

Vice Provost for Digital Education: Matthew Rascoff

Stanford Digital Education leads the development of Stanford’s online and hybrid education strategies and strengthens Stanford’s capacity to carry them out. It incubates and supports mission-driven digital education initiatives, while also serving as the entry point for groups outside the university wishing to partner on such efforts. By marshaling Stanford’s human and technological capabilities in new ways, Stanford Digital Education seeks to build a more just, equitable and accessible system of higher education.

Stanford Center for Professional Development (SCPD)

Executive Director & Associate Dean: Carissa Little

The Stanford Center for Professional Development (SCPD) is the global and online education unit within Stanford Engineering. SCPD works closely with Stanford faculty and instructors to create credentialed education programs that are delivered online, in person or part time, including graduate degree and credit-bearing certificate programs; professional education and enterprise learning; and lifelong learning. SCPD operates Stanford Online, the online portal for academic and professional education offered by schools and units throughout Stanford University. SCPD has been a leader in global, online and extended education since 1995, helping the School of Engineering deliver the world’s first online streaming master’s degree in engineering in 1998 and later Stanford’s first credentialed professional education programs. SCPD has served over 10 million learners. 

Distinguished Careers Institute

Interim Faculty Director: Sara Singer; Executive Director: Katie Connor

The Stanford Distinguished Careers Institute (DCI) provides a unique opportunity for accomplished individuals in midlife to redefine purpose, build community and recalibrate wellness, in order to flourish and contribute in their next chapter. Over 380 fellows and alumni, representing a diverse global community, bring a wide range of talents, expertise and connections to Stanford. DCI fellows work and learn with students and faculty in the classroom and in Stanford’s many centers, institutes and programs and welcome the opportunity to serve as mentors and project partners on student projects and entrepreneurial ventures.

Executive Education

Associate Dean: David Kang

Stanford Graduate School of Business executive education offers individuals and companies in-person and online programs, along with blended learning that includes both face-to-face and online components, to enhance leadership skills, build foundations in general management, and build connections to a global network of peers.

Stanford Online High School

Head of School: Tomohiro Hoshi

Stanford Online High School (OHS) is a highly selective independent school with real-time, online seminar-style classes for students in grades 7-12. Founded in 2006,  Stanford OHS is the leader in online education, bringing together a global community of diverse, intellectually  curious students, expert instructors and supportive staff. Stanford Pre-Collegiate Studies , a division of Stanford OHS, offers academic enrichment outreach programs including Stanford Pre-Collegiate Summer Institutes, Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, Stanford University Mathematics Camp, Stanford Middle School Scholars Program and Stanford Math Circle.

Stanford Continuing Studies

Dean: Daniel Colman; Director and Associate Dean: Jennifer Deitz

Continuing Studies offers approximately 650 courses per year, attracting more than 17,000 lifelong learners. Courses in liberal arts and sciences, wellness and health, creative writing, and professional development are offered both on campus and online. Continuing Studies courses are open to adult learners everywhere.

Accreditation

Stanford University is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Senior Colleges and Universities of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.

Growth of Academic Council* and Student Body

* Includes tenure-line faculty, non-tenure-line faculty and senior fellows at specified policy centers and institutes. Academic staff—teaching, center fellows and Medical Center-line faculty—are not members of the Academic Council.

** Enrollment decreased due to  pandemic-related  gap year requests.

MS/PhD Requirements

Most Computer Science graduate students are admitted to the MS/PhD track. That means they are intending to work toward a PhD, but will acquire a masters degree along the way. During the first stage of a student's graduate career, he or she will be simultaneously working toward the MS degree and compiling a portfolio, both of which are requirements of the PhD. There are links below to the pages which list the program requirements for student admitted to the MS/PhD track.

The College expects that students starting work in the MS/PhD track have a solid undergraduate background in Computer Science. If you are unsure of your background, you should consult your advisor .

M.S/Ph.D. Students are required to:

• Actively participate in research under the guidance of an advisor
• Satisfy 6 Core Requirements  across the areas of Systems, AI and Theory
• Complete 30 course credits (6 core courses taken to satisfy core requirements are included)
• Complete a 6-credit MS Project  (Synthesis)
• Graduate with an M.S. Degree (before or after portfolio submission)
• Pass the College of Information and Computer Sciences Qualifying Exam- Portfolio
• Form a Committee
• Propose a Thesis
• Complete 18 Dissertation Credits & 1 600-level course & 1 elective course
• Pass the Teaching Assistant Requirement
• at least 9 credits, each semester, in back-to-back semesters which is usually satisfied with the dissertation credits
• Defend and Submit a Thesis

Sample schedule (MS/PhD)

The following schedule shows one way in which an MS/PhD student could progress through the program to complete both the MS and PhD in five years (most students who complete in five years actually complete in the summer after their 10th semester). Because people have different backgrounds and different skills, your progress will almost certainly vary somewhat from this. It can be a helpful guide nonetheless. Students supported by an RAship will be able to make progress more efficiently if their Masters and Synthesis projects as well as their dissertation are well aligned with the RAship.

Most MS/PhD students are supported by research or teaching assistantships .

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BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD - what do they all mean?

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD (and more) are abbreviations of British degrees.

They reflect the specific level and discipline of a qualification achieved at university.

While most courses are conducted on a full-time basis, there are options for part-time, distance learning and other flexible learning arrangements.

Here is a breakdown of some of the most common qualifications and ones that Aberystwyth University offers.

• BA = Bachelor of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• BSc = Bachelor of Sciences;
• BENG = Bachelor of Engineering (Software, Robotics and Physics);
• LLB = Bachelor of Law.

Achieved after 3 to 4 years of study. The extra year (for a 4 year course) can be from a year studying abroad or a year working in industry.

Integrated-Masters:

• MARTS = Masters of Arts;
• MBIOL = Masters of Biology;
• MCOMP = Masters of Computer Science;
• MENG = Masters of Engineering;
• MMATH = Masters of Mathematics;
• MPHYS = Masters of Physics;
• MSCI = Masters of Sciences and Humanities.

4 years course (3-year Bachelors, 1 year Masters) that enables you to secure a loan for the full duration rather than having to fund a Masters degree separately.

• MA = Masters of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• MSc = Masters of Sciences;
• MBA = Masters of Business Administration;
• MPhil = Masters of Philosophy: Advanced research Masters degree;
• MRes = Masters of Research: Contains some taught and research elements;
• LLM = Masters of Law.

Achieved after graduation from Bachelors level, usually 1-2 years duration.

• PhD = Doctor of Philosophy: for a range of disciplines.

Achieved after graduating from Masters level, usually 3-8 years duration.

A wide range of Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Further-Research courses – across the Arts and Sciences – are available at Aberystwyth.

• Integrated Masters with PhD – Explained
• Types of Doctorates

An Integrated Masters with a PhD (iPhD) is a four-year postgraduate level programme that combines a one-year Masters course with a three-year PhD course. They allow students to familiarise themselves with their chosen topic, research methods and academic writing techniques before embarking on their own independent research project. An Integrated Masters with a PhD is particularly popular with international students and students who initially lack specialised knowledge or research skills.

Introduction

An Integrated Masters with PhD, also commonly referred to as either just an Integrated Masters degree or an Integrated PhD, offers a relatively new way to undertake postgraduate training. They maintain the depth and focus of a conventional PhD but offer a more comprehensive doctoral training experience.

Due to their growing popularity, both the number of universities offering these newer forms of PhD and the number of students applying to them has steadily increased.

This page describes what Integrated Masters with PhDs are, who they are for, their advantages and disadvantages, how they differ from conventional PhDs and how they are structured in terms of programme, eligibility and costs. This page is for you if you are considering applying for an integrated course, or simply want to know more about them.

What is an Integrated PhD?

An Integrated PhD is a four-year postgraduate programme. They involve undertaking a one-year Masters degree (MRes or MSc) in your first year, followed by a three-year PhD programme in your second to fourth year. Although the courses run back-to-back, a student can only progress to the second year if they show satisfactory performance in their first year. The one-year Masters and the three-year PhD are considered separately in terms of qualifications; therefore, a student who completes an Integrated PhD will receive both a Masters degree (MRes or MSc) and a PhD as opposed to a single postgraduate qualification.

The aim of an Integrated PhD is to provide a structured approach to doctoral studies, combining advanced PhD research with formal teaching in relevant subjects, research methods and communication skills.

As Integrated PhDs are relatively new compared to more regular doctoral pathways such as stand-alone or MPhil-upgraded PhDs, some professors informally refer to them as ‘New Route PhDs’.

Difference Between Integrated PhD and Regular PhD

The most significant difference between an Integrated PhD and a regular PhD is the addition of the one-year Masters degree at the beginning of the programme. This results in an Integrated PhD typically lasting four years, as opposed to the three years as with regular PhDs.

Integrated PhDs are structured in such a way that they provide students with a broader range of foundational skills than a regular PhD. The first year introduces you to a combination of taught elements, practical experience and advanced research skills. In a regular PhD this mode of teaching is missing as it is assumed you already have this level of knowledge.

The last significant difference between the two types of doctoral programmes is the ‘group’ aspect associated with the Integrated version. Since the Masters programme also includes other students enrolled in Integrated PhDs, you will have a small cohort with whom you will work closely alongside during your studies.

Who are Integrated PhDs suitable for?

Integrated PhDs can be an effective pathway for any student, but they stand out in two situations:

Scenario 1: International Students

The Higher Education system differs across countries , although not by a large amount, enough to where an unfamiliar student may struggle, especially when working independently. An Integrated PhD allows you to adapt to the UK education system by offering a more guided and hands-on approach to your learning and research process before you embark on your three-year research project.

It also has visa benefits. If an international student seeking a Masters degree in the UK already knows they want to follow it up with a PhD, enrolling in an Integrated PhD will save them from having to leave the country and re-apply for a visa after completing their initial postgraduate degree.

Scenario 2: Lack of undergraduate research experience or a relevant Masters degree

An Integrated PhD is useful for students who have academic abilities but lack the necessary background to be considered for a standard-route PhD. This usually occurs under one of three scenarios:

• The applicant is currently an undergraduate student or only holds a Bachelor’s degree,
• The student has a Masters degree, but in a subject only loosely related to the discipline they wish to pursue at doctoral level,
• The student has a relevant Masters degree, but the programme lacked a research focus, leaving the student with underdeveloped research skills.

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Integrated PhD

The advantages of an Integrated PhD are strongly linked to the international and inexperienced students they cater for. They offer students an effective means of gaining more confidence, knowledge and research skills in their field before starting a doctorate, and also provide visa benefits to international students who will be undertaking prior postgraduate study.

Integrated PhDs also enable students the possibility of receiving funding for the Masters phase of their programme, as will be explained in more detail in the ‘Funding Opportunities’ section.

Integrated doctorates have no obvious disadvantages, but are generally not suitable for those who already have a Masters degree or well-developed research skills in their chosen field. For these students, the additional costs and duration of an Integrated PhD can be avoided by opting for a traditional PhD for which they will already be suited for.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

The programme of study is naturally divided into two parts, the first for your Masters studies and the second for your PhD studies.

Your Masters studies will usually be divided into 180 module credits, half of which will focus on taught components and the other half on research components.

The modules will be tailored to your course, but they will include a variation of:

Taught modules:

• Subject-specific module – You choose one or two modules from a predefined list of topics within your subject area. Your selection should reflect the research area you want your PhD to focus on.
• English and Communication – Academic language and communication skills will be taught to prepare you for the ‘writing-up’ phase of your doctorate. A common misconception is that this module is similar to the English language requirement tests required to apply to a iPhD. In reality, the module will focus on learning how to critically evaluate research sources, write abstracts, literature reviews and conclusions, communicate in lab-based environments and present to audiences.
• Research Techniques  – You’ll receive in-depth training to familiarise you with the different research methods and analytical techniques available to modern researchers.
• Research Proposal Development  – You’ll work with your intended PhD supervisor to prepare a research proposal for your three-year PhD research project.

Research Modules:

You will carry out one or two small laboratory research projects under supervision for practical experience.

If you complete these modules with satisfactory performance, you will be awarded a Masters degree and will be considered for the following three-year PhD programme.

Each university has its own process for making this consideration, but most invite you to an interview with the supervisor you wish to conduct research with. The interview is used to confirm that you have acquired the specialised knowledge and research skills expected at masters level, and beyond that of someone capable of completing doctoral study.

If your interview goes well, you will be enrolled in your PhD programme. From this point on, your path will be the same as a regular PhD student. During your doctoral phase, you will conduct independent research and laboratory work for two years, followed by a final year of writing up and formally submitting your findings as a thesis. Your thesis, expertise and research competence will be assessed in an oral examination known as a viva. Upon successful completion of your viva, you will be officially awarded a PhD, and your studies will come to an end.

It should be noted that aside from the above, your university may offer optional modules which can equip you with a wide range of transferable skills.

Eligibility

Entry requirements for an integrated masters degree in the UK will vary from university to university, but the typical requirement is an Upper Second Class (2:1) honours Bachelor’s degree in a relevant subject. Equivalent international qualifications are also accepted.

If you are an international student and English is your second language, most universities will require proof of your English language proficiency through an exam certificate. It’s best to check directly with the universities which certificate types they accept, but the most common English language qualification requirement is an IELTS certificate, with a minimum overall score of 6.5 with no less than 6.0 in each category.

The typical annual tuition fee for an Integrated PhD in the UK is £4,712 per academic year for home/EU students (or £2,356 for part-time study) and £19,596 per academic year for international students (or £9,798 for part-time study).

As with all doctoral programmes, there are likely to be additional costs associated with your studies, such as bench fees for lab work, travel costs for collaborating and potential write-up fees for students who need more time to submit their thesis. You can get more information about these additional costs on our cost breakdown page .

Funding Opportunities

You can obtain funding for Integrated PhDs in the same way as for regular PhDs. Funding is usually provided by one of the seven UK Research Councils  and research charity organisations such as the  Wellcome Trust ; grants, scholarships and funded opportunities can be found directly in our searchable database .

Funding can either be partial (tuition fees only) or full (tuition fees and living costs). Most funding providers also cover the tuition fee for the Masters degree programme due to being integrated with the PhD, however, you should confirm this on a case-by-case basis.

As with regular PhD funding, the fully-funded opportunities are generally limited to home and EU students.

It’s also worth noting that PhD programmes which include an integrated Masters degree are eligible for a Doctoral Loan , even if you already have a postgraduate Masters degree from a previous university. Applications for Doctoral Loans must be made directly to Student Finance England and you must first be registered for a full doctoral degree. Due to application restrictions, you won’t be able to apply for a separate Postgraduate Masters Loan for the integrated Masters phase of your degree.

Availability

You can search for Integrated PhDs in three ways:

• Our Search Page  – Search for the term ‘Integrated’ in our  comprehensive database of STEM PhDs .
• University Search Pages – Universities advertise their Integrated PhDs on their postgraduate search pages. You can find them by searching the name of the university followed by “ search postgraduate courses ” directly in Google.
• Funding Body Websites – Funding bodies which provide studentships for Integrated PhDs sometimes advertise the positions on their website. A list of the most common funding providers can be found here: PhD Studentships .

Browse PhDs Now

Join thousands of students.

Join thousands of other students and stay up to date with the latest PhD programmes, funding opportunities and advice.

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PhD Full Form – What is a PhD?

The full form of Ph.D is Doctor of Philosophy and is an advanced degree that is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated a high level of expertise in a specific field of study. The full form of PhD is “Doctor of Philosophy,” which refers to the origins of the degree as a program of study in philosophy. However, today, PhD programs are offered in a wide range of fields, including sciences, humanities, social sciences, and professional disciplines such as business and law.

To obtain a PhD, individuals must complete a significant amount of coursework, pass comprehensive exams, and complete original research in the form of a dissertation or thesis. This research is typically conducted under the supervision of a faculty member and must make a substantial and original contribution to the field of study.

The meaning of the degree is that the individual is expected to have a thorough understanding of their field of study and to be able to conduct independent research. Individuals who hold a PhD degree are considered experts in their field and are able to contribute to the advancement of knowledge through research and teaching.

History of the PhD Degree

• The origins of the PhD degree can be traced back to the medieval universities of Europe, where the Doctor of Philosophy (Philosophiae Doctor, or PhD) was established as a higher degree in the field of philosophy.
• The first PhDs were awarded in the early 19th century in Germany, and the degree quickly spread to other European countries and the United States.
• Initially, the PhD was primarily awarded in the field of philosophy, but over time it expanded to include other disciplines, such as the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.
• The development of research-based PhD programs in the 20th century established the degree as a requirement for a career in academia and research.
• The growth of PhD programs in the second half of the 20th century led to an increase in the number of PhD graduates and a diversification of career opportunities for PhD holders.
• Today, PhD programs are offered in a wide range of fields, and the degree is considered a terminal degree in many academic and professional disciplines.

Requirements for a Ph.D in India

• Hold a Master’s degree or equivalent in a related field from a recognized university.
• Clear a national-level entrance test such as UGC-NET or CSIR-NET or a university-level entrance test.
• Complete coursework, which typically includes core courses, electives, and seminars.
• Pass comprehensive exams, which test the candidate’s knowledge in the subject area and readiness for independent research.
• Conduct original research, typically under the supervision of a faculty member, which results in a dissertation or thesis.
• Defend the dissertation or thesis in front of a committee of faculty members.
• Meet any other program-specific requirements as set by the university or academic institution.

Different Fields and Types of PhD

Phds are offered in a wide range of fields, including:.

• Sciences such as biology, physics, chemistry, and computer science
• Humanities such as history, literature, and philosophy
• Social Sciences such as economics, sociology, psychology, and political science
• Professional fields such as business, law, education, and engineering 

Additionally, there are different types of Ph.D. programs, including:

• Traditional Ph.D.: This is the most common type of Ph.D. program. It typically involves completing coursework, passing comprehensive exams, and conducting original research that results in a dissertation or thesis.
• Professional Doctorate: This type of Ph.D. is more applied in nature and is often offered in professional fields such as business, law, and education. It typically involves coursework, a professional project, and a dissertation.
• Online Ph.D.: This type of Ph.D. is conducted entirely online and is becoming increasingly popular. It typically involves coursework, a dissertation, or a thesis and may involve some on-campus visits. 
• Interdisciplinary Ph.D.: This type of Ph.D. allows students to study across multiple disciplines and provides a broader perspective on a specific research area.

The Process of Earning a PhD

The process of earning a PhD can vary depending on the field and program, but generally, it involves the following steps:

• Application and Admissions: Applying to a PhD program typically involves submitting transcripts, letters of recommendation, a statement of purpose, and test scores such as GRE or TOEFL. After the application is reviewed, the applicant may be invited for an interview before being accepted into the program.
• Coursework: After being accepted into a program, students typically begin by completing coursework, which typically includes core courses, electives, and seminars. The coursework is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the field and to prepare them for independent research.
• Comprehensive Exams: After completing coursework, students typically take comprehensive exams, which test their knowledge in the subject area and readiness for independent research.
• Research Proposal: After passing comprehensive exams, students typically develop and present a research proposal, which outlines the topic, research questions, and methods for their dissertation or thesis.
• Research and Data Collection: After the proposal is approved, students begin conducting original research, typically under the supervision of a faculty member. This may involve collecting data, analyzing data, and writing up results.
• Writing and Defending the Dissertation/Thesis: After completing research, students write and defend their dissertation or thesis in front of a committee of faculty members. The dissertation or thesis is a detailed document that presents the research findings and conclusions.
• Graduation: After successfully defending the dissertation or thesis, students graduate with a PhD degree.

Career Opportunities with a PhD

• Academia: Many PhD graduates choose to pursue a career in academia, either as a professor at a college or university or as a researcher at a research institution. These positions typically involve teaching, conducting research, and publishing scholarly work.
• Research: PhD graduates can also find employment as researchers in government, private industry, or non-profit organizations. These positions may involve conducting basic or applied research in a specific field and may include laboratory work, data analysis, and report writing.
• Industry: Some PhD graduates choose to work in industry, typically in roles such as research and development, consulting, or management. These positions may involve applying research findings to solve real-world problems or working on product development.
• Entrepreneurship: A PhD degree can also open opportunities to start your own business or venture.
• Public service: PhD graduates can also pursue careers in public services, such as working in government agencies, non-profit organizations, or international organizations. These positions may involve policy analysis, program evaluation, or research.
• Science Communication: Many PhD graduates are also interested in science communication and may work in journalism, science policy, science education, or science outreach.

It’s important to note that the above career opportunities are general and may vary depending on the field and program. Additionally, some PhD graduates may choose to pursue multiple career paths over the course of their professional lives.

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What Is The PHD Full Form: PHD Meaning, Definition, Eligibility, and Career Prospects

Do you know what is the PHD Full Form ? Ph.D. is a high-level degree. Ph.D. is taken into consideration as the most typical highest-level academic degree. Physician of Viewpoint degree is a post-graduation scholastic program that aims to prepare next-generation researchers and also scientists.

Table of Contents

What is the phd full form.

PHD FULL FORM is Doctor of Philosophy. Ph.D. is additionally called DPhil in a few other countries as this is one of the most specialist degrees around the world. One can go after a Physician of philosophy degree to educate in their specific topic at Universities as well as to work on a certain article in that area.

After completing this Doctorate one can link the “Dr.” brief for a doctor before their particular name. The conclusion of a Physician of Philosophy level or PHD calls for years of research and also project-based job as well as study.

PHD Program Purposes

• The most vital or prior goal of a doctor of viewpoint level is to enlighten leading researchers and also researchers of the next generation. The Doctorate of Approach is the most prominent level on the planet so it calls for a great deal of research
• Practical, jobs-based years of discovering research and also researching a particular topic.

Eligibility for Ph.D

• One that has finished their masters in their specific subject can pursue this Doctor of Approach level
• Some Colleges specify Ph.D. aspirants to satisfy the certifications they provide Ph.D. courses even if the candidate has actually gotten rid of UGC INTERNET.
• Some colleges, as well as universities , require the Ph.D. prospects to complete an MPhil if they intend to go after the Doctor of Ideology degree that the college is using
• Prospects are required to get a decent as well as adequate GATE score prior to requesting a Ph.D.

Topics for Ph.D.

Ph.D. began in middle ages Europe that organized 4 research study faculties as well as supplied bachelor’s and afterward master or doctorate in that area. These four professors were- Standard faculty of Arts and then three optional higher professors such as Theology, legislation, and Medicine.

Even if the Approach word is connected to this level it is not pointing at the particular subject “Approach”. Here Philosophy specifies the Greek word “Love of Knowledge”. That is why a PhD or Doctorate of Approach degree also refer as a master’s level in any type of subject. These are a few major topics for PhD-

• Business economics.
• Healthcare management.
• Mathematics.
• Bookkeeping.
• Organizational behavior.
• Biotechnology.
• Biochemistry.

Frequently asked questions.

Which is much better MS or Ph.D.? In the middle ages, in Europe, both Masters’s, as well as Ph.D. degrees, were dealt with in the same order. Although in the modern globe the Master’s level is thought to be a lot more career-related to obtain a specific work or position in a details area. On the other hand Doctorate in ideology, the degree calls for years of the deep research study. Ph.D. concentrates on research study since the candidates are formally preparing for research-oriented work such as scientists or in the academic area like professors for a details topic at universities. Aside from this some universities also require the prospect of PhD to have a master’s degree prior to using.

Full Form of PHD. Doctor of Philosophy

Can Ph.D. be called Physician? Yes, any individual who has finished their PhD will make use of the “Dr.” word in front of their name. However, any type of Doctorate does not explain a person as an elitist. It is since being an elitist depends upon a specialist’s behavior of sharing knowledge and also exactly how they act.

For how long is PhD? Full form of PhD or degree uses up to 8 years to finish. In some other cases, it relies on the subject, field, and training course design by that specific college, as well as the program that the college or institute is using.

Why is a PhD called a physician? PhD word is made use of as a short form for the Latin word “Philosophiae doctor”. It defines the term. Doctor of philosophy”. On the other hand words “ideology” does not especially define the subject “philosophy”.

In Greek, the word “Approach” is made use of for the term “Love of wisdom”. That is why a Ph.D. is the highest possible and also most prestigious level in any given topic or field. While the words “Physician” represents “educator” which is likewise a sign of expertise or knowledge. This research-based program PhD creates the future leaders of that specific topic.

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What does PhD mean?

Doctor of Philosophy ( DPhil , Latin: Ph ilosophiae D octor, Ph.D or PhD) is a doctoral degree. A doctorate degree holder can use a Dr. title in front of his/her name.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the full form of phd.

The full form of PhD is Philosophiae Doctor

What is the full form of PhD in Academic & Science?

Philosophiae Doctor

What is the full form of PhD in Worldwide?

Translation, similar terms.

• BE : Bachelor of Engineering
• MS : Master of Science
• LLB : Legum Baccalaureus [Bachelor of Laws]

Abbreviations

Please refer to the appropriate style manual if you have any questions.

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Full form of - MBBS, MCA, M.Sc, BBA, MBA

Keerthana R ,

Mar 4, 2024

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The full form of courses such as MBBS, BDS MS/ MD, M.Sc, BBA, MBA, MCA, BHMS, BAMS, PhD including details like eligibility, career prospects, job profiles, entrance exams.

In this article, " Full form of - M.Sc, MBBS MS, MD, MCA, BBA, MBA, BHMS, BAMS ," students will get more details on each topic, such as eligibility criteria, top colleges, scope, and so on.

Table of Contents:

• Full-Form of MBBS
• Full-Form of BAMS
• Full-Form of BHMS
• Full-Form of BDS
• Full-Form of MCA
• Full-Form of M.Sc/
• Full-Form of BBA
• Full-Form of B.Tech
• Full-Form of BA
• Full-Form of MBA
• Full-Form of PhD

Full Form of MBBS

MBBS is a 4-year undergraduate degree established as a modern scientific medicine by Indian Medical Council Act 1956. MBBS is the study of the human body with pre and para-clinical subjects such as pharmacology, pathology, microbiology, physiology, and anatomy. The curriculum includes the practical knowledge and incorporates performing standards of clinical procedures. The course trains the candidates in understanding the protocols of patient history, examination, differential diagnosis, and patient management.

• Duration: 4 years + 1 year Internship
• Eligibility Criteria: NEET + 12th grade completion
• Mandatory Subjects : Biology, Physics and Chemistry
• Entrance Exams: NEET

Read More about MBBS Course

Full Form of BAMS

BAMS is an undergraduate course with a duration of 5½ years. The course is built on the Ayurvedic principles of India. It integrates modern medicine and traditional Ayurveda. Ayurveda medicine treatment is based on three kinds of disorders which include kapha, pitta, and vata. The graduates are trained to treat the patients based on the three disorders of kapha, pitta, and vata and provide harmony to health.

• Duration: 5 years + 1-year Internship
• Mandatory Subjects: Biology, Physics, and Chemistry

Read More about BAMS Course

Full Form of BHMS

BHMS is an undergraduate degree program with a duration of 5 years. It is an alternative medicine practice conceived by German physician Samuel Hahnemann. The physicians who practice this medicine system are called homeopaths. The pharmacology of this treatment is based on homeopathic dilution. The graduates are trained to diagnose and treat based on the medical history and symptoms.

• Duration: 5 years
• Eligibility Criteria: NEET, 12th-grade completion
• Mandatory Subjects : Biology, Chemistry, Physics

Read More about BHMS Course

Full Form of BDS

BDS is a four-year undergraduate course and includes a one-year internship. The BDS course is the study of dental surgery and dental health and hygiene. BDS course is the study of diagnosis, prevention, oral diseases, oral cavity, and disorders. Dentistry is not restricted to oral functions but extends a detailed study of nervous, anatomical, and muscular structures. The graduates are trained to diagnose and provide healthcare ailments with dental medicine or oral medicine.

Read More about BDS Course

Full Form of MCA

MCA is a postgraduate course in the field of information technology. It is beneficial for candidates who want a career in the IT sector without doing engineering. The course is designed for professionals in the IT field that deal with many technical aspects of computers.

• Duration: 2 years
• Entrance Exams: Birla Institute of Technology, IIST, IPU CET
• Mandatory Subjects: Computer Science and Computer Application
• Eligibility Criteria: BCA or B.Sc Computer Science

Full Form of M.Sc

M.Sc is a two-year postgraduate program with different specializations like maths, physics, chemistry, computer science, economics, physics, information science, and much more. M.Sc course is also called as MS in foreign countries. The course offers advanced theoretical and practical knowledge based on the chosen specialization and opens up various job opportunities in diverse sectors. The course aims to prepare students to equip in-depth research-based training to develop solutions for modern problems.

• Entrance Exams: IIST, IPU CET
• Eligibility Criteria: Sc Undergraduate Degree

Read More about M.Sc Course

Full Form of BBA

BBA is a 3 year undergraduate course that focuses on developing the management and administration skills of the student. The course focuses on enhancing the managerial and entrepreneurial skills of the students. The aspirants are trained to provide practical solutions to managerial problems and enhance an organization's smooth functioning. Graduates have high job opportunities in different sectors ranging from information technology-based companies to institutions.

• Duration: 3 years
• Entrance Exams: GGSIPU, CET BBA, CUET
• Mandatory Subjects : Any subjects
• Eligibility Criteria: 12th Grade

Read More about BBA Course

Full Form of B.Tech

B.Tech is an undergraduate engineering degree awarded in many countries like India, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, etc. This degree program's duration varies from 3 to 4 years, depending on different countries and universities. In India, an undergraduate degree program is divided into eight semesters. The state and central governments conduct an entrance exam to take admission in various engineering colleges, and some private colleges also conduct their entrance exams.

• Duration: 4 years
• Entrance Exams: Tech are JEE Advanced, JEE Main, and UPSEE
• Mandatory Subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry

Read More about B.Tech Course

Full Form of BA

BA is a 3-year undergraduate degree program in the arts stream. This stream is for those students who want to pursue arts after 12th. Here, no need to give the entrance exam to apply for this course. This program is divided into six semesters. It is required to choose only five subjects for the course, and the subjects usually include English, maths, economics, history, philosophy, sociology, geography, education, home science, and social work. B.A. graduates have plenty of career options in both the private and public sectors where they can get a job easily. In the private sector, they can work in BPOs, KPOs, consultancies, journalism, etc., and the public sector, they can work in banks, railways, etc.

• Entrance Exams: Admission is based on the 12th-grade marks
• Mandatory Subjects: No mandatory subjects

Read More about BA Course

Full Form MBA

MBA is a postgraduate course that focuses on strengthening the theoretical and applied knowledge in the field of administration and management. It teaches the students about various ways to manage different aspects of a business. The course includes various specializations like finance, human resource, business analytics, hotel management, tourism and hospitality, and much more.

• Entrance Exams: GATE, XAT, MAT, CAT
• Eligibility Criteria: Undergraduate degree

Read More about MBA Course

Full Form of PhD

PhD is a 2 to 5 year doctorial course. A person who is having a doctorate can use a "Dr." title in front of his/her name and refer to as a doctor. For PhD, it involves a lot of research work in which you have to show your research paper to your project guide. It is a post-graduation program and takes years of analysis, and one needs to publish his or her work to be awarded a PhD degree. It takes around three years to present the original research work.

• Duration: 3 - 5 years
• Entrance Exams: AIIMS, BARC, BIINC
• Mandatory Subjects :
• Eligibility Criteria: Relevant postgraduate degree

Read More about PhD Course

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• Medical Articles

MD Vs MS: What After MBBS?

Updated On: April 15, 2023 01:10 am IST

Want to understand the difference between MD and MS? Here are some of the pointers to keep in mind before choosing the PG medical course, viz. MD and MS. Here are the differences and the similarities between the two degrees and the career prospects after graduating from the respective courses.

Why Should One Take Up a PG Course After MBBS?

Specialisations in md and ms, career prospects of md and ms, what’s better - md or ms, course duration and exam required for md and ms, list of md/ms colleges in india.

MD Vs MS: Which is better? This is a question that many aspiring medical students and healthcare professionals have grappled with when choosing their career path. Both MD and MS degrees offer rewarding and respected career paths in the medical field, but they require different skill sets and training. An MD degree  focuses on general medical knowledge and patient care, while an MS degree specializes in surgical procedures and techniques. As such, deciding between the two can be a daunting task. It's important to consider factors such as lifestyle, earning potential, personal interests, and career goals before making a decision. This article will explore the differences between MD and MS degrees , including their respective career paths, training requirements, and opportunities for professional growth. By the end of this article, you'll have a better understanding of these two career paths and be better equipped to make an informed decision on which one is better suited for you.

In order to be successful in the Indian medical industry, it is almost mandatory for Indian doctors to pursue a PG course after completing their MBBS. The completion of MS or MD courses after MBBS also opens up many job opportunities and a substantial hike in salary. 

Demand for MS and MS Doctors

It is quite obvious that post-graduate medical candidates will have a higher demand in the healthcare sector. Patients will prefer a specialist when it comes to particular health issues. For example, a patient with skin disease will not go to see an MBBS doctor and opt for a specialist doctor with an MD degree in dermatology. Similarly, in order to be eligible for performing any kind of surgery, an MBBS graduate needs to obtain an MS degree.

Career Prospects for doctors with a Postgraduate degree

While a candidate with an MBBS degree has favourable career prospects, a doctor with specialised skills in a particular field such as Obstetrics and Gynaecology will have in-depth knowledge of the topic. An MD degree in the field of speciality enables doctors to gain optimum skills for diagnosing illnesses, provide them with greater confidence, and improves their ability to communicate. A doctor with an MD or MS degree after an MBBS course will have an upward career trajectory by working as a skilled and knowledgeable specialist or a surgeon.  

Salary of doctors post their MS or MD course

As mentioned earlier, there is a huge difference between the income of an MBBS doctor and that of a doctor with an MS or MD degree. Hence, the chances of building a satisfying career by studying for a postgraduate degree after MBBS seems to be the most viable option.

MD and MS are both medical degrees that can lead to careers in the field of medicine. MD stands for Doctor of Medicine, while MS stands for Master of Science. The main difference between the two degrees is the focus of the curriculum and the career paths they lead to. MD programs focus on general medical knowledge and training with a broad scope of practice. MD graduates are qualified to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions and can practice in a variety of settings such as hospitals, clinics, and private practices.

MS programs, on the other hand, have a more specialized focus on a particular area of medicine such as surgery, neurology, or radiology. Graduates of MS programs are qualified to perform specialized medical procedures and may work in hospitals or clinics as specialists in their field.

Both degrees require several years of study and practical training, with MD programs typically taking four years to complete and MS programs varying in length depending on the specialty. Ultimately, the choice between MD and MS will depend on the individual's career goals and interests within the field of medicine.

An MD aspirant, after the completion of his/her course, will go on to become a physician in the field he/she took an MD specialisation in, meanwhile, an MS graduate will go on to pursue a career as a surgeon .

Experts, both academic and doctors who have been working in their respective fields have stated both MD and MS garner similar career opportunities, depending on the skill and aptitude of the candidate. They claim that choice should depend on what the candidate prefers to do. However, a career path in the field of surgery results in better pay than that of a Physician.

MD and MS courses are usually done in different medical specialisations, therefore, after your MBBS, you can specialise in the areas of your interest. Here are some of the specialisations in MD and MS, which you can pursue after an MBBS.

These are just some of the specialisations that are available across the medical colleges in India. The industry of medicine is an advanced industry, therefore, the number of specialisations that will be available to pursue after MBBS will be vast. Since medicine has been a course of choice for many people in India, the competition in the discipline has been high, forcing many candidates to pursue higher education in specific specialisations and super-speciality courses as well. However, to pursue a super speciality course, you must first complete one of the PG medical courses, which also includes MD or MS.

As mentioned above, the career prospects of an MD or MS graduate are similar if not equally rewarding. Like many other professions, the skills and qualifications along with your aptitude in the area will directly affect your career growth. Both MS and MD have similar career opportunities, with both fields catering to different medical treatment procedures.

MD and MS are postgraduate courses, which means that the candidates will only be able to pursue the course after completing their MBBS. In the stream of medicine, a postgraduate course is usually pursued when medical aspirants wish to become specialists in specific areas. Therefore, regardless of the degree that you pursue under MS or MD, your career path will be defined as per the specialisation that you have chosen.

As per the statements of experts, the career path for both MD and MS depends on the skills acquired by the candidate along with their aptitude in the subject. They also claim that while a Physician cannot perform surgical treatments, a surgeon may be able to take up the profession of a physician, but with a little bit more education in medicine. Other experts and doctors state that many medical aspirants go for super-speciality courses as well, as this helps them improve due to the complications and advancements that have taken place in medicine.

MD and MS freshers can expect to earn anywhere between ₹50,000 - ₹60,000 per month. However, a lot depends on the kind of specialisation that had been chosen by the candidate along with the place of establishment where the candidate receives his/her job. Some specialisations may even allow freshers to earn near a lakh to 1.5 lakh per month. Like every other profession, the annual package along with the career growth will increase with the skill and experience that he or she gains from his job.

The question as to which degree will be better for you depends completely on your aptitude and skills along with your interest. While choosing, one should factor in different aspects of the job. An MS graduate or surgeon will have to work with human tissue and blood, which might make some medical aspirants squeamish. If you are one of those who cannot stand the sight of blood and lacerations, then surgery is not the right option for you.

Talking to experts in the field, they stated that surgery requires one to be passionate about the field. Moreover, a great hand over the skills, knowledge and aptitude in the field is a major requirement as well. All the experts in the field state one thing - Both are equally good with good career opportunities and growth.

Therefore, the decision comes down to which course you think will suit you and whether or not you will be able to handle the sight of blood and gore and still have the ability to carry out surgical treatments with utmost discipline and skill. More importantly, you should ask yourself about the field that interests you, as MD and MS are not the only options to pursue after MBBS.

Also Read: Check out the NEET 2020 Exam Day Rules and Regulations

MBBS graduates who wish to pursue higher education in the field of medicine will be able to pursue a postgraduate degree in the field. The postgraduate degree, viz. MD or MS, are conducted for a duration of 3 years, in the specialisation of your choice. However, the trend these days have been to pursue a super-speciality course in Doctor of Medicine (DM) or Master of Chirurgiae (M.Ch) . Pursuing these additional courses will add another 2 -3 years, depending on the speciality chosen by you.

However, like any other medical courses offered in India, all the candidates must have a valid NEET score. To pursue MD and MS courses, the candidates are required to sit for NEET-PG . All MD/MS Colleges in India take admissions based on the scores obtained by the candidate in NEET PG, therefore, it is necessary for all aspiring candidates to sit for the entrance.

Check out the list of exams for MS and/or MD degrees in India

If you are interested in pursuing an MD or MS course in India, then you can check the list of MD/MS Colleges in India. You will be able to pursue, both MD or MS from the colleges that have been mentioned below.

Also Read: Check out the List of AIIMS Colleges Located in India

As mentioned above, aspirants of the postgraduate medical programmes, MD and MS will be able to pursue their degree in different specialisations in MD or MS Colleges in India. All aspirants must go through the eligibility criteria for the MD or MS courses that are offered by the colleges, institutes or Universities. NEET-PG score is an important eligibility criterion, which should be met by all the aspiring MD and MS students.

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In order to gain admission to an MD or an MS course, students must carry their NEET PG scorecard, NEET PG Admit card, Class 10 and 12’s mark sheet, MBBS Mark sheet, provisional certificate, and character certificate.

There are several institutes in India where students can complete their MS/MD degrees. But some of the top institutes are AIIMS Delhi, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, and Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi.

Yes, candidates who wish to gain admission into an MS/MD program must follow the MC counselling guideline suggested for respective colleges. Students are required to register themselves on MCC’s official website in order to attend the NEET PG counselling. Then only they will be able to get admission to their desired medical college. 

Yes, there is a lot of demand for qualified and experienced doctors with MD/MS degrees. Patients also prefer to consult with a specialist when it comes to specific issues that they are dealing with instead of going to a doctor who has just completed their MBBS degree.

Students opting for an MS program in India need three years to complete their MS course. 

There is no justifiable argument for an MD course being better than an MS course. Each of these courses has its own importance and demand. Students need to choose between an MD and MS on the basis of their aptitude, interest, and capability. 

An MS/MD fresher can expect to earn anything between INR 50000- 600000 per month. But it also largely depends on the specialisation chosen by individual students. Some specialisations allow freshers to earn INR 1.5 lakh per month. Just like any other profession, doctors’ annual packages also increase with years of experience and expertise in the field. 

No, although surgery is a part of the MBBS syllabus, in order to perform surgery, one needs to complete 3 years of the MS program.

No, there are other entrance exams along with NEET PG that students can appear to study MS/MD courses such as INI CET, AIAPGET, JIPMER PG, PGIMER PG, NIMHANS PG, and AIIMS PG.

Surgery is delicate work and it requires an extraordinary amount of skills to become a surgeon. When it comes to the salary of MS graduates, it is substantially higher than MD graduates. 

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Equiry about mba admission process and fee structure.

Dear Shifa,

Admissions at Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki Mahavidyalaya MBA are made through online counselling by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE). Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki Mahavidyalaya (RGPV) MBA admission process is based on merit. Visit the official website of RGPM and download the application form. Now fill out the application form and submit it along with the required documents. The duration of an MBA is 2 years. The course is divided into 4 semesters. Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki Mahavidyalaya MBA fee is approximately Rs 1,50,000.

Does mvgr mba have placements or notWhat is the highest package offeredWhich mba specilization offers highest package in mvgr

Mba placement information.

Hello Akshay, for students enrolled at the MBA programme, Sinhgad Institutes has a centralised placement process. Additionally, students have access to long-term summer internship possibilities. The Sinhgad Institute of Management has a 95% placement percentage. The college  has welcomed more than 450 rectuiters from a variety of industries, including banking and finance, pharmaceuticals, engineering, manufacturing, and biotech.

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M.Sc Ph.D Integrated Course, Eligibility, Admission, Syllabus, Scope & Career

• What is M.Sc Ph.D

M.Sc Ph.D is a three to six years-long dual degree programme that combines MSc and P.hD. This integrated course rewards a student with a double degree. A M.Sc. is a postgraduate degree in science discipline. Candidates who have completed a B.Sc. are eligible for enrolling in M.Sc. While a PhD is a doctoral level research degree programme. Candidates who have completed 10+2+3+2 or 10+2+4 level course are eligible for enrolling in the Ph.D. course. The multi-disciplinary curriculum covers the core and elective course modules. M.Sc. Ph.D integrated course is designed to fulfil the requirements of a modern researcher of familiarity with the experimental and theoretical fields.

What is M.Sc. Ph.D full form?

M.sc ph.d highlights, m.sc. ph.d fee structure, why choose m.sc ph.d, m.sc ph.d eligibility, m.sc. ph.d. skills, m.sc ph.d admission process, m.sc ph.d entrance examinations, m.sc. ph.d. cut off, m.sc ph.d syllabus, m.sc. ph.d. specialisations, what after m.sc ph.d dual degree, career opportunities after m.sc ph.d dual degree, top private m.sc. ph.d. colleges, top government m.sc. ph.d. colleges.

M.Sc. PhD stands for Master of Science- Doctor of Philosophy. It is an integrated programme designed by combining postgraduate degree M.Sc. and doctoral degree Ph.D. It involves advanced courses, foundation courses, and research work. Students are rewarded with M.Sc and Ph.D degrees on completion of the one-degree program.

This M.Sc. Ph.D dual degree program consists of two semesters, and for the first two years in each, students are dedicated to pursuing some small research projects. They are given a choice to select their guides and laboratories during this period. The next 4.5 to 5 years of the candidate's educational journey revolves around research. M.Sc Ph.D integrated course is ideal as it spares additional years for those students who pursue both M.Sc and Ph.D separately.

M.Sc.-Ph.D dual degree program fee structure varies significantly across government and private-run institutions. The fee structure at public institutions fluctuates between Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 2.38 Lakhs per academic year. The fee structure at private institutions fluctuates between Rs. 2.60 Lakh to Rs. 11.20 Lakh per academic year.

On average, top institutions like IIT-Bombay charges Rs. 50,000 per academic year, IIT- Kanpur charges Rs. Thirty-six thousand per academic year, and IIT- Kharagpur charges Rs. 12,000 per academic year. Other than the tuition fee, these charges often include the library fees, hostel charges, campus development charges, museums/ art visits, and incidentals. Public colleges typically charge a lower fee.

It is an integrated course of Master of Science with Doctorate of Philosophy ideal for students with scientific vigour for theoretical knowledge and research.

Depending on the choice or interest, students can choose a specialisation that edges their research-oriented skills and aids them in constructing a career in this field. M.Sc Ph.D integrated course is an ideal programme for students with an inclination towards advanced research in fundamental sciences.

M.Sc. Ph.D dual degree is a program explicitly designed for students who choose to pursue a research-oriented career.

The M.Sc-Ph.D integrated degree program involves research work, foundation courses, and advanced courses that rewards students with both the M.Sc and Ph.D course programs simultaneously on completion of one program.

Students who complete the M.Sc+Ph.D integrated degree course will be paid a stipend for their fellowship associated with the institution.a

The Master of Science with Doctorate of Philosophy degree program typically includes writing a thesis or dissertation in the M.Sc period.

The M.Sc course program is designed for those students with a want to involve themselves in scientific research & theoretical knowledge with specialisations in the field of interest.

Students with an M.Sc+Ph.D integrated degree course can get an average starting pay package of INR 26,000/- to 30,000/- per month, depending on the job profile and employment area.

The institutions like Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar , University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata IIT, Kharagpur , offer the M.Sc+Ph.D integrated course.

The eligibility criterion for the M.Sc Ph.D integrated degree is similar to various integrated programs in other disciplines. The following candidates are eligible for an M.sc Ph.D course -

Eligibility Criteria

Candidates with a Bachelor's degree in Biotechnology or Chemistry or Pharmacy or Biology or Mathematics or Agriculture or Veterinary Sciences or Physics as applicable to individual disciplines, under the 10+2+3/4 system, can apply to this program.

Candidates with BE or B. Tech degree programs who qualify in the Mathematics or Mathematical Statistics paper in the JAM entrance exam can apply for the Mathematical Sciences.

Students with BE or B. Tech degree programs who qualify in the Biotechnology paper in the JAM entrance exam can apply to the Biological Sciences.

Candidates who have cleared JEST are eligible to apply for an M.Sc Ph.D integrated degree.

Candidates who seek admission for M.sc Ph.D integrated degree at IISc should qualify in the JAM Entrance examination.

Additional Criteria Requirements

The minimum eligibility criteria for admission in M.Sc. Ph.D integrated degree program is an aggregate of 55 percent to 60 percent and above or equivalent grade in the Bachelor’s degree.

The minimum eligibility criteria for SC/ST candidates are relaxed to pass class over the first class in the qualifying examination.

Departmental specifications require an eligibility criterion of subjects at the Bachelor's or 10+2 standard levels. To deem eligible for certain institutional departments, candidates must ensure that these requirements are met.

Final year graduates - students appearing for their final year qualifying examination and awaiting the results are also eligible to apply. However, this sect of students should have met the eligibility criteria for the award of the qualifying degree, including all the entrance examinations, dissertation projects, and viva-voce at the time of admission.

Candidates who pursue M.Sc. Ph.D. integrated course develop following skills over the period of time being enrolled in the dual degree integrated programme.

The admission procedure for M.Sc. Ph.D. dual degree program consists of a written test - Entrance examination. Candidates need to qualify in the written entrance test. Qualified students will be called for final selection. Qualified students will have to complete a six-year course. Upon successful completion, students can successfully start with their course program.

Aspirants must appear for an entrance examination to get admission into M.Sc. Ph.D integrated course there are various institutions-based entrance examinations for the M.Sc. Ph.D dual degree program. However, the top four entrance examination are as follows:

M.Sc Ph.D Entrance Exam

Admissions to M.Sc. Ph.D. programmes are provided on the basis of candidates performance in the entrance examination or merit of previously passing examinations. Several institutions conduct their own entrance examination to provide admissions while the rest accept the scores of national and state level entrance examinations. We have provided below details of major M.Sc. Ph.D. entrance examinations.

JEE Advanced: JEE Advanced is also known as Joint Entrance Examination Advanced. It is a national level entrance examination famous for providing admissions in engineering colleges. JEE Advanced score is valid for admissions in technical and architectural courses.

BITSAT: BITSAT stands for Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test. BIT SAT is a university level entrance examination conducted to provide admissions in various academic courses running in college.

AP EAMCET: AP EAMCET stands for Andhra Pradesh Engineering, Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test. It is a state level examination conducted to provide admissions to eligible candidates in academic courses of engineering, agriculture and medicine disciplines.

KIITEE : KIITEE stands for Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Entrance Examination. It is a university level entrance examination conducted to provide admissions to various academic courses running in university.

CUSAT CAT : CUSAT CAT stands for Cochin University of Science and Technology Common Admission Test. It is a university level examination conducted to provide admissions in various academic disciplines running in Cochin University.

Cut off is the minimum requirement of percentage, marks or scores acquired by candidates in the previously passing examination or entrance examination. Cut off is released every year by colleges to provide admissions. Those who secure more scores or higher rank than cut off or equivalent to it are eligible for further participation in the admission process and get themselves enrolled in the respective course and college.

Popular Engineering Colleges in India

We have provided below a list of popular engineering colleges. Aspirants who want to enroll in an engineering programme may check out the admission criteria and other details of these colleges.

Top Ph.D. Colleges by Location

There are plenty of Ph.D colleges in India . Candidates seeking admission in Ph.D. course may check top colleges offering the course in various locations with the assistance of table provided below.

The syllabus of integrated M.Sc. Ph.D integrated course may vary from college to college. After completion of a B.Sc. in any specialisation relevant to physics, chemistry, mathematics or biology, candidates can enroll in M.Sc. Ph.D. programme. We have provided below the syllabus of integrated M.Sc. Ph.D. depending on specialisations.

M.Sc. Ph.D Mathematics Syllabus:

Syllabus for Semesters 1 and 2

Syllabus for Semesters 3 and 4

M.Sc. Ph.D Chemistry Syllabus

Aspirants may check M.Sc. Ph.D. Chemistry syllabus provided below. The M.Sc. Ph.D. syllabus may vary from college to college. The M.Sc. Ph.D. syllabus combines the major subjects of both the course M.Sc. and Ph.D.

List of Electives for Chemistry

M.Sc. Ph.D Physics Syllabus

If you are willing to enroll in the M.Sc. Ph.D. integrated course with the specialisation in Physics. Then, you may check the syllabus provided below. It could vary from college to college. We have listed the majority of M.Sc. Ph.D. dual degree program in Physics subjects in the syllabus provided here.

List of Electives for Physics

There are numerous M.Sc. Ph.D. specialisations. The academic fee may vary depending on the specialisations offered in the MSc. Ph.D. Individuals may opt for a M.Sc. Ph.D. in any relevant specialisation after successful completion of B.Sc. We have listed below the major ones:

After receiving M.Sc. Ph.D dual Degree students have a plethora of options to choose that caters their education. In addition to campus placements, students are offered the roles as Research Scientist, Senior Research Scientist, or Professor at reputed institutions of their choice. Institutions often offer full-employment right after they complete their internship with the firm.

M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree offers students to experience innovative learning with outstanding knowledge. M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates are educated in sharing techniques and practical execution of ideas at a more significant level. As mentioned earlier, M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates can opt for their dream career in pots such as ONGC (Chemist Post), NTPC (Chemist), IOCL, BPCL, and more.

M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates are eligible to apply for the UPSC Geo-Scientist post for the Geological Survey Department. The job openings at the Geological Survey Department for scientist posts are available in the departments like ISRO, BARC, DRDO, and some more. For foreign universities, examinations like TOEFL and GRE are compulsory.

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Private Sector Career Options:

M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates have career scope in famous private firms such as IOCL inclusive of Japanese and German universities, Asain Paints, CIPLA, and ONGC. Several other companies such as Walmart, Fuzzy Logics, Goldman Sachs, Amazon, and Dunia Finance offer a pay package of Rs. 20 Lacs per annum to M.Sc.-Ph.D graduates.

Government Sector Career Options:

M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates hold a massive career scope in government sectors as follows:

Research or Scientists:

The candidates must qualify the CSIR NET Exam to get the Scientist or Researcher Position in any of the below-mentioned institutions.

• Nuclear Science Centre, New Delhi
• Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
• Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO)
• Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
• Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata

Officer Jobs Profiles

Career prospects for M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates in India’s prestigious Government Organisations are:

• Bharat Petroleum
• Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
• National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
• Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)
• Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)

Assistant Professors

Career prospects for M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates as Assistant Professors at India’s Top Most Universities. Qualified candidates can apply for the Direct Recruitment process for the job profiles Assistant Professors or Lecturers in any reputed Indian University. However, the pay package depends on the candidate's skills and academic background. Candidates are hired on higher salary packages. Candidates need to qualify the UGC NET Exam to deem eligible to apply for the Lectureship Jobs in any reputed Indian University.

Railway Officer

There are various employment posts for qualified M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates in Indian Railways. Candidates can opt to employ in the following positions:

• Trainee Officer
• Honoring Visiting Specialist
• Project Associate
• Junior Research Fellow
• Deputy Country Representative
• Associate Analyst
• Research Associate
• Associate Software Engineer

Other Government Organisations

Below is a list of a few government organisations that offer other various platforms for M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates such as Universities, Ministries, and Banks.

• Wildlife Institute of India
• Punjab Agricultural University
• State Bank of India, SBI
• Regional Centre for Biotechnology, RCB
• Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, IACS
• Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
• ICMR - National Institute of Cancer Prevention
• Bank of India
• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, HAL
• CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
• National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, NIBMG
• Ministry of Agriculture & Welfare Affairs
• Central University of South Bihar
• Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change
• National Seeds Corporation Limited
• National Payments Corporation of India, NPCI
• Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited, IFFCO
• Central Silk Board

Salary Prospects

There are numerous universities that offer various academic courses in disciplines of science. But, there are only a few colleges that offer M.Sc. Ph.D. integrated programme. We have listed below such top private M.Sc. Ph.D. colleges in India.

M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree program is a popular integrated course program across government and private-run institutions. Given below are a few public and private institutions that offer M.Sc.-Ph.D Integrated Degree programs. We have listed below top government M.Sc. Ph.D. colleges that offer this course.

M.Sc colleges by States

There are plenty of M.Sc. colleges in India . An M.Sc. can be pursued after successful completion of B.Sc. The admission process, eligibility criteria and fee structure of M.Sc. course may vary college to college.

PhD Colleges by States

PhD is a doctoral degree programme. It is usually offered with a duration of five to seven year. Candidates who successfully complete PhD may conduct their own independent research. They get opportunities in the academic sector as professor, lecturer or researcher in universities and colleges. Aspirants may check top PhD colleges located in various states with the help of table provided below.

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

The primary difference that distinguishes between a ‘dual-degree program’ and that of joint M.Sc-Ph.D is that students cannot leave without completing his/her doctorate while pursuing a Joint M.Sc-Ph.D degree course. However, the former course programme gives students the option to move out with a Master's degree if they have no interest in studying further.

The course duration for the M.Sc-Ph.D course programme is between three to seven years.

To pursue M.Sc-Ph.D course programme, candidates should meet the following eligibility criteria:

An aggregate of 55 per cent to 60 per cent and above in B.Sc with first-class specifications in high and higher school ( 10 and 10+2)

Final year graduation students are eligible to apply.

A few of the entrance examinations for students to prepare for the MSc-PhD course are- JEE Advanced, AP EAMCET, BITSAT, CUSAT CAT, Symbiosis Entrance Test, JCECE, and IPU CET.

Graduates from this field have a great scope in both private and government organisations. M.Sc.-Ph.D Degree graduates can opt for their dream career in pots such as ONGC (Chemist Post), NTPC (Chemist), IOCL, BPCL, and more.

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Explore Career Options (By Industry)

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Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary. 

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Geotechnical engineer

The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction. 

The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions. 

Cartographer

How fascinating it is to represent the whole world on just a piece of paper or a sphere. With the help of maps, we are able to represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Individuals who opt for a career as a cartographer are those who make maps. But, cartography is not just limited to maps, it is about a mixture of art , science , and technology. As a cartographer, not only you will create maps but use various geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems to measure, analyse, and create different maps for political, cultural or educational purposes.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Operations manager.

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Bank Probationary Officer (PO)

Investment director.

An investment director is a person who helps corporations and individuals manage their finances. They can help them develop a strategy to achieve their goals, including paying off debts and investing in the future. In addition, he or she can help individuals make informed decisions.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.

Construction Manager

Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.

Urban Planner

Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities. 

Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Naval Architect

A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Veterinary Doctor

Pathologist.

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Speech Therapist

Gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

Hospital Administrator

The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Videographer

Multimedia specialist.

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning). 

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French , German , Italian . 

Public Relation Executive

Travel journalist.

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

Merchandiser.

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment. 

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

ITSM Manager

Information security manager.

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

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Microsoft Research PhD Fellowship

Region: Global

For eligible students at universities globally pursuing research aligned to Microsoft Research areas of focus.

Update : Microsoft Research has paused our call for proposals/nominations for the 2023 calendar year. We are exploring new avenues to invest in our academic partnerships and bring together students and researchers to collaborate, share knowledge, and pursue new research directions.

To learn more about the recently announced Microsoft Research AI & Society Fellows program , uniting eminent scholars and experts to collaborate on research at the intersection of AI and society, visit our program page .

The Microsoft Research PhD Fellowship is a global program that identifies and empowers the next generation of exceptional computing research talent. Microsoft recognizes the value of diversity in computing and aims to increase the pipeline of talent receiving advanced degrees in computing-related fields to build a stronger and inclusive computing-related research community. We currently offer PhD fellowships in Asia-Pacific, Canada and the United States, EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa), Latin America, Australia and New Zealand.

Over the last two decades, the Microsoft Research PhD Fellowship program has supported over 700 fellows around the world, many of whom have gone on to work at Microsoft. Others have gone on to perform pioneering research elsewhere within the technology industry or accept faculty appointments at leading universities.

See your region for details, instructions, and answers to common questions.

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We are always looking for the best and brightest talent and celebrate individuality. We invite and encourage candidates to come as they are and do what they love.

The Microsoft Research 2022 Global PhD Fellowship recipients were announced in October 2022. Meet all the 2022 PhD Fellowship recipients on our “ 2022 Fellows ” page or hear about what this opportunity means to a few PhD fellows from around the globe below.

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Microsoft Forms cheat sheet: How to get started

Online forms are an excellent way to conduct research, collect feedback, test knowledge, and more. Here’s how to use Microsoft Forms to create surveys, feedback forms, quizzes, and other interactive forms.

Microsoft Forms is a web app that allows users to create various types of forms that gather information from people online and store that data in the cloud for review.

Why is this useful? Surveys, questionnaires, and other interactive forms are a vital part of doing business. They provide a great way to interact with employees, teammates, customers, and potential business partners. You can use online forms to collect customer feedback or business requirements, conduct market research, gauge employee satisfaction, register attendees for an upcoming event, test learners’ knowledge after a training course, and more.

Forms is included with Microsoft 365 subscriptions for individuals and businesses, and a limited version is available for free to anyone with a Microsoft account. In this cheat sheet, we will cover how to use this program to create questionnaires, add specific types of questions, and view and analyze the responses.

6 steps to creating and using a form in Microsoft Forms

• create a form from scratch, • create a form from a template, • create a quiz, • change your form’s theme, • share your form for others to respond to, • view responses.

Now let’s get started.

How to create a form from scratch

There are a couple of ways to start using the Microsoft Forms app. One way is to navigate to your Microsoft 365 home page , sign in if you haven’t already, and click on the Apps icon in the left panel. The Forms app should appear on the main part of your screen near the bottom. If it isn’t there, use the search bar at the top of the screen to search for forms and launch the app.

You can launch Microsoft Forms from the Microsoft 365 home page. (Click image to enlarge it.)

On the next page, click the New Form button.

Click the New Form button to start a new form. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Alternatively, you can go directly to forms.microsoft.com and click the New Form button.

Either way, you’ll start a new, blank form in the Forms app. Here you can do multiple things, including adding questions, viewing responses, and changing the aesthetics of the form.

A new, blank form in Microsoft Forms. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Changing the form’s title

You will first want to change the title of your form and add a description. This is the first thing anyone will see when they open your questionnaire, so you want to make sure the title is easy to understand and explains what it is you’re trying to do.

To add a title, simply click on Untitled form , and you will be able to edit the title and add a description.

Change the title and add a description for your form. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Adding questions

To add a new question, click the Add new button. A toolbar appears showing four types of questions you can add to your form.

Choose which kind of question you want to add. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Choice: Multiple-choice questions allow you to preselect a set of answers from which the user can choose. You can also add an Other option where users can type in a unique response.

By default, a multiple-choice question allows the user to select just one answer. To change this, click the Multiple answers slider at the lower right to toggle it on. The radio buttons next to the answers change to checkboxes, and users can choose more than one.

This multiple-choice question lets respondents choose more than one answer. (Click image to enlarge it.)

To rearrange the answers in a multiple-choice question, hover your cursor over the answer you want to move until you see six dots appear to the left of the item. Click and hold the six dots, then drag and drop the answer to its new location.

Text: This is an open-ended question where you allow the user to type in an answer — good when you want to collect individual information such as an email address or hear detailed thoughts from respondents. By default, text questions accept short answers, but you can enable longer responses by turning on the Long answer toggle.

To restrict responses to number format, click the three-dot icon in the lower-right corner of the question box and select Restrictions . To specify that the number be within a certain range, such as between 10 and 500, click the Number dropdown, select Between , and type in the appropriate numbers.

Restricting the responses for a text question to numbers between 10 and 500. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Rating: This question allows respondents to rate performance, typically on a scale of 1 to 5 (bad to excellent). This can give you an idea of how employees feel about their manager, for instance, or how customers view your product or service. You can adjust the number of levels provided (up to 10) or change the rating symbols from stars to numbers, hearts, smiley faces, checkmarks, or others.

Date: This question displays a calendar and asks respondents to select a specific date, such as the date an item is requested.

Other question types: If you click the down arrow at the right end of the question type toolbar, a pop-up menu appears with four additional question types that you’ll probably use less frequently:

• Ranking: Lets respondents rank items in order of preference or importance to them.
• Likert: Displays a list of items, each with its own rating scale. A common scenario for this type of question would be to find out how satisfied employees are with various company benefits.
• Upload File: Lets respondents upload a file. Supported file types include Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, images, videos, and audio files.
• Net Promoter Score: Asks respondents how likely they are to recommend your product or service, on a scale from 0 (not at all likely) to 10 (extremely likely).

A typical Net Promoter Score question. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Once you’ve selected the question type, enter the question and responses you want respondents to see, then make any adjustments or restrictions, such as the “multiple answers” option for multiple-choice questions.

Here are a few additional tasks you’ll likely use when adding questions to your form:

• To make a question required (i.e., respondents must answer it in order to complete the survey): turn the Required toggle on at the lower right of the question box.
• To explore additional options for a question , such as the ability to shuffle responses or add a subtitle: click the three-dot icon to the right of the Required toggle.
• To add an image or video to a question: click the image icon at the right end of the field where you enter the question text. On the “Insert media” pane that opens, choose Insert Image or Insert Video . For an image, you can do a Bing web search, browse your OneDrive folders, or upload an image from your computer. For a video, you can paste in a Microsoft Stream or YouTube URL. In a multiple-choice question, you can also add images to the responses.

You can add an image or video to a question. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Building out your form

To add more questions to your form, just keep clicking the Add new button and repeating the steps above. Here are a few more things that are useful to know how to do:

To duplicate a question: select the question and click the Copy question button at the upper right of the question box. A copy of the question appears immediately below it. This is handy if you have more than one question with similar formatting: you can save time by duplicating the question and editing it rather than starting from scratch each time.

Use the buttons at the upper right to duplicate a question, delete it, move it up, or move it down. (Click image to enlarge it.)

To move a question up or down: select the question and use the up or down arrow icons at the upper right of the question box.

To insert a question in between existing questions: select the question above the place where you want to insert the new question. Click the Insert new button (which appears in place of “Add new”) and proceed as usual.

To delete a question: select the question and click the trash can icon in its question box.

To add a new section to the survey: select the question above the place where you want the new section to appear. Select Add new or Insert new , click the down arrow at the right end of the toolbar, and select Section from the pop-up menu. Enter a title for the new section. You can optionally add a subtitle and image or video as well.

It can be helpful to break a form into sections. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Adding branching to your form

This feature is optional, but it’s powerful: You may have one or more questions in your form that you want to branch — that is, if the respondent answers the question one way, you want to send them to a different follow-up question than if they answer the question another way. Thus, branching makes the most sense for multiple-choice questions.

It’s best to wait until you’ve added all your questions to the survey before you add branching. Once you’ve done so, select the question you want to branch, click the three-dot icon at its lower right, and select Add branching .

A “Go to” box appears next to each of the answers. Click the drop-down menu next to each answer and choose where you want to send respondents who choose that answer — the next question (the default), the end of the form, or a specific question or section in the form.

Adding branching to a question lets you set different follow-up actions for different responses. (Click image to enlarge it.)

How to create a form from a template

Rather than starting a new form from scratch every time, you can get a head start by using one of the templates Microsoft provides. Go to Microsoft’s Forms template gallery , where you can choose from a variety of templates including a market research survey, manager feedback survey, office facility request form, and more. Click any template to open it in your browser.

The Forms template gallery has more than a dozen templates to choose from. (Click image to enlarge it.)

You’ll see a form that’s prepopulated with questions and answers. You can edit any of the existing questions, delete those you don’t want, and add your own questions into the mix.

Using templates gives you a head start on many standard business forms. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Starting from a template not only saves you from having to enter all your questions manually, it may also provide valuable questions you wouldn’t think of on your own.

How to create a quiz

Quizzes are similar to surveys and other questionnaires, but there are correct and incorrect responses. You can assign points to each question, report respondents’ scores, and explain why certain responses are right or wrong. A quiz is a good way to assess how well attendees of a training course have learned the subject matter and coach them in areas they don’t fully understand.

To create a new quiz, go to forms.microsoft.com and click the New Quiz button at the top of the page.

Alternatively, you can go to your Microsoft 365 home page and launch the Forms app as described earlier in the story. On the Forms start page, click the down arrow next to the New Form button and select New Quiz .

Creating a quiz is just like creating a form — you add a title/description and questions the same way — except that you designate the correct answer and assign a point score to each question. When you enter the answers for a question, you’ll see a circled checkmark to the left of each answer. Click one of the checkmarks to mark it as the correct answer. Then go to the Points box at the bottom of the question box and type the number of points the question is worth.

Quizzes let you test respondents’ knowledge. (Click image to enlarge it.)

How to change your form’s theme

Now that we have covered the functional aspects of Microsoft Forms, let’s look at how you can change the look and feel of your questionnaire. On the top right of your form, click the Theme button to open a panel full of theme ideas that you can use to change how your questionnaire looks. Look around this tab and select a theme that you like to represent your company.

Choose a theme that suits your company and the form itself. (Click image to enlarge it.)

To preview how your form will look to respondents as they’re filling it out, click the Preview button to the left of the Theme button at the top right of the page. You can toggle between Computer view and Mobile view by clicking the buttons at the top right of the preview page.

You can see how your form will look to both desktop and mobile users. (Click image to enlarge it.)

How to share your form for others to respond to

Once your form is finalized and you’re ready to start sending it to clients, employees, or other respondents, select the Collect responses button at the top right. On the pane that appears, you can create and customize the link that you will use to share your questionnaire with others.

You can send out a survey link publicly or privately. (Click image to enlarge it.)

If this survey is meant for people outside your company, click the option that allows anyone to respond. If it’s meant for employees in your company, choose the second option. And if you’re looking for feedback only from specific people in your organization, choose the third option and enter the names or email addresses of those people.

Next, select the option to shorten your URL so that it’s less spammy and easier to share with other people in a text, email, or instant message. You can send the link out by clicking the Copy button and pasting it into an email or other message. Alternatively, you can fill out the form on the right to send an email with an embedded link.

How to view responses

Microsoft automatically keeps track of all responses to your form and provides you with a summary of that information in a visual dashboard. Simply click the tab at the top right that says Responses to view your summary:

Forms collects and summarizes your survey’s responses. (Click image to enlarge it.)

To view responses individually, click the View results button on the left-hand side under your initial summary of responses. On this page, you can scroll through all of the responses that you’ve received to your form.

Viewing the answers from an individual respondent. (Click image to enlarge it.)

You can also export your results to Excel for offline viewing. Click Open in Excel on the right under the initial summary.

Click this button to export your results to Excel. (Click image to enlarge it.)

Lastly, you can share this results page with anyone you want via a link provided by Microsoft. Click on the three-dot icon to the right of the “Open in Excel” link and choose Share a summary link from the pop-up menu. Forms will generate a link that you can copy and share.

Sharing a summary link. (Click image to enlarge it.)

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How much of the solar eclipse will you see in your town?

The solar eclipse will range from 83 percent to 97 percent in mississippi. here's what it will look like in your town..

• See what percentage of the sun will be eclipsed in your town.
• Places near Mississippi to see the 2024 eclipse in totality.
• How to safely view the 2024 solar eclipse.

The 2024 total eclipse of the sun is just around the corner and excitement is building around the event. In the U.S., the path of totality is a narrow band stretching from Texas to Maine on April 8, but the entire country with the exception of Alaska will see some degree of eclipsing as the moon passes between the sun and earth.

It's an event that won't be experienced again in the U.S. until 2045, so it's one you likely don't want to miss .

In 2045, Mississippi will be in the path of totality, but none of Mississippi will be in the path of totality next week. However, all of Mississippi will see significant eclipsing of the sun and regardless of where you are in the state, the event will begin at about 12:30 p.m., peak a little after 1:50 p.m. and end at 3:10 p.m. or a few minutes after.

So, what will the eclipse look like in your city? According to eclispe2024.org , it could be anywhere from 83% to 97% eclipsing with the highest percentage being in Northwest Mississippi.

Here's what the 2024 solar eclipse will look like in these cities

• Bay Saint Louis - 84.03%
• Brookhaven - 89.29%
• Clarksdale - 96.12%
• Columbus - 90.62%
• Greenville - 94.92%
• Gulfport - 83.75%
• Hattiesburg - 86.56%
• Iuka - 93.63%
• Jackson - 90.73%
• Meridian - 88.17%
• Natchez - 90.96%
• Olive Branch - 96.80%
• Oxford - 94.73%
• Pascagoula - 82.76%
• Picayune - 85.23%
• Southaven - 97.00%
• Starkville - 91.19%
• Tupelo - 93.12%
• Vicksburg - 91.96%
• Waynesboro - 86.29%

To see the percentage of eclipsing in other cities in Mississippi and the U.S., visit eclispe2024.org .

Places near Mississippi to view the 2024 solar eclipse in totality

Although the eclipse will be impressive in Mississippi, it won't be the same as a total eclipse of the sun. So, for people who are willing to take a drive to witness the event, below are some of the cities in the path of totality that are closer to Mississippi according to Google Maps .

• Jonesboro, Arkansas — 82 miles; 1 hour, 14 minutes from Southaven, Mississippi
• Hot Springs Arkansas — 177 miles; 3 hours, 13 minutes from Greenville, Mississippi
• Tyler, Texas — 271 miles, 4 hours; 3 minutes from Vicksburg, Mississippi

How to watch the 2024 solar eclipse

Chris Sirola, associate professor of  astronomy and physics at the University of Southern Mississippi , gave advice on how to view solar eclipses.

• Sirola said under no circumstances should anyone look at an eclipse without glasses outfitted with special lenses designed for eclipse-viewing. He also noted they're inexpensive and  sell for about $15 per dozen  online.
• He said a welder's mask will work, too. Sirola also said cameras, binoculars and telescopes should be outfitted with a  filter designed for the specific purpose of viewing eclipses .
• You may also see it on the ground. Sirola said as light from the eclipse passes through small openings in leaves on trees, an image of the eclipse can be projected onto the ground or flat surfaces such as a deck similar to how a  primitive pinhole camera  projects images onto film.
• According to NASA, this pinhole camera effect  can be duplicated  with a note card with a small hole in it or even with a colander by holding it between the sun and a flat surface.

Do you have a story idea? Contact Brian Broom at 601-961-7225 or [email protected].