mfano wa business plan pdf

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Be more, achieve more, unataka business plan template au sample cheki hizi.

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Nimelima HK 20 za Alizeti (kule Kiteto). sasa wakati wa Kuvuna unakaribia(mnamo June 2018). Nataka nikivuna Alizeti niweke (storage) mpaka mwezi wa January...2018). Ila sasa natafuta peasa ya kuvuna, kutunza(storage) na kufikia masoko. NAomba ushauri ni chombo gani cha fedha kitakubali kunipatia fedha kutimiza lengo langu hili?. Na naomba msaada ya kuandika Business plan kuwashawishi ili wanipatie fedha za kutekeleza lengo langu.

Kupata mkopo wa halali daima imekuwa tatizo kubwa Kwa wateja ambao wana shida ya kifedha na wanahitaji ufumbuzi. Suala la mkopo na dhamana ni kitu ambacho wateja daima wana wasiwasi kuhusu wakati wa kutafuta mkopo kutoka kwa mkopeshaji halali. Lakini, tumefanya tofauti hiyo katika sekta ya mikopo. Tunaweza kupanga kwa mkopo kutoka kwa kiwango cha Euro 5,000. hadi Euro 500,000.000 chini ya riba ya 3% Kindly kujibu kwa barua pepe hii: [email protected] Huduma zetu ni pamoja na zifuatazo: 1) Madeni ya Kuunganisha 2) Mortgage ya Pili 3) Mikopo ya Biashara 4) Mikopo ya kibinafsi 5) Mikopo ya Kimataifa 6) Mkopo kwa aina yoyote 7) Mkopo wa familia E.T.C Hakuna usalama wa kijamii na hundi ya mikopo, 100% Dhamana. Wote unachotakiwa kufanya ni kutujulisha hasa unachotaka na tutafanya ndoto yako iwe kweli. GREG OWEN LOAN FIRM1 inasema Ndio wakati mabenki yako yanasema NO. Hatimaye, tunafadhili kampuni ndogo ya mkopo, wasimamizi, taasisi za fedha za wadogo kwa kuwa tuna mtaji usio na ukomo. Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu kwenda kupata mkopo kuwasiliana na sisi, Kindly kujibu mara moja. Info ya Mawasiliano ya Kampuni Anwani ya barua pepe: [email protected]

Ofisi zenu ziko wapi kwa hapa Tanzania? mie ni miongoni mwa watu wenye shida na hii mikopo.

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Mimi ni mkulima wa viazi mviringo na pia ni biashara ya mazao ya mazao ya kikapu nimekwama kifedha hasa mwaka huu katika shughuli zangu nilikua naomba msaada wa kifedha wa $ 600

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Jinsi ya Kuandaa au Kuandika Mpango wa Biashara – Business Plan

Mpango wa biashara wengine wanauita mchanganuo wa biashara au kwa kimombo “Business Plan” sio kitu kigumu sana kama ukipenda kurahisisha.

Mpango wa biashara ni maelezo ya kina ambayo inaonyesha biashara yako ilikotoka, inakokwenda, hali ya masoko, sekta, kifedha na uongozi wa biashara yako. Ni taarifa muhimu ya kuwavutia wawekezaji na watoa mikopo kama mabenki

Mambo muhimu ya kujua katika kuandika Mpangowa Biashara au – Business Plan

Mpango wa biashara wengine wanauita mchanganuo wa biashara sio kitu kigumu sana kama ukipenda kurahisisha.

Ngazi 8 za kufuata ili kutengeneza Mpango wa Biashara

Fuatilia ngazi hizi nane (8), zitakusaidia:

• Kasha la nje liwe na kichwa cha taarifa nzima, jina la biashara, muda wa mpango mara nyingi ni kati ya miaka 3 hadi 5
• Muhstasari kwenye kurasa moja (Iandikwe mwishoni kwani huu ni maelezo kwa ufupi wa ulichokiandika)
• Maelezo ya kampuni au biashara yako, historia ya kuanza, waazilishi, usajili, leseni za biashara, mali nk
• Maelezo ya bidhaa au huduma unazotoa au utakazozitoa (Unatenegenezaje, au unaandaaje, usindikaji, ushahidi juu ya udhibiti wa viwango, bei, usambazaji na taarifa ya namna ya kutumia nk)
• Maelezo juu ya soko na ushindani (ukubwa wa soko, watoa huduma au wauza bidhaa kama yako, udhaifu na nguvu yao, siri ya wewe/kampuni yako au biashara yako kufanikiwa zaidi yao)
• Maelezo juu ya mkakati wa kutekeleza biashara yako (wafanyakazi na mgawanyo wa kazi, Ratiba ya usimamizi, machine, vifaa, mkakati wa kumfikia mteja, orodha ya watoa huduma, nk)
• Makisio ya fedha (pesa za kianzio (Startup capital), mtaji (investment) wapi utatoa mtaji?, makisio ya mauzo (Sales forecast),ripoti ya faida na hasara (Profit and loss forecast), makisio ya mzunguko wa fedha katika biashara yako (cashflow forecast), Mchanganuo wa kurudisha gharama na kupata faida (Break even analysis) makisio ya oanisho la mali na madeni ya kampuni/biashara (balance sheet forecast) na Ulinganifu wa sehemu mbalimbali za biashara (business ratios) nk
• Viambatanisho muhimu kama Leseni, Cheti cha ulipaji kodi, Cheti cha usajili Mikataba, Risiti za mashine, mitambo, ununuzi wa mali za kudumu nk, taarifa mbalimbali za biashara yako ambazo hazikupata nafasi ndani ya mchanganuo huu.  nk

Gharama za kuandaa Mpango wa Biashara

• Kiasi cha mauzo ya mwaka ambayo unatuhitaji tukuchambulie kwenye BP – BP ya kuchambua Mil 10 ada yake ya kutengeneza ni ndogo tofauti na BP ya kuchambua mil 100
• Idadi ya bidhaa/huduma unayotegemea ichambuliwe kwenye BP – Ada ya kuchambua BP ya bidhaa/huduma 1 nio ndogo tofauti na ada itakayotozwa kwenye BP ya bidhaa/huduma 20
• Urefu wa miaka ambayo BP itajumuisha kwenye uchambuzi – Ada ya kuchambua BP ya urefu wa miaka 3 ni ndogo tofauti na ada ya BP ya miaka 10 nk

Mwisho (End):

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11.4: Mpango wa Biashara

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• Page ID 174460

• Michael Laverty and Chris Littel et al.

Malengo ya kujifunza

Mwishoni mwa sehemu hii, utaweza:

• Eleza madhumuni tofauti ya mpango wa biashara
• Eleza na kuendeleza vipengele vya mpango mfupi wa biashara
• Eleza na kuendeleza vipengele vya mpango kamili wa biashara

Tofauti na muundo mfupi au konda ulioanzishwa hadi sasa, mpango wa biashara ni hati rasmi inayotumiwa kwa mipango ya muda mrefu ya uendeshaji wa kampuni. Kwa kawaida hujumuisha maelezo ya msingi, maelezo ya kifedha, na muhtasari wa biashara. Wawekezaji karibu daima kuomba mpango rasmi wa biashara kwa sababu ni sehemu muhimu ya tathmini yao ya kama kuwekeza katika kampuni. Ingawa hakuna chochote katika biashara ni cha kudumu, mpango wa biashara huwa na vipengele ambavyo ni zaidi “kuweka jiwe” kuliko turuba ya mfano wa biashara, ambayo hutumiwa mara nyingi kama hatua ya kwanza katika mchakato wa kupanga na katika hatua za mwanzo za biashara ya mwanzo. Mpango wa biashara ni uwezekano wa kuelezea biashara na sekta, mikakati ya soko, uwezo wa mauzo, na uchambuzi wa ushindani, pamoja na malengo ya kampuni ya muda mrefu na malengo. Mpango wa kina wa biashara rasmi utafuata katika hatua za baadaye baada ya iterations mbalimbali kwa vifupisho vya mfano wa biashara. Mpango wa biashara kawaida hutoa data za kifedha kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu na kwa kawaida huhitajika na mabenki au wawekezaji wengine kupata fedha. Mpango wa biashara ni barabara kuu ya kampuni kufuata zaidi ya miaka mingi.

Wajasiriamali wengine wanapendelea kutumia mchakato wa turuba badala ya mpango wa biashara, wakati wengine hutumia toleo fupi la mpango wa biashara, wakiwasilisha kwa wawekezaji baada ya iterations kadhaa. Pia kuna wajasiriamali ambao hutumia mpango wa biashara mapema katika mchakato wa ujasiriamali, ama kabla au wakati huo huo na turuba. Kwa mfano, Chris Guillebeau ana template ya mpango wa biashara ya ukurasa mmoja katika kitabu chake The $100 Startup . 49 Toleo lake kimsingi ni ugani wa mchoro wa kitambaa (angalia “Je, Wewe Tayari?” shughuli katika Kubuni Model Biashara ), bila ya kina ya mpango kamili wa biashara. Unapoendelea, unaweza pia kufikiria mpango mfupi wa biashara (kuhusu kurasa mbili) -ikiwa unataka kusaidia uzinduzi wa haraka wa biashara na/au mpango wa biashara wa kawaida.

Kama ilivyo kwa mambo mengi ya ujasiriamali, hakuna sheria ngumu na za haraka za kufikia mafanikio ya ujasiriamali. Unaweza kukutana na watu tofauti ambao wanataka mambo tofauti (turuba, muhtasari, mpango kamili wa biashara), na pia una kubadilika katika kufuata chombo chochote kinachofanya kazi bora kwako. Kama turuba, matoleo mbalimbali ya mpango wa biashara ni zana ambazo zitakusaidia katika jitihada zako za ujasiriamali.

Maelezo ya Mpango wa Biashara

Mipango mingi ya biashara ina sehemu kadhaa tofauti ( Kielelezo 11.16 ). Mpango wa biashara unaweza kuanzia kurasa chache hadi kurasa ishirini na tano au zaidi, kulingana na kusudi na watazamaji waliotarajiwa. Kwa majadiliano yetu, tutaelezea mpango mfupi wa biashara na mpango wa biashara wa kawaida. Ikiwa una uwezo wa kuunda turuba ya mfano wa biashara kwa ufanisi, basi utakuwa na muundo wa kuendeleza mpango wa biashara wazi ambao unaweza kuwasilisha kwa kuzingatia kifedha.

Aina zote mbili za mipango ya biashara zina lengo la kutoa picha na barabara ya kufuata kutoka kwa mimba hadi uumbaji. Ikiwa unachagua mpango mfupi wa biashara, utazingatia hasa kuelezea maelezo ya picha kubwa ya dhana yako ya biashara.

Mpango kamili wa biashara una lengo la kutekeleza dhana ya maono, kushughulika na Ibilisi ya proverbial katika maelezo. Kuendeleza mpango kamili wa biashara utawasaidia wale ambao wanahitaji mpango wa kina zaidi na wa muundo, au wale ambao hawana background kidogo katika biashara. Mchakato wa kupanga biashara unajumuisha mfano wa biashara, uchambuzi wa uwezekano, na mpango kamili wa biashara, ambao tutajadili baadaye katika sehemu hii. Kisha, tunachunguza jinsi mpango wa biashara unaweza kukidhi mahitaji kadhaa tofauti.

Madhumuni ya Mpango wa Biashara

Mpango wa biashara unaweza kutumika madhumuni mengi tofauti-baadhi ya ndani, wengine nje. Kama tulivyojadiliwa hapo awali, unaweza kutumia mpango wa biashara kama kifaa cha kupanga mapema, upanuzi wa mchoro wa kitambaa, na kama ufuatiliaji wa zana moja ya turuba. Mpango wa biashara unaweza kuwa mpango wa shirika, yaani, chombo cha kupanga ndani na mpango wa kazi ambao unaweza kuomba kwa biashara yako ili kufikia malengo yako ya taka kwa kipindi cha miaka kadhaa. Mpango wa biashara unapaswa kuandikwa na wamiliki wa mradi huo, kwani unasababisha uchunguzi wa kwanza wa shughuli za biashara na huwawezesha kuzingatia maeneo ambayo yanahitaji kuboresha.

Rejea mradi wa biashara katika waraka huo. Kwa ujumla, mpango wa biashara haupaswi kuandikwa kwa mtu wa kwanza.

Lengo kubwa la nje la mpango wa biashara ni kama chombo cha uwekezaji kinachoelezea makadirio ya kifedha, kuwa hati iliyoundwa ili kuvutia wawekezaji. Katika matukio mengi, mpango wa biashara unaweza kuimarisha lami rasmi ya mwekezaji. Katika muktadha huu, mpango wa biashara ni mpango wa uwasilishaji, unaotengwa kwa watazamaji wa nje ambao wanaweza au wasijue na sekta yako, biashara yako, na washindani wako.

Unaweza pia kutumia mpango wako wa biashara kama mpango wa dharura kwa kuelezea baadhi ya matukio ya “nini-ikiwa” na kuchunguza jinsi unaweza kujibu ikiwa matukio haya yanafunua. Pretty Young Professional ilizinduliwa Novemba 2010 kama rasilimali online kuongoza kizazi kujitokeza ya viongozi wa kike. Tovuti hiyo ililenga wahitimu wa chuo cha kike hivi karibuni na wanafunzi wa sasa wanatafuta majukumu ya kitaaluma na wale walio katika majukumu yao ya kwanza Ilianzishwa na marafiki wanne ambao walikuwa wafanyakazi wenzake katika kampuni ya ushauri wa kimataifa McKinsey. Lakini baada ya nafasi na usawa waliamua kati yao, tofauti za msingi za maoni kuhusu mwelekeo wa biashara zilijitokeza kati ya pande mbili, kulingana na mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa zamani Kathryn Minshew. “Nadhani, naively, sisi kudhani kwamba kama sisi mateke can barabarani katika baadhi ya mambo hayo, tutakuwa na uwezo wa kutatua yao nje,” Minshew alisema. Minshew aliendelea kupata tovuti tofauti ya kitaaluma, The Muse, na kuchukua sehemu kubwa ya timu ya wahariri wa Pretty Young Professional pamoja naye. 50 Ingawa mipango mikubwa inaweza kuwa imezuia kufariki mapema ya Pretty Young Professional, mabadiliko katika mipango yalisababisha mafanikio mara moja kwa Joshua Esnard na timu ya Cut Buddy. Esnard alinunua na hati miliki template ya nywele za plastiki ambayo alikuwa akiuza mtandaoni nje ya karakana yake ya Fort Lauderdale wakati akifanya kazi ya muda katika Chuo cha Broward na kuendesha biashara ya upande. Esnard alikuwa na mamia ya masanduku ya Cut Buddies ameketi nyumbani kwake alipobadilisha mpango wake wa masoko ili kujiandikisha makampuni maalumu kwa kufanya video ziende virusi. Ilifanya kazi vizuri sana kwamba video ya uendelezaji kwa bidhaa ilipata maoni milioni 8 kwa masaa. Cut Buddy kuuzwa zaidi ya 4,000 bidhaa katika masaa machache wakati Esnard tu alikuwa mamia iliyobaki. Mahitaji yalizidi sana ugavi wake, hivyo Esnard alikuwa na kinyang'anyiro ili kuongeza viwanda na kutoa wateja mikataba mbili-kwa-moja ili kufanya ucheleweshaji. Hii ilisababisha kuuza vitengo 55,000, kuzalisha $700,000 katika mauzo mwaka 2017. 51 Baada ya kuonekana kwenye Shark Tank na kutua mkataba na Daymond John ambao ulitoa “papa” hisa ya usawa wa asilimia 20 kwa malipo ya $300,000, The Cut Buddy ameongeza njia mpya za usambazaji ili kujumuisha mauzo ya rejareja pamoja na biashara ya mtandaoni. Kubadilisha kipengele kimoja cha mpango wa biashara-mpango wa masoko - ulitoa mafanikio kwa The Cut Buddy.

KIUNGO KWA KUJIFUNZA

Tazama video hii ya mwanzilishi wa Cut Buddy, Joshua Esnard, akielezea hadithi ya kampuni yake ili ajifunze zaidi.

Ikiwa unachagua mpango mfupi wa biashara, utazingatia hasa kuelezea maelezo ya picha kubwa ya dhana yako ya biashara. Toleo hili linatumika kwa maslahi ya wawekezaji, wafanyakazi, na wadau wengine, na litajumuisha muhtasari wa kifedha “sanduku,” lakini lazima iwe na Kanusho, na mwanzilishi/mjasiriamali anaweza kuhitaji kuwa na watu wanaopokea saini makubaliano yasiyo ya kutoa taarifa (NDA). Mpango kamili wa biashara una lengo la kutekeleza dhana ya maono, kutoa maelezo ya kusaidia, na ingehitajika na taasisi za fedha na wengine kama wao rasmi kuwa wadau katika mradi huo. Wote ni lengo la kutoa picha na barabara ya kwenda kutoka kwa mimba hadi uumbaji.

Aina ya Mipango ya Biashara

Mpango mfupi wa biashara ni sawa na muhtasari wa mtendaji uliopanuliwa kutoka kwa mpango kamili wa biashara. Hati hii mafupi hutoa maelezo mafupi ya dhana yako ya ujasiriamali, wanachama wa timu yako, jinsi na kwa nini utafanya mipango yako, na kwa nini wewe ndio wa kufanya hivyo. Unaweza kufikiria mpango mfupi wa biashara kama mtayarishaji wa eneo au-tangu tulianza sura hii na kumbukumbu ya filamu - kama trailer kwenye filamu kamili. Mpango mfupi wa biashara ni sawa na kibiashara na trailer kwa Field of Dreams , wakati mpango kamili ni kamili ya urefu movie sawa.

Mpango mfupi wa Biashara

Kama jina linamaanisha, muhtasari wa mtendaji hufupisha mambo muhimu ya mpango mzima wa biashara, kama vile dhana ya biashara, vipengele vya kifedha, na nafasi ya sasa ya biashara. Toleo la muhtasari wa mpango wa biashara ni fursa yako ya kuelezea dhana ya jumla na maono ya kampuni mwenyewe, kwa wawekezaji wanaotarajiwa, na kwa wafanyakazi wa sasa na wa baadaye.

Muhtasari wa mtendaji wa kawaida sio tena kuliko ukurasa, lakini kwa sababu mpango mfupi wa biashara ni kimsingi muhtasari wa mtendaji wa kupanuliwa, sehemu ya muhtasari wa mtendaji ni muhimu. Hii ni “kuuliza” kwa mwekezaji. Unapaswa kuanza kwa kusema wazi kile unachoomba katika muhtasari.

Katika awamu ya dhana ya biashara, utaelezea biashara, bidhaa zake, na masoko yake. Eleza sehemu ya wateja ambayo hutumikia na kwa nini kampuni yako itashikilia faida ya ushindani. Sehemu hii inaweza align takribani na makundi ya wateja na thamani pendekezo makundi ya canvas.

Kisha, onyesha vipengele muhimu vya kifedha, ikiwa ni pamoja na mauzo, faida, mtiririko wa fedha, na kurudi kwenye uwekezaji. Kama sehemu ya kifedha ya uchambuzi wa uwezekano, sehemu ya uchambuzi wa kifedha ya mpango wa biashara inaweza kawaida ni pamoja na vitu kama faida ya miezi kumi na mbili na makadirio ya hasara, makadirio ya faida ya tatu au miaka minne na hasara, makadirio ya mtiririko wa fedha, usawa wa makadirio, na hesabu ya kuvunja. Unaweza kuchunguza upembuzi yakinifu na makadirio ya fedha kwa kina zaidi katika mpango rasmi wa biashara. Hapa, unataka kuzingatia picha kubwa ya namba zako na nini wanamaanisha.

Sehemu ya sasa ya nafasi ya biashara inaweza kutoa taarifa muhimu kuhusu wewe na wanachama wa timu yako na kampuni kwa ujumla. Huu ndio fursa yako ya kuelezea hadithi ya jinsi ulivyounda kampuni, kuelezea hali yake ya kisheria (fomu ya operesheni), na kuorodhesha wachezaji wakuu. Katika sehemu moja ya muhtasari wa mtendaji uliopanuliwa, unaweza kufunika sababu zako za kuanzisha biashara: Hapa ni fursa ya kufafanua wazi mahitaji unayofikiri unaweza kukutana na labda kuingia katika maumivu na faida za wateja. Unaweza pia kutoa muhtasari wa mwelekeo wa kimkakati wa jumla ambao una nia ya kuchukua kampuni. Eleza ujumbe wa kampuni, maono, malengo na malengo, mfano wa jumla wa biashara, na pendekezo la thamani.

Rice University Mwanafunzi Mpango wa Biashara Ushindani, moja ya mashindano makubwa na ya jumla bora kuonekana kuhitimu shule business-mpango (angalia Kuelezea Story yako ya ujasiriamali na aliingilia Idea ), inahitaji muhtasari mtendaji wa kurasa hadi tano kuomba. 52 , 53 Sehemu zake zilizopendekezwa zinaonyeshwa katika Jedwali 11.2.

JE, UKO TAYARI?

Unda mpango mfupi wa biashara.

Jaza turuba ya kuchagua yako kwa startup maalumu: Uber, Netflix, Dropbox, Etsy, Airbnb, Ndege/Lime, Warby Parker, au yoyote ya makampuni featured katika sura hii au moja ya uchaguzi wako. Kisha kuunda mpango mfupi wa biashara kwa ajili ya biashara hiyo. Angalia kama unaweza kupata toleo la muhtasari halisi wa mtendaji wa kampuni, mpango wa biashara, au turuba. Linganisha na kulinganisha maono yako na kile kampuni ina ufafanuzi.

• Makampuni haya yameanzishwa vizuri lakini kuna sehemu ya kile ulichochagua kwamba ungependa kushauri kampuni kubadili ili kuhakikisha uwezekano wa baadaye?
• Ramani nje mpango wa dharura kwa ajili ya “nini-kama” mazingira kama moja kipengele muhimu ya kampuni au mazingira kazi katika walikuwa kasi ni kubadilishwa?

Mpango Kamili wa Biashara

Hata mipango kamili ya biashara inaweza kutofautiana kwa urefu, kiwango, na upeo. Rice University seti kumi ukurasa cap juu ya mipango ya biashara kuwasilishwa kwa ajili ya ushindani kamili. Indus Wajasiriamali, moja ya mitandao kubwa ya kimataifa ya wajasiriamali, pia ana mashindano mpango wa biashara kwa wanafunzi kupitia mpango wake Tie Young Wajasiriamali Kwa upande mwingine, mipango ya biashara iliyowasilishwa kwa ushindani huo inaweza kuwa hadi kurasa ishirini na tano. Hizi ni mifano miwili tu. Vipengele vingine vinaweza kutofautiana kidogo; vipengele vya kawaida hupatikana katika muhtasari rasmi wa mpango wa biashara. Sehemu inayofuata itatoa vipengele vya sampuli ya mpango kamili wa biashara kwa ajili ya biashara tamthiliya.

Muhtasari Mtendaji

Muhtasari wa mtendaji unapaswa kutoa maelezo ya jumla ya biashara yako na pointi muhimu na masuala. Kwa sababu muhtasari ni nia ya muhtasari hati nzima, ni muhimu sana kuandika sehemu hii ya mwisho, hata kama suala la kwanza katika mlolongo. Kuandika katika sehemu hii lazima iwe mafupi sana. Wasomaji wanapaswa kuelewa mahitaji yako na uwezo wako kwa mtazamo wa kwanza. Sehemu hiyo inapaswa kumwambia msomaji unachotaka na “kuuliza” yako inapaswa kuwa wazi katika muhtasari.

Eleza biashara yako, bidhaa au huduma yake, na wateja waliotarajiwa. Eleza nini kitauzwa, ni nani atakayeuzwa, na ni faida gani za ushindani ambazo biashara ina. Jedwali 11.4.2 linaonyesha muhtasari wa mtendaji wa sampuli kwa kampuni ya tamthiliya La Vida Lola.

Maelezo ya Biashara

Sehemu hii inaelezea sekta, bidhaa yako, na mambo ya biashara na mafanikio. Ni lazima kutoa mtazamo wa sasa pamoja na mwenendo wa baadaye na maendeleo. Pia unapaswa kushughulikia ujumbe wa kampuni yako, maono, malengo, na malengo. Fupisha mwelekeo wako wa kimkakati wa jumla, sababu zako za kuanzisha biashara, maelezo ya bidhaa na huduma zako, mfano wa biashara yako, na pendekezo la thamani ya kampuni yako. Fikiria ikiwa ni pamoja na Standard Viwandani Classification/Amerika ya Kaskazini Viwanda Uainishaji System (SIC/NAICS) code kutaja sekta na kuhakikisha utambulisho sahihi. Sekta hiyo inaenea zaidi ya mahali ambapo biashara iko na inafanya kazi, na inapaswa kujumuisha mienendo ya kitaifa na kimataifa. Jedwali 11.4.3 inaonyesha sampuli maelezo ya biashara kwa La Vida Lola.

Uchambuzi wa Viwanda na Mikakati ya

Hapa unapaswa kufafanua soko lako kwa suala la ukubwa, muundo, matarajio ya ukuaji, mwenendo, na uwezo wa mauzo. Wewe itabidi ni pamoja na TAM yako na utabiri SAM. (Masharti haya yote yanajadiliwa katika Kufanya Uchambuzi wa Uwezekano .) Hii ni mahali pa kushughulikia mikakati ya segmentation ya soko kwa jiografia, sifa za wateja, au mwelekeo wa bidhaa. Eleza nafasi yako ya kuhusiana na washindani wako katika suala la bei, usambazaji, mpango wa kukuza, na uwezekano wa mauzo. Jedwali 11.4.4 inaonyesha mfano sekta ya uchambuzi na mkakati wa soko kwa La Vida Lola.

Uchambuzi ushindani

Uchambuzi wa ushindani ni taarifa ya mkakati wa biashara kama inahusiana na ushindani. Unataka kuwa na uwezo wa kutambua ambao ni washindani wako kuu na kutathmini nini soko hisa zao, masoko aliwahi, mikakati walioajiriwa, na majibu inatarajiwa kuingia? Uwezekano unataka kufanya uchambuzi wa SWOT wa kawaida (Nguvu Udhaifu Fursa Vitisho) na kukamilisha gridi ya ushindani-nguvu au tumbo la ushindani. Eleza uwezo wa ushindani wa kampuni yako kuhusiana na wale wa ushindani kuhusiana na bidhaa, usambazaji, bei, kukuza, na matangazo. Je, ni faida gani za ushindani wa kampuni yako na athari zao za uwezekano juu ya mafanikio yake? Kitu muhimu ni kuijenga vizuri kwa vipengele husika/faida (kwa uzito, kulingana na wateja) na jinsi mwanzo unavyolingana na wajumbe. Matrix ya ushindani inapaswa kuonyesha wazi jinsi na kwa nini mwanzo una wazi (ikiwa sio sasa kupimwa) faida ya ushindani. Baadhi ya vipengele vya kawaida katika mfano ni pamoja na bei, faida, ubora, aina ya vipengele, maeneo, na usambazaji/mauzo. Templates za sampuli zinaonyeshwa kwenye Mchoro 11.17 na Kielelezo 11.18 . Uchunguzi wa ushindani unakusaidia kuunda mkakati wa masoko ambao utatambua mali au ujuzi ambao washindani wako hawana hivyo unaweza kupanga mipango ya kujaza mapungufu hayo, kukupa faida tofauti ya ushindani. Wakati wa kujenga uchambuzi wa mshindani, ni muhimu kuzingatia vipengele muhimu na mambo ambayo yanafaa kwa wateja, badala ya kuzingatia sana wazo na tamaa za mjasiriamali.

Mpango wa Uendeshaji na Usimamizi

Katika sehemu hii, onyesha jinsi utakavyosimamia kampuni yako. Eleza muundo wake wa shirika. Hapa unaweza kushughulikia fomu ya umiliki na, ikiwa inatakiwa, ni pamoja na chati ya shirika/muundo. Eleza asili, uzoefu, sifa, maeneo ya utaalamu, na majukumu ya wanachama wa timu ya usimamizi. Hii pia ni mahali pa kutaja wadau wengine wowote, kama vile bodi ya wakurugenzi au bodi za ushauri, na uhusiano wao muhimu na mwanzilishi, uzoefu na thamani ya kusaidia kufanya mradi ufanikiwe, na makampuni ya huduma ya kitaaluma kutoa msaada wa usimamizi, kama vile huduma za uhasibu na kisheria shauri.

meza 11.4.5 inaonyesha shughuli sampuli na mpango wa usimamizi wa La Vida Lola.

Mpango wa Masoko

Hapa unapaswa kuelezea na kuelezea mkakati wa masoko wa jumla wa mradi wako, kutoa maelezo kuhusu bei, kukuza, matangazo, usambazaji, matumizi ya vyombo vya habari, mahusiano ya umma, na uwepo wa digital. Eleza kikamilifu mpango wako wa usimamizi wa mauzo na muundo wa nguvu yako ya mauzo, pamoja na bajeti kamili na ya kina ya mpango wa masoko. Jedwali 11.4.6 inaonyesha sampuli mpango wa masoko kwa La Vida Lola.

Mpango wa Fedha

Mpango wa kifedha unataka kutabiri mapato na gharama; mradi maelezo ya kifedha; na kukadiria gharama za mradi, valuations, na makadirio ya mtiririko wa fedha. Sehemu hii inapaswa kuwasilisha mpango sahihi, wa kweli, na ufanisi wa kifedha kwa mradi wako (angalia Fedha za Uhasibu na Uhasibu kwa majadiliano ya kina kuhusu kufanya makadirio haya). Ni pamoja na utabiri wa mauzo na makadirio ya mapato, pro forma taarifa za fedha ( Kujenga Timu ya Ujasiriamali Dream , uchambuzi breakeven, na bajeti Kutambua vyanzo yako iwezekanavyo ya fedha (kujadiliwa katika Kufanya Uchambuzi yakinifu ). Kielelezo 11.19 inaonyesha template ya mahitaji ya mtiririko wa fedha kwa La Vida Lola.

MWEKEZAJI KATIKA HATUA

Laughing mtu kahawa.

Hugh Jackman ( Kielelezo 11.20 ) inaweza kuwa anajulikana kwa kuonyesha comic-kitabu superhero ambaye alitumia uwezo wake mutant kulinda dunia kutoka Villains. Lakini mwigizaji wa Wolverine pia anafanya kazi ya kufanya sayari iwe mahali bora zaidi kwa kweli, si kwa njia ya makucha ya adamantium bali kupitia ujasiriamali wa kijamii.

Kielelezo 11.20 Hugh Jackman ilizindua ujasiriamali wa kijamii mradi unaoitwa Laughing (mikopo: “Hugh Jackman navy” na “Marekani Navy picha na mpiga picha Mate Airman Dennard Vinson” /Wikimedia Commons, Umma Domain)

Upendo wa java ulipiga Jackman hatua mwaka 2009, alipokuwa akisafiri Ethiopia akiwa na kikundi cha kibinadamu cha Kikristo ili kupiga documentary kuhusu athari za vyeti vya biashara ya haki kwa wakulima wa kahawa huko. Aliamua kuzindua biashara na kufuata nyayo za marehemu Paul Newman, mwigizaji mwingine maarufu akageuka philanthropist kupitia ubia wa chakula.

Jackman alizindua Laughing Man Coffee miaka miwili baadaye; aliuza mstari kwa Keurig mwaka 2015. Mkahawa mmoja wa Kahawa ya Laughing Man Coffee huko New York inaendelea kufanya kazi kwa kujitegemea, kuwekeza mapato yake katika mipango ya usaidizi inayounga mkono mipango bora ya makazi, afya, na elimu ndani ya jamii za kilimo cha biashara ya haki. 56 Ingawa eneo la New York ni mgahawa pekee, brand ya kahawa bado inasambazwa, huku Keurig akichangia sehemu isiyojulikana ya Laughing Man inayoendelea kwa sababu hizo (wakati Jackman anatoa faida zake zote). Kampuni hiyo awali ilichangia faida zake kwa World Vision, kikundi cha kibinadamu cha Kikristo Jackman kilichoongozana mwaka 2009. Mwaka 2017, iliunda Laughing Man Foundation kuwa hai zaidi na usimamizi wake wa fedha na usambazaji.

• Uwe mjasiriamali. Kama ungekuwa Jackman, ingekuwa na kuuzwa kampuni kwa Keurig? Kwa nini au kwa nini?
• Je, umeanza Laughing Man Foundation?
• Nini kingine Jackman anaweza kufanya ili kusaidia mazoea ya biashara ya haki kwa wakulima wa kahawa?

UNAWEZA KUFANYA NINI?

Vitabu vya mabadiliko.

Ilianzishwa mwaka 2014, Vitabu vya Vitabu vya Mabadiliko hutumia mfano wa fidia ya msalaba, ambapo sehemu moja ya wateja hulipa bidhaa au huduma, na faida kutokana na mapato hayo hutumiwa kutoa bidhaa au huduma sawa kwa sehemu nyingine, isiyohifadhiwa. Vitabu vya Vitabu vya Mabadiliko vinashirikiana na mashirika ya wanafunzi kukusanya vitabu vya chuo vilivyotumika, ambazo baadhi yake vinatunzwa tena wakati wengine huchangiwa kwa wanafunzi wanaohitaji katika vyuo vikuu visivyohifadhiwa duniani kote. Shirika hili limetumia tena au kutayarisha vitabu 250,000, na kuwapa wanafunzi 220,000 upatikanaji kupitia washirika saba wa chuo katika Afrika Mashariki. Biashara hii ya kijamii ya B-corp inakabiliana na tatizo na inatoa suluhisho ambalo linafaa moja kwa moja kwa wanafunzi wa chuo kama wewe mwenyewe. Je, aliona tatizo kwenye chuo chuo yako au vyuo vikuu vingine kwamba si kuwa aliwahi vizuri? Inaweza kusababisha biashara ya kijamii?

Franchisee kuweka nje

Franchisee ya East Coast Wings, mlolongo na kadhaa ya migahawa nchini Marekani, ameamua sehemu njia na mnyororo. Duka jipya litakuwa na dhana ya msingi ya michezo-bar-na-mgahawa na kutumikia vyakula sawa vya msingi: mbawa za kuku, burgers, sandwiches, na kadhalika. Mgahawa mpya hauwezi kutegemea wasambazaji na wauzaji sawa. Mpango mpya wa biashara unahitajika.

• Ni hatua gani ambazo mgahawa mpya unapaswa kuchukua ili kuunda mpango mpya wa biashara?
• Je, ni kujaribu kutumikia wateja sawa? Kwa nini au kwa nini?

Video hii ya New York Times , “Mpango wa Biashara Uwezekano,” inaelezea kuibuka kwa ujasiriamali huko Detroit

Free PDF Business Plan Templates and Samples

By Joe Weller | September 9, 2020

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We’ve gathered the most useful collection of business plan PDF templates and samples, including options for organizations of any size and type.

On this page, you’ll find free PDF templates for a simple business plan , small business plan , startup business plan , and more.

Simple Business Plan PDF Templates

These simple business plan PDF templates are ready to use and customizable to fit the needs of any organization.

Simple Business Plan Template PDF

This template contains a traditional business plan layout to help you map out each aspect, from a company overview to sales projections and a marketing strategy. This template includes a table of contents, as well as space for financing details that startups looking for funding may need to provide. 

Download Simple Business Plan Template - PDF

Lean Business Plan Template PDF

This scannable business plan template allows you to easily identify the most important elements of your plan. Use this template to outline key details pertaining to your business and industry, product or service offerings, target customer segments (and channels to reach them), and to identify sources of revenue. There is also space to include key performance metrics and a timeline of activities. 

Download Lean Business Plan Template - PDF

Simple 30-60-90 Day Business Plan Template PDF

This template is designed to help you develop and implement a 90-day business plan by breaking it down into manageable chunks of time. Use the space provided to detail your main goals and deliverables for each timeframe, and then add the steps necessary to achieve your objectives. Assign task ownership and enter deadlines to ensure your plan stays on track every step of the way.

Download Simple 30-60-90 Day Business Plan Template

PDF | Smartsheet

One-Page Business Plan PDF Templates

The following single page business plan templates are designed to help you download your key ideas on paper, and can be used to create a pitch document to gain buy-in from partners, investors, and stakeholders.

One-Page Business Plan Template PDF

Use this one-page template to summarize each aspect of your business concept in a clear and concise manner. Define the who, what, why, and how of your idea, and use the space at the bottom to create a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) for your business. 

Download One-Page Business Plan Template

If you’re looking for a specific type of analysis, check out our collection of SWOT templates .

One-Page Lean Business Plan PDF

This one-page business plan template employs the Lean management concept, and encourages you to focus on the key assumptions of your business idea. A Lean plan is not stagnant, so update it as goals and objectives change — the visual timeline at the bottom is ideal for detailing milestones. 

Download One-Page Lean Business Plan Template - PDF

One-Page 30-60-90 Day Business Plan Template

Use this business plan template to identify main goals and outline the necessary activities to achieve those goals in 30, 60, and 90-day increments. Easily customize this template to fit your needs while you track the status of each task and goal to keep your business plan on target. 

Download One-Page 30-60-90 Day Business Plan Template

For additional single page plans, including an example of a one-page business plan , visit " One-Page Business Plan Templates with a Quick How-To Guide ."

Small Business Plan PDF Templates

These business plan templates are useful for small businesses that want to map out a way to meet organizational objectives, including how to structure, operate, and expand their business.

Simple Small Business Plan Template PDF

A small business can use this template to outline each critical component of a business plan. There is space to provide details about product or service offerings, target audience, customer reach strategy, competitive advantage, and more. Plus, there is space at the bottom of the document to include a SWOT analysis. Once complete, you can use the template as a basis to build out a more elaborate plan. 

Download Simple Small Business Plan Template

Fill-In-the-Blank Small Business Plan Template PDF

This fill-in-the-blank template walks you through each section of a business plan. Build upon the fill-in-the-blank content provided in each section to add information about your company, business idea, market analysis, implementation plan, timeline of milestones, and much more.

Download Fill-In-the-Blank Small Business Plan Template - PDF

One-Page Small Business Plan Template PDF

Use this one-page template to create a scannable business plan that highlights the most essential parts of your organization’s strategy. Provide your business overview and management team details at the top, and then outline the target market, market size, competitive offerings, key objectives and success metrics, financial plan, and more.

Download One-Page Business Plan for Small Business - PDF

Startup Business Plan PDF Templates

Startups can use these business plan templates to check the feasibility of their idea, and articulate their vision to potential investors.

Startup Business Plan Template

Use this business plan template to organize and prepare each essential component of your startup plan. Outline key details relevant to your concept and organization, including your mission and vision statement, product or services offered, pricing structure, marketing strategy, financial plan, and more.

‌Download Startup Business Plan Template

Sample 30-60-90 Day Business Plan for Startup

Startups can use this sample 30-60-90 day plan to establish main goals and deliverables spanning a 90-day period. Customize the sample goals, deliverables, and activities provided on this template according to the needs of your business. Then, assign task owners and set due dates to help ensure your 90-day plan stays on track.

‌Download Sample 30-60-90 Day Business Plan for Startup Template 

For additional resources to create your plan, visit “ Free Startup Business Plan Templates and Examples .”

Nonprofit Business Plan PDF Templates

Use these business plan PDF templates to outline your organization’s mission, your plan to make a positive impact in your community, and the steps you will take to achieve your nonprofit’s goals.

Nonprofit Business Plan Template PDF

Use this customizable PDF template to develop a plan that details your organization’s purpose, objectives, and strategy. This template features a table of contents, with room to include your nonprofit’s mission and vision, key team and board members, program offerings, a market and industry analysis, promotional plan, financial plan, and more. This template also contains a visual timeline to display historic and future milestones.

Download Nonprofit Business Plan Template - PDF

One-Page Business Plan for Nonprofit Organization PDF 

This one-page plan serves as a good starting point for established and startup nonprofit organizations to jot down their fundamental goals and objectives. This template contains all the essential aspects of a business plan in a concise and scannable format, including the organizational overview, purpose, promotional plan, key objectives and success metrics, fundraising goals, and more.

Download One-Page Business Plan for Nonprofit Organization Template - PDF

Fill-In-the-Blank Business Plan PDF Templates

Use these fill-in-the-blank templates as a foundation for creating a comprehensive roadmap that aligns your business strategy with your marketing, sales, and financial goals.

Simple Fill-In-the-Blank Business Plan PDF

The fill-in-the-blank template contains all the vital parts of a business plan, with sample content that you can customize to fit your needs. There is room to include an executive summary, business description, market analysis, marketing plan, operations plan, financial statements, and more. 

Download Simple Fill-In-the-Blank Business Plan Template - PDF

Lean Fill-In-the-Blank Business Plan PDF

This business plan is designed with a Lean approach that encourages you to clarify and communicate your business idea in a clear and concise manner. This single page fill-in-the-blank template includes space to provide details about your management team, the problem you're solving, the solution, target customers, cost structure, and revenue streams. Use the timeline at the bottom to produce a visual illustration of key milestones. 

Download Fill-In-the-Blank Lean Business Plan Template - PDF

For additional resources, take a look at " Free Fill-In-the-Blank Business Plan Templates ."

Sample Business Plan PDF Templates

These sample business plan PDF templates can help you to develop an organized, thorough, and professional business plan.

Business Plan Sample 

This business plan example demonstrates a plan for a fictional food truck company. The sample includes all of the elements in a traditional business plan, which makes it a useful starting point for developing a plan specific to your business needs.

Download Basic Business Plan Sample - PDF

Sample Business Plan Outline Template

Use this sample outline as a starting point for your business plan. Shorten or expand the outline depending on your organization’s needs, and use it to develop a table of contents for your finalized plan.

Download Sample Business Plan Outline Template - PDF

Sample Business Financial Plan Template

Use this sample template to develop the financial portion of your business plan. The template provides space to include a financial overview, key assumptions, financial indicators, and business ratios. Complete the break-even analysis and add your financial statements to help prove the viability of your organization’s business plan.

Download Business Financial Plan Template

PDF  | Smartsheet

For more free, downloadable templates for all aspects of your business, check out “ Free Business Templates for Organizations of All Sizes .”

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• Ujasiriamali
• Kuanzisha Kampuni/Biashara
• Kusajili Kampuni/Biashara
• Huduma kwa Wateja
• Mpango wa Biashara
• Kubuni Miradi
• Uandishi wa Ripoti
• Vitabu Vya Fedha
• Uongozi wa Mradi
• Kutunza muda
• Watoto Wetu
• TEHAMA na Utandawazi
• Huduma za Kitaalamu
• Maombi ya kazi
• Matokeo Sekondari
• Mambo mseto
• Mawasiliano

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• Kutengeneza Katiba ya Kanisa
• Vicoba ni nini?
• Ujasiriamali ni nini?
• Gharama za Kusajili Alama za Biashara na Huduma (Nembo)

Jinsi ya Kuandika Mpango (Mchanganuo) wa Biashara – Business Plan

Mpango wa biashara wengine wanauita mchanganuo wa biashara sio kitu kigumu sana kama ukipenda kurahisisha.

Mpango wa biashara ni maelezo ya kina ambayo inaonyesha biashara yako ilikotoka, inakokwenda, hali ya masoko, sekta, kifedha na uongozi wa biashara yako. Ni taarifa muhimu ya kuwavutia wawekezaji na watoa mikopo kama mabenki

Mambo muhimu ya kujua katika kuandika Mpangowa Biashara au – Business Plan

Fuatilia ngazi hizi nane (8), zitakusaidia:

• Kasha la nje liwe na kichwa cha taarifa nzima, jina la biashara, muda wa mpango mara nyingi ni kati ya miaka 3 hadi 5
• Muhstasari kwenye kurasa moja (Iandikwe mwishoni kwani huu ni maelezo kwa ufupi wa ulichokiandika)
• Maelezo ya kampuni au biashara yako, historia ya kuanza, waazilishi, usajili, leseni za biashara, mali nk
• Maelezo ya bidhaa au huduma unazotoa au utakazozitoa (Unatenegenezaje, au unaandaaje, usindikaji, ushahidi juu ya udhibiti wa viwango, bei, usambazaji na taarifa ya namna ya kutumia nk)
• Maelezo juu ya soko na ushindani (ukubwa wa soko, watoa huduma au wauza bidhaa kama yako, udhaifu na nguvu yao, siri ya wewe/kampuni yako au biashara yako kufanikiwa zaidi yao)
• Maelezo juu ya mkakati wa kutekeleza biashara yako (wafanyakazi na mgawanyo wa kazi, Ratiba ya usimamizi, machine, vifaa, mkakati wa kumfikia mteja, orodha ya watoa huduma, nk)

Makisio ya fedha (pesa za kianzio (Startup capital), mtaji (investment) wapi utatoa mtaji?, makisio ya mauzo (Sales forecast),ripoti ya faida na hasara (Profit and loss forecast), makisio ya mzunguko wa fedha katika biashara yako (cashflow forecast), Mchanganuo wa kurudisha gharama na kupata faida (Break even analysis) makisio ya oanisho la mali na madeni ya kampuni/biashara (balance sheet forecast) na Ulinganifu wa sehemu mbalimbali za biashara (business ratios) nk

Viambatanisho muhimu kama Leseni, Cheti cha ulipaji kodi, Cheti cha usajili Mikataba, Risiti za mashine, mitambo, ununuzi wa mali za kudumu nk, taarifa mbalimbali za biashara yako ambazo hazikupata nafasi ndani ya mchanganuo huu.  nk

Mwisho (End):

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MPANGO WA BIASHARA: MUUNDO WAKE NA MFANO WA JINSI UNAVYOPASWA UWE(BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATE) SOMO LA 4

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Jinsi ya kuandika andiko la mradi – Project Proposal Writing

Wasiliana nasi tukuandikie andiko la mradi (Project Proposal) kwa bei nafuu email:  [email protected]

Writing Project Proposal (Jinsi ya kuandika andiko la mradi – Proposal Writing Service in Tanzania)

The Basic Components of a Proposal

Table of Contents

There are eight basic components to creating a solid proposal package: (1) the proposal summary; (2) introduction of organization; (3) the problem statement (or needs assessment); (4) project objectives; (5) project methods or design; (6) project evaluation; (7) future funding; and (8) the project budget. The following will provide an overview of these components.

Kama  unahitajia kuandika  andiko la mradi wowote ule NGO, biashara n.k wasiliana na sisi tutakuandikia kwa gharama nafuu. Tutumie email kwa [email protected]  

The Proposal Summary: Outline of Project Goals

The proposal summary outlines the proposed project and should appear at the beginning of the proposal. It could be in the form of a cover letter or a separate page, but should definitely be brief — no longer than two or three paragraphs. The summary would be most useful if it were prepared after the proposal has been developed in order to encompass all the key summary points necessary to communicate the objectives of the project. It is this document that becomes the cornerstone of your proposal, and the initial impression it gives will be critical to the success of your venture. In many cases, the summary will be the first part of the proposal package seen by agency officials and very possibly could be the only part of the package that is carefully reviewed before the decision is made to consider the project any further.

The applicant must select a fundable project which can be supported in view of the local need. Alternatives, in the absence of Funding support, should be pointed out. The influence of the project both during and after the project period should be explained. The consequences of the project as a result of funding should be highlighted.

Introduction: Presenting a Credible Applicant or Organization The applicant should gather data about its organization from all available sources. Most proposals require a description of an applicant’s organization to describe its past and present operations.

Some features to consider are:

• A brief biography of board members and key staff members.
• The organization’s goals, philosophy, track record with other grantors, and any success stories.
• The data should be relevant to the goals of the Funding grantor agency and should establish the applicant’s credibility.

The Problem Statement: Stating the Purpose at Hand

The problem statement (or needs assessment) is a key element of a proposal that makes a clear, concise, and well-supported statement of the problem to be addressed. The best way to collect information about the problem is to conduct and document both a formal and informal needs assessment for a program in the target or service area. The information provided should be both factual and directly related to the problem addressed by the proposal.

Areas to document are:

• The purpose for developing the proposal.
• The beneficiaries — who are they and how will they benefit.
• The social and economic costs to be affected.
• The nature of the problem (provide as much hard evidence as possible).
• How the applicant organization came to realize the problem exists, and what is currently being done about the problem.
• The remaining alternatives available when funding has been exhausted. Explain what will happen to the project and the impending implications.
• Most importantly, the specific manner through which problems might be solved. Review the resources needed, considering how they will be used and to what end.

There is a considerable body of literature on the exact assessment techniques to be used. Any local, regional, or State government planning office, or local university offering course work in planning and evaluation techniques should be able to provide excellent background references. Types of data that may be collected include: historical, geographic, quantitative, factual, statistical, and philosophical information, as well as studies completed by colleges, and literature searches from public or university libraries. Local colleges or universities which have a department or section related to the proposal topic may help determine if there is interest in developing a student or faculty project to conduct a needs assessment. It may be helpful to include examples of the findings for highlighting in the proposal.

Project Objectives: Goals and Desired Outcome Program objectives refer to specific activities in a proposal. It is necessary to identify all objectives related to the goals to be reached, and the methods to be employed to achieve the stated objectives. Consider quantities or things measurable and refer to a problem statement and the outcome of proposed activities when developing a well-stated objective. The figures used should be verifiable. Remember, if the proposal is funded, the stated objectives will probably be used to evaluate program progress, so be realistic. There is literature available to help identify and write program objectives.

Program Methods and Program Design: A Plan of Action The program design refers to how the project is expected to work and solve the stated problem. Sketch out the following:

• The activities to occur along with the related resources and staff needed to operate the project(inputs).
• A flow chart of the organizational features of the project. Describe how the parts interrelate, where personnel will be needed, and what they are expected to do. Identify the kinds of facilities, transportation, and support services required (throughputs).
• Explain what will be achieved through 1 and 2 above (outputs); i.e., plan for measurable results. Project staff may be required to produce evidence of program performance through an examination of stated objectives during either a site visit by the
• Funding agency and or grant reviews which may involve peer review committees.
• It may be useful to devise a diagram of the program design. For example, draw a three column block. Specify something about the program design, for example, assume the first column is labeled inputs and the first row is labeled staff. One might specify under inputs five nurses to operate a child care unit. This type of procedure will help to conceptualize both the scope and detail of the project.
• Wherever possible, justify in the narrative the course of action taken. The most economical method should be used that does not compromise or sacrifice project quality. The financial expenses associated with performance of the project will later become points of negotiation with the Funding program staff. If everything is not carefully justified in writing in the proposal, after negotiation with the Funding grantor agencies, the approved project may resemble less of the original concept. Carefully consider the pressures of the proposed implementation, that is, the time and money needed to acquire each part of the plan. A
• Program Evaluation and Review Technique could be useful and supportive in justifying some proposals. The remaining alternatives available when funding has been exhausted. Explain what will happen to the project and the impending implications.
• Highlight the innovative features of the proposal which could be considered distinct from other proposals under consideration.
• Whenever possible, use appendices to provide details, supplementary data, references, and information requiring in-depth analysis. These types of data, although supportive of the proposal, if included in the body of the design, could detract from its readability. Appendices provide the proposal reader with immediate access to details if and when clarification of an idea, sequence or conclusion is required. Time tables, work plans, schedules, activities, methodologies, legal papers, personal vitae, letters of support, and endorsements are examples of appendices.

Evaluation: Product and Process Analysis

The evaluation component is two-fold: (1) product evaluation; and (2) process evaluation. Product evaluation addresses results that can be attributed to the project, as well as the extent to which the project has satisfied its desired objectives. Process evaluation addresses how the project was conducted, in terms of consistency with the stated plan of action and the effectiveness of the various activities within the plan.

Most Funding agencies now require some form of program evaluation among grantees. The requirements of the proposed project should be explored carefully. Evaluations may be conducted by an internal staff member, an evaluation firm or both. The applicant should state the amount of time needed to evaluate, how the feedback will be distributed among the proposed staff, and a schedule for review and comment for this type of communication. Evaluation designs may start at the beginning, middle or end of a project, but the applicant should specify a start-up time. It is practical to submit an evaluation design at the start of a project for two reasons:

• Convincing evaluations require the collection of appropriate data before and during program operations.
• If the evaluation design cannot be prepared at the outset then a critical review of the program design may be advisable.

Even if the evaluation design has to be revised as the project progresses, it is much easier and cheaper to modify a good design. If the problem is not well defined and carefully analyzed for cause and effect relationships then a good evaluation design may be difficult to achieve. Sometimes a pilot study is needed to begin the identification of facts and relationships. Often a thorough literature search may be sufficient.

Evaluation requires both coordination and agreement among program decision makers (if known). Above all, the Funding grantor agency’s requirements should be highlighted in the evaluation design. Also, Funding grantor agencies may require specific evaluation techniques such as designated data formats (an existing FF-6 11-08 information collection system) or they may offer financial inducements for voluntary participation in a national evaluation study. The applicant should ask specifically about these points. Also, consult the Criteria For Selecting Proposals section of the Catalog program description to determine the exact evaluation methods to be required for the program if funded.

Future Funding: Long-Term Project Planning Describe a plan for continuation beyond the grant period, and/or the availability of other resources necessary to implement the grant. Discuss maintenance and future program funding if program is for construction activity. Account for other needed expenditures if program includes purchase of equipment.

The Proposal Budget: Planning the Budget Funding levels in Funding assistance programs change yearly. It is useful to review the appropriations over the past several years to try to project future funding levels (see Financial Information section of the Catalog program description).

However, it is safer to never anticipate that the income from the grant will be the sole support for the project. This consideration should be given to the overall budget requirements, and in particular, to budget line items most subject to inflationary pressures. Restraint is important in determining inflationary cost projections (avoid padding budget line items), but attempt to anticipate possible future increases.

Some vulnerable budget areas are: utilities, rental of buildings and equipment, salary increases, food, telephones, insurance, and transportation. Budget adjustments are sometimes made after the grant award, but this can be a lengthy process. Be certain that implementation, continuation and phase-down costs can be met. Consider costs associated with leases, evaluation systems, hard/soft match requirements, audits, development, implementation and maintenance of information and accounting systems, and other long-term financial commitments.

A well-prepared budget justifies all expenses and is consistent with the proposal narrative. Some areas in need of an evaluation for consistency are: (1) the salaries in the proposal in relation to those of the applicant organization should be similar; (2) if new staff persons are being hired, additional space and equipment should be considered, as necessary; (3) if the budget calls for an equipment purchase, it should be the type allowed by the grantor agency; (4) if additional space is rented, the increase in insurance should be supported; (5) if an indirect cost rate applies to the proposal, the division between direct and indirect costs should not be in conflict, and the aggregate budget totals should refer directly to the approved formula; and (6) if matching costs are required, the contributions to the matching fund should be taken out of the budget unless otherwise specified in the application instructions.

It is very important to become familiar with Government-wide circular requirements. The Catalog identifies in the program description section (as information is provided from the agencies) the particular circulars applicable to a Funding program, and summarizes coordination of Executive Orders. The applicant should thoroughly review the appropriate circulars since they are essential in determining items such as cost principles and conforming with Government guidelines for Funding assistance.

Additional Information 

Developing Project Proposal

Preparation A successful grant proposal is one that is well-prepared, thoughtfully planned, and concisely packaged. The potential applicant should become familiar with all of the pertinent program criteria related to the Catalog program from which assistance is sought. Refer to the information contact person listed in the Catalog program description before developing a proposal to obtain information such as whether funding is available, when applicable deadlines occur, and the process used by the grantor agency for accepting applications. Applicants should remember that the basic requirements, application forms, information and procedures vary with the Funding agency making the grant award.

Individuals without prior grant proposal writing experience may find it useful to attend a grantsmanship workshop. A workshop can amplify the basic information presented here. Applicants interested in additional readings on grantsmanship and proposal development should consult the references listed at the end of this section and explore other library resources.

Initial Proposal Development

Developing Ideas for the Proposal When developing an idea for a proposal it is important to determine if the idea has been considered in the applicant’s locality or State. A careful check should be made with legislators and area government agencies and related public and private agencies which may currently have grant awards or contracts to do similar work. If a similar program already exists, the applicant may need to reconsider submitting the proposed project, particularly if duplication of effort is perceived. If significant differences or improvements in the proposed project’s goals can be clearly established, it may be worthwhile to pursue Funding assistance.

Community Support Community support for most proposals is essential. Once proposal summary is developed, look for individuals or groups representing academic, political, professional, and lay organizations which may be willing to support the proposal in writing. The type and caliber of community support is critical in the initial and subsequent review phases. Numerous letters of support can be persuasive to a grantor agency. Do not overlook support from local government agencies and public officials. Letters of endorsement detailing exact areas of project sanction and commitment are often requested as part of a proposal to a Funding agency. Several months may be required to develop letters of endorsement since something of value (e.g., buildings, staff, services) is sometimes negotiated between the parties involved.

Many agencies require, in writing, affiliation agreements (a mutual agreement to share services between agencies) and building space commitments prior to either grant approval or award. A useful method of generating community support may be to hold meetings with the top decision makers in the community who would be concerned with the subject matter of the proposal. The forum for discussion may include a query into the merits of the proposal, development of a contract of support for the proposal, to generate data in support of the proposal, or development of a strategy to create proposal support from a large number of community groups.

Identification of a Funding Resource A review of the Objectives and Uses and Use Restrictions sections of the Catalog program description can point out which programs might provide funding for an idea. Do not overlook the related programs as potential resources. Both the applicant and the grantor agency should have the same interests, intentions, and needs if a proposal is to be considered an acceptable candidate for funding.

Once a potential grantor agency is identified, call the contact telephone number identified in Information Contacts and ask for a grant application kit. Later, get to know some of the grantor agency personnel. Ask for suggestions, criticisms, and advice about the proposed project. In many cases, the more agency personnel know about the proposal, the better the chance of support and of an eventual favorable decision. Sometimes it is useful to send the proposal summary to a specific agency official in a separate cover letter, and ask for review and comment at the earliest possible convenience. Always check with the Funding agency to determine its preference if this approach is under consideration. If the review is unfavorable and differences cannot be resolved, ask the examining agency (official) to suggest another department or agency which may be interested in the proposal. A personal visit to the agency’s regional office or headquarters is also important. A visit not only establishes face-to-face contact, but also may bring out some essential details about the proposal or help secure literature and references from the agency’s library.

Funding agencies are required to report funding information as funds are approved, increased or decreased among projects within a given State depending on the type of required reporting. Also, consider reviewing the Funding Budget for the current and budget fiscal years to determine proposed dollar amounts for particular budget functions.

The applicant should carefully study the eligibility requirements for each Funding program under consideration (see the Applicant Eligibility section of the Catalog program description). The applicant may learn that he or she is required to provide services otherwise unintended such as a service to particular client groups, or involvement of specific institutions. It may necessitate the modification of the original concept in order for the project to be eligible for funding. Questions about eligibility should be discussed with the appropriate program officer.

Deadlines for submitting applications are often not negotiable. They are usually associated with strict timetables for agency review. Some programs have more than one application deadline during the fiscal year. Applicants should plan proposal development around the established deadlines.

Getting Organised to Write the Proposal Throughout the proposal writing stage keep a notebook handy to write down ideas. Periodically, try to connect ideas by reviewing the notebook. Never throw away written ideas during the grant writing stage. Maintain a file labeled “Ideas” or by some other convenient title and review the ideas from time to time. The file should be easily accessible. The gathering of documents such as articles of incorporation, tax exemption certificates, and bylaws should be completed, if possible, before the writing begins.

Criticism At some point, perhaps after the first or second draft is completed, seek out a neutral third party to review the proposal working draft for continuity, clarity and reasoning. Ask for constructive criticism at this point, rather than wait for the Funding grantor agency to volunteer this information during the review cycle. For example, has the writer made unsupported assumptions or used jargon or excessive language in the proposal? Signature

Most proposals are made to institutions rather than individuals. Often signatures of chief administrative officials are required. Check to make sure they are included in the proposal where appropriate. Neatness

Proposals should be typed, collated, copied, and packaged correctly and neatly (according to agency instructions, if any). Each package should be inspected to ensure uniformity from cover to cover. Binding may require either clamps or hard covers. Check with the Funding agency to determine its preference. A neat, organized, and attractive proposal package can leave a positive impression with the reader about the proposal contents. Mailing

A cover letter should always accompany a proposal. Make sure there is enough time for the proposals to reach their destinations. Otherwise, special arrangements may be necessary. Always coordinate such arrangements with the Funding grantor agency project office (the agency which will ultimately have the responsibility for the project), the grant office (the agency which will coordinate the grant review), and the contract office (the agency responsible for disbursement and grant award notices), if necessary.

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