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The calculation of an Admission Point Score (APS) is based on a candidate’s achievement in any SIX recognised National Senior Certificate 20-credit subjects (including subjects from the non-designated subject list, e.g. CAT , Tourism , Hospitality Studies and Civil , Electrical & Mechanical Technology , etc.), by using the NSC seven-point rating scale. Life Orientation is a 10-credit subject and may not be used for calculating the APS. Life Orientation is also not a faculty-specific subject requirement.

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Author: Isabel Sanderson

Date Published: 2023/9/28

HISTORY PAPER 1 GRADE 12 QUESTIONS - NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS SEPTEMBER 2016

HISTORY PAPER ONE (P1) GRADE 12 NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS SEPTEMBER 2016

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 

• This question paper consists of SECTION A and SECTION B based on the  prescribed content framework in the CAPS document.

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS

QUESTION 1: THE COLD WAR: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR QUESTION 2: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: CASE STUDY – ANGOLA QUESTION 3: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE  1970s – CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS 

QUESTION 4: EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM  QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY – THE CONGO AND TANZANIA  QUESTION 6: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE  1970s: THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT 

• SECTION A consists of THREE source-based questions. Source material that  is required to answer these questions will be found in the ADDENDUM. 
• SECTION B consists of THREE essay questions.
• Answer THREE questions as follows: 

4.1 At least ONE (1) must be a source-based question and at least ONE  (1) must be an essay question.  4.2 The THIRD question can either be a source-based question or an  essay question. 

• Candidates are advised to spend about an hour on each question. 
• When candidates answer questions, they are required to demonstrate  application of knowledge, skills and insight.
• Merely rewriting of the sources as answers will be to the disadvantage of  candidates.
• Questions and subsections of questions must be numbered clearly and  correctly using the same numbering system used in the question paper.
• Write neatly and legibly.

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS  Answer at least ONE question, but not more than TWO questions from this section. Source material to be used to answer these questions is contained in the  ADDENDUM.  QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE BERLIN CRISIS INTENSIFY THE COLD WAR  TENSIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1960s ?  Study Sources 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D and answer the questions that follow. 1.1 Study Source 1A. 

1.1.1 Define the concept capitalism in your own words. (1 x 2) (2)  1.1.2 What, according to the source, was the main aim of the Soviet Union in West Berlin? (1 x 2) (2)  1.1.3 Quote evidence from the source which indicate how the Western powers responded to the Berlin Blockade. (1 x 2) (2)  1.1.4 Using the source and your own knowledge, explain why the Soviet  Union was forced to call off the Berlin Blockade in 1949. (2 x 2) (4)  1.1.5 Explain why you think the loss of skilled personnel to West Berlin  was such a serious risk for East Berlin and East Germany (GDR).   (2 x 2) (4)

1.2 Refer to Source 1B. 

1.2.1 Mention THREE activities from the source to prove that the actual  construction of the Berlin Wall did take place. (3 x 1) (3)  1.2.2 Explain in what ways the American and Soviet tanks that confronted each other at the Friedrichstrasse border crossing proved a risk to  the Cold War. (2 x 2) (4)  1.2.3 How, according to the source, was the possible confrontation  between the United States of America and Soviet forces avoided?   (1 x 2) (2) 

1.3 How does the evidence in Source 1B support Source 1A regarding the  Soviet Union’s desire to control West Berlin? (2 x 2) (4) 1.4 Use Source 1C. 

1.4.1 Explain what you think was implied by the words: ‘Unity and  Freedom for Berlin’ in the context of the Cold War. (2 x 2) (4)  1.4.2 Using visual clues in the photograph, explain how the Berlin Wall  influenced the lives of ordinary citizens in Berlin. (2 x 2) (4) 

1.5 Consult Source 1D. 

1.5.1 According to President Kennedy, mention THREE reasons why it  was necessary for the USA to support Berlin. (3 x 1) (3)  1.5.2 Explain whether the information in this source would be useful to a  historian in understanding Kennedy’s commitment to prevent a  communist takeover of Berlin. (2 x 2) (4) 

1.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write  a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining how the  Berlin Crisis intensified Cold War tensions between the United States of  America and the Soviet Union in the 1960s. (8)

QUESTION 2: WHAT IMPACT DID THE INVOLVEMENT OF FOREIGN  POWERS HAVE ON THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR?  Study Sources 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D and answer the questions that follow. 2.1 Refer to Source 2A. 

2.1.1 Mention TWO foreign countries from the source that were involved in  the Angolan conflict. (2 x 1) (2)  2.1.2 Why, according to the source, did UNITA suddenly become a strong  fighting force? (1 x 2) (2)  2.1.3 Define the concept nationalisation in your own words. (1 x 2) (2)  2.1.4 Why, in your opinion, did Neto and Dos Santos allow private  ownership and co-operation with Western companies? (2 x 2) (4)  2.1.5 Comment on whether the evidence in the source would be useful to a  historian in understanding the reasons why the conflict in Angola  started. (2 x 2) (4)

2.2 Study Source 2B. 

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2.2.1 Give THREE reasons from the source for the USA’s involvement in the  Angolan civil war. (3 x 1) (3)  2.2.2 What, according to the source, was the effect of the USA’s  involvement in the Angolan civil war? (1 x 1) (1)  2.2.3 Explain why you think the USA went out of its way to prevent a  communist government from coming to power in Angola. (2 x 2) (4) 

2.3 Use Source 2C. 

2.3.1 Give TWO reasons from the source as to why South Africa assisted UNITA during the Angolan conflict. (2 x 1) (2)  2.3.2 Quote evidence from the source which suggests that many UNITA  soldiers died during the battle. (1 x 1) (1)  2.3.3 Comment on how the information contained in the two schools of  thought in the source differs, regarding the outcome of the Battle of  Cuito Cuanavale. (2 x 2) (4) 2.3.4 Why do you think the SADF provided statistical evidence regarding the  Battle of Cuito Cuanavale? (2 x 2) (4)

2.4 Consult Source 2D. 

2.4.1 Which country became independent after the SADF was defeated at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale? (1 x 1) (1)  2.4.2 Explain why, in your opinion, the title: The Mother of Liberation Battles was suitable for this article. (2 x 2) (4)  2.4.3 Explain what messages the photograph conveys about the SADF’s  participation in the Angolan war. Use the visual clues in the source and your own knowledge to support your answer. (2 x 2) (4) 

2.5 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a  paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining the impact the  involvement of foreign powers had on the Angolan civil war. (8)

QUESTION 3: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE DESEGREGATION OF  SCHOOLS IN LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, DURING THE  1950s?  Study Sources 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D and answer the questions that follow. 3.1 Refer to Source 3A. 

3.1.1 Quote THREE reasons from the source why Governor Faubus could  be regarded as a good citizen. (3 x 1) (3)  3.1.2 What, according to the source, were the TWO instructions given to  Faubus by President Eisenhower during their meeting? (2 x 1) (2)  3.1.3 Using the source and your own knowledge explain why there was a  need for a meeting between Faubus and Eisenhower. (2 x 2) (4)  3.1.4 Why, according to the source, did Eisenhower try to discourage  Faubus from taking the Little Rock Nine issue to court? (1 x 2) (2)  3.1.5 Comment on whether Eisenhower was justified in instructing Faubus  to change the orders that he gave to the National Guard, regarding the events at Central High School. (2 x 2) (4)

3.2 Read Source 3B. 

3.2.1 Define the concept integration, in the context of the Little Rock Nine  incident. (1 x 2) (2)  3.2.2 In the source Faubus states, ‘That decision is the law of the land and  must be obeyed.’ Explain whether you would regard this statement to  be in line with the Little Rock Nine incident. (2 x 2) (4)  3.2.3 Using the source and your own knowledge, explain the messages that Faubus is trying to communicate to the public. (2 x 2) (4) 

3.3 Explain how the information in Source 3B and Source 3A differs regarding the  commitments that Faubus made to President Eisenhower. (2 x 2) (4)  3.4 Use Source 3C. 

3.4.1 Explain what was implied by the statement: “It was like going to war  every day”. (2 x 2) (4)  3.4.2 Mention THREE ways in which African American students were treated at the school. (3 x 1) (3)  3.4.3 The reaction of conservative white Americans had a negative effect  on the African American community of Little Rock. Quote TWO  pieces of evidence from the source to support this statement. (2 x 1) (2)

3.5 Consider Source 3D. 

3.5.1 Use a visual clue in the source to explain that integration took place at  Central High School. (1 x 2) (2)  3.5.2 What does the presence of uniformed personnel in the source, suggest about the situation at Central High School? (1 x 2) (2) 

3.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write  a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining the success of the desegregation of schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, during the 1950s. (8)

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS  Answer at least ONE question, but not more than TWO questions from this section. QUESTION 4: EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM  The United States of America was successful in preventing the communist  takeover of Vietnam between 1962 and 1974.  Do you agree with the above statement? Support your answer with reference to  the United States of America’s involvement in the war.

QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY –  THE CONGO AND TANZANIA  Evaluate the successes of Tanzania’s and the Congo’s economic development  programmes after independence.

QUESTION 6: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS IN THE 1950s TO THE 1960s: THE  BLACK POWER MOVEMENT  The relatively slow pace of success and the philosophy of non-violence did not find  universal support among the young and militant sections of the African American  community.  Critically discuss this statement with reference to how the emergence of the Black  Power Movement, presented an alternative to the philosophy of the Civil Rights  Movement.

[50]  TOTAL: 150

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Attacks on Walz’s Military Record

By Robert Farley , D'Angelo Gore and Eugene Kiely

Posted on August 8, 2024 | Corrected on August 9, 2024

Este artículo estará disponible en español en El Tiempo Latino .

In introducing her pick for vice presidential running mate, Kamala Harris has prominently touted Tim Walz’s 24 years of service in the Army National Guard. Now, however, GOP vice presidential nominee JD Vance and the Trump campaign are attacking Walz on his military record, accusing the Minnesota governor of “stolen valor.”

We’ll sort through the facts surrounding the three main attacks on Walz’s military record and let readers decide their merit. The claims include:

• Vance claimed that Walz “dropped out” of the National Guard when he learned his battalion was slated to be deployed to Iraq. Walz retired to focus on a run for Congress two months before his unit got official word of impending deployment, though the possibility had been rumored for months.
• Vance also accused Walz of having once claimed to have served in combat, when he did not. While advocating a ban on assault-style weapons, Walz said, “We can make sure that those weapons of war that I carried in war, is the only place where those weapons are at.”
• The Republican National Committee has criticized Walz for misrepresenting his military rank in campaign materials. The Harris campaign website salutes Walz for “rising to the rank of Command Sergeant Major.” Walz did rise to that rank, but he retired as a master sergeant because he had not completed the requirements of a command sergeant major.

A native of West Point, Nebraska, Walz joined the Nebraska Army National Guard in April 1981, two days after his 17th birthday. When Walz and his wife moved to Minnesota in 1996, he transferred to the Minnesota National Guard, where he served in 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery.

“While serving in Minnesota, his military occupational specialties were 13B – a cannon crewmember who operates and maintains cannons and 13Z -field artillery senior sergeant,” according to a statement released by Army Lt. Col. Kristen Augé, the Minnesota National Guard’s state public affairs officer.

According to MPR News , Walz suffered some hearing impairment related to exposure to cannon booms during training over the years, and he underwent some corrective surgery to address it.

On Aug. 3, 2003, “Walz mobilized with the Minnesota National Guard’s 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery … to support Operation Enduring Freedom. The battalion supported security missions at various locations in Europe and Turkey. Governor Walz was stationed at Vicenza, Italy, during his deployment.” Augé stated. The deployment lasted about eight months.

“For 24 years I proudly wore the uniform of this nation,” Walz said at a rally in Philadelphia where he was announced as Harris’ running mate on Aug. 6. “The National Guard gave me purpose. It gave me the strength of a shared commitment to something greater than ourselves.”

Walz’s Retirement from the National Guard

In recent years, however, several of his fellow guard members have taken issue with the timing of Walz’s retirement from the National Guard in May 2005, claiming he left to avoid a deployment to Iraq.

Vance, who served a four-year active duty enlistment in the Marine Corps as a combat correspondent, serving in Iraq for six months in 2005, advanced that argument at a campaign event on Aug. 7.

“When the United States of America asked me to go to Iraq to serve my country, I did it,” Vance said. “When Tim Walz was asked by his country to go to Iraq, you know what he did? He dropped out of the Army and allowed his unit to go without him, a fact that he’s been criticized for aggressively by a lot of the people that he served with. I think it’s shameful to prepare your unit to go to Iraq, to make a promise that you’re going to follow through and then to drop out right before you actually have to go.”

In early 2005, Walz, then a high school geography teacher and football coach at Mankato West High School, decided to run for public office. In a 2009 interview Walz provided as part of the Library of Congress’ veterans oral history project, Waltz said he made the decision to retire from the National Guard to “focus full time” on a run for the U.S. House of Representatives for Minnesota’s 1st Congressional District (which he ultimately won in 2006). Walz said he was “really concerned” about trying to seek public office and serve in the National Guard at the same time without running afoul of the Hatch Act , which limits political speech by federal employees, including members of the National Guard.

Federal Election Commission records show that Walz filed to run for Congress on Feb. 10, 2005.

On March 20, 2005, Walz’s campaign put out a press release titled “Walz Still Planning to Run for Congress Despite Possible Call to Duty in Iraq.”

Three days prior, the release said, “the National Guard Public Affairs Office announced a possible partial mobilization of roughly 2,000 troops from the Minnesota National Guard. … The announcement from the National Guard PAO specified that all or a portion of Walz’s battalion could be mobilized to serve in Iraq within the next two years.”

According to the release, “When asked about his possible deployment to Iraq Walz said, ‘I do not yet know if my artillery unit will be part of this mobilization and I am unable to comment further on specifics of the deployment.’ Although his tour of duty in Iraq might coincide with his campaign for Minnesota’s 1st Congressional seat, Walz is determined to stay in the race. ‘As Command Sergeant Major I have a responsibility not only to ready my battalion for Iraq, but also to serve if called on. I am dedicated to serving my country to the best of my ability, whether that is in Washington DC or in Iraq.'”

On March 23, 2005, the Pipestone County Star reported, “Detachments of the Minnesota National Guard have been ‘alerted’ of possible deployment to Iraq in mid-to-late 2006.”

“Major Kevin Olson of the Minnesota National Guard said a brigade-sized contingent of soldiers could be expected to be called to Iraq, but he was not, at this time, aware of which batteries would be called,” the story said. “All soldiers in the First Brigade combat team of the 34th Division, Minnesota National Guard, could be eligible for call-up. ‘We don’t know yet what the force is like’ he said. ‘It’s too early to speculate, if the (soldiers) do go.’

“He added: ‘We will have a major announcement if and when the alert order moves ahead.’”

ABC News spoke to Joseph Eustice, a retired command sergeant major who served with Walz, and he told the news organization this week that “he remembers Walz struggling with the timing of wanting to serve as a lawmaker but also avoiding asking for a deferment so he could do so.”

“He had a window of time,” Eustice told ABC News. “He had to decide. And in his deciding, we were not on notice to be deployed. There were rumors. There were lots of rumors, and we didn’t know where we were going until it was later that, early summer, I believe.”

Al Bonnifield, who served under Walz, also recalled Walz agonizing over the decision.

“It was a very long conversation behind closed doors,” Bonnifield told the Washington Post this week. “He was trying to decide where he could do better for soldiers, for veterans, for the country. He weighed that for a long time.”

In 2018, Bonnifield told MPR News that Walz worried in early 2005, “Would the soldier look down on him because he didn’t go with us? Would the common soldier say, ‘Hey, he didn’t go with us, he’s trying to skip out on a deployment?’ And he wasn’t. He talked with us for quite a while on that subject. He weighed that decision to run for Congress very heavy. He loved the military, he loved the guard, he loved the soldiers he worked with.”

But not all of Walz’s fellow Guard members felt that way.

In a paid letter to the West Central Tribune in Minnesota in November 2018, Thomas Behrends and Paul Herr — both retired command sergeants major in the Minnesota National Guard — wrote, “On May 16th, 2005 he [Walz] quit, leaving the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion and its Soldiers hanging; without its senior Non-Commissioned Officer, as the battalion prepared for war. His excuse to other leaders was that he needed to retire in order to run for congress. Which is false, according to a Department of Defense Directive, he could have run and requested permission from the Secretary of Defense before entering active duty; as many reservists have.”

“For Tim Walz to abandon his fellow soldiers and quit when they needed experienced leadership most is disheartening,” they wrote. “When the nation called, he quit.”

Walz retired on May 16, 2005. Walz’s brigade received alert orders for mobilization on July 14, 2005, according to the National Guard and MPR News . The official mobilization report came the following month, and the unit mobilized and trained through the fall. It was finally deployed to Iraq in the spring of 2006.

The unit was originally scheduled to return in February 2007, but its tour was extended four months as part of President George W. Bush’s “surge” strategy , the National Guard reported. In all, the soldiers were mobilized for 22 months.

Responding to Vance’s claim that Walz retired to avoid deploying to Iraq, the Harris-Walz campaign released a statement saying, “After 24 years of military service, Governor Walz retired in 2005 and ran for Congress, where he was a tireless advocate for our men and women in uniform – and as Vice President of the United States he will continue to be a relentless champion for our veterans and military families.”

Walz on Carrying a Weapon ‘in War’

Vance also called Walz “dishonest” for a claim that Walz made in 2018 while speaking to a group about gun control.

“He made this interesting comment that the Kamala Harris campaign put out there,” Vance said, referring to a video of Walz that the Harris campaign posted to X on Aug. 6. “He said, ‘We shouldn’t allow weapons that I used in war to be on America’s streets.’ Well, I wonder, Tim Walz, when were you ever in war? What was this weapon that you carried into war given that you abandoned your unit right before they went to Iraq and he has not spent a day in a combat zone.”

In the video , Walz, who was campaigning for governor at the time, talked about pushing back on the National Rifle Association and said: “I spent 25 years in the Army and I hunt. … I’ve been voting for common sense legislation that protects the Second Amendment, but we can do background checks. We can do [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] research. We can make sure we don’t have reciprocal carry among states. And we can make sure that those weapons of war that I carried in war, is the only place where those weapons are at.”

But, as Vance indicated, there is no evidence that Walz carried a weapon “in war.”

As we said, Augé, in her statement, said Walz’s battalion deployed “to support Operation Enduring Freedom” on Aug. 3, 2003, and “supported security missions at various locations in Europe and Turkey.” During his deployment, Walz was stationed in Vicenza, Italy, and he returned to Minnesota in April 2004, Augé said. There was no mention of Walz serving in Afghanistan, Iraq or another combat zone.

In the 2009 interview for the veterans history project, Walz said he and members of his battalion initially thought they would “shoot artillery in Afghanistan,” as they had trained to do. That didn’t happen, he said, explaining that his group ended up helping with security and training while stationed at an Army base in Vicenza.

“I think in the beginning, many of my troops were disappointed,” Walz said in the interview. “I think they felt a little guilty, many of them, that they weren’t in the fight up front as this was happening.”

In a statement addressing his claim about carrying weapons “in war,” the Harris campaign noted that Walz, whose military occupational specialties included field artillery senior sergeant, “fired and trained others to use weapons of war innumerable times” in his 24 years of service.

Walz’s National Guard Rank

The Republican National Committee has criticized Walz for saying “in campaign materials that he is a former ‘Command Sergeant Major’ in the Army National Guard despite not completing the requirements to hold the rank into retirement.”

Walz’s biography on the Harris campaign website correctly says that the governor “served for 24 years” in the National Guard, “rising to the rank of Command Sergeant Major.” 

Walz’s official biography on the Minnesota state website goes further, referring to the governor as “Command Sergeant Major Walz.”

“After 24 years in the Army National Guard, Command Sergeant Major Walz retired from the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion in 2005,” the state website says. 

Walz did serve as command sergeant major , but Walz did not complete the requirements to retire with the rank of command sergeant, Augé told us in an email. 

“He held multiple positions within field artillery such as firing battery chief, operations sergeant, first sergeant, and culminated his career serving as the command sergeant major for the battalion,” Augé said. “He retired as a master sergeant in 2005 for benefit purposes because he did not complete additional coursework at the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy.”

This isn’t the first time that Walz’s National Guard rank has come up in a campaign. 

In their 2018 paid letter to the West Central Tribune, when Walz was running for governor, the two Minnesota National Guard retired command sergeants major who criticized Walz for retiring before the Iraq deployment also wrote: “Yes, he served at that rank, but was never qualified at that rank, and will receive retirement benefits at one rank below. You be the judge.”

Correction, Aug. 9: We mistakenly said a 2007 “surge” strategy in Iraq occurred under President Barack Obama. It was President George W. Bush.

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Tim Walz's military record: What to know about potential VP's National Guard service

Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris selected Minnesota Governor Tim Walz as her running mate on Tuesday, choosing a progressive yet plain-spoken VP candidate from America’s heartland to help her win over rural, white voters.

“I’m pleased to share that I’ve made my decision: Minnesota Governor Tim Walz will join our campaign as my running mate,” Harris said via text to supporters. “Tim is a battle-tested leader who has an incredible track record of getting things done for Minnesota families. I know that he will bring that same principled leadership to our campaign, and to the office of the vice president.”

We look at Walz, a 60-year-old U.S. Army National Guard veteran, and his military career over the years.

More: Tim Walz is Kamala Harris' VP pick: Minnesota governor named running mate: Live updates

How long was Walz in the military?

Walz served in the military for 24 years, enlisting in the Nebraska National Guard at 17 in 1981 and then transferring to the Minnesota National Guard in 1996. He retired in 2005 to begin his successful run for the U.S. House, representing Minnesota as command sergeant major, among the highest ranks for enlisted soldiers. His battalion went on to deploy to Iraq shortly after Walz's retirement.

Walz specialized in heavy artillery and had proficiency ribbons in sharpshooting and hand grenades.

But during the 21 years that Walz spent working with large artillery pieces, he suffered hearing loss and tinnitus in both ears, Minnesota Public Radio reported. He was allowed to continue his service after undergoing surgery, which partially resolved his hearing loss.

Where did Walz serve, and what did he do in the National Guard?

During his service, Walz responded to natural disasters, including floods and tornadoes in Minnesota and Nebraska, and was deployed overseas for months at a time, according to MPR.

In 2003, he was sent to Italy, where he served with the European Security Force to support the war in Afghanistan. He was also stationed in Norway for joint training with other NATO militaries.

Walz told MPR that he reenlisted in the National Guard after the September 11 attacks but never saw active combat in his years in the military.

Stars and Stripes reported in 2020 that Walz credited his Army experience with helping him steer Minnesota through the COVID-19 pandemic as governor.

As governor of Minnesota, Walz is commander in chief of the 13,000-soldier Minnesota National Guard. “I’m certainly proud of my military service, but it’s one piece of me,” he told Minnesota Public Radio in 2018. “It doesn’t define me.”

Reuters and USA TODAY reporter Tom Vanden Brook contributed to this story.

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