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GOPRO INC 2017: Failing With Initial Strategy or Just Poor Execution? An Illustrative Case Study with Analyses

2019, American Based Research Journal

This paper is an instructional secondary research case study of Go Pro Incorporated. It has been developed for a business policy/strategic management course as well as a course in entrepreneurship and/or technology management in order to illustrate how a student would conduct a strategic analysis of a firm. The case includes a discussion of the firm’s mission/vision, strategic approach to the market, industry and SWOT analyses, value chain analysis, financial analyses and recommendations. The case also includes brief explanations of the theories and techniques in question so that students can review content material they have covered in class. It is recommended that this case is employed toward the end of the semester so that students understand the tools and processes associated with implementing a firm’s strategic vision but before an assignment of a comprehensive case (secondary and/or primary) so that they have a model in which to base their analyses upon. GoPro, Inc. was a pioneer in the action camera market. The company, GoPro Inc. was founded by Nick Woodman in 2003 and went public in December 2012 at $24 per share (https//gopro.com/about-us). The company developed action cameras that were easily mountable and wearable and enable users to capture image and videos of their personal events easily. GoPro first moved into the market by creating distinct key features that differentiated their camera- and, i.e., action camera with mountable and wearables. However, with its innovative characteristics, GoPro not only differentiated their products but also targeted customers segments such as sports enthusiasts, bikers, adventurers, etc. GoPro excelled as a differentiator given its high brand equity and a strong reputation for its quality of the footage. Some competitors started to target the same segment with better quality products or with similar quality products at a lower price. The impact of this competition and loss of momentum was evident in the firm’s eroding financial performance. GoPro’s stock price on October 23, 2018, was $6.82 per share with a P/E ratio of -3.17 (https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/gpro). The question students need to address is how GoPro can recover.Measures discussed include corrective strategies such as turnaround, retrenchment, diversification, conglomerate diversification, and liquidation. Instructors may want to delete the alternatives that are discussed so that their students can develop their own recommendations rather than agree or disagree with the recommendations of the authors.

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Case 16 – GoPro

Below are recent news articles carefully selected by the authors to help in preparing your case analysis.  (key updates posted monthly).

GoPro Looking for Buyout Options? (January, 2018)

GoPro’s Answer to its Supply Chain Issues (August, 2017)

GoPro to Focus on What Made it Great (March, 2017)

GoPro’s 2017 Direction (January, 2017)

GoPro’s Quarterly Report  (December, 2016)

Apple’s New iPhone May Hurt GoPro’s Sales  (September, 2016)

Garmin Launches Rival Camera   (September, 2016)

GoPro’s Biggest Rival Went Bankrupt (July, 2016)

GoPro’s Growth Strategy (June, 2016)

GoPro’s Drone Outlook (May, 2016)

GoPro Hires Apple Executive (April, 2016)

GoPro by the Numbers  (March, 2016)

Three Products that Could Return GoPro to the Top (February, 2016)

2016 Outlook for GoPro  (January, 2016)

Jinnie's

University blogs, the million dollar challenge: a case study of how gopro creatively leverages user-generated content marketing.

My previous blog post introduces you to the concept of Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) and its different strategies. Among those strategies was user-generated content marketing. In this blog, you will learn from an inspiring story of how GoPro promote their new cameras by integrating user-generated content marketing seamlessly with their branded content marketing.

About GoPro

GoPro is a leading American technology manufacturer and seller of action cameras, camera accessories, and its software. Action cameras are wearable and mountable cameras which you might already have seen or used one before.

What was the campaign?

October last year, GoPro launched its new cameras, HERO8 Black and Max. Traditionally, to promote a new product, technology companies would produce product-focused videos internally. GoPro, on the other hand, put the task in the hand of its community through the Million Dollar Challenge.

How did they do it?

Setting objectives.

As technology advances within the consumer electronics industry, a daunting challenge facing technology companies is to communicate various technical features in an engaging manner. The challenge for GoPro was to promote awareness and boost demand for the newest cameras that have so many new features.

Katie Marylander, GroPro’s global social marketing manager, mentioned that the objective was to deploy a social media marketing campaign that will generate conversation while simultaneously educating (technical) and inspiring (the UGC campaign) their consumers.

The three-stage strategy

Stage 1: creating social buzz.

Two-and-a-half weeks prior to the launch day, the company released three teaser videos hint at the new cameras and its key features. Thanks to GoPro’s extensive digital marketing channels, the videos were able to create excitement, anticipation and buzz among GoPro community members and the press which perfectly set the stage for the next strategy. 

View this post on Instagram 10.01.19 #ThisIsAction A post shared by GoPro (@gopro) on Sep 30, 2019 at 6:05am PDT

Stage 2: The Feature Thrillers

The “Feature Thrillers” refers to a series of video GoPro released on the launching event and consequently on their channels. The series includes two videos, one for each product that is educational and product-focused but with energetic and thrilling characteristics. This type of video is traditionally released for every new GoPro flagship product which pleases the longtime GoPro fans.

View this post on Instagram 📷 Meet #GoProHERO8 Black, the most versatile + unshakable HERO camera ever. ✔ Streamlined design ✔ Modular Accessories ✔ HyperSmooth 2.0️ ✔ TimeWarp 2.0 ✔ Digital Lenses ✔ Capture Presets ✔ On-Screen Shortcuts ✔ LiveBurst + more. • Get your hands on a #GoProHERO8 Black. Tag a friend 👇 for the opportunity to snag VIP bundles. • Pre-order now. Tap the product tag in post or link in our bio. #ThisIsAction #GoPro #HyperSmooth #TimeWarp #SuperPhoto #LiveBurst A post shared by GoPro (@gopro) on Oct 1, 2019 at 6:00am PDT

Stage 3: The Million Dollar Challenge

Days after letting the community enjoy and engage with the educational thrillers, the finale came. The Million Dollar Challenge is a user-generated content initiative inviting HERO8 users to submit their videos for a chance of splitting $1,000,000 using the new GoPro cameras. Moreover, the winners’ clip will also be featured on the next promoting video which will be seen by people from around the world. 

Result Analysis

Over 4 months, 42,000 clips were submitted and by creators from 170 countries. The 45 winners were awarded last month. For a multi-billion dollar company like GoPro, this UGC was extremely successful as it benefited the company in many folds.

Firstly, it directly boosts the sale as participants were required to buy the new camera to shoot the video. 

Secondly, the winning clips were put together to create a product promotion video that won a Shorty Award for Best User-Generated Content. The video has been translated into more than 10 languages reaching people worldwide and exceeded three million views in over a month. 

Thirdly, the press covered both the launch and the innovative UGC campaign for free. Ironically, the fact that a university student from Thailand writing a blog post about it is another proof of its success.

Lastly, many participants, some are the top influencer in their field, upload youtube vlogs and social media posts about their journey of creating the video with the GoPro camera. As a result, GoPro was able to directly reach filmmakers, photographers and extreme sports athletes and adventure-seekers which are all target customer for the product. “How I won the GoPro Million Dollar Challenge” is one of the videos which itself alone reaches more than 2 million views. (See below)

Looking from the metrics-based result, this was the most successful product launch for GoPro. The social response was positive:

• The whole campaign reaches more than 857 million people evoked 70 million engagements. The engagement rate is 8.1 per cent making it the highest record.
• The UGC video has been shared more than 57,000 times.
• A user journey analysis shows that the social media campaign has made more sales conversions than any previous one. (did not specify how much)
• With a total of 42,000 videos submitted, it shows that the campaign successfully called for GoPro community engagement.

The key takeaways

One thing that appears consistently in every good eWOM marketing case is planning. In this case, the evidence of planning was obvious right from the objective setting. Even if it was not written explicitly, the complex three-stage strategy of this campaign could be an even better proof of a plan. Another key takeaway is the importance of performance tracking. The metric-based results show that the whole marketing campaign was monitored in meaningful ways. Tracking the results also helps diagnose of negative eWOM early, hence a better chance of limiting its effects. (Kirby, Marsden 2006)

Click here to learn how to plan for digital marketing campaigns using SOSTAC. (Chaffey and Smith, 2013)

(Hennig-Thurau et al., 2004) 

Stage 1 and 2, despite being a typical branded content marketing campaign, were included in this UGC blog post because they demonstrate that in real life, eWOM campaigns can be implemented with other marketing strategies. Firstly, stage 1 helped build up anticipation and also allow GoPro to test the waters. Stage 1 gives enough time for the product news to reach people. Without it, this campaign risks not getting enough attention.

Secondly, stage 2 ensures the success of the final UGC campaign. The obvious is that it educates people about the new features which are important for any buyers not only the ones that will participate in the UGC campaign. The less obvious is that the tradition is when GoPro launches new products, it always releases a top-notch promoting video which the long-time fans are expecting. Without the videos from stage 2, the fans might feel neglected which will generate negative social sentiment setting off stage 3 on a bad note. See “ Work From Hawaii ” case where an advertisement helped kick-started a successful UGC campaign. 

Looking at the case from a macro point of view, GoPro certainly understands the risks of eWOM very well. For example, lie behind the exciting surface of a challenge invitation a tight term and conditions mitigating legal risks occurred in the case of Chang v. Virgin Mobile. (2009).

Finally, GoPro seems to recognize the fundamental of eWOM that, at the end of the day, the best strategy to generate positive and limit negative WOM derive from the product, the company practice and the customer experience. If you provide something that exceeds customers’ expectations and share-worthy, you will naturally generate WOM. On the contrary, if your customers feel like they just got ripped off, no marketing campaigns would help. They are only going to make the matter worse.

You can learn more about other risks from the following studies:

• Restricted control over the negative WOM (Lomax, Stokes 2002)
• Fast spreading and highly influential ability of negative WOM (De Pelsmacker et al. 2007; Kirby, Marsden 2006)
• Fake online identities and WOM (Litvin, Goldsmith and Pan, 2008) (Dellarocas 2003) (Cavazza and Guidetti, 2014)

Cavazza, N. and Guidetti, M. (2014). Fake online reviews: A study on eWOM influence when suspicions arise. PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL, 9(1), pp.71-82.

Chaffey, D. and PR Smith (2013). Emarketing Excellence: Planning and Optimizing your Digital Marketing. [ebook] Taylor & Francis Group. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ubrighton/detail.action?docID=114376 [Accessed 5 Feb. 2020].

Chang v. VIRGIN MOBILE USA, LLC, Civil Action No. 3: 07-CV-1767-D (N.D. Tex. Jan. 16, 2009).

Dellarocas, C. (2003). The Digitization of Word-of-Mouth: Promise and Challenges of Online Feedback Mechanisms. SSRN Electronic Journal.

De Pelsmacker, P., Geuens, M. and Van den Bergh, J., 2007. Marketing communications: A European perspective. Pearson education.

Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K., Walsh, G. and Gremler, D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet?. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), pp.38-52.

Kirby, J. and Marsden, P. eds., 2006. Connected marketing: the viral, buzz and word of mouth revolution. Elsevier.

Litvin, S.W., Goldsmith, R.E. and Pan, B., 2008. Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism management, 29(3), pp.458-468.

Stokes, D. and Lomax, W. (2002). Taking control of word of mouth marketing: the case of an entrepreneurial hotelier. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 9(4), pp.349-357.

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Marketing Process Analysis

Segmentation, targeting, positioning, marketing strategic planning, marketing 5 concepts analysis, swot analysis & matrix, porter five forces analysis, pestel / pest / step analysis, cage distance analysis international marketing analysis leadership, organizational resilience analysis, bcg matrix / growth share matrix analysis, block chain supply chain management, paei management roles, leadership with empathy & compassion, triple bottom line analysis, mckinsey 7s analysis, smart analysis, vuca analysis ai ethics analysis analytics, gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges pestel / pest / step analysis & solution / mba resources.

• GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges
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Definition of PESTEL / PEST / STEP Analysis

What is PESTEL / PEST / STEP Analysis? How you can use PESTEL Analysis for GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

At EMBA PRO , we specialize at providing professional PESTEL analysis & other strategic management MBA resources. GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges case study PESTEL analysis includes macro environment factors that impact the overall business environment – Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors. GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges case study (referred as “Gopro Confidence” for purpose of this article) is a Harvard Business School (HBR) case study covering topics such as Sales & Marketing and strategic management. It is written by Rishi Dwesar, Geeta Singh and shed light on critical areas in field of Sales & Marketing, Financial management, Innovation that the protagonist in the case study is facing. Managers at Gopro Confidence need to examine three inter-related environments in order to come up with an effective strategy. The three inter-related environments are – industry environment in which the company operates in, the geographic market or country in which company operates, and wider socio economic / macro environment. PESTEL analysis is mainly the assessment of macro environment factors.

Case Description of GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges Case Study

GoPro, Inc. was an American action camera and software manufacturer founded in 2002 by a young entrepreneur. The company introduced innovative action cameras and became a successful brand with the help of content marketing. It continued its innovative spree for more than a decade and was the market leader in the industry. However, in March 2017, the company faced challenges due to product failures and increased competition, and the introduction of new products in the market. GoPro's stock price dropped as a result of a loss of confidence by both consumers and investors. What strategies could the company adopt to regain its competitive strength and revive confidence in its brand? What could it do to be more innovative and successful, and in doing so, fend off the low-cost competition? Rishi Dwesar is affiliated with ICFAI Business School-Hyderabad.

Case Authors : Rishi Dwesar, Geeta Singh

Topic : sales & marketing, related areas : financial management, innovation, case study solution & analysis of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, swot analysis of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, urgent - 12hr.

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Importance of PESTEL Analysis in Strategy Management & Planning Process

Strategy planning process often requires five steps – 1. Choosing the vision, mission and the reason of existence for Gopro Confidence. 2. Analyze the Gopro Confidence external competitive environment to identify opportunities and threats. PESTEL analysis is critical to understand the external threats & opportunities arising because of the macro environment developments. Changes in macro environment forces can impact the Porter Five Forces & industry attractiveness. Thus significantly impacting the ability of Gopro Confidence to build sustainable competitive advantage 3. Analyze Strengths and Weaknesses of Gopro Confidence. 4. Developing strategies that can capitalize on Gopro Confidence strengths and help mitigate weaknesses and impact of threats of macro-environment. 5. Execution of the strategy and building a feedback loop, using which managers at Gopro Confidence can fine tune processes and strategies going forward. The Industrial Organization (I/O) approach advocates that for sustainable competitive advantage external factors are as important as internal factors of the Gopro Confidence. According to Michael Porter organizational performance is to large extend determined by various industry forces.

What are Political Factors in PESTEL / PEST Analysis

The political factors play a huge role in not only investment decision by transnational corporations but also by companies such as – Gopro Confidence. Political environment and other factors not only impact the cost of doing business but also long term sustainability. Some of the political factors are – governance system, democracy & institutions, military coup chances, probability of armed conflict, law and order in market etc.

Political Factors that Impact GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

- Political Governance System – Based on the information provided in the GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges case study, it seems that the country have a stable political system. Gopro Confidence can make strategies based on the stable political environment.

- Likelihood of Entering into an Armed Conflict – From the information in the GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges case study, I don’t think there is a likelihood of country entering into an armed conflict with a neighboring country.

- Size of Government Budgets – both Local Governments and National Government – The government at both national level and local levels are running deficit budgets which is boosting growth in the short term but may lead to increase in inflation over medium term. The bond rating of national government is investment grade.

- Regulatory Practices - The regulatory practices are streamlined with global norms which have helped the country to improve its “ease of doing business” ranking.

- Segregation of Political Responsibilities between Different Government Agencies – There are numerous government agencies which reduces the risk of overwhelming pressure by one agency. But on the flip side it does increases both time and cost of doing business and getting certifications and clearances.

- Threat of Terrorist Attacks – We believe in the world of post 9/11, corporations such as Gopro Confidence have to live with operating under the shadow of a terrorist attack. The prudent policy should be to take insurance and other types of hedging instruments to mitigate the losses occurring because of the terrorist attacks.

- Government Regulations and Deregulations – The government is adhering to all the rules and regulations under World Trade Organization norms. There is consistency in both policy making and implementations of those policies.

- Judiciary Independence – In the matter of commercial and business decisions, judiciary of the country is independent to a large extent. Business do face problem when the conflict is between public interest and proprietary technology similar to ruling in South Africa where government & judiciary allowed generic AIDS drug irrespective of patents of global companies.

What are Economic Factors in PESTEL / PEST Analysis

Economic factors of a country and region have a direct impact on the potential attractiveness of a given market. Some of the economic factors that Gopro Confidence should evaluate both in the present market and one in which it wants to enter are – inflation rate, GDP growth rate, disposable income level etc.

Economic Factors that Impact GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

- Level of Household Income and Savings Rate – Increasing consumption and stagnant household income in United States had led to credit binge consumption. It has decimated the culture of savings as people don’t have enough to save. Gopro Confidence needs to be careful about building marketing strategy that is dependent on “Purchase on Credit” consumer behavior.

- Inflation Rate – The inflation rate can impact the demand of Gopro Confidence products. Higher inflation may require Gopro Confidence to continuously increase prices in line of inflation which could lead to lower levels brand loyalty and constant endeavors to manage costs. Cost Based Pricing could be a bad strategy under such conditions.

- Inequality Index / Ranking on Gini Index – Gini Index and level of inequality are a great barometer for harmony and development of a society. If there is huge income inequality in the society then the likelihood of conflict and crime increases. It can lead to uncertainty and suppression of consumption in both short term and long term.

- Consumer Disposable Income – The household income of the country has increased constantly in the last decade and half, compare to the USA market where household income is still below 2007 levels and not increased in real terms since early 1980’s. Gopro Confidence can leverage this trend to expand the market beyond its traditional customers by employing a differentiated marketing campaign.

- GDP Trend & Rate of Economic Growth – The higher GDP growth rate signals growing demand in the economy. Gopro Confidence can leverage this trend by expanding its product range and targeting new customers. One way to start is by closely mapping the changes in – consumer buying behavior and emerging value proposition.

- Foreign Exchange Rate – Number of companies have incurred losses in past few years because of forex risk in – Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina. Gopro Confidence should be careful about the history of forex risk before entering new market. Many US companies have incurred losses in Mexico in regular forex crisis in that country.

- Work Force Productivity – Work force productivity in US has grown by 25-30 % in last two decades even though the salaries are not reflecting those gains. It can enable Gopro Confidence to hire skilled workforce at competitive salaries.

What are Social Factors in PESTEL / PEST Analysis

Social factors such as demography trends, power structure in the society, women participation in workforce etc have immense impact over not only the country's economy but also on workforce talent availability and level of consumer demand.

Social Factors that Impact- GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

- Demographic Trend – The demographic trend is one of the key factors in demand forecasting of an economy. For example as the population of USA and EU is growing old the demand for products mostly catering to this segment will grow. Gopro Confidence should consider demographic trends before new product developments and integrate features that cater to this segment. As population is ageing it will require less tech intensive products.

- Attitude towards Leisure – Gopro Confidence should conduct an ethnographic research to understand both attitude towards leisure activities and choice of leisure activities. Experience economy is one of the fastest growing segments both among millennials and among baby-boomers.

- Types of Immigration & Attitude towards Immigrants – Given the latest developments such as Brexit and Immigrant detention on Southern border of United States. Attitude towards immigration has come under sharp focus. Gopro Confidence should have capabilities to navigate under this hyper sensitive environment.

- Societal Norms and Hierarchy – What sort of hierarchy and norms are acceptable in society also influence the types and level of consumption in a society. In highly hierarchical societies the power of decision making often reside at the top

- Gender Composition in Labor Market Gopro Confidence can use gender composition of labor market to understand the level of liberal nature of the society, women rights, and women’s say in matter of societal issues and consumption decisions. The gender composition of labor market is a good indicator of disposal income of household, priorities of the households, and related needs.

- Birth Rate – Birth rate is also a good indicator of future demand. USA has avoided the European Union style stagnant economy on the back of slightly higher birth rate and higher level of immigration.

- Attitude towards Savings – The culture of saving in US and China is totally different where savings rate in China is around 30% , it is well below 15% in United States. This culture of consumption and savings impact both type of consumption and magnitude of consumption.

- Power Structure in Society – Gopro Confidence should carefully analyze both - What is the power structure in the society? How it impacts the demand in the economy. For example the power structure in US economy is slowly moving towards the older generation as that generation has higher disposable income compare to the younger generation.

What are Technological Factors in PESTEL / PEST Analysis

Technology is fast disrupting business models across various industries. Some of the technology trends that are impacting the macro environment are – developments in artificial intelligence, use of machine learning and big data analytics to predict consumer behavior, growing importance of platforms over service providers etc.

Technological Factors that Impact GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

- Cost of Production and Trends – Gopro Confidence should assess - What are the cost of production trends in the economy and level of automatization. We at EMBA Pro believe that in near future the sector most disrupted by technological innovation is manufacturing and production.

- Intellectual Property Rights and Patents Protection – Before entering new market Gopro Confidence should focus on the environment for intellectual property rights.

- Property Rights & Protection of Technology Oriented Assets – Gopro Confidence should analyze the legal status of various property rights and intellectual property rights protections that are common in US.

- Likelihood of Technology Disruption – If the country is hub of technology companies then there is a high chance of technology disruption among various industries. Gopro Confidence has to assess whether it can live with the fast pace of technology disruption in its industry.

- Preparedness for 5G Related Infrastructure – Countries across the world are trying to prepare themselves to install 5G infrastructure. Gopro Confidence should assess to what level the local market is prepared to roll out the 5G connectivity.

- Level of Acceptance of Technology in the Society – Gopro Confidence has to figure out the level of technology acceptance in the society before launching new products. Often companies enter the arena without requisite infrastructure to support the technology oriented model.

- Research and Development Investment Levels – If there is high level of investment in technology development sector then there are high chances of building a self sustaining ecosystem that drives innovation. Gopro Confidence can leverage such a situation to hire the best people in business.

- Integration of Technology into Society & Business Processes – Uber failed in China because it tried to enter before smartphone were widespread in China. Gopro Confidence should build a strategy that can integrate societal values, infrastructure, and Gopro Confidence business model.

What are Environmental Factors in PESTEL / PEST Analysis

Environmental factors are fast gaining traction not only among consumers but also among regulators and policy makers. Climate change and changing ecosystem is leading to the extinction of more than 20% of species on the planet by the turn of this century.

Environmental Factors that Impact GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

- Per Capita and National Carbon Emission – What is the per capita carbon emission of the country and what is the overall level of carbon emissions of the country. This will help in better predicting the environment policy of the country.

- Corporate Social Responsibilities Culture – Are Gopro Confidence present CSR efforts applicable in the new market or does it needs to have new initiative to cater to the prospective market.

- Environmental Standards and Regulations both at National & Local Levels – Often the environment policy at national and local level can be different. This can help Gopro Confidence in numerous decisions such as plant location, product development, and pricing strategy.

- Recycle Policies – What are the recycle policies in prospective market and how Gopro Confidence can adhere to those policies.

- Influence and Effectiveness of Environmental Agencies – The role of environment standards enforcement agencies is critical in safeguarding norms. But often in emerging countries these agencies delay the process as a tactic to extract bribes. Gopro Confidence should be aware of presence of such practices in a country.

- Focus & Spending on Renewable Technologies – How much of the budget is spend on renewable energy sources and how Gopro Confidence can make this investment as part of its competitive strategy.

- Level of Consumer Activism Regarding Environmental Concerns – Gopro Confidence needs to know the level of consumer activism regarding environmental concerns is. It will help Gopro Confidence in both developing environmentally friendly products and thwarting PR stumble blocks.

What are Legal Factors in PESTEL / PEST Analysis

Legal factors often govern – conditions to enter the market, laws to operate in the market, and procedure to resolve any dispute with other stakeholders. If the legal system is not strong then Gopro Confidence can face numerous challenges – from consumer petitions to shakedowns from authorities.

Legal Factors that Impact GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

- Time Taken for Court Proceedings – Even if the country has best of the laws, it doesn’t mean much if they can’t be enforced in a timely manner. Gopro Confidence should do a primary research regarding how much time it often takes to conclude a court case in the country given the sort of legal challenges Gopro Confidence can face.

- Health & Safety Laws – What are the health and safety laws in the country and what Gopro Confidence needs to do to comply with them. Different countries have different attitude towards health and safety so it is better for Gopro Confidence to conduct a thorough research before entering the market.

- Transparency in Judiciary System & Processes – Transparency is essential for fair and consistent decision making. If the process is consistent and transparent then Gopro Confidence can plan ahead with greater conviction.

- Consumer Protection Laws – Gopro Confidence needs to know what are the consumer laws, what is the rate of enforcement, what is the attitude of authorities towards consumer protection laws, and what is the role activist groups in enforcement of consumer protection laws.

- Business Laws – Before entering into new market – Gopro Confidence has to assess what are the business laws and how they are different from home market.

- Adherence to Common Law – Is the country following common law which is uniform for all parties – whether domestic or international. If there is arbitrariness in the judicial process then Gopro Confidence can’t be sure of the judgments.

- Data Protection Laws – Gopro Confidence needs to assess what are the data laws in the country and what it needs to do to comply with them. For example most of EU countries now want the EU citizen data to be saved in EU countries only.

5C Marketing Analysis of GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges

4p marketing analysis of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, porter five forces analysis and solution of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, porter value chain analysis and solution of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, case memo & recommendation memo of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, blue ocean analysis and solution of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, marketing strategy and analysis gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, vrio /vrin analysis & solution of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, pestel / step / pest analysis of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, case study solution of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, swot analysis and solution of gopro: the disruptive innovator faces challenges, references & further readings.

Rishi Dwesar, Geeta Singh (2018) , "GoPro: The Disruptive Innovator Faces Challenges Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.

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Urban Greening as a Response to Societal Challenges. Toward Biophilic Megacities (Case Studies of Saint Petersburg and Moscow, Russia)

• First Online: 17 March 2023

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• Diana Dushkova 8 ,
• Maria Ignatieva 9 &
• Irina Melnichuk 10  

Part of the book series: Cities and Nature ((CITIES))

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The population density in megacities is continuously increasing, resulting in a reduction of green spaces and a deterioration in the urban environment quality. Urban green is often being replaced by parking places, shopping centers, and service enterprises. This chapter examines the efforts of two megacities in Russia—Moscow and Saint Petersburg—to organize sustainable greening solutions for their residential areas using new achievements in landscape design theory and practice, such as the concept of the biophilic city. The chapter analyzes the history of greening strategies and discusses the concept of urban green infrastructure and its implementation in both Russian megacities. The chapter presents an assessment of the current state of urban green spaces and the most recent master plans and how these cities are facing and responding to modern societal challenges. The results of an analytical review of the most successful urban greening projects in Moscow and Saint Petersburg are presented as well. The economic and climatic features of the urban green areas and their architectural and planning features are considered, along with strategies for further development of the urban green spaces in both cities, aiming to address the new principles of biophilic cities.

• Urban green spaces
• Greening strategies
• Biophilic cities
• Societal challenges
• Saint Petersburg

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) project “Mathematical-cartographic assessment of medico-ecological situation in cities of European Russia for their integrated ecological characteristics” (2018–2020) under Grant number No 18-05-406 00236/18 and by the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union project “Connecting Nature” under Grant Agreement No 730222.

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Department Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig, 04318, Germany

Diana Dushkova

School of Design, University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway 35, Perth, 6001, Australia

Maria Ignatieva

Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutskij pereulok 5, St.-Petersburg, 194021, Russia

Irina Melnichuk

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Correspondence to Diana Dushkova .

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Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

Jürgen Breuste

Landscape Change and Management, Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany

Martina Artmann

Center for Environmental Research and Impact Studies, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Cristian Ioja

Department of Geography (Landscape Ecology), Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Salman Qureshi

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Dushkova, D., Ignatieva, M., Melnichuk, I. (2023). Urban Greening as a Response to Societal Challenges. Toward Biophilic Megacities (Case Studies of Saint Petersburg and Moscow, Russia). In: Breuste, J., Artmann, M., Ioja, C., Qureshi, S. (eds) Making Green Cities. Cities and Nature. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73089-5_25

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New ITU case study maps the Moscow ‘smart city’ journey

Moscow reports experience with Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities

A new ITU case study offers an evaluation of Moscow’s progress in meeting the objectives of its ‘smart city’ strategies and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The case study ,  Implementing ITU-T International Standards to Shape Smart Sustainable Cities: The Case of Moscow , was undertaken using the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Smart Sustainable Cities developed by the  United for Smart Sustainable Cities (U4SSC) initiativ e .

The ITU case study traces Moscow’s smart city journey from its origins in Moscow’s  Information City  strategy launched in 2011 to its successor the  Smart Moscow 2030  strategy. It highlights the role of Moscow’s Government in coordinating the implementation of a wide array of smart city projects in the city and how these projects have substantially improved the quality of life for city residents. The report assesses Moscow’s smart city performance using U4SSC indicators that measure impact on three dimensions: the economy, environment and society & culture.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is a recognized key contributor to the Moscow economy. Building on its strengths and maintaining ICTs as a strategic lever, Moscow has adopted vibrant policies for ICT development and proliferation. These aspects are clearly reflected in the good performance by Moscow, as presented in the report, within the sub-dimensions of “ICT” and “Productivity”.

The case study also serves as a valuable reference point to other cities in Russia and Commonwealth of Independent State countries – as well as to cities around the world pursuing greater efficiency and sustainability. ITU standardization experts responsible for the refinement of the Key Performance Indicators will also find the case study to be valuable.

RELATED: Dubai reports results from implementing ITU’s Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities

“Home to more than 12 million people, Moscow is the largest urban area on the European continent,” said ITU Secretary-General Houlin Zhao. “Considering the size of Moscow and its population, this case study offers a unique set of lessons learned for other cities around the world developing a ‘smart city’ strategy. I commend Moscow’s leaders for their efforts to share these experiences and this knowledge with the international community, towards creating a ‘smart’ world for everyone, everywhere.”

“Moscow has made a rapid smart city journey from 2011 and we are keen on keeping up with the pace. No matter whether it is Moscow, Singapore or Barcelona – every city has the same task to make their residents’ lives enjoyable, safe and comfortable,” said Strategy and Innovations Advisor to the Chief Information Officer of Moscow, Andrey Belozerov. “We are happy to contribute to this research as it is important to develop universal metrics to access city performances all around the world.”

The findings of the case study will feed into the work of ITU’s Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)  Study Group 20 , the expert group leading the development of ITU standards for the Internet of Things and smart cities. These standards assist in optimizing the application of ICTs within smart cities, in addition to supporting efficient data processing and management.

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The Moscow case study follows prior smart city case studies of Dubai and Singapore. These have made valuable smart cities experiences and knowledge available to other cities around the world. This reporting also solicits feedback that helps cities to refine their smart city strategies.

U4SSC has developed a  ‘Collection methodology for the Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities’  to guide cities in their collection of core data and information necessary to assess  their progress in becoming a Smart Sustainable City. It is supported by 16 United Nations bodies, including ITU, and is open to the participation of all stakeholders interested in driving smart city innovation.

The collaboration encouraged by U4SSC has led more than 50 cities to measure their smart city strategies using the U4SSC’s KPIs for Smart Sustainable Cities, which are based on the ITU international standard,  ITU Y.4903/L.1603 “Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities to assess the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals” .

This ITU News story was originally distributed as an ITU press release. For more ITU press releases, see the  ITU Media Centre . 

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