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It can be difficult to know how to write numbers in academic writing (e.g. five or 5 , 1 million or 1,000,000 ). This section gives some guidelines on when to use words to write numbers, and when to use numerals . There are also some exceptions to the rule which are considered, i.e. times when you might expect to use words but should instead use numerals. There is also a checklist at the end, that you can use to check the use of numbers in your own writing.
In general, words should be used for zero to ten , and numerals used from 11 onwards. The same rule should be applied to ordinal numbers, i.e. use words for first, second up to tenth, and numbers plus 'th' (or 'st') from 11th onwards. However, it is always best to check what the accepted practice is at your university (or in your department/on your course), and remember that some common referencing systems have their own, different requirements, as follows.
Before looking at when to use numerals (which is almost all other situations, see next), it is useful to look at important exceptions.
(1) When the number begins a sentence , you should use words , whatever the size of the number (though if possible, rewrite the sentence so the number is not at the beginning).
(2) When expressing part of a very large round number , e.g. million, billion, you should use words for that large number part (it is common to use abbreviations m for million and bn billion ).
Conversely, numerals should be used rather than words, whatever the size of the number, when large and small numbers are combined , since this makes comparisons easier.
Numerals are used for almost all other situations. These include the following.
The following are a few other points to remember when using numbers.
American Psychological Association (2019a) Numbers Expressed in Words . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/words (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
American Psychological Association (2019b) Numbers Expressed in Numerals . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/numerals (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
Harvard Wiki (2019) Numbers . Available at: https://wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/display/HSG/Numbers . (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Bristol (2015) Using numbers . Available at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_33.htm (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of New England (nd) Numbers in academic writing . Available at: https://aso-resources.une.edu.au/academic-writing/miscellaneous/numbers/ (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Oxford (2015) Style Guide . Available at: https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
Like the website? Try the books. Enter your email to receive a free sample from Academic Writing Genres .
Below is a checklist for using numbers in academic writing. Use it to check your writing, or as a peer to help.
Words have been used for , and numerals for numbers 11 and above (unless there are different requirements e.g. ). | ||
Numbers (written as numerals) are used to . | ||
Very are expressed using . | ||
If , numerals are used throughout. | ||
Numerals have been used for . |
Read more about using complex grammar in the next section.
Go back to the previous section about describing data .
Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 16 January 2022.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.
Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).
Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.
Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).
Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.
Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.
Numbers are used in all sorts of scholarly works. For example, writers may report numerical information about participants (number of participants, demographic information such as age, etc.) as well as the results of statistical analyses.
Even writers who are not conducting empirical research often use statistical information to support key points. For example, writers conducting a literature review or writing a response paper may report numerical information such as the percentage of people diagnosed with a particular disease or disorder, the staffing levels of psychologists or nurses, or the number of terms on a topic they were familiar with.
When writers follow guidelines for number usage, their papers become more consistent and readable.
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Writers often need to discuss numbers and statistics in their manuscripts, and it can be a challenge to determine how to represent these in the most readable way. APA 7 contains detailed guidelines for how to write numbers and statistics, and the most common are listed below. These guidelines, however, are not exhaustive and writers may need to evaluate particular instances of numbers in their own writing to determine if the guideline applies or if an exception should be made for clarity.
Generally, you can spell out numbers below 10 in words (seven, three), and use numerals for anything 10 and higher (10, 42).
Use a numeral in these cases:
Spell the number out in words in these cases:
When numbers are written next to each other in a sentence, one strategy to help readers parse the sentence is to combine words and numerals (3 two-year-old owls, four 3-step plans), but rewording to separate the numbers may be the best choice for clarity in some cases. Clarity for readers is always the most important consideration.
Treat ordinal numbers (3rd, fourth) the same way as other numbers, using the guidelines above. You may use a superscript or not (1 st , 1 st ), but you should maintain the same usage throughout your paper.
In numbers less than 1, writers may include a leading 0 before the decimal point or not. This choice is based on the maximum possible amount of the statistic:
APA's general principle for rounding decimals in experimental results is as follows, quoted here for accuracy: "Round as much as possible while considering prospective use and statistical precision" (7th edition manual, p. 180). Readers can more easily understand numbers with fewer decimal places reported, and generally APA recommends rounding to two decimal places (and rescaling data if necessary to achieve this).
Some more specific guidelines for particular values are listed below.
One decimal place:
Two decimal places:
These rules cover presentation of data, not accuracy of data or the best way to conduct analysis.
You can represent data in the text, in a table, or in a figure. A rule of thumb is:
Clarity is always paramount.
When discussing statistics in common use, you do not need to provide a reference or formula.
If the statistic or expression is new, rare, integral to the paper, or used in an unconventional way, provide a reference or formula.
The purpose of reporting statistics is usually to help readers confirm your findings and analyses; as such, the degree of specificity in reporting results should follow in line with that purpose.
When your data are multilevel, you should include summary statistics for each level, depending on the kind of analysis performed. When your data are reported in a table or figure, you do not need to repeat each number in the text, but you should mention the table or figure in the text when discussing the statistics and emphasize in-text key data points that help interpret your findings.
Use words like "respectively" or "in order" to clarify each statistic mentioned in text and their referent.
For instance:
Confidence intervals should be reported: 90% CI [ LL, UL ], with LL as the lower limit and UL as the upper limit of the interval. You do not need to repeat confidence intervals in the same paragraph or in a series when the meaning is clear and the confidence interval has not changed. When CIs follow the report of a point estimate, you do not need to repeat the unit of measurement.
Statistics uses a great deal of symbols and abbreviations (when a term can be both, the abbreviation refers to the concept and the symbol indicates a numeric value).
You do not need to define these when they represent a statistic or when they are composed of Greek letters. You do need to define any other abbreviation (such as ANOVA, CFA, SEM) in your paper. If the analysis you are performing uses multiple notation styles for symbols and abbreviations, only use one consistently throughout your paper.
Some other statistical symbol guidelines include:
For ease of reading, use spaces between elements in a mathematical expression ( a + b = c ), except in the case of a minus sign indicating a negative number which uses a space before the minus but not between the minus and the numeral.
Use subscripts first and then superscripts, except in the case of key symbols like the superscript for prime.
All equations should be punctuated to fit in the syntax of the sentence, even if they are presented on their own line.
Short, simple equations can be written in a regular line of text, with a slash (/) for fractions. Parentheses, square brackets, and braces should be used (in that order, from innermost to outermost) to indicate order of operations. Equations that do not fit vertically in the line of text should be shown on their own line.
All displayed equations (equations on their own line) should be numbered, similarly to tables and figures, so that they can be referred to later (and simple equations may be displayed rather than written in a line of text if they will need to be referred to later by number).
In text, equations should be referred to by name (Equation 1 or the first equation are both acceptable). The equation number does not need a special label, and instead should be displayed in parentheses toward the right margin of the page:
+ = | (1) |
If a symbol in your equation cannot be entered with your word processor, use an image; otherwise, type all equations exactly as you would like them to appear in the publication.
Are you confused about how to write numbers correctly in your writing? Should you spell them out or use numerals? After reading this article, you'll wonder no more.
You have several options when writing numbers: spell them out or use digits. Which one you go for will depend on common number writing conventions and the style guide you're using.
This article is part of our free online Grammar Book .
Before diving in, let's review the different kinds of numbers. The two main types are cardinal and ordinal numbers.
Here are some examples of sentences that use cardinal numbers:
I have one dog and three cats. The concert was attended by over a thousand people. There were nine of us in the office this morning.
Here are some examples of sentences that use ordinal numbers:
She came second in the competition. I'm the third tallest girl in my class. Our offices are on the sixteenth floor.
There are also other types of numerals, such as nominal, iterative, multiplicative, and many more.
Now that we've established what numbers are and the different types, let's learn how to write them.
You can either spell out a number as such:
Or you can write it in numerals , as such:
This can be a little tricky because different style guides follow different rules. Your best bet is always to consult your chosen style guide if you have one. If you don't , this article will provide some guidance in the form of commonly used conventions for writing numbers.
I'll use the words 'numeral, ' 'Arabic numbers,' 'digits,' and 'figures' interchangeably to refer to numbers ('1') and the terms 'spell out' and 'letters' to refer to words written out ('one').
I'll start by outlining standard practice for cardinal numbers. Again, these are just general guidelines that are most commonly agreed upon, and you can feel free to deviate from these. The key is to remain consistent: pick a style and stick with it.
Firstly, it's standard practice to spell out a number if it's the first word in the sentence , which trumps any other rule. So, for example, even though dates are usually written in numerals, if it's the first word in the sentence, you should spell it out.
If you'd prefer to write it in numerals for better aesthetic and readability, you can always rephrase your sentence so the date isn't the first word.
For example:
Nineteen-ninety nine was a big year for us. A big year for us was 1999.
A good rule of thumb is to spell out numbers zero through nine and use numerals from there onwards. However, some style guides disagree with this, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, which suggests that you spell out the numbers zero through one hundred and use numbers from 101 onwards.
Just pick the rule that makes the most sense to you!
Generally, it's best to write specific years in Arabic numerals.
I was born in 1972.
Spell out decades in formal writing, but know that it's also safe to write them in numerals. Just remember there's no apostrophe before the 's.'
I love the fashion in the sixties. I love the fashion in the 60s. I love the fashion in the 1960s.
The same rule applies to centuries: spell it out in formal writing, but numerals are acceptable the rest of the time.
This is the twenty-first century, you know . This is the 21st century, you know.
Write percentages in figures followed by the percent sign.
I'm about 80% certain this deal isn't going to go through .
Write units of measurement in figures:
I weigh 65kg. The park is 100m to the right. He ran the race in 3h45mn.
Write money in figures, too:
I've only got $1 to my name. The house is about 10 grand over my budget. You're 5 cents short.
Fractions aren't technically cardinal numbers, but we use a mixture of cardinal and ordinal numbers to spell them out. Depending on the context, they can be written in numerals or letters. Usually, if it's a scientific or mathematical text, the fraction will be written in figures, but if it's any other kind of text (such as an essay discussing research findings, you'll most likely want to spell it out.
About one-fifth of the class is behind in Mathematics.
Write decimals using numerals. If you have to spell it out, round it up to the closest number:
Unless it is half, then you can write:
one and a half.
If your sentence has two numbers in a row, you should use different formats for each one so they don't get mixed up.
There are five 4-year olds in my class.
If a sentence has multiple numbers and one of them requires numerals, then use numerals for all of them, even those under 10.
The farm has 3 goats, 11 cows, 5 horses and 8 pigs.
Sometimes when spelling out numbers, you'll need to use a hyphen . We use them to connect two-word numbers. Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
There are one thousand, three hundred and fifty-six children that go to this high school .
Als,o hyphenate fractions:
About two-thirds of the population have tried meditation at least once.
Now we've covered how to write cardinal numbers, let's learn how to write ordinal numbers. First of all, you might want to know how to make them.
For the most part, you create ordinal numbers by adding 'th' to cardinal numbers.
That's with the exception of the following:
Other than those, it's pretty smooth sailing:
To write them in numerals, it's even easier: you add the last two letters of the written number to the end of the cardinal number:
So what are ordinal numbers used for? The answer is they are pretty much used for any kind of positioning or ranking. That could include floors of a building, dates, fractions, centuries, positions in line,e or lists.
When should you spell vs use numerals with ordinals? The answer is the same as with cardinal numbers: spell them out from 'first' to 'ninth,' and then after that, use numerals.
That concludes this article on writing numbers correctly. I hope you now feel more confident using numbers in your writing.
Let's summarize what we've learned:
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Writing advice from the harvard college writing center tutors, one hundred percent or 100% tips for writing numbers..
by Raymond DeLuca, English Grammar and Language Tutor
Students bring all sorts of different essays to the Writing Center, and each discipline has its own conventions when it comes to writing numbers. People are always surprised to learn that, yes, there are good and not so good ways to write numbers in English. So, this information will save you a headache. After all, it is not the best use of your time when writing an essay (especially when it’s due in a few hours) to get stuck thinking, well, is it “3” or “three”?
Just as there are different citation styles for citing sources in different academic fields, there are also different conventions for writing numbers. Each of the most common citation styles—MLA, APA, and Chicago– offers slightly different rules for writing numbers. You should always make sure you know what style and citation guidelines you should be following for a specific assignment. If you are writing a non-technical paper and can choose your style, I recommend following the MLA guidelines, which make a lot of sense and are commonly used in cases where you’re not using a lot of numbers.
Rule #1: When should you write out numbers and when should you use the number?
For papers in the humanities and in some social sciences, you will often use either the MLA or Chicago citation styles. In those styles, when you are writing a non-technical paper, you should write out numbers less than one hundred, using a dash for two-digit numbers: eight, fifteen, forty-five, sixty-two, eighty-seven, etc., etc. And, for numbers over one hundred: 1,435; 2,870; 5,740; 11,480. Someone here is bound to ask: “Well, does that mean one trillion should be written as 1,000,000,000,000?” No, of course not. If the number (even if it’s above one hundred) can be easily expressed in words, then keep it in words: four hundred, eight thousand, three billion, nine quintillion, etc.
If you’re using APA style, you should generally only write out numbers 1-9 and use numerals for everything else. But there is an exception: If you are using a number at the beginning of the sentence, you should write it out.
Rule #2 What about percentages?
Just like with regular numbers, different style guides express different preferences for percentages. I like the MLA style, which advises that for a percentage less than one hundred, you should write it in words: two percent, seventy-six percent, ninety-nine percent, but, for a percentage greater than one hundred, write it in numerals: 110 percent, 500 percent, 999 percent. Besides that, as you can see, in non-technical writing, it is better to use the word “percent” rather than the percent sign, “%.” It’s ugly.
In this case, Chicago and APA style both call for using use numbers in percentages.
Rule #3: What about years?
MLA, Chicago, and APA style all say that years are better written in numerals, not words: 1967, not “nineteen sixty-seven.” (Sometimes students write out the years to pad their paper’s word count; it’s not a good look! Everyone can see what you’re doing.) It’s also considered poor style to start a sentence with a year, i.e., “2020 has been a bad year.” You could rephrase that, writing instead: “Many people thought 2020 would be a better year.”
Rule #4: What about decades?
If you’re talking about a series of events that occurred in a certain decade, say, from 1980 – 1989, you can refer to that period in three different ways: the eighties, the ‘80s, or the 1980s. But stay clear of the “nineteen eighties.”
Rule #5: If you ever find yourself writing about a score or a court decision or a ratio, you should stick with numerals (even if said numbers are less than one hundred). For example, “The Red Sox were up 4-2 before losing 6-4,” or “The contentious 5-4 Supreme Court ruling says…”
These are obviously not the only situations you will encounter when you need to write a number, but these rules will help clear up some of the most common issues I’ve seen in student writing. Numbers can be as easy as one, two, three. If you find yourself writing a science or an econometrics paper, you may have to use way more numbers than you would otherwise, and you will need to make sure you are following the guidelines in your field. Generally, though, these five suggestions are good to keep in mind.
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You may have noticed a theme when it comes to the English language: most rules are not standardized. This (somewhat frustrating) fact is especially true when it comes to spelling out numbers. Should you write them out in words or leave them as numerals? To write numbers properly, you will also need to identify potential differences between major style guides (such as MLA , APA , and Chicago , to name a few) because these guides often outline different rules for using numbers in writing.
To make it easier, let's use an example. Say you're working on a paper evaluating the importance of the local public library in your community. The document will make use of small numbers, large numbers, decades, and statistics. Each type of number may follow a different rule.
Thankfully, when using numbers in writing, you can count on a few conventions that apply to most situations; just be sure to consult your specific style guide if one has been assigned. If you don't have time to review each number yourself, a professional editor or proofreader can ensure that your numbers are written correctly.
A simple rule for using numbers in writing is that small numbers ranging from one to ten (or one to nine, depending on the style guide) should generally be spelled out. Larger numbers (i.e., above ten) are written as numerals.
For example, instead of writing "It cost ten-thousand four-hundred and sixteen dollars to renovate the local library," you would write, "It cost $10,416 to renovate the local library."
The reason for this is relatively intuitive. Writing out large numbers not only wastes space but could also be a major distraction to your readers.
Here is a rule that you can truly rely on: always spell out numbers when they begin a sentence, no matter how large or small they may be.
Incorrect: 15 new fiction novels were on display.
Correct: Fifteen new fiction novels were on display.
If the number is large and you want to avoid writing it all out, rearrange the sentence so that the number no longer comes first.
Revised: There were 15 new fiction novels on display.
Another important factor to consider is whether you are working with a whole number or a decimal. Decimals are always written as numerals for clarity and accuracy.
To revisit our library example, perhaps circulation statistics improved in 2015. If a number falls in the range of one to ten and is not a whole number, it should be written as a numeral.
Incorrect: The circulation of library materials increased by four point five percent in 2015.
Correct: The circulation of library materials increased by 4.5% in 2015.
When two numbers come next to each other in a sentence, be sure to spell out one of these numbers. The main purpose of this rule is to avoid confusing the reader.
Incorrect: There were 12 4-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.
Correct: There were 12 four-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.
Correct: There were twelve 4-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.
Decades or centuries are usually spelled out, especially if the writing is formal.
Incorrect: The library was built in the '50s.
Correct: The library was built in the fifties.
If you are referring to a specific year (e.g., 1955), use the numeral.
Always strive for consistency, even if it overrides a previous rule. For example, if your document uses numbers frequently, it is more appropriate for all numbers to remain as numerals to ensure that usage is uniform throughout. Similarly, if a single sentence combines small and large numbers, make sure that all the numbers are either spelled out or written as numerals.
Incorrect: The library acquired five new mystery novels, 12 new desktop computers, and 17 new periodicals.
Correct: The library acquired 5 new mystery novels, 12 new desktop computers, and 17 new periodicals.
Let's complicate things a bit, shall we?
If your work must follow the rules of a specific style guide, understand that various guides all have rules for spelling out numbers that may differ slightly from the rules listed above. For example, MLA style indicates that writers may spell out numbers if they are not used too frequently in the document and can be represented with one or two words (e.g., twenty-four, one hundred, three thousand ). APA style advises that common fractions (e.g., two-thirds ) be expressed as words. A number of specific rules for spelling out numbers are outlined in Section 9.1 of the Chicago Manual of Style.
Your ultimate authority will always be a style guide, but in the absence of one, following the rules outlined above will help you stay consistent in your use of numbers in writing.
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When using numbers in academic writing you need to decide if it’s more appropriate to use a numeral (e.g. 9) or to write the number in words (e.g. nine). It’s worth checking to see if your department has specific advice on this matter, because individual approaches do vary. In the absence of specific advice, here is some general guidance on the matter:
According to APA Style, you should normally use numerals for the numbers 10 and above. You should use words to express numbers below 10 (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine).
Note, however, that APA lists a wide variety of exceptions. For instance, numbers that appear right before a unit of measurement should be expressed as numerals, regardless of where they fall, before or after 10. Example: Give him 5 cups of soup.
The APA also addresses this question directly in this webpage .
The sections in APA that address numbers are 6.32-6.39 in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual.
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1. Spell out single-digit numbers from zero to nine, but use words instead of figures at the start of a sentence.
2. Use numerals with abbreviated units of measurement.
3. Prefer cardinal to ordinal numbers in dates.
4. Use numerals for years, except at the start of a sentence.
5. Decades and centuries may be written in words or numerals.
6. To emphasize the exact time or with a.m. and p.m. , use numerals. When the exact time is not important, or with o’clock , you may use either words or numerals.
7. Hyphenate simple fractions ( a two-thirds majority ), but use figures for decimals ( 4.023 ) and mixed fractions ( 7¼ feet long ).
8. For amounts of money, follow the general rule. Note that some style manuals (e.g., the AP Stylebook ) recommend always using numerals.
The general rule is to spell out numbers from zero to nine, and use numerals for numbers from 10 onward. Exceptions exist—for example, words instead of figures are used at the start of a sentence. The different style manuals also have their own specific guidelines about spelling out numbers versus writing them as figures (or numerals).
1. Spell out single-digit numbers (from zero to nine) , and use numerals for others.
2. Spell out numbers that begin a sentence .
3. To aid with readability, hyphenate two-digit numbers when spelling them out.
4. Follow the rules listed above for whole numbers used in combination with million , billion , trillion , and so on.
5. To improve clarity, skip the and in numbers such as 7,543 when spelling them out.
6. Maintain consistency in using numerals or words within a sentence. If any of the numbers within one category is greater than nine, use numerals for all numbers within that category.
However, if the only reason you use words instead of numerals is because the number is at the start of a sentence, you can use numerals for the following numbers even if they are of the same category.
Don’t be afraid to reword to improve readability.
The Chicago Manual of Style specifies some exceptions to the general rules above.
1. Spell out whole numbers from zero to one hundred (instead of only those from zero to nine).
2. Also spell out whole numbers followed by hundred , thousand , or hundred thousand .
Use numerals as usual for other numbers greater than one hundred.
Remember to spell out numbers that begin a sentence.
If this feels clunky, reword.
The AP Stylebook suggests using numerals with million , billion , etc. (except at the start of a sentence).
Add st , nd , rd , and th as appropriate to create ordinal numbers (which indicate the position of something in a sequence). The general rules about using words or numerals apply to ordinal numbers as well (including the exceptions in Chicago style ).
Most style manuals recommend displaying the letters in ordinal numbers as regular text rather than superscripts (to ensure uniform presentation across fonts.)
With units of measurement (including SI units), use numerals, especially when writing in a technical context. In particular, always use numerals with abbreviated units.
In nontechnical writing, treat quantities such as distances, time periods, and lengths based on the general rule .
In dates , skip the ordinal number ( May 5 instead of May 5th or May 5 th ), and use a numeral for the day.
When writing as it would be read aloud (for example, in creative writing), follow the general rules .
British style generally follows the day-month -year date format, while Americans use month-day -year. Dates written in sentences also read differently.
Write years in numerals, but spell out the year if it starts a sentence.
Abbreviations of years take an apostrophe (not an opening quotation mark ).
Decades can be written in words or numerals.
In names of decades and centuries , an apostrophe may or may not be placed before the s .
Note that in most styles (including Chicago , APA , and AP ), the apostrophe is omitted.
Names of centuries can either be spelled out or referred to using numerals. Do not capitalize .
Rules for how to write centuries vary across style manuals. The Chicago Manual of Style and the MLA Handbook recommend spelling out the names of centuries.
Use numerals to emphasize exact times on the clock face.
With o’clock , you may use either words or numerals.
You can also spell out quarter and half hours in text and use words for the numbers.
Noon and midnight are usually referred to as such instead of as 12 noon and 12 midnight .
Stay consistent in referring to hours and minutes within a category.
When speaking of time using the 24-hour system , use numerals. A colon appears between the hours and minutes only if the word “hours” is not used.
With a.m. , p.m. , and the 24-hour system, time markers like in the morning or at night are redundant.
Express decimal fractions in numerals.
When the fraction is less than one, a zero is normally inserted before the decimal point.
All quantities other than 1 are considered plural, even those less than 1.
Spell out simple fractions . Such fractions are usually hyphenated to improve readability.
For mixed or improper fractions, use numerals.
To express a percentage , use numerals, except at the start of a sentence.
If the percentage contains digits after the decimal point, avoid using it at the start of a sentence.
Percent is more common in American English and per cent in British. The symbol (%) is used more often in technical copy than in business or other writing, and is preferred in tables, charts, and graphs.
No space is left between the numeral and the symbol %, except in scientific and technical publications that follow SI style.
Spell out amounts of less than 10, and use numerals for the rest. Also remember to use words instead of numerals if the amount appears at the start of a sentence.
Chicago’s exceptions apply here as well.
The AP Stylebook suggests always using numerals with million , billion , etc., and with units of money.
Numbers that follow nouns to refer to things in a series are always written as numerals.
Whether to use numerals or words is a matter of style rather than grammar . What’s important is to stay consistent within a document. A style manual can help you do this. Mixing styles (e.g., writing percent in one sentence and % in the next) can make your thesis, report, or presentation look messy and unprofessional. If you don’t have a style guide, consider creating your own style sheet from the guidelines outlined above. Finally, remember that consistency and common sense are more important than any rules and exceptions. In short, break a style rule if you must, to improve readability.
Use words instead of numerals for single-digit numbers.
In academic and business writing, use words instead of numerals at the start of a sentence.
Hyphenate two-digit numbers to improve clarity.
Use numerals with abbreviated units of measurement.
Both styles are fine: the first is the American style of writing dates, and the second is British.
Use numerals instead of words to write names of years (except at the start of a sentence).
Names of centuries may be written either in words or in numerals. Stay consistent in usage within a document.
Subject: Mathematics
Age range: 5-7
Resource type: Worksheet/Activity
Last updated
13 September 2024
A handwriting worksheet where children can practise writing numbers 1-10.
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Opinion Guest Essay
Credit... Photo illustration by Stephanie Ross
Supported by
By Steven Rattner
Graphics by Taylor Maggiacomo
Mr. Rattner is a contributing Opinion writer. He served as counselor to the Treasury secretary in the Obama administration.
When Donald Trump takes the debate stage on Tuesday, he will doubtless again try to disavow Project 2025, the radically conservative blueprint spearheaded by the Heritage Foundation for the next Republican administration.
We shouldn’t let him.
Seventy-eight percent of the contributors to the effort were members of his last administration and many of them are likely appointees to his next team if he’s re-elected. As the old Washington saying goes, “personnel is policy.”
The group of authors includes Russell Vought, who headed the Office of Management and Budget; Chris Miller, one of Mr. Trump’s acting defense secretaries; Ken Cucinelli, Mr. Trump’s deputy secretary of homeland security; and Peter Navarro, a longtime Trump adviser who was closely involved in the ex-president’s attempt to overturn the election.
We’ve seen this movie before. In 2016, ahead of Mr. Trump’s first term, the Heritage Foundation released the seventh edition of its “Mandate for Leadership.” One year into his presidency, Mr. Trump had embraced 64 percent of its policy recommendations, ranging from leaving the Paris climate accord to raising military spending to increasing drilling offshore and on federal lands.
Based on Mr. Trump’s campaign utterances and Project 2025’s proposals, expect far more radical actions from a second Trump presidency. Relying on analysis by the Center for American Progress and others, below are eight examples of how Project 2025’s proposals could alter American life.
The 2025 plan would condense seven tax brackets into just two, leading to higher tax rates for lower-income Americans and lower rates for the rich.
How tax rates would change
For a married couple filing jointly
Current marginal tax rates
P r oject 2025 marginal tax rates
Household Income
How the amount of tax paid would change
Average tax liability for a married couple with two children, filing jointly
–$2,062
–$10,457
–$14,417
Current marginal
P r oject 2025
marginal tax rates
Household income
Tax increases
Almost 95 million Americans were enrolled in Medicaid in 2021. If lifetime caps are implemented, over 19 million people, or 5% of the country’s population, would be at risk of losing their health care coverage.
Share of child care centers that are Head Start grantees
Title I provides federal funding to low-income public schools. Without it, the entire country could lose around 6% of its teacher work force, affecting over 2.8 million students.
Payments per month would increase substantially for new loans compared with Biden’s SAVE Plan, the current income-driven loan repayment plan.
Clean energy funding and tax credits would be eliminated and multiple emissions regulations would be reversed if the I.R.A was repealed.
Medication abortions quickly became the most common method of abortions after the F.D.A. approved mifepristone and misoprostol in 2000.
By reclassifying policy-related positions to remove civil service protections and make employees easier to fire, the president’s influence over federal agencies would expand, though the exact number of positions that would be affected is unclear.
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2. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above. Numbers that are 10 or greater should be written using numerals in an essay. For example, "14 fish," "85 participants," or "101 pages.". This makes it easier for readers to quickly comprehend the numerical information without any confusion. 3.
When writing an academic essay, it is important to know how to properly use numerals. Here are some guidelines to follow: 1. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above: When expressing numbers 10 and above, use numerals. For example, "There were 15 participants in the study.". 2.
Rule 7. Write decimals using figures. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point. Example: A meter is about 1.1 yards. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point with numbers less than one.
Revised on July 23, 2023. Numbers can be written either as words (e.g., one hundred) or numerals (e.g., 100). In this article we follow the guidelines of APA Style, one of the most common style guides used in academic writing. In general, words should be used for numbers from zero through nine, and numerals should be used from 10 onwards.
9. Two numbers next to each other. It can be confusing if you write "7 13-year-olds", so write one of them as a numeral, like "seven 13-year-olds". Pick the number that has the fewest letters. 10. Ordinal numbers and consistency. Don't say "He was my 1st true love," but rather "He was my first true love.".
Use particular conventions if you are required to write numbers in words . a. To create a plural, add 's' or 'es' (e.g., twos, sixes). b. Use hyphens for fractions and if necessary to write a two-digit number in words such as at the beginning of a sentence (e.g., 94 = ninety-four; ⅜ = three-eighths).
But if you want advice on writing numbers, you can keep the following general guidelines in mind. 1. Numbers "0-10" should be written with words. Anything higher should be written in digits. One major guideline many writers follow is to write numbers "0-10" (sometimes "0-9" or "0-12") in words and numbers that are higher in ...
It can be difficult to know how to write numbers in academic writing (e.g. five or 5, 1 million or 1,000,000).This section gives some guidelines on when to use words to write numbers, and when to use numerals.There are also some exceptions to the rule which are considered, i.e. times when you might expect to use words but should instead use numerals.
The thirty-eighth battalion was sent to the war zone for the fourth time. (ordinal numbers) • Write in words numbers beginning a sentence . Either write the number in words, or if that's awkward, then rewrite the sentence to avoid beginning the sentence with a numeral. Exception: You can begin a sentence with a date. Examples
Updated on December 23, 2020 Grammar. It is generally best to write out numbers from zero to one hundred in nontechnical writing. In scientific and technical writing, the prevailing style is to write out numbers under ten. While there are exceptions to these rules, your predominant concern should be expressing numbers consistently.
Repeat numbers in commercial writing. The bill will not exceed one hundred (100) dollars. Use numerals in legal writing. The cost of damage is $1,365.42. Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent. two apples, six oranges, and three bananas. NOT: two apples, 6 oranges, and 3 bananas. 115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90'.
Numbers. Numbers are used in all sorts of scholarly works. For example, writers may report numerical information about participants (number of participants, demographic information such as age, etc.) as well as the results of statistical analyses. Even writers who are not conducting empirical research often use statistical information to ...
Numbers. Generally, you can spell out numbers below 10 in words (seven, three), and use numerals for anything 10 and higher (10, 42). You should use Arabic numerals (1, 7) instead of Roman numerals (II, XI) unless the Roman numerals are part of established terminology in your field. In numbers greater than 1,000, use commas to separate groups ...
Generally, it's best to write specific years in Arabic numerals. For example: I was born in 1972. Spell out decades in formal writing, but know that it's also safe to write them in numerals. Just remember there's no apostrophe before the 's.'. For example: I love the fashion in the sixties.
I like the MLA style, which advises that for a percentage less than one hundred, you should write it in words: two percent, seventy-six percent, ninety-nine percent, but, for a percentage greater than one hundred, write it in numerals: 110 percent, 500 percent, 999 percent. Besides that, as you can see, in non-technical writing, it is better to ...
A simple rule for using numbers in writing is that small numbers ranging from one to ten (or one to nine, depending on the style guide) should generally be spelled out. Larger numbers (i.e., above ten) are written as numerals. For example, instead of writing "It cost ten-thousand four-hundred and sixteen dollars to renovate the local library ...
Numbers up to nine should always be written in words, anything higher than nine can be written in numerals. Alternatively, some guides suggest that if you can write the number in two words or fewer then use words rather than numerals. If you are going to take this approach then you should include a hyphen when writing numbers with two words, e ...
Level Up Your Team. See why leading organizations rely on MasterClass for learning & development. Different editorial style manuals have different rules for when to spell out numbers instead of using numerals. Here are a few examples of when to spell out numbers, and when to use numerals.
The most generally accepted rules for writing out numbers in non-scientific and non-technical contexts are as follows: Spell out all numbers between zero and ten. When numbers are used to start a sentence, they should always be spelled out. Example: Twenty-four thousand applications were submitted in 2018.
Answer. According to APA Style, you should normally use numerals for the numbers 10 and above. You should use words to express numbers below 10 (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine). Note, however, that APA lists a wide variety of exceptions. For instance, numbers that appear right before a unit of measurement should be ...
5. Decades and centuries may be written in words or numerals. the roaring twenties/'20s. the nineteenth/19th century. 6. To emphasize the exact time or with a.m. and p.m., use numerals. When the exact time is not important, or with o'clock, you may use either words or numerals. The train leaves at 1900 hours.
Learning how to write numbers in English involves understanding the rules. Read on to find ways to remember the rules for when to write out numbers! ... When writing out the full date, you can use numbers for the month, da,y and year. Or, you can opt to spell out the month, with numbers for the day and year. Join our spooky Halloween party: 10 ...
This converter converts numbers to words and figures to words. You can convert numbers to words for real numbers and Scientific E Notation. Limited to use of 200 characters and 1e-200 and 1e+200. When you convert the number 1 with 100 zeroes after it you'll see that the converter gives the answer as ten duotrigintillion and also as a googol.
A handwriting worksheet where children can practise writing numbers 1-10.
If you're travelling within the next 48 hours, you can change your itinerary online. If you booked through Air Canada for Business You can change your itinerary online. If you need assistance, please contact the Air Canada for Business team directly at 1-888-335-4189. If you booked through a travel agency If you booked through a travel agency ...
Meanwhile, the number of surgical abortions has dropped from more than 1.5 million yearly in the 1980s to fewer than 400,000 in 2023. Project 2025 would ban America's most common method of abortion