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Revolutionize Your Speeches: Guide to Language and Word Choice in Public Speaking

The impact of using technical jargon in delivery

Understanding complex terminology can have a profound effect on the audience’s comprehension and engagement levels during public speaking. A speaker appearing before an audience might be tempted to litter their delivery with technical jargon, believing it demonstrates their expertise.

However, though this may showcase mastery of the subject matter, it may also unintentionally create a language barrier that alienates listeners unfamiliar with such specialized terms.

To keep your language accessible and clear is vital for effective communication. The use of unnecessarily complicated workplace terminology or industry-specific slang can often lead to misunderstanding between you and your audience, causing confusion around the key message you’re looking to convey.

Hence, precision in using familiar words alongside minimal use of technical jargon ensures inclusivity – bridging any gap between your detailed knowledge of the topic and your listeners’ understanding level.

The importance of using appropriate language for different audiences

Understanding your audience is crucial in public speaking. The use of appropriate language ensures that you’re not only heard but understood, fostering effective communication and high-level engagement.

Tailor your speech to suit the audience’s characteristics – their demographic, level of knowledge about the topic, or cultural background. This technique is known as  audience adaptation  and it promotes comprehension.

Let’s say you’re addressing a group of tech-savvy individuals, peppering your talk with industry jargon might be acceptable here; however this approach could alienate an audience unfamiliar with such terminology resulting in decreased clarity in speech.

Therefore contextual appropriateness plays a key role too when picking out words for speeches or presentations. Make sure to keep your language honest and transparent to establish trust between yourself and listeners while also maintaining necessary formality levels in language depending on the context.

Being aware of these factors can elevate you from being just a speaker to an exceptional communicator.

The role of tone in word choice during delivery

The art of effective communication in public speaking intertwines with the thoughtful selection of words and the tone. The attitude adopted by a speaker, known as tone, can significantly influence their message delivery.

It’s not solely about what you say; it’s about how you convey it. From relaxed to serious or jovial to stern – striking the right tone brings life to your speech.

Tone serves as an essential part of your speaking style. It sets up an emotional undertow in the voice that stirs audiences’ feelings and keeps them absorbed throughout. With a well-mastered vocal technique like articulation and pitch, each word is given its deserving emphasis translating into impactful delivery.

Using language effectively while maintaining appropriate tonal variation enhances understanding among listeners. For instance, opting for descriptive language imbued with emotion can evoke imagery, creating a vivid picture in minds leading to better comprehension.

Therefore mastering this craft requires long-term practice but surely pays off by offering compelling speeches that connect deeply with audiences at all levels.

The use of inclusive language in effective communication

Inclusive language stands as a crucial element in the realm of effective public speaking. It’s all about respecting diversity, promoting equitable opportunities and ensuring that your choice of words fairly represents every listener within your audience.

Labels are often seen as restricting identities; by avoiding such tags, you ensure no groups feel excluded during your delivery.

Practicing inclusive communication extends beyond steering clear from offensive terms and phrases – it’s about fully embracing clarity and sensitivity in engaging with an audience. Indeed, making  use of inclusive language  is more than just politeness or political correctness; it’s about giving equal importance to individuals of different genders, races, religions, sexual orientations or disabilities.

A simple technique like pluralization can work wonders here: for instance choosing ‘they’ over the generic ‘he’. This way we foster a sense of community and create speeches that resonate with both the individuality and universality present in our diverse audiences.

The impact of using slang and colloquial language in delivery

Using slang and colloquial language in public speaking can have a powerful impact on your delivery. It adds a sense of informality and familiarity, helping you connect with your audience on a more personal level.

Slang terms and colloquialisms are expressions that are unique to certain groups or regions, creating a sense of shared identity among those who understand them.

However, it’s important to use slang and colloquial language judiciously. Mindless or excessive use of these informal expressions can negatively affect how your audience perceives you and your message.

It may come across as unprofessional or lacking in clarity.

Consider your audience when deciding whether to incorporate slang into your speech. If you’re speaking to young people or a specific community where the use of slang is common, it can help establish rapport and make them feel understood.

On the other hand, if you’re addressing a more formal setting or diverse group, it’s best to minimize the use of slang to ensure everyone can easily comprehend what you’re saying.

Remember that effective communication involves being able to adapt your language choices based on the situation and audience. By striking the right balance between using familiar language without veering too far into overly casual territory, you’ll be able to engage listeners while still maintaining professionalism in public speaking.

The use of metaphors and analogies to enhance understanding

Metaphors and analogies are like colorful paints on a canvas, adding depth and vibrancy to your words. In the world of public speaking, incorporating metaphors and analogies can be a game-changer when it comes to enhancing understanding.

These powerful tools compare complex ideas to something simple, making them easier for your audience to grasp.

When you weave metaphors into your speech or presentation, you create imagery that resonates with your listeners. By transferring connotations and connections between two seemingly unrelated things, you open up a whole new realm of comprehension.

Imagine explaining the intricacies of astrophysics by comparing the vastness of the universe to an ocean – suddenly, concepts become more tangible and relatable.

Analogies serve a similar purpose in helping your audience understand difficult concepts. They strengthen arguments by drawing parallels between different scenarios or situations. Even if there is no direct similarity in terms of semantics, an analogy can bridge gaps in knowledge and provide clarity.

Effective public speakers know how to use metaphors and analogies strategically without overwhelming their audience. Balancing creative associations among ideas ensures that these linguistic devices enhance understanding rather than confuse it further.

So next time you’re preparing a speech or presentation, consider incorporating metaphors and analogies into your language arsenal. By doing so, you’ll enrich your communication skills while fostering deeper connections with those who listen to you speak.

The importance of avoiding offensive language in communication

Using offensive language in communication can have detrimental effects on your effectiveness as a public speaker. It is essential to be mindful of the words we use and ensure they are respectful and inclusive.

Offensive language not only alienates certain individuals or groups but also undermines your credibility as a speaker.

In order to maintain a positive rapport with your audience, it is crucial to steer clear of any derogatory terms or phrases that may cause offense. This includes avoiding racial slurs, gender-based insults, or any other form of discriminatory language.

By maintaining a respectful tone and using appropriate language, you show respect for the diversity within your audience.

Remember that offensive language goes beyond overtly derogatory remarks; it can also include inappropriate levels of formality, euphemisms, or even slang that may be deemed disrespectful by some individuals.

Therefore, it’s important to choose words carefully and be aware of the potential impact they may have on different members of your audience.

By focusing on using clear and understandable language while actively avoiding offensive terms, you enhance your ability to effectively communicate with diverse audiences. Your aim should be inclusive speech that embraces everyone without excluding or discriminating against any individual or group.

In doing so, you foster an environment where all participants feel valued and respected.

In summary: Avoiding offensive language in communication is crucial for public speakers as it promotes inclusivity and shows respect towards all members of the audience. By choosing our words carefully and being mindful of their potential impact, we can create an engaging atmosphere that encourages active participation from everyone present.

The impact of using humor in delivery and its effect on word choice

Using humor in your speech can have a powerful impact on both your delivery and word choice. Incorporating comedy into your presentation not only makes people laugh but also helps you connect with the audience, relieve tension, enhance your status as a speaker, and build trust .

Humor creates an engaging and enjoyable atmosphere, making your message more memorable and increasing audience engagement. When it comes to word selection, humor allows you to choose words that are witty, clever, and playful.

It enables you to use language creatively and effectively to convey ideas in an entertaining way. By using humor strategically in your public speaking engagements, you can elevate the overall effectiveness of your communication efforts while keeping the audience entertained and informed.

The role of cultural sensitivity in language and word choice during delivery

Cultural sensitivity plays a crucial role in language and word choice during public speaking. As speakers, it is important to be aware of the diverse cultural backgrounds and identities of our audience.

Understanding and respecting different cultures allows us to communicate effectively and avoid unintentional offense or misinterpretation.

Language reflects cultural values, norms, and identities. By being culturally sensitive in our language choices, we can create an inclusive environment that promotes understanding and connection.

This involves selecting words that are neutral, respectful, and appropriate for the diverse audience we are addressing.

Moreover, language barriers may exist when communicating with multicultural audiences. Adapting our word choice by simplifying complex terms or using clear examples ensures that everyone can understand the message being conveyed.

Cultural competence also requires recognizing linguistic diversity and making efforts to bridge any communication gaps through effective use of language.

In conclusion, incorporating cultural sensitivity into our language and word choices is key for successful public speaking. By considering the unique characteristics of our audience’s culture, we can create an inclusive environment where all individuals feel respected and understood.

Being mindful of linguistic diversity helps ensure effective communication across cultural boundaries while promoting empathy and connection among diverse groups.

The use of active vs. passive voice in effective communication

In public speaking, the use of active voice can significantly enhance communication effectiveness. Active voice focuses on action and actors, making your speech more engaging and dynamic. Instead of saying “Mistakes were made,” you can say “I made mistakes.” This not only takes ownership but also creates a stronger connection with the audience.

Active voice allows for clear and concise sentences that captivate listeners’ attention. By using active verbs, you convey a sense of purpose and directness in your delivery. For example, instead of saying “The problem was solved by our team,” you can say “Our team solved the problem.”.

Furthermore, active voice helps to maintain a rhythmic flow throughout your speech. It contributes to the overall clarity and impact of your message. Remember to consider both style and substance when utilizing this technique.

By employing active voice in your public speaking endeavors, you will effectively engage your audience while building trust through confident and compelling communication. So take charge, be bold, and let your words resonate with power!

1. Why is language and word choice important in public speaking?

Language and word choice are crucial in public speaking as they can impact the audience’s understanding, engagement, and perception of the speaker. Using clear, concise, and appropriate language helps convey ideas effectively and ensures that the audience remains attentive throughout the presentation.

2. How can I improve my language skills for public speaking?

To enhance your language skills for public speaking, you can practice reading books or articles to expand your vocabulary, listen to speeches or presentations by skilled speakers to observe their use of language, and engage in activities like debates or discussions to develop clarity and fluency in expressing your thoughts.

3. What are some tips for choosing the right words during a speech?

When selecting words for a speech, consider your audience’s knowledge level on the topic at hand. Choose words that are familiar to them but still appropriate for conveying complex ideas if needed. Avoid jargon or technical terms unless necessary, speak using active rather than passive voice for greater impact, and strive for simplicity while maintaining precision.

4. How can I maintain an inclusive tone in my public speaking through word choice?

To maintain inclusivity in your public speaking engagements through word choice, be mindful of using gender-neutral terms instead of assuming gender-specific roles when referring to individuals or groups. Additionally, avoid discriminatory or offensive language that may alienate certain sections of your audience based on race, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status or any other personal attributes

Top 34 Slang For Speeches – Meaning & Usage

Public speaking can be daunting, but with the right slang for speeches , you can elevate your communication game and connect with your audience on a whole new level. Whether you’re a seasoned orator or just dipping your toes into the world of speechmaking, our team has curated a list of the trendiest and most impactful slang terminologies to help you craft speeches that resonate and leave a lasting impression. Get ready to infuse your talks with a touch of modern flair and captivate your listeners from the get-go!

Click above to generate some slangs

To “talk” in the context of speeches refers to delivering a speech or presentation to an audience. It can be used as a verb to describe the act of speaking in front of others.

• For example , “I will talk about the importance of education in my speech.”
• A speaker might say , “I’m nervous to talk in front of such a large crowd.”
• In a discussion about public speaking , someone might ask, “What tips do you have for talking confidently on stage?”

To “address” in the context of speeches means to speak formally to an audience. It often implies a more structured and prepared speech.

• For instance , “The president will address the nation tonight.”
• A speaker might say , “I am honored to address this esteemed audience.”
• In a conversation about public speaking , someone might ask, “How do you engage the audience when addressing a large crowd?”

Oratory refers to the skill and practice of public speaking. It encompasses the techniques, style, and delivery of a speech.

• For example , “He is known for his powerful oratory skills.”
• A speaker might say , “I have been studying oratory for years to improve my public speaking.”
• In a discussion about effective communication , someone might ask, “What are the key elements of great oratory?”

4. Monologue

A monologue is a long speech delivered by one person, often in a theatrical setting. Unlike a dialogue, a monologue involves only one speaker.

• For instance , “The actor delivered a powerful monologue in the play.”
• A speaker might say , “I will perform a monologue from Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’.”
• In a conversation about acting , someone might ask, “What are some tips for memorizing a monologue?”

5. Presentation

A presentation is a formal talk or speech that is accompanied by visual aids such as slides or charts. It is often used in professional or educational settings to convey information or persuade an audience.

• For example , “She gave an impressive presentation on climate change.”
• A speaker might say , “I will use a PowerPoint presentation to support my speech.”
• In a discussion about effective communication , someone might ask, “What are some tips for creating engaging presentations?”

A sermon is a speech or talk given by a religious leader, such as a priest, pastor, or preacher. It is typically delivered during a religious service and is intended to provide moral or spiritual guidance to the congregation.

• For example , “The priest delivered a powerful sermon about forgiveness.”
• During a church service , a pastor might say, “I will now deliver my sermon on the importance of faith.”
• A member of the congregation might comment , “The sermon really resonated with me and gave me a lot to think about.”

A lecture is a formal speech or presentation given by an expert or knowledgeable individual on a specific topic. It is often delivered in an academic setting, such as a classroom or conference, and is intended to educate or inform the audience.

• For instance , “The professor gave a fascinating lecture on quantum physics.”
• A student might say , “I have a lecture on history tomorrow morning.”
• During a conference , a speaker might announce, “I will now begin my lecture on the future of technology.”

8. Discourse

Discourse refers to a formal discussion or conversation on a particular topic. It typically involves the exchange of ideas, opinions, and arguments among a group of individuals.

• For example , “The panelists engaged in a lively discourse on climate change.”
• During a political debate , a candidate might say, “Let’s have a civil discourse on the issues at hand.”
• A participant in a discussion might add , “I appreciate the respectful discourse we’ve had so far.”

An oration is a formal and eloquent speech delivered on a special or important occasion. It is often given by a prominent figure, such as a politician or public speaker, and is intended to inspire, persuade, or commemorate.

• For instance , “The president delivered a powerful oration on the anniversary of the nation’s independence.”
• During a graduation ceremony , a valedictorian might say, “I am honored to deliver this oration to my fellow graduates.”
• A spectator might comment , “The oration was moving and left a lasting impression.”

10. Keynote

A keynote is the main or opening speech at a conference, event, or meeting. It sets the tone for the event and often highlights the main themes or topics that will be discussed.

• For example , “The CEO delivered a riveting keynote address at the company’s annual conference.”
• During a technology summit , a keynote speaker might announce, “I will now present the keynote on the future of artificial intelligence.”
• An attendee might say , “The keynote was informative and got me excited for the rest of the conference.”

A rant is a passionate or angry speech that expresses strong emotions or opinions. It is often characterized by a lack of structure or organization, and can sometimes be seen as a form of venting or complaining.

• For example, someone might go on a rant about their frustrating experience with customer service.
• During a political debate, a candidate might go on a rant about their opponent’s policies.
• In a heated argument , someone might say, “I can’t believe you’re still ranting about this!”

12. Harangue

A harangue is a forceful or aggressive speech that is intended to persuade or criticize. It is often characterized by a strong and assertive tone, and can sometimes be seen as confrontational or overbearing.

• For instance, a coach might deliver a harangue to motivate their team before a game.
• During a protest, a speaker might deliver a harangue to rally the crowd and express their demands.
• In a heated argument, someone might accuse the other person of haranguing them.

13. Diatribe

A diatribe is a bitter or abusive speech that is intended to criticize or attack someone or something. It is often characterized by a harsh and aggressive tone, and can sometimes be seen as a form of venting or ranting.

• For example, a critic might write a diatribe against a popular film, expressing their disdain for its quality.
• During a political debate, a candidate might deliver a diatribe against their opponent’s policies.
• In a heated argument, someone might accuse the other person of launching into a diatribe.

14. Soliloquy

A soliloquy is a monologue in which a character speaks their thoughts aloud, often expressing their innermost feelings or contemplating a decision. It is often used in literature or theater to provide insight into a character’s motivations or emotions.

• For instance , in Shakespeare’s play “Hamlet,” the character Hamlet delivers a famous soliloquy that begins with the words “To be or not to be.”
• In a film or TV show, a character might deliver a soliloquy while looking directly into the camera, sharing their inner thoughts with the audience.
• In a personal essay or memoir, an author might include a soliloquy to reflect on a significant event or experience.

A homily is a sermon or moralizing speech that is often delivered by a religious figure or authority. It is intended to provide guidance, instruction, or moral lessons to the audience.

• For example, during a church service, a priest might deliver a homily that relates biblical teachings to everyday life.
• In a motivational speech, a speaker might incorporate elements of a homily to inspire the audience and encourage positive values.
• In a graduation ceremony, a guest speaker might deliver a homily that reflects on the importance of education and personal growth.

16. Peroration

Peroration refers to the concluding part of a speech or discourse, where the speaker delivers a powerful and persuasive summary of their main points. It is often used to leave a lasting impression on the audience.

• For example , a politician might end their speech with a peroration, saying, “Let us come together and build a brighter future for our nation.”
• In a persuasive speech , the speaker might use peroration to inspire action, saying, “Now is the time for change. Together, we can make a difference.”
• A motivational speaker might conclude their talk with a peroration , saying, “Remember, success is not final, failure is not fatal. It’s the courage to continue that counts.”

17. Exhortation

Exhortation refers to the act of urging or encouraging someone to take a specific action or adopt a particular belief or attitude. It is often used in speeches to motivate and inspire the audience.

• For instance , a coach might deliver an exhortation to their team before a game, saying, “Give it your all and leave everything on the field.”
• In a graduation speech , the speaker might exhort the graduates to chase their dreams and never give up, saying, “You have the power to shape your own future. Go out there and make it happen.”
• A religious leader might deliver an exhortation to their congregation, urging them to live a virtuous life and help those in need.

18. Declamation

Declamation refers to the act of delivering a speech or oration with great skill and dramatic flair. It is often used to describe a powerful and passionate performance that captivates the audience.

• For example, a student might participate in a declamation contest, delivering a famous speech from history with emotion and conviction.
• In a political rally, a speaker might deliver a declamation that energizes the crowd and rallies support for their cause.
• A renowned public speaker might be known for their declamation skills, captivating audiences with their powerful delivery and commanding presence.

A eulogy is a speech or written tribute that honors and celebrates the life of a person who has passed away. It is often delivered at a funeral or memorial service to remember and pay respects to the deceased.

• For instance, a close friend might deliver a eulogy for their best friend, sharing cherished memories and highlighting their positive qualities.
• In a eulogy for a parent , a child might express gratitude for their love and guidance, saying, “My mother was not only my parent but also my best friend.”
• A eulogy for a public figure might focus on their contributions to society and the impact they had on the lives of others.

20. Panegyric

A panegyric is a speech or piece of writing that praises and extols the virtues of a person, group, or thing. It is often used to express admiration, honor, or celebrate achievements.

• For example, a panegyric might be delivered in honor of a renowned leader, highlighting their leadership skills and positive impact on society.
• In a graduation ceremony, a panegyric might be given to recognize the accomplishments of the graduating class and inspire them to continue their journey of success.
• A panegyric might be written to praise a work of art, literature, or music, expressing the author’s deep appreciation and admiration.

21. Preaching to the choir

This phrase refers to the act of trying to persuade or convince a group of people who already share the same beliefs or opinions as you. It implies that the speaker is not reaching a new audience, but rather reaffirming the beliefs of those who already agree.

• For example , a politician might say, “I know I’m preaching to the choir here, but we need to keep fighting for our rights.”
• In a business meeting , someone might comment, “We don’t need to convince each other, we’re all preaching to the choir.”
• A speaker at a conference might acknowledge , “I understand that I’m preaching to the choir, but it’s important to reiterate our shared goals.”

22. Holding court

This phrase refers to the act of taking control of a conversation or discussion, often in a charismatic or authoritative manner. It implies that the speaker is the center of attention and holds the power to direct the conversation.

• For instance , a professor might say, “In my classroom, I am the one holding court.”
• In a group setting , someone might comment, “She always holds court at social gatherings, everyone wants to hear what she has to say.”
• A leader in a meeting might assert , “I’ll be holding court during this discussion, so please direct your questions to me.”

23. Moving the needle

This phrase refers to the act of making progress or causing a significant change in a particular situation. It implies that the speaker is taking action that will have a measurable impact.

• For example , a CEO might say, “Our new marketing strategy is really moving the needle for our sales.”
• In a political campaign , a candidate might claim, “We need a leader who can move the needle on important issues.”
• A motivational speaker might inspire the audience by saying , “Don’t be afraid to take risks and move the needle in your own life.”

24. Going off script

This phrase refers to the act of deviating from a planned or prepared speech. It implies that the speaker is speaking spontaneously or improvising, rather than following a predetermined script.

• For instance , an actor in a play might say, “I forgot my lines and had to go off script.”
• In a political debate, a candidate might accuse their opponent of going off script and not sticking to the agreed-upon topics.
• A presenter at a conference might confess , “I’m feeling inspired, so I might go off script a bit during my talk.”

25. Paint a picture

This phrase refers to the act of using descriptive and vivid language to create a clear mental image in the minds of the audience. It implies that the speaker is using words to bring a concept or idea to life.

• For example , a storyteller might say, “Let me paint a picture for you: it was a beautiful summer day, with the sun shining and a gentle breeze in the air.”
• In a sales presentation , a presenter might use this phrase to engage the audience by saying, “I want to paint a picture of how our product can transform your life.”
• A poet might use this phrase to introduce their work , saying, “Through my poetry, I aim to paint a picture of the human experience.”

26. Breaking it down

This phrase is often used when someone is simplifying complex information or breaking it into smaller parts to make it easier to understand.

• For example , a teacher might say, “Let me break down this math problem for you step by step.”
• In a business presentation , a speaker might say, “Now, let’s break down the sales numbers for each quarter.”
• A coach might instruct their team , “We need to break down the game plan into individual strategies for each opponent.”

27. Nailing it

When someone is said to be “nailing it,” it means they are doing something perfectly or exceeding expectations.

• For instance , a musician might say, “I was nervous about the solo, but I think I really nailed it.”
• In a job interview , a candidate might say, “I prepared extensively and felt like I really nailed the interview.”
• A chef might exclaim , “The flavors in this dish are spot on! I’m nailing it tonight.”

28. Speaking from the heart

This phrase describes when someone is speaking sincerely and honestly, often sharing personal experiences or beliefs.

• For example , a speaker might begin their speech by saying, “I want to speak from the heart and share my own journey with you.”
• In a wedding toast , the best man might say, “I’ve known the groom since we were kids, and I can truly speak from the heart when I say he’s found his perfect match.”
• A motivational speaker might say , “I’m not here to give you a rehearsed speech. I want to speak from the heart and inspire you with my own story.”

29. Dropping gems

When someone is “dropping gems,” it means they are sharing knowledge or wisdom that is highly valuable or enlightening.

• For instance , a professor might say, “Throughout the semester, I’ll be dropping gems of wisdom to help you succeed.”
• In a podcast , the host might introduce a guest as, “Get ready for some serious knowledge bombs. Our guest today is known for dropping gems.”
• A mentor might advise their mentee , “Remember, as you gain experience, always be willing to drop gems and share your knowledge with others.”

30. Spinning a yarn

This phrase is often used to describe someone who is telling a story, especially one that is exaggerated or fanciful.

• For example , a grandparent might say, “Sit down, kids, and I’ll spin you a yarn about the time I caught the biggest fish you’ve ever seen.”
• In a comedy routine , a comedian might say, “Let me spin you a yarn about my disastrous attempt at cooking dinner.”
• A writer might describe their novel as , “A thrilling adventure that spins a yarn of mystery and intrigue.”

31. Symposium

A formal meeting or conference where experts or professionals gather to discuss and exchange ideas on a particular topic. A symposium is often characterized by multiple presentations, panel discussions, and audience participation.

• For example , “The symposium on climate change brought together scientists, policymakers, and activists from around the world.”
• A student might say , “I attended a symposium on entrepreneurship and learned a lot from the successful business owners who spoke.”
• A professor might announce , “We’re hosting a symposium on the future of artificial intelligence next week. Don’t miss it!”

A long, angry, or impassioned speech or outburst expressing strong emotions, often involving criticism or condemnation. A tirade is typically characterized by its length, intensity, and lack of restraint.

• For instance , “The politician went on a tirade against his opponents, accusing them of corruption and dishonesty.”
• A frustrated customer might say , “I had to endure a tirade from the manager when I complained about the poor service.”
• A journalist might write , “The coach’s post-game tirade was filled with expletives and pointed criticisms of his players.”

33. Salutatory

A speech given at the beginning of an event or ceremony, usually by a student representative, to welcome the audience and set the tone for the occasion. A salutatory speech often expresses gratitude and good wishes.

• For example , “The valedictorian delivered a heartfelt salutatory speech, expressing gratitude to teachers, parents, and classmates.”
• A student might say , “I was honored to give the salutatory address at my high school graduation.”
• A principal might announce , “The salutatory speech will be given by our student body president, who has shown exceptional leadership throughout the year.”

A short speech or gesture made to honor or celebrate someone or something, typically accompanied by raising a glass and drinking. A toast is often given at special occasions such as weddings, birthdays, or farewell parties.

• For instance , “The best man gave a heartfelt toast to the newlyweds, wishing them a lifetime of happiness.”
• A friend might say , “Let’s raise our glasses and give a toast to our friend who just got a promotion.”
• A host might propose , “Before we start the meal, I’d like to propose a toast to our guest of honor for achieving such a significant milestone.”

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12 Developing Your Ability to Use Effective Language in Public Speaking

Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter, the student will be able to:

• Recognize language used for power and the power of language choices.
• Explain the standard of clarity.
• Choose language appropriate for audiences.
• Choose clear language.
• Begin to develop her/his own language ability in speaking.

What Language Is and Does

The Ancient Romans who studied and taught rhetoric divided its study and process into five “canons:” invention, disposition, style, memory, and delivery. The term “style” does not refer to clothing styles but language choices. Should a public speaker use very basic language because the audience is unfamiliar with his topic? Or more technical language with many acronyms, abbreviations, and jargon because the audience has expertise in the topic? Or academic language with abstract vocabulary, or flowery, poetic language with lots of metaphors? Perhaps you have never thought about those questions, but they are ones that influence both the clarity of the message as well as the credibility a speaker will gain during the presentation.

However, we would be wrong if we treated language as an “add-on” to the ideas and structure of the speech. Language is a far too complex and foundational aspect of our lives for us to consider it as an afterthought for a speech. In this chapter we will look at how language functions in communication, what standards language choices should meet in public speaking, and how you can become more proficient in using language in public speaking.

Language is any formal system of gestures, signs, sounds, and symbols used or conceived as a means of communicating thought, either through written, enacted, or spoken means. Linguists believe there are far more than 6,900 languages and distinct dialects spoken in the world today (Anderson, 2012). The language spoken by the greatest number of people on the planet is Mandarin (a dialect of Chinese). Other widely spoken languages are English, Spanish, and Arabic. English is spoken widely on every content (thanks to the British Empire) but Mandarin is spoken by the most people. While we tend to think of language in its print form, for most of history and for most of the world, language has been or is spoken, or oral. More than half of spoken languages have not even been put into written form yet (https://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/fastfacts.html).

We have already seen in earlier chapters that public speakers have to make adjustments to language for audiences. For example, spoken language is more wordy and repetitive than written language needs to be or should be. It is accompanied by gestures, vocal emphasis, and facial expressions. Additionally, spoken language includes more personal pronouns and more expressive, emotional, colloquial, slang, and nonstandard words.

any formal system of gestures, signs, sounds, and symbols used or conceived as a means of communicating thought, either through written, enacted, or spoken means

The study of language is, believe it or not, controversial. If you are an education, social sciences, pre-law, or English major, you will somewhere in your college career come up against this truth. While we use words everyday and don’t think about it, scholars in different fields concern themselves with how we choose words, why we choose words, what effect words have on us, and how the powerful people of the world use words. One theory of language, general semantics, says that meaning resides in the person using the word, not in the word (“Basic Understandings,” 2015). It is helpful for the public speaker to keep this mind, especially in regard to denotative and connotative (see Chapter 1) meaning. Wrench, Goding, Johnson, and Attias (2011) use this example to explain the difference:

When we hear or use the word “blue,” we may be referring to a portion of the visual spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 440–490 nano-meters. You could also say that the color in question is an equal mixture of both red and green light. While both of these are technically correct ways to interpret the word “blue,” we’re pretty sure that neither of these definitions is how you thought about the word. When hearing the word “blue,” you may have thought of your favorite color, the color of the sky on a spring day, or the color of a really ugly car you saw in the parking lot. When people think about language, there are two different types of meanings that people must be aware of: denotative and connotative. (p. 407)

Denotative meaning is the specific meaning associated with a word. We sometimes refer to denotative meanings as dictionary definitions. The [scientific] definitions provided above for the word “blue” are examples of definitions that might be found in a dictionary. Connotative meaning is the idea suggested by or associated with a word at a cultural or personal level. In addition to the examples above, the word “blue” can evoke many other ideas:

• State of depression (feeling blue)
• Indication of winning (a blue ribbon)
• Side during the Civil War (blues vs. grays)
• Sudden event (out of the blue).
• States that lean toward the Democratic Party in their voting
• A slang expression for obscenity (blue comedy)

Language is not just something we use ; it is part of who we are and how we think. When we talk about language, we have to use words to do so, and language is also hard to separate from who we are. Each of us has our own way of expressing ourselves. Even more, it is almost impossible to separate language from thinking. Many people think the federal government should enact a law that only English is spoken in the United States (in government offices, schools, etc.). This is opposed by some groups because it seems discriminatory to immigrants, based on the belief that everyone’s language is part of his or her identity and self-definition.

Not only is language about who we are; it is about power. In fact, some educational and political theorists believe that language is all about power. For instance, euphemisms are often used to make something unpleasant sound more tolerable. In one of the more well-known examples of the use of euphemisms, the government commonly tries to use language to “soften” what many would see as bad. During the Vietnam War, “air support” was invented to cover the real meaning: “bombing.” When you hear air support, you probably think “planes bringing supplies in,” not “bombing.”

language devices often used to make something unpleasant sound more tolerable

Even today, terms like “revenue enhancement” are used instead of “tax increases.” The word euphemism has at its core “eu,” (which is a prefix from Greek meaning “good” or “pleasant”) and “phem” (a root word for speaking). Just as blasphemy is speaking evil about sacred things, “euphemism” is “pleasant speaking about unpleasant things.” We use euphemisms every day, but we have to be careful not to obscure meaning or use them deceptively.

There’s an old saying in debate, “He who defines the terms wins the debate.” In the 1988 election, George H.W. Bush was running against Michael Dukakis, who was the governor of Massachusetts. Vice President Bush was able to stick a label on Dukakis and it stuck, that of “liberal.” He not only labeled Governor Dukakis, but he also defined what “liberal” meant. The word was in disuse after that, and you don’t hear it as much now. The word in use now is “progressive.” Unfortunately, this incident in 1988 politics obscured the fact that the U.S. has always been a “liberal” democratic republic. The word “liberal” has shifted meaning, another trait of language, since meaning exists in the minds of users, not in some protected, never-changing space or form. In the majority of Americans’ minds, “liberal” has become associated with specific political positions rather than a form of government in general.

To most people “progressive” sounds better, although an historian could argue the word is technically being used incorrectly. It doesn’t matter, because a word doesn’t “have” meaning; meaning exists in the minds of people using the word. If “progressive” hits people and evokes or stirs up ideas of forward-thinking, young, active, problem-solving people, then good. For most people it doesn’t bring up pictures of Woodrow Wilson and suffragists.

These examples bring up another issue with language: words change meaning over time, or more specifically, the meaning we attached to them changes. “Pretty” used to mean “clever” 250 years ago. “Prevent” meant to “precede,” not to keep from happening. Language is simply not static, as much as we might like it to be. One of the main reasons we find Shakespeare daunting is that so many of the Elizabethan words either no longer are used or they have changed meanings.

With regard to the use of language for power, even unknowingly, feminists in the 1970s argued that the common way we use English language was biased against women. King-sized means “big and powerful,” but “queen-sized” means “for overweight women.” “Master” was not equivalent to “mistress.” “Madame” had taken on a bad connotation, even though it should have been equivalent to “sir.” Many words referring to women had to add a suffix that was often “less than,” such as “-ess” or “-ette” or “co-ed.” In the last thirty years we have gotten away from that, so that you often hear a female actor referred to as “actor” rather than “actress,” but old habits die hard.

We see another example of power in language in the abortion debate. Prior to 1973, abortions could be obtained legally, to some extent, in three states: California, New York, and Hawaii. After the Roe v. Wade decision in January of 1973, they could, at least theoretically, be obtained in all fifty states. Roe v. Wade did not make abortions legal so much as it made anti-abortion laws illegal or unconstitutional, so the effect was generally the same. The people who were against abortion were now on the defensive, and they had to start fighting. It’s generally better to be “pro-”something rather than “anti-”something, so they became “pro-life.” Those favoring abortion rights then automatically became “pro-death.” One side had defined the terms of the debate, and the other had to come up with something comparable. “Pro-choice” takes advantage of the American belief in capitalism and freedoms.

These examples show how “defining the terms” gives a person control of the discourse. As you progress as a public speaker, you will become more aware of the power certain words have over audiences. An ethical communicator will use language in a way that encourages respect for others, freedom of thought, and informed decision making. First, however, a speaker should seek to meet the standards of clarity, effectiveness, appropriateness, and elegance in language, which are discussed in the next section.

Standards for Language in Public Speaking

Clear language is powerful language. Clarity is the first concern of a public speaker when it comes to choosing how to phrase the ideas of his or her speech. If you are not clear, specific, precise, detailed, and sensory with your language, you won’t have to worry about being emotional or persuasive, because you won’t be understood. There are many aspects of clarity in language, listed below.

Achieving Clarity

The first aspect of clarity is concreteness. We usually think of concreteness as the opposite of abstraction. Language that evokes many different visual images in the minds of your audience is abstract language . Unfortunately, when abstract language is used, the images evoked might not be the ones you really want to evoke. A word such as “art” is very abstract; it brings up a range of mental pictures or associations: dance, theatre, painting, drama, a child’s drawing on a refrigerator, sculpture, music, etc. When asked to identify what an abstract term like “art” means, twenty people will have twenty different ideas.

Abstract language

language that evokes many different visual images in the minds of your audience

In order to show how language should be more specific, the “ladder of abstraction” (Hayakawa, 1939) was developed. The ladder of abstraction in Figure 10.1 helps us see how our language can range from abstract (general and sometimes vague) to very precise and specific (such as an actual person that everyone in your audience will know). You probably understood the ladder in Figure 10.2 until it came to the word “Baroque.” At Bernini’s, you might get confused if you do not know much about art history. If the top level said “Bernini’s David,” a specific sculpture, that would be confusing to some because while almost everyone is familiar with Michelangelo’s David , Bernini’s version is very different. It’s life-sized, moving, and clothed. Bernini’s is as much a symbol of the Baroque Age as Michelangelo’s is of the Renaissance. But unless you’ve taken an art history course, the reference, though very specific, is meaningless to you, and even worse, it might strike you as showing off. In fact, to make my point, here they are in Figure 10.2. A picture is worth a thousand words, right?

Related to the issue of specific vs. abstract is the use of the right word. Mark Twain said, “The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.” For example, the words “prosecute” and “persecute” are commonly confused, but not interchangeable. Two others are peremptory/pre-emptive and prerequisites/perquisites. Can you think of other such word pair confusion?

In the attempt to be clear, which is your first concern, you will also want to be simple and familiar in your language. Familiarity is a factor of attention (Chapter 7); familiar language draws in the audience. Simple does not mean simplistic, but the avoidance of multi-syllable words. If a speaker said, “A collection of pre-adolescence fabricated an obese personification comprised of compressed mounds of minute aquatic crystals,” you might recognize it as “Some children made a snowman,” but maybe not. The language is not simple or familiar and therefore does not communicate well, although the words are correct and do mean the same thing, technically.

Along with language needing to be specific and correct, language can use appropriate similes and metaphors to become clearer. Literal language does not use comparisons like similes and metaphors; figurative language uses comparisons with objects, animals, activities, roles, or historical or literary figures. Literal says, “The truck is fast.” Figurative says “The truck is as fast as…“ or “The truck runs like…” or “He drives that truck like Kyle Busch at Daytona.” Similes use some form of “like” or “as” in the comparisons. Metaphors are direct comparisons, such as “He is Kyle Busch at Daytona when he gets behind the wheel of that truck.” Here are some more examples of metaphors:

Literal language

language that does not use comparisons like similes and metaphors

Figurative language

language that uses metaphors and similes to compare things that may not be literally alike

a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind (specifically using the terms “like” or “as”), used to make a description more emphatic or vivid

a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two

Love is a battlefield .

Upon hearing the charges, the accused clammed up and refused to speak without a lawyer.

Every year a new crop of activists is born .

For rhetorical purposes, metaphors are considered stronger, but both can help you achieve clearer language, if chosen wisely. To think about how metaphor is stronger than simile, think of the difference “Love is a battlefield” and “Love is like a battlefield.” Speakers are encouraged to pick their metaphors and not overuse them. Also, avoid mixed metaphors, as in this example: “That’s awfully thin gruel for the right wing to hang their hats on.” Or “He found himself up a river and had to change horses.” The mixed metaphor here is the use of “up a river” and “change horses” together; you would either need to use an all river-based metaphor (dealing with boats, water, tides, etc.) or a metaphor dealing specifically with horses. The example above about a “new crop” “being born,” is actually a mixed metaphor, since crops aren’t born, but planted and harvested. Additionally, in choosing metaphors and similes, speakers want to avoid clichés, discussed next.

Clichés are expressions, usually similes, that are predictable. You know what comes next because they are overused and sometimes out of date. Clichés do not have to be linguistic—we often see clichés in movies, such as teen horror films where you know exactly what will happen next! It is not hard to think of clichés: “Scared out of my . . .” or “When life gives you lemons. . .” or “All is fair in. . .” or, when describing a reckless driver, “She drives like a . . . “ If you filled in the blanks with “wits,” “make lemonade,” “love and war,” “or “maniac,” those are clichés.

predictable and generally overused expressions; usually similes

Clichés are not just a problem because they are overused and boring; they also sometimes do not communicate what you need, especially to audiences whose second language is English. “I will give you a ballpark figure” is not as clear as “I will give you an estimate,” and assumes the person is familiar with American sports. Therefore, they also will make you appear less credible in the eyes of the audience because you are not analyzing them and taking their knowledge, background, and needs into account. As the United States becomes more diverse, being aware of your audience members whose first language is not English is a valuable tool for a speaker.

Additionally, some clichés are so outdated that no one knows what they mean. “The puppy was as cute as a button” is an example. You might hear your great-grandmother say this, but who really thinks buttons are cute nowadays? Clichés are also imprecise. Although clichés do have a comfort level to them, comfort puts people to sleep. Find fresh ways, or just use basic, literal language. “The bear was big” is imprecise in terms of giving your audience an idea of how frightful an experience faced by a bear would be. “The bear was as big as a house” is a cliché and an exaggeration, therefore imprecise. A better alternative might be, “The bear was two feet taller than I am when he stood on his back legs.” The opposite of clichés is clear, vivid, and fresh language.

In trying to avoid clichés, use language with imagery , or sensory language. This is language that makes the recipient smell, taste, see, hear, and feel a sensation. Think of the word “ripe.” What is “ripe?” Do ripe fruits feel a certain way? Smell a certain way? Taste a certain way? Ripe is a sensory word. Most words just appeal to one sense, like vision. Think of color. How can you make the word “blue” more sensory? How can you make the word “loud” more sensory? How would you describe the current state of your bedroom or dorm room to leave a sensory impression? How would you describe your favorite meal to leave a sensory impression? A thunderstorm to leave a sensory impression?

language that makes the recipient smell, taste, see, hear, and feel a sensation; also known as sensory language

Poetry uses much imagery, so to end this section on fresh, clear language, here is a verse from “Daffodils” by William Wordsworth. Notice the metaphors (“daffodils dancing,” “host,” which brings to mind great heavenly numbers), simile (“as the stars”) and the imagery (“golden” rather than “yellow,” and other appeals to feeling and sight):

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine

And twinkle on the Milky Way.

Effectiveness

Language achieves effectiveness by communicating the right message to the audience. Clarity contributes to effectiveness, but there are some other aspects of effectiveness. To that end, language should be a means of inclusion and identification, rather than exclusion. Let’s establish this truth: Language is for communication; communication is symbolic, and language is the main (but not only) symbol system we use for communication. If language is for communication, then its goal should be to bring people together and to create understanding.

Unfortunately, we habitually use language for exclusion rather than inclusion. We can push people away with our word choices rather than bringing them together. We discussed the concepts of stereotyping and totalizing in Chapter 2, and they serve as examples of what we’re talking about here. What follows are some examples of language that can exclude members of your audience from understanding what you are saying.

Jargon (which we discussed in Chapter 2) used in your profession or hobby should only be used with audiences who share your profession or hobby. Not only will the audience members who don’t share your profession or hobby miss your meaning, but they will feel that you are not making an honest effort to communicate or are setting yourself above them in intelligence or rank. Lawyers are often accused of using “legalese,” but other professions and groups do the same. If an audience member does not understand your references, jargon, or vocabulary, it is unlikely that he or she will sit there and say, “This person is so smart! I wish I could be smart like this speaker.” The audience member is more likely to be thinking, “Why can’t this speaker use words we understand and get off the high horse?” (which I admit, is a cliché!)

language used in a specific field that may or may not be understood by others

What this means for you is that you need to be careful about assumptions of your audience’s knowledge and their ability to interpret jargon. For example, if you are trying to register for a class at Dalton State and your adviser asks for the CRN, most other people would have no idea what you are talking about. Acronyms, such NPO, are common in jargon. Those trained in the medical field know it is based on the Latin for “nothing by mouth.” The military has many acronyms, such as MOS (military occupational specialty, or career field in civilian talk). If you are speaking to an audience who does not know the jargon of your field, using it will only make them annoyed by the lack of clarity.

Sometimes we are not even aware of our jargon and its inadvertent effects. A student once complained to one of the authors about her reaction when she heard that she had been “purged.” The word sounds much worse than the meaning it had in that context, which that her name was taken off the official roll for nonpayment at the beginning of the semester.

The whole point of slang is for a subculture or group to have its own code, almost like secret words. Once slang is understood by the larger culture, it is no longer slang and may be classified as “informal” or “colloquial” language. “Bling” was slang; now it’s in the dictionary. Sports have a great deal of slang used by the players and fans that then gets used in everyday language. For example, “That was a slam dunk” is used to describe something easy, not just in basketball. At the authors’ college, many groups and organizations “paint the rock” located on the campus quad. Anyone not affiliated with our campus would probably be a little lost if you excitedly told them that you “painted the rock for spirit week.”

a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are specific to a subculture or group that others may not understand

Complicated vocabulary

If a speaker used the word “recalcitrant,” some audience members would know the meaning or figure it out (“Calci-”is like calcium, calcium is hard, etc.), but many would not. It would make much more sense for them to use a word readily understandable–“stubborn.” Especially in oral communication, we should use language that is immediately accessible. However, do not take this to mean “dumb down for your audience.” It means being clear and not showing off. For a speaker to say “I am cognizant of the fact that…” instead of “I know” or “I am aware of…” adds nothing to communication.

Profanity and cursing

It is difficult to think of many examples, other than artistic or comedy venues, where profanity or cursing would be effective or useful with most audiences, so this kind of language is generally discouraged.

Credibility

Another aspect of effectiveness is that your language should enhance your credibility. First, audiences trust speakers who use clear, vivid, respectful, engaging, and honest language. On the other hand, audiences tend not to trust speakers who use language that excludes others or who exhibit uneducated language patterns. All of us make an occasional grammatical or usage error. However, constant verb and pronoun errors and just plain getting words confused will hurt the audience’s belief that you are competent and know what you are talking about. In addition, a speaker who uses language and references that are not immediately accessible or that are unfamiliar will have diminished credibility. Finally, you should avoid the phrase “I guess” in a speech. A credible speaker should know what he/she is talking about.

Rhetorical Techniques

There are several traditional techniques that have been used to engage audiences and make ideas more attention-getting and memorable. These are called rhetorical techniques. Although “rhetorical” is associated with persuasive speech, these techniques are also effective with other types of speeches. We will not mention all of them here, but some important ones are listed below. Several of them are based on a form of repetition. You can refer to an Internet source for a full list of the dozens of rhetorical devices.

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in a sentence or passage. As such, it is a kind of rhyme. Minister Tony Campolo said, “When Jesus told his disciples to pray for the kingdom, this was no p i e in the sk y b y and b y when you d ie k i nd of prayer.”

the repetition of vowel sounds in a sentence or passage

Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sentence or passage. In his “I Have a Dream Speech,” Dr. Martin Luther King said, “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” Not only does this sentence use alliteration, it also uses the next rhetorical technique on our list, antithesis.

Alliteration

the repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sentence or passage

Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, or grammatical structures. Usually antithesis goes: Not this, but this. John F. Kennedy’s statement from his 1961 inaugural address is one of the most quoted examples of antithesis: “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” In that speech he gave another example, “If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, or grammatical structures

Parallelism is the repetition of sentence structures. It can be useful for stating your main ideas. Which one of these sounds better?

Parallelism

the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, or meaning

“Give me liberty or I’d rather die.”

“Give me liberty or give me death.”

The second one uses parallelism. Quoting again from JFK’s inaugural address: “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” The repetition of the three-word phrases in this sentence (including the word “any” in each) is an example of parallelism.

Anaphora is a succession of sentences beginning with the same word or group of words. In his inaugural address, JFK began several succeeding paragraphs with “To”: “To those old allies,” “To those new states,” “To those people,” etc.

the succession of sentences beginning with the same word or group of words

Hyperbole is intentional exaggeration for effect. Sometimes it is for serious purposes, other times for humor. Commonly we use hyperbolic language in our everyday speech to emphasize our emotions, such as when we say “I’m having the worst day ever” or “I would kill for a piece of gum right now.” Neither of those statements is (hopefully) true, but it stresses to others the way you are feeling. Ronald Reagan, who was often disparaged for being the oldest president, would joke about his age. In one case he said, “The chamber is celebrating an important milestone this week: your 70th anniversary. I remember the day you started.”

intentional exaggeration for effect

Irony is the expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. Although most people think they understand irony as sarcasm (such as saying to a friend who trips, “That’s graceful”), it is a much more complicated topic. A speaker may use it when he professes to say one thing but clearly means something else, or he says something that is obviously untrue. Irony in oral communication can be difficult to use in a way that affects everyone equally.

the expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect

Using these techniques alone will not make you an effective speaker. Dr. King and President Kennedy combined them with strong metaphors and images as well; for example, Dr. King described the promises of the founding fathers as a “blank check” returned with the note “insufficient funds” as far as the black Americans of his time were concerned. That was a very concrete, human, and familiar metaphor to his listeners and still speaks to us today.

Appropriateness

Appropriateness relates to several categories involving how persons and groups should be referred to and addressed based on inclusiveness and context. The term “politically correct” has been overused to describe the growing sensitivity to how the power of language can marginalize or exclude individuals and groups. While there are silly extremes such as the term “vertically challenged” for “short,” these humorous examples overlook the need to be inclusive about language. Overall, people and groups should be respected and referred to in the way they choose to be. Using inclusive language in your speech will help ensure you aren’t alienating or diminishing any members of your audience.

how persons and groups should be referred to and addressed based on inclusiveness and context

Gender-Inclusive Language

The first common form of non-inclusive language is language that privileges one of the sexes over the other. There are three common problem areas that speakers run into while speaking: using “he” as generic, using “man” to mean all humans, and gender-typing jobs. Consider the statement, “Every morning when an officer of the law puts on his badge, he risks his life to serve and protect his fellow citizens.” Obviously, both male and female police officers risk their lives when they put on their badges.

A better way to word the sentence would be, “Every morning when officers of the law put on their badges, they risk their lives to serve and protect their fellow citizens.” Notice that in the better sentence, we made the subject plural (“officers”) and used neutral pronouns (“they” and “their”) to avoid the generic “he.” Likewise, speakers of English have traditionally used terms like “man,” and “mankind” when referring to both females and males. Instead of using the word “man,” refer to the “human race.”

The last common area where speakers get into trouble with gender and language has to do with job titles. It is not unusual for people to assume, for example, that doctors are male and nurses are female. As a result, they may say “she is a woman doctor” or “he is a male nurse” when mentioning someone’s occupation, perhaps not realizing that the statements “she is a doctor” and “he is a nurse” already inform the listener as to the sex of the person holding that job.

Ethnic Identity

Ethnic identity refers to a group an individual identifies with based on a common culture. For example, within the United States we have numerous ethnic groups, including Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Japanese Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Cuban Americans, and Mexican Americans. As with the earlier example of “male nurse,” avoid statements such as “The committee is made up of four women and a Vietnamese man.” All that should be said is, “The committee is made up of five people.”

a group an individual identifies with based on a common culture

If for some reason gender and ethnicity have to be mentioned—and usually it does not—the gender and ethnicity of each member should be mentioned equally. “The committee is made up of three European-American women, one Latina, and one Vietnamese male.” In recent years, there has been a trend toward steering inclusive language away from broad terms like “Asians” and “Hispanics” because these terms are not considered precise labels for the groups they actually represent. If you want to be safe, the best thing you can do is ask a couple of people who belong to an ethnic group how they prefer to be referred to in that context.

The last category of exclusive versus inclusive language that causes problems for some speakers relates to individuals with physical or intellectual disabilities or forms of mental illness. Sometimes it happens that we take a characteristic of someone and make that the totality or all of what that person is. For example, some people are still uncomfortable around persons who use wheelchairs and don’t know how to react. They may totalize and think that the wheelchair defines and therefore limits the user. The person in the wheelchair might be a great guitarist, sculptor, parent, public speaker, or scientist, but that’s not seen, only the wheelchair.

Although the terms “visually impaired” and “hearing impaired” are sometimes used for “blind” and “deaf,” this is another situation where the person should be referred to as he or she prefers. “Hearing impaired” denotes a wide range of hearing deficit, as does “visually impaired. “Deaf” and “blind” are not generally considered offensive by these groups.

Another example is how to refer to what used to be called “autism.” Saying someone is “autistic” is similar to the word “retarded” in that neither is appropriate any longer. Preferable terms are “a person with an autism diagnosis” or “a person on the autism spectrum.” In place of “retarded,” “a person with intellectual disabilities” should be used.

Other Types of Appropriateness

Language in a speech should be appropriate to the speaker and the speaker’s background and personality, to the context, to the audience, and to the topic. Let’s say that you’re an engineering student. If you’re giving a presentation in an engineering class, you can use language that other engineering students will know. On the other hand, if you use that engineering vocabulary in a public speaking class, many audience members will not understand you. As another example, if you are speaking about the Great Depression to an audience of young adults or recent immigrants, you can’t assume they will know the meaning of terms like “New Deal” and “WPA,” which would be familiar to an audience of senior citizens. Audience analysis is a key factor in choosing the language to use in a speech.

Likewise, the language you may employ if you’re addressing a student assembly in a high school auditorium will differ from the language you would use at a business meeting in a hotel ballroom. If you are speaking about the early years of The Walt Disney Company, would you want to refer to Walt Disney as a “thaumaturgic” individual (i.e., one who works wonders or miracles)? While the word “thaumaturgic” may be accurate, is it the most appropriate for the topic at hand?

Developing Your Ability to Use Effective Language in Public Speaking

At this point, we will make some applications and suggestions about using language as you grow as a public speaker.

First, get in the habit of using “stipulated definitions” with concrete examples (defining operationally). In other words, define your terms for the audience. If you are using jargon, a technical term, a word that has multiple meanings in different contexts, or an often-misunderstood word, you can say at the beginning of the body of your speech, “In this speech I am going to be using the word,”X,” and what I mean by it is…” And then the best way to define a word is with a picture or example of what you mean, and perhaps also an example of what you don’t mean (visual aids can help here). Don’t worry; this is not insulting to most audiences if the word is technical or unfamiliar to them. On the other hand, as mentioned earlier in the textbook, providing dictionary definitions of common words such as “love” or “loyalty” would be insulting to an audience and pretty boring.

Second, develop specific language. The general semantics movement suggested ways to develop more specific language that reflects the imperfection of our perceptions and the fact that reality changes. You can develop specific language by the following:

• Distinguishing between individuals and the group (that is, avoid stereotyping). Arab 1 is not Arab 2 is not Arab 3, etc., and none of them are all the Arabs in the world.
• Specifying time and place of behavior instead of making broad statements. What was a true of a person in 1999 is not necessarily true of the person now.
• Using names for jobs or roles (“accountants,” “administrative assistants,” “instructors”) instead of “people” or “workers.”
• Avoid “always/never” language. “Always” and “never” usually do not reflect reality and tend to make listeners defensive.
• Avoid confusing opinion for fact. If I say, “Forrest Gump is a stupid movie,” I am stating an opinion in the language of fact. If you preface opinions with “I believe,” or “It is my opinion” you will be truthful and gain the appearance of being fair-minded and non­-dogmatic. What should be said is “The first time I saw Forrest Gump, I didn’t realize it was a farce, but after I saw it a second time, I understood it better.” This sentence is much more specific and clarifying than “Forrest Gump is a stupid movie.”

Third, personalize your language. In a speech it’s fine to use personal pronouns as opposed to third person. That means “I,” “me,” “we,” “us,” “you,” etc. are often helpful in a speech. It gives more immediacy to the speech. Be careful of using “you” for examples that might be embarrassing. “Let’s say you are arrested for possession of a concealed weapon,” sounds like the audience members are potential criminals.

Finally, develop your vocabulary, but not to show it off. One of the benefits of a college education is that your vocabulary will expand greatly, and it should. A larger vocabulary will give you access to more complicated reading material and allow you to understand the world better. But knowing the meaning of a more complicated word doesn’t mean you have to use it with every audience.

Although the placement of this chapter may seem to indicate that language choices, or what the ancient rhetoricians called “style,” are not as important as other parts of speaking, language choices are important from the very beginning of your speech preparation, even to your research and choice of search terms. Audience analysis will help you to develop language that is clear, vivid, appropriate, credible, and persuasive.

Something to Think About

What are some of the clichés and slang that have become popular recently? What do they mean? Why would they not be useful in public speaking? As a class, check out the Banned Words website by Lake Superior State University.

Exploring Communication in the Real World Copyright © 2020 by Chris Miller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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29 Using Language Effectively

Learning Objectives

• Use language effectively during speech preparation, practice, and delivery.
• Identify inclusive language.

Using Language Effectively

Language is an important consideration for your speech because at the most fundamental level, this is how your audience will understand what you’re saying. From the actual words that come out of your mouth to the points and topics you articulate, language is the vehicle that helps your audience understand and agree with your statement or argument. What you actually choose to say in your speech—every single word—must be carefully selected. Is each individual word the best word you can use to convey your message or meaning? Is your phrasing easy to understand? Are you using descriptive language? Do you connect similar thoughts for your audience? Have you included points of contrast to illustrate broader points? These are all important questions to consider as you begin to select each and every word that makes it into your speech. Even more important are the words you choose to leave out: consider too, what you  aren’t  saying.

This section explores strategies to use language effectively.

Simple Language

When asked to write a speech or a paper, many of us pull out the thesaurus (or call it up on our computer) when we want to replace a common word with one that we believe is more elevated or intellectual. There are certainly times when using a thesaurus is a good thing, but if you’re pulling that big book out to turn a simple idea into one that sounds  more complex, put it back on the shelf.

Using a complex word when a well-known or simpler term will do inhibits your ability to communicate clearly. Your goal as a speaker should be to be as clear as you possibly can. Using language that makes it more difficult for your audience to understand your message can negatively impact your ability to get a clear message across to your audience. If your audience can’t understand your vocabulary, they can’t understand your message.

Additionally, part of having strong credibility as a speaker is convincing your audience of your sincerity, both in terms of your ideas and your character. When you use words that are not typically used in conversational language, audiences may perceive you as insincere and therefore less credible. Also, when the audience’s attention is focused on questions about your character and veracity, they are less likely to pay attention to your message.

Specific Language

Concrete and precise language is specific, language that details an idea, action, sensation, event.  You will give clearer information if you use specific rather than general words. Evoke senses of taste, smell, hearing, sight, and touch with specific word choices . But specifics do clarify your meaning. Look for general words such as “things,” “very,” or “many,” which you can replace with more specific terminology.

Concrete versus abstract language

Many misunderstandings stem from the language we use. You say you will call your friend “later” and your friend got angry because you didn’t. By “later” you may have meant later in the week while your friend thought later meant later that day. Often in these cases, both people are right. So, how did the misunderstanding happen? One of the primary reasons we miscommunicate is because language is abstract. As illustrated in the previous example, meanings exist in people’s understandings of words, not the actual words. If you’re telling a story about “a dog” you could be talking about a German Shepherd while your audience is envisioning a Chihuahua. If you do not use concrete language, you risk at least sending a different message than you intended. If you are speaking about a German Shepard, you want to use the concrete term “German Shepherd” over the more abstract term “dog” to increase audience understanding.

Below are two strategies to help you use concrete language.

Replace abstract terms with concrete words that have a clear and direct meaning.

• Equality  can mean a variety of things to different people: What does  equality  mean in this instance?
• Concrete:  The case sought to legalize gay marriage.

Use language that appeals to the senses.

• What makes this setting  unpleasant ? Replace this term with specific, descriptive language.
• Concrete:  The waiting room was cold, antiseptic-smelling, and crowded with sick people who were coughing, groaning, or crying.

When you are writing your speech, look for words that you might need to define more clearly. Many words mean different things to different people, so use concrete language over abstract words to better your chances of communicating your message as intended.

The following video offers additional examples of using concrete versus abstract language.

Precise Language

Just as abstract language may be confusing, vague, overly general, subjective, or ambiguous terms may be interpreted differently by different audience members, thus confusing the intent of your message.  As with concrete vs. abstract language, you do not want to choose words and phrasing that could be interpreted in multiple ways. Choose words that most precisely, concisely, and accurately convey your point. Someone might call a sweater “green” while someone else calls it “teal.” Even though those are just differences in perception not purposeful or mindless communication meant to be inaccurate, not being clear about exactly which color you’re talking about can lead to confusion. It is best to remember to be as precise as possible when choosing words. Don’t say something was “big”—tell us its weight or height, and to be sure you’re communicating clearly compare that weight or height to something we understand.

The table below lists some examples of vague words and phrases edited to be precise. As you’ll see, the precise versions of the phrases anticipate and answer questions that an audience may have.

Note that clichés, or over-used expressions, are often vague.  Clichés can be vague because they have an agreed-upon meaning among a particular culture or group.  However, professionally, you may be working with people from many backgrounds who do not understand the agreed-upon meaning. For example, ask a non-native speaker of English if “things are looking up,” and the person may respond by physically looking upwards. So avoid clichés or, if you have used them in an initial draft, make sure to replace them with more precise language. For example:

The following video offers a quick definition and a few examples of precise language.

Vivid Language

Vivid Language helps your listeners create strong, distinct, clear, and memorable mental images. Good vivid language usage helps an audience member truly understand and imagine what a speaker is saying. Several strategies will help you to use vivid language.

Metaphors and Similes

Metaphors  are comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another.  Similes  are similar to metaphors in how they function; however, similes make comparisons by using the word “like” or “as,” whereas metaphors do not. The power of a metaphor is in its ability to create an image that is linked to emotion in the mind of the audience. It is one thing to talk about racial injustice, it is quite another for the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to note that people have been “…battered by storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.” Throughout his “I Have a Dream” speech the Reverend Dr. King uses the metaphor of the checking account to make his point.

He notes that the crowd has come to the March on Washington to “cash a check” and claims that America has “defaulted on this promissory note” by giving “the Negro people a bad check, a check that has come back “insufficient funds.” By using checking and bank account terms that most people are familiar with, the Reverend Dr. King is able to more clearly communicate what he believes has occurred. In addition, the use of this metaphor acts as a sort of “shortcut.” He gets his point across very quickly by comparing the problems of civil rights to the problems of a checking account.

In the same speech the Reverend Dr. King also makes use of similes, which also compare two things but do so using “like” or “as.” In discussing his goals for the Civil Rights movement in his “I Have a Dream” speech, the Reverend Dr. exclaims: “No, no we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down likewaters and righteousness like a mighty stream.” Similes also help make your message clearer by using ideas that are more concrete for your audience. For example, to give the audience an idea of what a winter day looked like you could note that the “snow looked as solid as pearls.” To communicate sweltering heat you could say that “the tar on the road looked like satin.” A simile most of us are familiar with is the notion of the United States being “like a melting pot” with regard to its diversity. We also often note that a friend or colleague that stays out of conflicts between friends is “like Switzerland.” In each of these instances similes have been used to more clearly and vividly communicate a message.

Rythm refers to the patterned, recurring variance of elements of sound or speech. Whether someone is striking a drum with a stick or standing in front of a group speaking, rhythm is an important aspect of human communication. Think about your favorite public speaker. If you analyze his or her speaking pattern, you’ll notice that there is a certain cadence to the speech. While much of this cadence is a result of the nonverbal components of speaking, some of the cadence comes from the language that is chosen as well.

Alliteration

Remember challenging yourself or a friend to repeat a tongue twister “five times fast?” Perhaps it was “Sally sold seashells by the seashore” or “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” Tongue twisters are difficult to say to say but very easy to remember. Why? Alliteration.  Alliteration  is the repetition of the initial sounds of words. Alliteration is a useful tool for helping people remember your message, and it’s as simple as taking a few minutes to see if there are ways to reword your speech so that you can add some alliteration—  this is a great time to use that thesaurus we talked about putting away early in this chapter. Look for alternative words to use that allow for alliteration in your speech. You might consider doing this especially when it comes to the points that you would like your audience to remember most.

Antithesis allows you to use contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point. Perhaps the most famous example of antithesis comes from the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy when he stated, “And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” Going back to Reverend Jackson’s “Rainbow Coalition” speech he notes, “I challenge them to put hope in their brains and not dope in their veins.” In each of these cases, the speakers have juxtaposed two competing ideas in one statement to make an argument in order to draw the listener’s attention.

Parallel Structure and Language

Antithesis is often worded using parallel structure or language. Parallel structure is the balance of two or more similar phrases or clauses, and parallel wording is the balance of two or more similar words. The Reverend Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech exemplifies both strategies in action. Indeed, the section where he repeats “I Have a Dream” over and over again is an example of the use of both parallel structure and language. The use of parallel structure and language helps your audience remember without beating them over the head with repetition. If worded and delivered carefully, you can communicate a main point over and over again, as did the Reverend Dr. King, and it doesn’t seem as though you are simply repeating the same phrase over and over. You are often doing just that, of course, but because you are careful with your wording (it should be powerful and creative, not pedantic) and your delivery (the correct use of pause, volumes, and other elements of delivery), the audience often perceives the repetition as dramatic and memorable. The use of parallel language and structure can also help you when you are speaking persuasively. Through the use of these strategies you can create a speech that takes your audience through a series of ideas or arguments that seem to “naturally” build to your conclusion.

As we mentioned earlier in this chapter, one of the major differences between oral and written language is the use of  repetition . Because speeches are communicated orally, audience members need to hear the core of the message repeated consistently. Repetition as a linguistic device is designed to help audiences become familiar with a short piece of the speech as they hear it over and over again. By repeating a phrase during a speech, you create a specific rhythm. Probably the most famous and memorable use of repetition within a speech is Martin Luther King Jr.’s use of “I have a dream” in his speech at the Lincoln Memorial on August 1963 during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. In that speech, Martin Luther King Jr. repeated the phrase “I have a dream” eight times to great effect.

Inclusive Language

Language can either inspire your listeners or turn them off very quickly. One of the fastest ways to alienate an audience is through the use of non-inclusive language. Inclusive language avoids placing any one group of people above or below other groups while speaking. Let’s look at some common problem areas related to language about gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disabilities.

Gender-Specific Language

The first common form of noninclusive language is language that privileges one of the sexes over the other. There are three common problem areas that speakers run into while speaking: using “he” as generic, using “man” to mean all humans and gender typing jobs.

Generic “He”

The generic “he” happens when a speaker labels all people within a group as “he” when in reality there is a mixed sex group involved. Consider the statement, “Every morning when an officer of the law puts on his badge, he risks his life to serve and protect his fellow citizens.” In this case, we have a police officer that is labeled as male four different times in one sentence. Obviously, both male and female police officers risk their lives when they put on their badges. A better way to word the sentence would be, “Every morning when officers of the law put on their badges, they risk their lives to serve and protect their fellow citizens.” Notice that in the better sentence, we made the subject plural (“officers”) and used neutral pronouns (“they” and “their”) to avoid the generic “he.”

Use of “Man”

Traditionally, speakers of English have used terms like “man,” “mankind,” and (in casual contexts) “guys” when referring to both females and males. In the second half of the twentieth century, as society became more aware of gender bias in language, organizations like the National Council of Teachers of English developed guidelines for nonsexist language (National Council of Teachers of English, 2002). For example, instead of using the word “man,” you could refer to the “human race.” Instead of saying, “hey, guys,” you could say, “OK, everyone.” By using gender-fair language you will be able to convey your meaning just as well, and you won’t risk alienating half of your audience.

Gender-Typed Jobs

The last common area where speakers get into trouble with gender and language has to do with job titles. It is not unusual for people to assume, for example, that doctors are male and nurses are female. As a result, they may say “she is a woman doctor” or “he is a male nurse” when mentioning someone’s occupation, perhaps not realizing that the statements “she is a doctor” and “he is a nurse” already inform the listener as to the sex of the person holding that job. Speakers sometimes also use a gender-specific pronoun to refer to an occupation that has both males and females.

The below table lists some common gender-specific jobs titles along with more inclusive versions of those job titles.

Ethnic Identity

Another type of inclusive language relates to the categories used to highlight an individual’s ethnic identity. Ethnic identity refers to a group an individual identifies with based on a common culture. For example, within the United States, we have numerous ethnic groups, including Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Japanese Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Cuban Americans, and Mexican Americans. As with the earlier example of “male nurse,” avoid statements such as “The committee is made up of four women and a Vietnamese man.” Instead, say, “The committee is made up of four women and a man” or, if race and ethnicity are central to the discussion, “The committee is made up of three European American women, an Israeli American woman, a Brazilian American woman, and a Vietnamese American man.” In recent years, there has been a trend toward steering inclusive language away from broad terms like “Asians” and “Hispanics” because these terms are not considered precise labels for the groups they actually represent. If you want to be safe, the best thing you can do is ask a couple of people who belong to an ethnic group how they prefer to label themselves.

Sexual Orientation

Another area that can cause some problems is referred to as heterosexism. Heterosexism occurs when a speaker presumes that everyone in an audience is heterosexual or that opposite-sex relationships are the only norm. For example, a speaker might begin a speech by saying, “I am going to talk about the legal obligations you will have with your future husband or wife.” While this speech starts with the notion that everyone plans on getting married, which isn’t the case, it also assumes that everyone will label their significant others as either “husbands” or “wives.” Although some members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender/transexual community will use these terms, others prefer for more gender neutral terms like “spouse” and “partner.” Moreover, legal obligations for same-sex couples may be very different from those for heterosexual couples. Notice also that we have used the phrase “members of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender/transexual community” instead of the more clinical-sounding term “homosexual.”

The last category of exclusive versus inclusive language that causes problems for some speakers relates to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Below are some other examples of exclusive versus inclusive language.

Use Familiar Language

The last category related to using language appropriately simply asks you to use language that is familiar both to yourself and to your audience. If you are not comfortable with the language you are using, then you are going to be more nervous speaking, which will definitely have an impact on how your audience receives your speech. You may have a hard time speaking genuinely and sincerely if you use unfamiliar language, and this can impair your credibility. Furthermore, you want to make sure that the language you are using is familiar to your audience. If your audience cannot understand what you are saying, you will not have an effective speech.

Jargon is a specialized language used by members of a profession. It is appropriate to use jargon when you know that your audience understands the terms you are using. Jargon is often used when communicating with other members of your profession.  It makes sense, for example, for a doctor performing a medical procedure to use jargon in speaking with the anesthetist, nurses, and other medical professionals, since all of those others understand the terms in the same way and the medical jargon eliminates the need for lengthy explanations.

However, jargon is not useful in situations in which your audience does not have the same technical or professional background. If some technical terms are absolutely necessary to your communication, be sure to explain each term and its context. Whether or not to use jargon is often a judgment call and one that’s sometimes easier to make in speaking than in writing. In an oral context, you may be able to know from immediate feedback whether or not your audience understands a technical term, based on their facial expressions or body language. If not, you can define the term immediately. If you must use jargon while speaking to a general audience, be sure to define your terms and err on the side of over-clarification.

Slang is language that some people might understand but that is typically not considered acceptable in formal conversation. It is informal language and can be a poor choice for a speaker because some members of your audience may not be familiar with the slang term(s) you use. Slang is often based on a very specific audience, defined by age, region, subculture, etc. If you are speaking to an audience that you know will understand and respond positively, you may choose to include that language in your speech. Otherwise, do not use slang, or you may confuse and frustrate audience members and cause them to lose interest in your speech. In addition, because slang is often not considered appropriate in formal and polite conversation, using it in your speech may communicate negative ideas about you to audience members. Don’t let a mindless use of slang negatively impact your audience’s perception of you and your message.

Using Stylized Language

Stylized language is language that communicates your meaning clearly, vividly and with flair. Stylized language doesn’t just make you sound better; it also helps make your speeches more memorable. Speakers who are thoughtful about using language strategies in their speeches are more memorable as speakers and therefore so too are their messages more unforgettable as well.

Personalized Language

We’re all very busy people. Perhaps you’ve got work, studying, classes, a job, and extracurricular activities to juggle. Because we are all so busy, one problem that speakers often face is trying to get their audience interested in their topic or motivated to care about their argument. A way to help solve this problem is through the use of language that personalizes your topic. Rather than saying, “One might argue” say “You might argue.” Rather than saying “This could impact the country in ways we have not yet imagined,” say “This could impact your life in ways that you have not imagined.” By using language that directly connects your topic or argument to the audience you better your chances of getting your audience to listen and to be persuaded that your subject matter is serious and important to them. Using words like “us,” “you,” and “we” can be a subtle means of getting your audience to pay attention to your speech. Most people are most interested in things that they believe impact their lives directly—make those connections clear for your audience by using personal language.

Key Takeaways

• Using concrete and specific language will increase audience understanding.
• Using vivid language will increase the audience’s interest in your presentation.
• Using inclusive language will help you to reach more audience members.

Clinton, W. J. (2005).  My life . New York, NY: Vintage Books, p. 421.

Iacopino, V., & Rasekh, Z. (1998).  The Taliban’s war on women: A health and human rights crisis in Afghanistan . Boston, MA: Physicians for Human Rights.

National Council of Teachers of English (2002).  Guidelines for gender-fair use of language . Retrieved from  http://www.ncte.org/positions/statements/genderfairuseoflang .

Nordquist, R. (2009).  Mixed metaphor . Retrieved from About.com at  http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/mixmetterm.htm

Obama, B. (2008, January 20). The great need of the hour. Remarks delivered at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta. Retrieved from  http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/01/the_great_need_of_the_hour.html

Licenses and Attributions

• Concrete, Precise, Specific Language, original content and content adapted from Technical Writing, Technical Writing Essentials, Introduction to Professional Writing, and Business Writing for Success; attributions below.  Authored by : Susan Oaks.  Project : Communications for Professionals.  License :  CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial
• Use Concrete, Sensory Language, material taken from Writing Commons.  Provided by : Writing Commons, http://writingcommons.org/open-text/collaboration/143-common-comments/word-choice-/538-use-concrete-sensory-language.  Located at :  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/technicalwriting/chapter/use-concrete-sensory-language-2/ .  License :  CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
• 2.2 Communicating with Precision.  Authored by : Suzan Last.  Provided by : University of Victoria.  Located at :  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/technicalwriting/chapter/communicatingprecision/ .  Project : Technical Writing Essentials.  License :  CC BY: Attribution
• 4.2 Plain Language.  Authored by : Melissa Ashman.  Located at :  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms/chapter/4-2-plain-language/ .  Project : Introduction to Professional Communications.  License :  CC BY: Attribution
• 4.4 Concision.  Authored by : Melissa Ashman.  Located at :  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms/chapter/4-4-concision/ .  Project : Introduction to Professional Communications.  License :  CC BY: Attribution
• 2.6 Improving Verbal Communication.  Provided by : University of Minnesota.  Located at :  https://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/2-6-improving-verbal-communication/ .  Project : Business Communication for Success.  License :  CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• video Concrete Language.  Provided by : Curriculum Pathways.  Located at :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVMcrchUpts .  License :  Other .  License Terms : YouTube video
• video Precise Language.  Provided by : TestPrepSHSAT.com.  Located at :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMNEWrs0GUM .  License :  Other .  License Terms : YouTube video
• image of target icon.  Authored by : Pettycon.  Provided by : Pixabay.  Located at :  https://pixabay.com/illustrations/target-icon-business-symbol-2579315/ .  License :  CC0: No Rights Reserved
• image of graffiti of Banksy girl with heart-shaped balloon, spray painted on a concrete wall.  Authored by : Zorro4.  Provided by : Pixabay.  Located at :  https://pixabay.com/photos/mural-girl-balloon-child-heart-1347673/ .  License :  CC0: No Rights Reserved
• Chapter 10 Constructing Clear and Vivid Messages.  Authored by : E. Michele Ramsey, Ph.D..  Provided by : Penn State Berks, Reading, PA.  Located at :  http://publicspeakingproject.org/psvirtualtext.html .  Project : The Public Speaking Project.  License :  CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
• German Shepherd.  Authored by : Magnus Brath.  Located at :  https://flic.kr/p/999gJ6 .  License :  CC BY: Attribution
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• Goth.  Authored by : Rama.  Located at :  http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goth_f222791.jpg .  License :  CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• Al Haig speaks to press 1981.  Authored by : Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.  Provided by : US Government.  Located at :  http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/large/c1429-31.jpg .  License :  Public Domain: No Known Copyright

Public Speaking Copyright © by Dr. Layne Goodman; Amber Green, M.A.; and Various is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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The Use of Slang in Modern English

In the dynamic and ever-evolving landscape of language, one facet that consistently captivates linguists, cultural observers, and everyday speakers alike is the use of slang. As a vibrant and fluid component of Modern English, slang transcends conventional linguistic norms, weaving a colorful tapestry of expressions that reflects the pulse of contemporary society. Rooted in the diverse subcultures and social dynamics of its users, slang is more than just a linguistic phenomenon; it serves as a mirror reflecting the zeitgeist of a generation and the intricacies of interpersonal communication.

The journey into the realm of slang in Modern English is a journey into the heart of linguistic innovation, social identity, and cultural connectivity. As a living entity, language adapts to the ever-changing landscapes of society, and slang emerges as an organic response to these shifts. This exploration delves into the origins, evolution, and multifaceted roles of slang, unraveling the threads that connect language, identity, and community in the tapestry of contemporary communication.

How does slang contribute to the evolution of language in Modern English

Slang plays a significant part in shaping how Modern English grows and changes;

• Introducing fresh words and expressions:  Slang often steps in where formal language falls short, offering clever and concise ways to express feelings or ideas. For instance, “hangry” perfectly captures the mix of hunger and irritation.
• Expanding vocabulary:  Slang can lead the charge in bringing new words into everyday language. Many words we use now, like “cool” or “awesome”, started out as slang.
• Reflecting cultural shifts:  Slang often comes from specific social groups and shows what’s happening in society. For example, internet culture has brought us words like “lit” or “lowkey” that mean specific things to people who spend time online.
• Adding depth and creativity:  Slang lets us play with language, using wordplay, shortening words, or creating metaphors. This makes communication more casual and colorful.

Here’s how slang helps out;

• Filling the gaps:  Sometimes formal language doesn’t have the right words for new ideas or casual situations. Slang steps in to fill those gaps, giving us new ways to talk.
• Growing through use:  If slang catches on with lots of people, it can move from being informal to being normal. This helps the language grow and change.
• Reflecting culture:  Slang shows what’s going on in different communities and cultures. By studying slang, we can learn about what’s important to different groups of people.
• Making conversation more interesting:  Slang adds a bit of fun, humor, and personality to everyday talk.

What role does slang play in shaping the cultural identity of different subgroups within society

Slang plays a crucial role in shaping the cultural identity of subgroups within society in several ways;

• Markers of group belonging:   Slang functions like a secret handshake or a shared uniform. Using specific slang terms creates a sense of in-group membership and solidarity. It allows members to identify with each other and feel a sense of connection.
• Signaling shared experiences:   Slang often emerges from shared experiences unique to a particular group. This common language reflects their understanding of the world and creates a sense of community.
• Distinguishing oneself from outsiders:  Slang can act as a barrier to outsiders. Using slang that others don’t understand creates a sense of exclusivity and distinction between the in-group and those who are not familiar with the lingo.
• Cultural expression:   Slang allows subgroups to express their unique perspectives and creativity. New words and phrases can emerge within a community, reflecting their values, humor, and outlook on life.

Here’s a deeper look at how slang shapes cultural identity;

• Building a sense of community:  Shared slang terminology fosters a sense of belonging and in-group identity. When individuals use the same slang, it signifies a shared understanding and creates a sense of camaraderie.
• Reflecting cultural experiences:  Slang terminology often stems from the specific experiences and challenges faced by a particular subgroup. This shared language becomes a way to express their unique perspective on the world.
• Creating a barrier:  In-group slang can act as a barrier to outsiders. Unfamiliarity with the slang creates a distinction between those “in the know” and those who are not part of the group.
• Expression of creativity:  Slang allows subgroups to develop their own unique way of speaking, incorporating wordplay, humor, and metaphors specific to their cultural context.

It’s important to remember that;

• Slang is dynamic:  Slang terms constantly evolve, reflecting the changing experiences and trends within a subgroup.
• Cultural appropriation exists:  Slang originating from marginalized communities can sometimes be adopted by dominant groups without proper understanding or respect. This can lead to issues of cultural appropriation.

Are there regional variations in the adoption and prevalence of slang in Modern English

Yes, regional variations in slang adoption and prevalence are a defining characteristic of Modern English. Here’s how;

• Geographic pockets:  Certain slang terms might be specific to a particular region due to factors like shared history, cultural influences, and local events.
• Divergent vocabulary:  Different regions may develop their own unique slang words and phrases to describe everyday concepts or situations. For instance, “y’all” in the Southern United States or “crikey” in Australia.
• Social circles:  Slang adoption can also be influenced by social circles within a region. Teenagers, surfers, or specific professions might have their own unique slang terms not widely understood by the general population.

Here’s a breakdown of the phenomenon;

• Geographic isolation:  Physical distance between regions can contribute to the development of unique slang. Isolated communities may develop their own terminology due to less frequent exposure to external influences.
• Cultural touchstones:  Shared cultural experiences within a region can lead to the creation of specific slang terms. Local events, historical figures, or community references can become embedded in slang.
• Social groups:  Social circles within a region can also be breeding grounds for slang. Teenagers, professionals, or groups with shared interests might develop their own unique lingo to express themselves within their social circle.

Examples of regional slang variations;

• Food:  Different regions might have slang terms for specific foods or dishes not common elsewhere. For example, “hoagie” in the Northeast US refers to a submarine sandwich.
• Activities:  Slang terms can also vary for everyday activities. For instance, “going for a barbie” in Australia refers to having a barbecue.
• Social interaction:  Greetings, farewells, and terms of endearment can also exhibit regional variations. “Y’all” (you all) is a commonality in Southern US dialect.

Here’s a note regarding the internet;

• The internet’s influence:  While regional variations persist, the internet has facilitated a wider spread of slang terms across geographical boundaries. Social media and online communication platforms allow slang to travel faster and potentially gain wider acceptance.

How has the advent of technology and social media influenced the development and dissemination of slang

Technology and social media have significantly impacted the development and dissemination of slang in several ways:

• Accelerated Spread:  Platforms like social media and messaging apps allow slang terms to reach a vast audience rapidly. A funny term coined by a single user can go viral within hours, reaching millions across the globe. This speed of dissemination surpasses traditional methods like word-of-mouth, which were limited by geographical constraints.
• Creation of New Slang:   Online communities foster the creation of new slang terms. Shorthand typing methods like acronyms (LOL, BRB) and emojis have become widely used slang elements. Character limitations on platforms like Twitter encourage the abbreviation of words and phrases, leading to the birth of new slang.
• Evolution Through Remixing:  Social media allows for the rapid remixing and reinterpretation of existing slang. Memes and user-generated content often play a role in modifying existing slang terms or adding new layers of meaning. This constant interaction and modification contribute to the fast-paced evolution of slang.
• Breaking Geographical Barriers:   Unlike regional slang, which was restricted by physical proximity, online platforms connect people worldwide. This exposure to diverse slang terms from different regions allows them to be adopted and integrated into new contexts, creating a melting pot of slang.

Here’s a more detailed analysis:

• Viral nature of social media:  A catchy slang term can be spread rapidly through social media posts, online challenges, and influencer content. This rapid diffusion exposes a wider audience to the new slang, potentially leading to its mainstream acceptance.
• New methods of expression:  Technology introduces new avenues for communication, like emojis and text message abbreviations. These elements become integrated into slang, creating new ways to express oneself online.
• Constant interaction and evolution:  Social media allows for continuous interaction and modification of slang. Users can play with existing terms, add humor, and create new interpretations, leading to the rapid evolution of slang over time.
• Dissolution of regional boundaries:  The internet connects people across geographical locations. This exposure to slang terms from different regions allows them to be adopted by new communities, creating a more globalized form of slang.

Examples of technological influence

• LOL (laugh out loud):  This widely recognized abbreviation originated online chats and forums and is now commonly used in texting and social media.
• “Fire” (excellent):  This term gained popularity on social media platforms and is now used to describe something positive or impressive.
• Hashtags:  While not strictly slang, hashtags often act as a microcosm of evolving online language. They can create new slang terms or serve as a platform for spreading existing ones.

It’s important to note

• Not all online slang gains traction:  While social media facilitates the spread of slang, not every term becomes widely adopted. Many online slang terms fade away over time, while others gain lasting popularity.
• Concerns regarding cultural appropriation:  The rapid spread of slang online can sometimes lead to the appropriation of slang terms originating from specific communities.

In what ways does slang function as a form of social bonding among specific communities or age groups

Slang acts as a powerful tool for social bonding within specific communities and age groups in several ways;

• Shared language:  Using the same slang terms fosters a sense of camaraderie and in-group membership. It signifies a shared understanding of the lingo and creates a feeling of belonging within the community.
• Signaling shared experiences:  Slang often emerges from common experiences unique to a particular group. Whether it’s students navigating exams, gamers facing virtual challenges, or athletes training together, their shared experiences give rise to slang that only they might understand. This shared language strengthens the sense of community and collective identity.
• Humor and informality:  Slang can be playful and humorous, adding a lighthearted touch to communication within a group. This informality helps break down barriers and fosters a sense of closeness and ease among members.
• Exclusion and distinction:   Slang can act as a barrier to outsiders. Using slang that others don’t understand creates a sense of exclusivity within the group. This can be particularly observed among teenagers or online communities where their unique slang becomes a way to distinguish themselves from others.

Here’s a deeper dive into how slang fosters social bonding;

• Creating a sense of belonging:  When individuals within a group use the same slang, it demonstrates a shared understanding and in-group knowledge. This fosters a sense of connection and belonging, as individuals feel like they are part of a something special.
• Shared laughter and inside jokes:  Slang can be humorous and witty, allowing members of a group to share laughter and inside jokes. This creates a sense of shared experience and strengthens the social bond.
• Navigating group dynamics:  Slang can be used to navigate group dynamics and social hierarchies within a community. For example, playful use of slang might be a way for new members to gain acceptance or establish their place within the group.

Examples of social bonding through slang

• Teenagers:  Teenagers often develop their own unique slang terms that reflect their shared experiences and interests. This creates a sense of belonging and distinction from adults who might not understand their lingo.
• Online communities:  Gamers, meme communities, or social media groups often develop their own slang terms that act as a badge of membership and shared understanding.

It’s important to remember

• Slang is constantly evolving:  The slang used for social bonding within a group might change over time as new experiences, trends, and jokes emerge.
• Slang can be exclusionary:  While slang fosters connection within a group, it can also exclude outsiders who are unfamiliar with the lingo. This is not always intentional, but it highlights the importance of clear communication when necessary.

Can slang be considered a form of resistance or rebellion against traditional linguistic norms

Slang can indeed be seen as a form of resistance or rebellion against traditional linguistic norms, though it often operates subtly and indirectly. Here’s how;

• Challenging the status quo:  Slang often emerges outside the established structures of formal language. By creating new words and expressions, it pushes the boundaries of what is considered acceptable speech. This act of innovation can be seen as a slight rebellion against the perceived rigidity of formal language.
• Subverting power structures:   Slang can be used by marginalized communities to express themselves in their own unique way. This allows them to reclaim ownership of language and potentially challenge the dominance of traditional norms associated with established power structures.
• Humor and playfulness:  Slang often employs wordplay, irony, and informality. This playful defiance of formal language structures can be interpreted as a minor act of rebellion against the seriousness and strictures associated with traditional communication.

However, it’s crucial to acknowledge the limitations of viewing slang as a purely rebellious act;

• Gradual acceptance:   Many slang terms eventually become accepted into mainstream language. This indicates that slang’s role might be more about linguistic evolution rather than outright opposition to established norms.
• Unintentional innovation:   Slang often arises organically within communities as a way to express themselves creatively and efficiently. The rebellious aspect might not always be a conscious intention behind the creation and use of slang.

Examples of resistance through slang

• African American Vernacular English (AAVE):  AAVE incorporates unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. While sometimes stereotyped or criticized, it represents a distinct dialect that emerged from the shared experiences of the African American community.
• LGBTQ+ slang:   LGBTQ+ communities have developed their own slang terminology to express their identities and experiences. This creates a sense of shared understanding and community, potentially pushing back against societal norms that might not fully recognize their identities.

Here’s a balanced perspective

• Slang as a testing ground:  Slang acts as a testing ground for new words and expressions. If a slang term gains wider acceptance and proves useful, it can eventually become part of mainstream language, subtly altering the traditional norms.
• Evolution, not revolution:   While slang can challenge the status quo, it’s more about linguistic evolution than a full-fledged rebellion. Slang terms add creativity and dynamism to language, enriching its expressive potential.

What impact does the constant influx of new slang have on the clarity and effectiveness of communication in society?

The constant emergence of new slang has a multifaceted impact on communication, presenting both advantages and challenges;

Positive aspects

• Freshness and Expression:  Slang injects new life and informality into communication. It allows for the creation of nuances, humor, and a sense of shared understanding within a particular group ( https://medium.com/@wepracticenglish/the-impact-of-slang-and-informal-english-on-communication-676798438672 ).
• Cultural Identity:  Slang reflects the evolving culture and social movements. New terms can emerge to express experiences or ideas specific to a community, fostering a sense of belonging.

Negative aspects

• Misunderstandings and Exclusion:  Slang’s informal nature can lead to misinterpretations, especially for those outside the group familiar with the specific terms. This can create communication barriers between generations or social circles.
• Ephemeral Nature:  Slang terms can become outdated rapidly, rendering them confusing for those who haven’t kept up with the evolving language.

Maintaining Clarity

• Context is Key:  Understanding the context in which slang is used is crucial for accurate interpretation.
• Code-switching:  Effective communicators can adapt their language depending on the situation, using slang in informal settings while maintaining proper grammar and terminology in formal contexts.

Are there instances where the use of slang may lead to miscommunication or misunderstandings between generations or demographics

Yes, slang poses a significant risk of miscommunication and misunderstandings between generations and demographics for several reasons;

Generational Vocabulary Gap:  Slang evolves rapidly, with new terms emerging constantly. Older generations might not be familiar with the latest terms, leading to confusion.

• Example: A teenager says their outfit is “fire,” meaning it’s cool or stylish. An adult unfamiliar with this slang might misinterpret it as referring to something literal and dangerous.

Different Cultural Connotations:  Slang terms can carry different meanings within specific groups or communities. What’s considered harmless within a particular circle might be offensive to others unaware of the specific context.

• Example: The term “salty” can mean being upset or bitter among young people. However, someone unfamiliar with this slang might interpret it literally as referring to the taste.

Non-verbal Cues Missing:   Misunderstandings are further amplified in situations where only text-based communication occurs, like online chats or social media. Slang often relies on context and non-verbal cues (tone, facial expressions) for clear understanding, which are absent in purely written communication.

• Example: Saying “that’s lit” might be meant as a compliment, but without vocal inflection or emojis, it can be misinterpreted as sarcasm.

Here are some real-world instances;

• Workplace Communication:  A young employee might use “low-key” to express their disagreement with a project, leaving an older manager confused about their actual stance.
• Social Media Interactions:  A teenager might use “bae” to address their friend in a social media post, which could be misconstrued as a romantic term by someone from an older generation.

Bridging the Gap

• Context is crucial:  Pay attention to the surrounding conversation and the relationship between the communicators to understand the intended meaning of slang.
• Ask for clarification:  Don’t hesitate to politely ask for clarification if you encounter an unfamiliar term.
• Be mindful of the audience:  Avoid using slang in formal settings or when communicating with individuals from different generations who might not understand it.

How do linguistic scholars view the role of slang in the broader context of language change and variation

Linguistic scholars generally view slang as a  natural and dynamic force  within the broader context of language change and variation. Here’s a breakdown of their perspective;

Driver of Innovation:  Slang acts as a breeding ground for new words and expressions. Novel terms often emerge from slang and eventually gain wider acceptance, enriching the vocabulary of the language.

• Example: The word “nerd” originally used to describe someone socially awkward, has evolved to encompass a broader meaning of someone with deep intellectual interests.

Reflection of Cultural Shifts:   Slang terms often mirror the evolving social landscape and cultural movements. New slang words can arise to express concepts or experiences specific to a particular community.

• Example: Terms like “woke” or “cancel culture” originated within specific online communities and later entered mainstream usage, reflecting the rise of social media activism.

Language Experimentation:   Slang serves as a platform for experimentation with word formation, grammar, and pronunciation. This experimentation can lead to the introduction of new sounds, grammatical structures, and eventually, contribute to the overall evolution of the language.

• Example: Shortened words like “gonna” (going to) or “ain’t” (am not) started as informal slang but have influenced spoken language patterns.

However, scholars acknowledge the potential drawbacks of slang;

• Transient nature:  Many slang terms have a short lifespan and fade away quickly. This can make them difficult to understand for people outside a specific social group or across generations.
• Potential for ambiguity:  Slang relies heavily on context and shared understanding within a particular community. This can lead to misinterpretations, especially in formal settings or communication across cultural divides.

Overall View

Linguists recognize slang as an  inevitable and crucial aspect of language development . While it can pose challenges due to its informal nature and fleeting existence, slang contributes to the dynamism and adaptability of language, reflecting the ever-changing social and cultural landscape.

Here’s an additional point to consider;

• Not all slang becomes mainstream:  While some slang paves the way for new words and expressions, a significant portion doesn’t enter the general lexicon. This highlights the dynamic nature of language acceptance and the role of broader societal factors in shaping language evolution.

Is there a correlation between the prevalence of slang in a language and the overall cultural dynamism of a society

There exists a  potential correlation  between the prevalence of slang and a society’s cultural dynamism, but it’s not a straightforward cause-and-effect relationship. Here’s a breakdown of the connection;

Supporting the Correlation

Reflection of Change:  Slang often emerges as a response to new ideas, experiences, and cultural shifts. A society undergoing rapid changes might exhibit a more vibrant slang scene as new terms arise to reflect these evolving dynamics.

• Example: The emergence of internet culture has led to a surge of slang terms specific to online communities and technological advancements.

Innovation and Expression:  Slang allows for experimentation with language, creating new ways to express oneself and fostering a sense of belonging within groups experiencing cultural changes.

• Example: LGBTQ+ communities often develop specific slang terms to express their unique experiences and identities.

Weakening the Correlation

• External Influences:  Slang can also be heavily influenced by external factors like media, popular culture, or even neighboring languages. This influence can be independent of the inherent dynamism within a society.
• Example: American slang terms like “lit” or “woke” have been adopted globally through pop culture and social media, even in societies with slower cultural shifts.
• Historical Context:  Not all societies with high cultural dynamism necessarily exhibit a proportional amount of slang. Historical factors, social structures, and the overall emphasis on formal language use can also play a role.
• Example: Certain cultures might prioritize the preservation of traditional language forms, limiting the space for widespread slang adoption despite undergoing significant social changes.

Therefore, while a link exists, it’s not a perfect one;

• Slang prevalence can be a contributing factor  to understanding a society’s cultural dynamism, reflecting the need for new terms to express evolving experiences.
• However, it’s not the sole indicator.  External influences, historical context, and the societal view on language use all play a role.

A more comprehensive analysis requires considering various factors;

• Nature of cultural change:  The type of change (social movements, technological advancements) can influence the kind of slang that emerges.
• Social acceptance of slang:  Some societies might be more receptive to incorporating slang into everyday communication compared to others.
• Accessibility of education and media:  Widespread literacy and exposure to diverse media can contribute to the spread of slang terms.

Conclusion:  The prevalence of slang can offer  clues  about a society’s cultural dynamism, but it should be examined alongside other social and historical factors for a more accurate understanding.

How does slang intersect with issues of inclusivity and exclusivity within linguistic communities

Slang has a complex relationship with inclusivity and exclusivity within linguistic communities. Here’s a breakdown of this interplay;

Promoting Inclusivity

Shared Identity:  Slang can foster a sense of belonging and in-group solidarity within a specific community. Using shared slang terms creates a sense of shared experience and strengthens group identity.

• Example: Teenagers using slang like “lit” or “fam” create a sense of camaraderie and belonging within their peer group.

Evolving Language:  Slang can pave the way for the inclusion of new words and expressions into the broader language. If a slang term gains wider acceptance, it can enrich the vocabulary and reflect the evolving experiences of a particular community.

• Example: The term “bae,” originally used within African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), has gained mainstream usage, reflecting a broader societal shift.

Perpetuating Exclusivity

Gatekeeping and In-group Language:  Slang can be used as a form of gatekeeping, excluding those unfamiliar with the specific terms. This can create a barrier for outsiders trying to understand or participate in the community.

• Example: A group of friends using highly specific gaming slang might unintentionally exclude someone new to the game.

Unintentional Bias:   Slang terms can sometimes carry unintended biases or perpetuate negative stereotypes. Unawareness of these connotations can lead to offensive or exclusionary communication.

• Example: Using certain slang terms historically associated with marginalized groups without understanding their context can be insensitive.

Finding Balance

• Context is Key:  Understanding the context in which slang is used is crucial. What might be acceptable within a specific group might be offensive in a broader setting.
• Evolving with Language:  Language is constantly evolving, and slang plays a role in this process. However, being mindful of the potential for exclusion and avoiding perpetuating biases through slang usage is important.

Here are some additional points to consider;

• Reclaiming Slang:  Marginalized communities can sometimes reclaim slang terms that were previously used derogatorily to empower themselves and redefine the meaning within their group.
• Importance of Education:  Raising awareness about the potential pitfalls of slang and promoting sensitivity towards the language used within different communities can foster more inclusive communication.

Slang can be a double-edged sword when it comes to inclusivity and exclusivity. While it fosters a sense of belonging within communities, it’s crucial to be mindful of the potential to unintentionally exclude others.

Are there instances where slang words or expressions transition from subcultural usage to mainstream acceptance, and what drives this transition

Yes, there are numerous instances where slang words and expressions successfully transition from subcultural usage to mainstream acceptance. This transition is driven by several factors;

Factors Influencing the Shift

Media Exposure:   Slang terms gain significant traction through widespread media presence. This includes music, movies, television shows, and social media.

• Example: The term “selfie,” popularized through social media sharing, has become widely used to describe self-portraits.

Social Media and Pop Culture:   The rapid spread of information and trends through online platforms like social media allows slang to reach a wider audience quickly.

• Example: Gaming slang like “GG” (good game) or “OP” (overpowered) have transcended the gaming community and entered general online communication.

Utility and Cultural Relevance:   Slang terms that fill a gap in the existing vocabulary or effectively express a new concept are more likely to be adopted.

• Example: The term “ghosting” to describe abruptly ending a relationship became widely used due to its conciseness in capturing a growing phenomenon.

Fashion and Group Identity:   Slang associated with popular fashion trends or used by celebrities can gain mainstream acceptance due to the aspirational nature of these figures.

• Example: Surfing slang like “rad” or “gnarly” became popularized in the 1980s and entered mainstream usage.

Examples of Slang Transitioning to Mainstream

• “Legit” (originally African-American Vernacular English):  This term signifying genuineness or authenticity has become widely used.
• “Bae” (originally African-American Vernacular English):  Initially used as a term of endearment, it has gained broader acceptance.
• “Swag” (originally hip-hop culture):  Evolved from signifying style or confidence to a more general term.

Not all Slang Makes the Cut

It’s important to note that not all slang successfully transitions. Here’s why;

• Ephemeral Nature:  Many slang terms have a short lifespan and fade away quickly, limiting their widespread adoption.
• Cultural Specificity:  Slang specific to a particular community or niche interest might not resonate with a broader audience.
• Negative Connotations:  Slang terms with offensive meanings are unlikely to gain mainstream acceptance.

To what extent does the use of slang in Modern English reflect societal attitudes towards formality and informality

The  prevalence of slang in Modern English  significantly reflects a societal shift towards a  more informal and relaxed approach to language . Here’s a breakdown of this connection;

Informal Language on the Rise

• Increased Casual Communication:  Modern society emphasizes casual interaction in various aspects of life. From the workplace adopting a more relaxed dress code to the rise of social media interactions, informality has permeated many aspects of daily communication.
• Slang as a Marker of Connection:  Slang allows individuals to build rapport and establish a sense of shared experience within a group. Using common slang terms fosters a sense of informality and familiarity.
• Evolution of Media and Entertainment:  Informal language dominates popular culture, including music, movies, and television shows. This constant exposure normalizes the use of slang in everyday communication.

Slang: Not a Sign of Deteriorating Language

• Language is Dynamic:  Languages naturally evolve to reflect the changing needs of their speakers. Slang is a part of this evolution, providing new ways to express oneself and fostering creativity within language.
• Formal Settings Still Value Proper Language:  While slang is increasingly common, formal contexts like academic writing, business presentations, and legal proceedings still maintain the importance of proper grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.

Finding the Balance

• Code-switching:  Effective communicators understand the importance of adapting their language depending on the situation. Slang can be appropriate in casual settings, while formal contexts require proper language use.
• Nuance and Context:  Slang can add nuance and humor to informal communication. However, being mindful of the potential for misunderstandings, especially across age groups or cultural divides, is crucial.

However, the rise of Slang doesn’t mean complete informality

• Formal Language Still Holds Importance:  Formal communication remains essential in specific contexts like education, legal matters, and professional settings.
• Respectful Communication:  Even in informal settings, maintaining respectful language and avoiding offensive slang is vital.

Therefore, the increased use of slang reflects a societal shift towards informality, but it doesn’t diminish the importance of formal language in specific contexts.

• Technology and Social Media:  The rapid exchange of information and the casual nature of online interactions have further contributed to the widespread use of slang.
• Globalized Communication:  Informal language can sometimes act as a bridge between cultures, fostering a sense of casual connection in a globalized world.

Can the study of slang provide insights into the historical and sociopolitical context of a particular period

Yes, studying slang can offer valuable insights into the historical and sociopolitical context of a specific period, but it needs to be combined with other sources of information for a comprehensive understanding.

Slang as a Cultural Barometer

Reflecting Societal Shifts:  Slang often emerges in response to new experiences, ideas, and social movements. The emergence of new slang terms can point towards significant cultural shifts or prevailing social issues.

• Example: The coining of the term “beatnik” in the 1950s reflected the rise of the counterculture movement and the exploration of alternative lifestyles.

Attitudes and Values:   Slang can reveal the prevailing attitudes and values within a society. The analysis of popular slang terms can shed light on common concerns, social hierarchies, and even humor.

• Example: The use of slang terms mocking the wealthy during the Great Depression can indicate the frustration and resentment felt by the working class.

Limitations of Slang Analysis

• Ephemeral Nature:  Many slang terms have a short lifespan, limiting their historical significance. Focusing solely on slang might miss out on long-lasting cultural trends.
• Ambiguity and Context Dependence:  Slang terms can be subjective and heavily influenced by specific social groups or communities. Misinterpretations can arise without understanding the cultural context in which the slang originated.

Effective Analysis Requires

• Cross-referencing:  Studying slang alongside historical documents, literature, and social commentaries provides a more comprehensive picture of the era.
• Understanding the Origin and Evolution:  Tracing the origin and evolution of slang terms can provide context about the social movements or events that influenced their creation.

Examples of Slang Revealing Historical Context

• The use of the term “groovy” in the 1960s  reflected the emphasis on enjoyment, relaxation, and a carefree lifestyle associated with the counterculture movement.
• Slang terms used during World War II  like “doughboy” (soldier) or “flak” (anti-aircraft fire) offered a glimpse into the military culture and everyday experiences of soldiers.

How has the globalization of communication influenced the cross-cultural exchange and adoption of slang terms

Globalization of communication has significantly  amplified the cross-cultural exchange and adoption of slang terms . This influence is a double-edged sword, presenting both opportunities and challenges;

Opportunities for Exchange

Media as a Catalyst:  The rise of global media platforms like social media, music, and movies exposes individuals to slang terms from various cultures. This widespread exposure makes slang terms more likely to be adopted by a wider audience.

• Example: Korean pop music (K-Pop) has introduced Korean slang words like “daebak” (amazing) and “aegyo” (acting cute) to a global audience.

Interconnectivity through Technology:  Online communication platforms like social media and gaming communities allow users from different backgrounds to interact directly. This interaction creates spaces where slang terms can be exchanged and adopted organically.

• Example: Gaming slang like “GG” (good game) or “AFK” (away from keyboard) has transcended language barriers due to the global nature of online gaming communities.

Challenges of Misunderstandings

• Cultural Nuances and Context:  Slang terms often carry specific connotations and meanings within their originating cultures. Direct translation might not capture the intended meaning, leading to misinterpretations.
• Example: The Japanese term “kawaii” (cute) can be misinterpreted as childish or immature in some Western cultures.
• Ephemeral Nature of Slang:   The rapid evolution of slang terms can pose a challenge for understanding across cultures. A term that might be trendy in one region could be outdated or even offensive in another.
• Example: A slang term used in a popular song might be widely adopted globally, but its meaning might fade away quickly, causing confusion for those who encounter it later.

Emerging Trends

• Language Borrowing and Adaptation:   Cultures often borrow and adapt slang terms from each other, sometimes infusing them with their own linguistic elements.
• Example: The English slang term “swag” has been adopted in various cultures with slight variations in pronunciation or spelling.
• Multilingual Slang:   The increasing interconnectedness fosters the creation of slang terms that blend elements from multiple languages.
• Example: “Spanglish” is a blend of Spanish and English commonly used in certain regions along the US-Mexico border.

Overall, globalization has

• Increased the  accessibility  of slang terms from different cultures.
• Created opportunities for  cross-cultural exchange  and understanding.
• Highlighted the importance of  context awareness  to avoid misinterpretations.

The future of slang in a globalized world

• Potential for a more interconnected global language:  Slang exchange might pave the way for the emergence of a more unified and dynamic form of communication that transcends traditional language barriers.
• Continued need for cultural sensitivity:  As cultural exchange intensifies, understanding the nuances and potential offensiveness of slang terms from different backgrounds remains crucial for effective communication.

Do certain industries or professions have their own unique slang, and how does this contribute to professional identity

Yes, many industries and professions develop their own unique slang or jargon. This phenomenon contributes to professional identity in several ways;

Building Cohesion and Shared Experience

Shorthand Communication:   Slang allows professionals within a specific field to communicate complex ideas quickly and efficiently using terms understood by those “in the know.” This fosters a sense of shared experience and in-group membership.

• Example: Doctors might use terms like “STAT” (urgent) or “Rx” (prescription) which streamline communication within the medical field.

Developing Camaraderie:   Using shared slang contributes to a sense of camaraderie and belonging within a profession. Humor and inside jokes facilitate team bonding and a relaxed work environment.

• Example: Lawyers might use lighthearted slang related to legal proceedings to de-stress during intense work hours.

Demonstrating Expertise

Signaling Knowledge:   Fluently using industry-specific slang can indicate familiarity and competence within the field. Understanding technical jargon demonstrates dedication to the profession.

• Example: In finance, understanding terms like “bull market” or “bear market” indicates knowledge of financial concepts.

Establishing Credibility:   Using appropriate professional slang can enhance credibility when communicating with peers or clients familiar with the terminology.

• Example: An architect referencing “load-bearing wall” demonstrates understanding of structural building elements.

However, overreliance on slang can also have drawbacks;

Barriers to Entry:   Excessive jargon can alienate newcomers to the profession and hinder clear communication with those outside the field.

• Example: A technical presentation filled with engineering jargon might be incomprehensible to an investor with no engineering background.

Unprofessional Communication:   Using informal slang in highly professional settings can undermine credibility and create a perception of lack of seriousness.

• Example: A lawyer using highly informal slang while addressing a judge would be considered unprofessional.

Therefore, striking a balance is key

• Professional Communication:  Maintaining proper grammar and sentence structure remains essential in formal settings.
• Clarity and Conciseness:  Slang can be a valuable tool when used appropriately to expedite communication within the profession, as long as clarity is not compromised.
• Understanding the Audience:  Professionals need to adapt their language depending on the context and the background of the audience.

Are there age-related patterns in the adoption and adaptation of slang, and if so, what factors influence these patterns

Yes, there are distinct  age-related patterns  in the adoption and adaptation of slang, influenced by several factors;

Factors Shaping Age-related Slang Patterns

• Generational Cohorts:   People tend to form social circles with their peers, sharing experiences and developing in-group language. This creates a sense of belonging and facilitates communication within their age group.
• Example: Teenagers might adopt slang specific to their social circles like “lit” or “fire” to describe something cool or exciting.
• Exposure to Media and Pop Culture:  Younger generations are often at the forefront of consuming and adopting new trends spread through social media, music, and popular culture. This exposure heavily influences the slang terms they encounter and adopt.
• Example: The rise of online gaming platforms has led to the widespread use of gaming slang like “GG” (good game) or “AFK” (away from keyboard) primarily among younger demographics.
• Evolving Language:  Slang constantly undergoes transformation. Newer terms emerge, while older ones might fade away or become outdated. This rapid evolution can create a gap between younger and older generations.
• Example: The term “rad” which was popular in the 1980s might be considered outdated by younger generations who might use slang like “epic” or “sick” instead.

Challenges and Misunderstandings

• Communication Gap:  The rapid change in slang can lead to communication gaps between generations. Older individuals might not understand the latest terms used by younger people, hindering effective communication.
• Example: A parent unfamiliar with teenage slang might be confused by their child saying their outfit is “busted” (meaning cool or stylish).
• Perception and Stereotypes:   Slang used by younger generations might sometimes be perceived as frivolous or disrespectful by older people. This can lead to negative connotations and judgment.

However, it’s important to note

• Not All Slang is Age-Specific:  Some slang terms transcend age groups and become widely adopted.
• Individual Preferences:  Not everyone within the same age group adopts every new slang term. Individual preferences and social circles play a role.
• Adaptability and Code-switching:  People can adapt their language depending on the situation. While using slang with peers, they might switch to more formal language in professional settings.

Factors Encouraging Intergenerational Understanding

• Open Communication:  Maintaining open communication channels between generations allows for clarification and reduces the risk of misunderstandings.
• Active Listening:  Making an effort to understand the context in which slang is used can bridge the communication gap.
• Cultural Awareness:  Recognizing that slang is a natural part of language evolution and being open to learning new terms can foster better understanding.

How does the coexistence of formal and informal language, including slang, impact the education system and workplace communication

The coexistence of formal and informal language, including slang, presents both  advantages and challenges  in the education system and workplace communication.

In the Education System

• Formal Language as Foundation:  Mastering formal language skills like proper grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure remains crucial. This equips students with the ability to communicate effectively in academic settings, write clear and concise essays, and express themselves articulately in professional situations.

Informal Language for Engagement:   Incorporating informal language strategically can:

• Create a more engaging learning environment:  Using relatable examples, humor, or occasional slang terms can make lessons more interesting and relatable for students.
• Facilitate discussions:  Encouraging informal discussions in a safe space can help students feel comfortable expressing themselves and participating actively.
• Overreliance on slang can hinder the development of formal language skills.
• Educators need to strike a balance between using appropriate informal language to connect with students and emphasizing the importance of formal communication in academic writing and presentations.

In Workplace Communication

• Formal Language for Professionalism:   Formal language is essential in most workplaces to maintain professionalism, ensure clarity in communication, and project a competent image. This applies to emails, presentations, reports, and interactions with clients or colleagues.

Informal Language for Building Rapport:   Using informal language strategically can:

• Foster a more collaborative and positive work environment.
• Help build rapport and a sense of camaraderie among colleagues.
• Facilitate brainstorming sessions or casual conversations.

Understanding Context:   The key lies in  code-switching , adapting language depending on the situation:

• Formal settings:  Meetings with clients, presentations, or addressing superiors require proper grammar and formal vocabulary.
• Informal settings:  Casual conversations with colleagues, team lunches, or brainstorming sessions allow for more relaxed language, including occasional use of in-group slang.

Potential Issues

• Misunderstandings:   Informal language or slang can lead to misinterpretations, especially in a diverse workplace with individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
• Unprofessionalism:   Excessive use of slang in formal settings can undermine credibility and create a perception of a lack of seriousness.

Effective Communication Strategies

• Clarity and Conciseness:  Regardless of formality, prioritize clear and concise communication to avoid misunderstandings.
• Audience Awareness:  Tailor your language to the specific audience and the context of the communication.
• Maintaining Professionalism:  Even in informal settings, avoid using offensive language or slang that might be culturally insensitive.

Conclusion:  The coexistence of formal and informal language necessitates  adaptability and awareness . Educational institutions should equip students with both formal language skills and the ability to navigate informal communication effectively. 

In what ways does slang contribute to the creation of a shared language among specific communities or social circles

Slang plays a significant role in creating a shared language within specific communities and social circles by fostering a sense of;

Belonging and In-group Identity

• Using shared slang terms creates a sense of  ingroup membership  and strengthens the bond between individuals within a particular community.
• It acts as a marker that distinguishes them from outsiders and allows them to identify with each other.

Shared Experiences and Cultural Connection

• Slang often emerges in response to  common experiences  within a specific community.
• Using these terms becomes a way to acknowledge these shared experiences and fosters a sense of cultural connection.
• Example: Gamers using slang like “GG” (good game) or “OP” (overpowered) signifies their shared experience within the gaming community.

Humor and Creativity

• Slang can be a creative way to express oneself and  introduce humor  within a group.
• Shared understanding of these terms allows for creating jokes and references specific to the community.
• Example: Students at a university might develop slang related to specific professors or campus life, creating a humorous element within their close-knit community.

Evolving Language and Social Dynamics

• Slang is dynamic and constantly evolving.
• New terms emerge to reflect the changing experiences and social dynamics within a community, keeping the shared language fresh and relevant.
• Example: LGBTQ+ communities often develop unique slang terms to express their identities and experiences, which evolve alongside the evolving social landscape.

Additional factors contributing to a shared language;

Social Media and Online Communication Platforms

• These platforms facilitate the rapid spread of slang within communities, especially among younger generations.
• Shared online spaces allow for the creation and adoption of new slang terms quickly.

Inside Jokes and References:  Humor and shared references using slang further solidify the in-group bond and strengthen the sense of a shared language.

Slang is not a replacement for formal language:  While it plays a crucial role in informal communication within communities, individuals still need to master formal language skills for academic and professional settings.

Slang can be exclusive

• Understanding slang specific to a particular community can be challenging for outsiders.
• This can create a barrier to communication and hinder inclusivity.

Can the study of slang in Modern English provide insights into the power dynamics and social hierarchies within a given society

Yes, studying slang in Modern English can offer  valuable insights  into the power dynamics and social hierarchies within a society, but  certain limitations  need to be considered for a comprehensive understanding. Here’s a breakdown of this relationship;

Slang as a Reflection of Social Dynamics

Power Dynamics

• Slang can sometimes originate from  marginalized communities  and later be adopted by dominant groups. This reflects the power dynamics at play, where terms coined by underprivileged groups gain popularity and acceptance within society.
• Example: African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) has significantly influenced mainstream slang, with terms like “bae” or “woke” originally emerging within this community.

Social Hierarchy and Group Identity

• Slang use can indicate distinctions between different social classes or groups.
• Certain communities might develop unique slang that differentiates them from others, reinforcing group identity and potentially highlighting social hierarchies.
• Example: Business communities might have specific jargon related to finance or stock markets, setting them apart from individuals outside this social sphere.

Challenging the Status Quo

• Slang can sometimes be used to challenge existing power structures or dominant ideologies.
• Creating counter-cultural slang can be a way for marginalized groups to express resistance and carve out their own space within society.
• Example: LGBTQ+ communities often develop slang terms to challenge heteronormative language and express their unique identities.

Focus on Informal Communication:   Slang primarily reflects informal settings and conversations. Power dynamics within formal institutions like government or corporations might not be solely reflected through slang use.

Ephemeral Nature and Ambiguity:   Many slang terms have a short lifespan and can be subjective in meaning. Relying solely on slang analysis might provide an incomplete picture of power structures within a society.

Conflation with Cultural References:   Slang needs to be distinguished from cultural references specific to a particular community. Understanding the context and origin of the term is crucial to avoid misinterpretations related to power dynamics.

• Cross-referencing with Other Sources:  Studying slang alongside historical documents, social commentaries, and analysis of formal power structures provides a more rounded picture.
• Understanding the Context and Evolution:  Tracing the origin and evolution of slang terms can shed light on the social movements or events that influenced their creation and acceptance within certain groups.
• The use of slang mocking the wealthy during the Great Depression can indicate the resentment felt by the working class towards those in positions of power.
• The coining of the term “boss” to describe a leader can reflect the importance placed on individual achievement and entrepreneurial spirit within a society.

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Exploring genre in creative writing

Comparative analysis of English dialects

Linguistic discrimination and its consequences

Importance of grammar in writing

12 Grammar mistakes to avoid

what are vowels

what is an idiom

What are the best tools for grammar and spell-checking in writing

What are the essential elements of English grammar

English capitalization rules

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Chapter 7: Language

What About the Use of Slang?

You may feel comfortable speaking to your friends or coworkers using the latest terms; however, it is important for the public speaker to limit her/his use of slang. While you may have an informal style and/or topic, remember that not all members of an audience are privy to the meaning behind the words. Certainly, some slang terms have become so commonplace that these terms have now become a part of the mainstream culture. But slang comes and goes quickly. While just about everyone probably knows what a “BFF ” is, how many people are still using that term on a regular basis? It has already been pushed aside for something new that’s the nature of creative expression. There is always something new around the corner.

Fundamentals of Public Speaking Copyright © by Lumen Learning is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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