welfare club essay

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Promotion of rationality, understanding, consciousness, wisdom and compassion: one world for all, welfare clubs.

Human life being too precarious (anybody can fall into desperation, devastation, depression, bad health, state of disability, wretchedness… at any time by any accident or by systemic causes and doings); and our social, economic and cultural system being being too callous, uncivilized and brutal:  Welfare Clubs are a modest attempt at ensuring Mutual Welfare of one another by the people of the same trade that understand their own and their fellow-beings’ similarities in life-conditions. We have planned six Welfare Clubs for Mutual Exchange and Mutual Help, viz., Readers’ Welfare Club , Artists’ Welfare Club , Writers’ Welfare Club , Teachers’ Welfare Club , Translators’, Editors’, PMs’ Welfare Club , Workers’ Welfare Club .

All the Welfare Clubs will be governed by an Executive Committee , whose Rules and Regulations will be drafted by the Members of the Executive Committee themselves.

Executive Committee will be an elected body whose elections will be held periodically as per the rules and regulations of the said body.

Kindly hover over and click at the respective links here for joining in Readers’ Welfare Club , Artists’ Welfare Club , Writers’ Welfare Club , Teachers’ Welfare Club , Translators’, Editors’, PMs’ Welfare Club , Workers’ Welfare Club  or for viewing Executive Committee , and  Rules and Regulations .

Welfare and Charity in Society Essay

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Ever since the promoters of neo-Liberalism had taken over the designing of social policies in Western countries, their preoccupation with popularizing the concept of the “welfare state” assumed pathological qualities. Nowadays, the majority of people in these countries are made to believe that society’s proper functioning cannot be assured, without citizens becoming automatically eligible for various social assistance programs; every time they find themselves unemployed. However, under closer look, the very essence of this seemingly progressive idea appears to be utterly counterproductive; because, whatever illogical it might sound – modern social assistance programs do facilitate poverty. In this paper, we will aim at substantiating the validity of this suggestion and also at revealing the very concept of charity as not only metaphysically senseless but even socially dangerous, when applied practically.

In their book “Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy”, Diana DiNitto and Linda K. Cummins provide us with the insight on historical origins of social assistance programs in America: “Originally, the Social Security program covered only retirement benefits for workers in about half of the labor force; many farm and domestic workers and self-employed people were exempted, as were state and local government employees” (DiNitto, Cummings 127). In other words, what initially used to qualify American citizens for welfare in the thirties was their previous extensive work record, because only people, who had proven their willingness to work hard in the past, were assumed as eligible to receive monetary assistance from the government, in order to be able to get back on their feet. This can be explained by the fact that ever since the founding of the United States in 1776, the designing of socio-political policies in this country was firmly based on Protestant existential ethics, which derive out of principle: “if you cannot help yourself – no one can”. Therefore, it is important to understand that originally, America’s social assistance programs were being conceived as “stimulus” rather than “help”. Nowadays, this is no longer the case, because the government considers welfare as simply a practical tool of building a “fair and tolerant society”, with American citizens being expected to “celebrate diversity” as their foremost priority. Whereas, before the outbreak of WW2, the issue of poverty has been viewed through the lenses of both: sociology and biology; today, the causes for poverty are assumed to be strict of environmental nature. In their book, DiNitto and Cummings make a perfectly good point when they state: “Although inadequate income has always been a concern during economic depressions, poverty has been a political issue only for the last 45 years” (DiNitto, Cummings 81). Even though that there is plenty of evidence as to the fact that biological factors play a very important role, within a context of defining people’s social status, the very thought that citizens’ racial affiliation affects the particularities of their lifestyle, is now considered taboo – it is namely this that results in modern social assistance programs being utterly ineffective. People are not being forced into poverty, as promoters of the neo-Liberal agenda want us to believe – very often, living in the state of poverty simply corresponds to their mentality. For example, the drop out-rate among Hispanic students in high schools accounts for 45%, and as practice shows, these students consciously choose in favor of dropping out of schools, simply because they want to pursue a career as drug dealers while understanding perfectly well the consequences of such their decision. They know that in America, only people with university diplomas have a chance of obtaining steady and well-paid jobs, yet the prospects of fast and illegal enrichment cause many Hispanic students to be willing to sacrifice their future. In its turn, this explains why Hispanics are being affected by poverty to a significantly higher degree, as compared to representatives of other ethnic minorities.

Today, it is being commonly assumed that it is practically impossible for an individual to meet ends while relying on welfare as the only source of income. However, as practice shows, many welfare recipients have a different perspective on this issue. They are quite satisfied to be getting $500-$600 worth in welfare checks on a monthly basis, without having to work, because it is more than enough to satisfy their primitive needs. And, in case they run out of money, they simply conceive more children, whose birth will automatically qualify parents for a substantial increase in welfare payments. It is not a secret that many Hispanic families have turned “child-making” into a full-scale commercial enterprise while thinking about the idea of looking for work as ridiculous. Therefore, even though that the concept of providing citizens with social assistance, while they are in need, is absolutely appropriate, the realities of multicultural living in today’s America and in other Western countries had deprived it of its beneficial effects on a nation-wide level. Nowadays, citizens are not being made eligible for welfare payments because they actually deserve it, but because their existence is believed to represent an objective value. Thus, the very concept of social assistance as monetary stimulus has now been replaced with the concept of welfare as charity. In its turn, this resulted in the welfare system becoming the agent of social entropy in Western countries. In their article “Work and Economic Outcomes after Welfare”, Thomas Vartanian and Justine McNamara argue that the negative effects of social assistance programs on society’s integrity are proportionate to these programs’ extensiveness: “There are many indications as to the fact that the likelihood of poverty and welfare use increases as welfare benefits increase. Moreover – the likelihood of employment decreases as welfare benefits rise” (Vartanian, McNamara 43). People that are being instilled with the idea that it is society’s responsibility to assure their well-being, become psychologically disarmed while facing life challenges. In its turn, this decreases their chances of attaining prosperity. This is why it is important to understand that the welfare system cannot be thought of as a “thing in itself” – social assistance programs can only benefit people for as long as these programs do not undermine society’s structural wholesomeness. However, the very neo-Liberal concept of “welfare state”, which is now being advertised as utterly progressive, can only be practiced at the expense of society’s members becoming “existentially atomized”. The only reason why, up until recently, Western societies have been strongly associated with the notion of cultural and scientific progress, is because these societies’ existential energy was being utilized for reaching external goals. Today, it is no longer the case – this energy is now serving the purpose of increasing the levels of equality among citizens. However, according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the complete dissipation of energy within a system causes this system to collapse. Therefore, the existence of the state of inequality among people is vital, within a context of these people pursuing their evolutionary destiny – White people’s ability to put a man on the Moon is innately interconnected with the inability of members of many indigenous tribes, throughout the world, to evolve beyond a Stone Age, over the course of millennia. This is the reason why the concept of social assistance programs as the tool of facilitating equality among people is not only utterly unscientific but also potentially dangerous, as it increases the amount of energetic entropy, within a society. It is not by pure accident that the apparent slowing down of the pace of scientific progress in Western countries (with exception of the invention of the Internet, not a single scientific breakthrough of universal magnitude has been achieved, over the course of the last 30 years), coincided with the rapid increase of welfare’s popularity among citizens. In his article “Is Welfare Redeemable”, Randy Frame is making a good point when he states: “One clear failing of the present welfare system is its inability to provide assistance without creating harmful dependencies, diminishing individual responsibility, and eroding family cohesiveness and accountability… We are destroying human spirits and souls when we create a system which is focused totally on the elimination of deprivation, instead of a system which encourages autonomy, encourages people to develop their skills, encourages people to live lives of disciplined virtue” (Frame 45). Thus, it will not be much of an exaggeration, on our part, to suggest that the modern concept of social assistance programs actually facilitate poverty in Western countries, because politicians in charge of designing them, do not seem to be concerned with anything else but increasing their chances of getting reelected. In fact, turning America into a welfare state has become an official agenda of this country’s new Presidential Administration. However, given the fact that this agenda does not incorporate a scientific understanding of people’s biological nature, as its essential element, it will fail, just as it happened to numerous neo-Liberal social initiatives in the past.

As we have mentioned earlier, today’s concept of welfare programs is charitable in its very essence. Many people think of such a state of affairs as absolutely appropriate, without understanding that they could not possibly be more wrong. This is because the notion of charitable activities as such that is capable of providing qualitative help to people in need is scientifically fallacious, which is why people who practice these activities only add to the amount of pain and suffering in the world. In his book “The Death of the West”, Patrick J. Buchanan rightly suggests: “Great folly of

Christian doctrine was probably never as glaringly revealed as by the insane policies the Christian churches implemented in the Third.

World. The churches oppose contraception, sterilization, and abortion among their members. This results in exploding population growth which is further abetted by the medical care and food provided by the same churches” (Buchanan 125). Whenever we like it or not – people are subjected to the laws of evolution as much as plants and animals. Therefore, just as trilobites, which can still be found at the ocean’s depths, represent the “dead end “of aquatic evolution, people associated with primitive cultures; represent the “dead end” of human evolution. In its turn, this allows us to conclude that religious and political doctrines that promote the principle of egalitarianism are counterproductive, as they prevent the course of evolution from remaining on its natural track. Nowadays, the notions of conventional morality (sanctity of human life, equality, tolerance, etc.) serve as agents of social entropy, because it is due to the fact that such notions are being forcibly jammed down people’s throats in Western countries, which result in these countries being gradually turned into Third World slums themselves. Therefore, it is important to understand that, contrary to a popular belief, charity is not a virtue – it actually represents a transgression against the laws of nature. This is why we cannot agree with “professional moralists” as Jenifer Delton, who in her article “Charity State” insists that people must be willing to “give”, in order to make this world a better place: “Charity is valuable because it fosters social cohesion, contentment, and wealth. It is thus valuable to individual givers, their communities, and the nation” (Delton 25). The sheer ineffectiveness of charity, as a metaphysical concept, which implies the possibility that poor people can really be helped, by becoming the subjects of charitable activities, is best illustrated by U.N. inability to eliminate “world’s hunger”. For the duration of the last 30 years, not a single U.N. Session has been conducted, without delegates spending a great amount of time while discussing what can be done to eliminate hunger in developing countries. Yet, despite milliards of dollars being poured into these countries’ economies, over the course of decades, people in Africa did not become less hungry. The reason for this is simple – “developing countries” are not really developing, they are rapidly descending into primeval savagery. There can be no doubt as to the fact that citizens in Western countries have the right to “give”, in order to feel better about themselves, but only utterly naïve people can believe that charitable activities represent an objective value – only those who can help themselves deserve to be helped, but they do not require any help. It is a well-known fact that banks prefer giving credits to those who do not really need any money, as opposed to those who claim that, without being given a monetary credit, their lives would be destroyed. The same applies to “people in need” – the more they seem to require assistance, the less likely they would be able to benefit from it. This is why people that are chronically dependent on social security programs, as the way to make living, represent such a heavy social burden. Nevertheless, given the fact that Earth is already being three times overpopulated, only the countries that would be able to adjust their social policies to the notion of sanity (elimination welfare system altogether), are going to have a competitive chance in the future. Therefore, the hordes of welfare recipients in Western countries, 35% of which consist of newly arrived immigrants from the Third World, must be cut off from any monetary assistance altogether, if these countries continue to exist in the future.

Buchanan, P. (2001). The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization. NY: Thomas Dunne Books.

Delton, J. (2008) Charity State. Salmagundi .158 (159), 24-33.

DiNitto, D. and Cummins, L. 2007. Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy. 6 th Edition. NY: Allyn & Bacon.

Frame, R. (1994) Is Welfare Redeemable?. Christianity Today , 38(12), 44-45.

Herrstein, R. and Murray, C. 1994. Bell Curve. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.

Rubenstein, E. (2003) Hispanic High School Disaster – The Evidence Mounts. Vdare.Com. Web.

Vartanian, T and McNamara, J. (2000). Work and Economic Outcomes ffter Welfare. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare . 27(2), 41-77.

Waller, B. 2005. Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. London: Pearson.

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• Chicago (A-D)
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IvyPanda. (2021, December 6). Welfare and Charity in Society. https://ivypanda.com/essays/welfare-and-charity-in-society/

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When Welfare Was a Route to Community Empowerment in Las Vegas

In 1971, black women workers seized control of their own destiny—and won.

Photo credit: Marquezeagles/Wikimedia Commons

This month, Congress passed, and President Joe Biden signed, a bill that seeks to address longstanding economic, educational, local government and health care needs that have become desperate during the pandemic. Even though it was missing key elements – a $15 federal minimum wage, and a lower cutoff for eligibility – Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, chair of the Senate Budget Committee, called the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan (ARP) “the most significant legislation for working people that has been passed in decades.”

And it is. The bill increases access to health care by lowering the cost for millions. It raises the income limit for federal subsidies for Affordable Care Act coverage and dramatically increases funding for Community Health Centers – a War on Poverty innovation. It expands unemployment insurance, provides housing assistance for tens of millions facing eviction, restores funding for Food Stamps and expands the Women and Infant Children Nutrition program.

Finally, it promises to do what has not been done since Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty and backed up the promise with a host of programs that were both problematic and highly effective: to cut child poverty in the United States in half.

But what the ARPA may not do is actually empower poor people to make their own decisions. This is something that we know can happen — because fifty years ago this month, in Las Vegas, Nevada, it did.

In March 1971, a diverse army of welfare rights activists staged two demonstrations and civil disobedience actions on the glittering Las Vegas Strip. Organized and led by Clark County Welfare Rights Organization President Ruby Duncan, a 37-year-old African American single mother of seven, the demonstrators were accompanied by an extraordinary group of allies drawn from multiple peace and liberation movements. Marching with the Welfare Rights Organization were activist priests and nuns from the Order of St. Francis; Reverend Ralph Abernathy, who had replaced the assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. as leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; Hollywood legends Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland, just days before they were to begin their “F the Army” tour of American military bases in Vietnam; and Benjamin Spock, the anti-war pediatrician.

With cameras flashing, the marchers stopped before a giant plaster statue of Julius Caesar that welcomed guests into the iconic Caesars Palace hotel and casino on the west side of the Las Vegas Strip. There, Abernathy orated in thunderous tones: “Caesar, give unto the poor what is theirs!”

Kids poked each other in the ribs and cracked up, while a mob-connected hotel official came up behind Duncan and whispered assurances into her ear that no one would be shot. Secure in that knowledge, scores of mothers and kids streamed into the gilded casinos inside Caesars Palace – then, as now, perhaps the country’s most over-the-top monument to conspicuous consumption for the masses. The hotel and casino’s designer purposefully removed the apostrophe from “Caesar’s” when naming the venue, to project the idea that any man who enters should feel like a king.

That night and the next day, newspapers and TV broadcasts from Vegas to D.C. displayed images of hand-lettered signs held up by skinny armed children, floating shakily over the red velvet and golden craps tables. “Nevada Starves Children,” read the most photographed sign.

These Black activists, like many working-class women, were caught between seasonal wage labor and the welfare system. Black single mothers who had come to Las Vegas originally to work in the Strip hotels not only drew the attention of politicians in Washington and Nevada, they showed how capitalism and the welfare system worked together to keep working women poor.

Rather than keep female workers on staff during seasonal downturns, casino owners laid these women off and put them on welfare, while bureaucrats made them fight for benefits they were entitled to. Welfare also kept the workforce in place for when they were needed: as Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward explained in their 1971 classic Regulating the Poor,  welfare became a way to sustain a low-wage reserve army of labor.

Public assistance certainly kept workers in Vegas during seasons when the hotels had little work. But, as the organizer Duncan often said in answer to people who argued that women had more children to increase their assistance checks: “Yes, welfare is a great lifestyle – if you’re dead.” Poor families needed aid in times of no work. But the women she knew wanted jobs that paid enough to enable them to support their children, decent housing and affordable, safe childcare. As Duncan summed up their political vision: “What any mother wants for her own children, we guarantee to all children.”

When the women took their fight to the Strip, at the height of the era of Rat Pack glamor, casino gambling came to a screeching halt for the first time since mobsters Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel introduced legal gambling to America after World War II. The activists demonstrated their ability to dam the river of cash that flowed 24-7 from Las Vegas to Nevada state government coffers, supporting a range of public services. Customers fled. “They were grabbing their furs and closing their cash registers,” marcher Essie Henderson exulted.

“Plus,” Mary Wesley recalled happily about the marchers sitting down in the Strip as cars piled up in both directions, “we stopped traffic all the way to Los Angeles.”

The Strip protests on March 6 and 13, 1971, were simultaneously energetic, rebellious performances and acts of desperation. Two months earlier, a majority of Nevada recipients of public assistance had their benefits slashed or cut off entirely.

George Miller, Nevada’s welfare director, made this move after attending a “welfare summit” convened by California Governor Ronald Reagan who was campaigning for a second term –  as he had for his first – on the backs of poor moms and kids. Promising “no more pay for play,” Reagan had convened the summit to test the feasibility of mass welfare cut-offs. Miller volunteered to do a dry run in his small state, where it was much less complicated than it would have been in California, Illinois, Massachusetts or New York, which were home to most of the country’s “welfare” recipients and had strong Democratic parties.

But Nevada families on public assistance lived on a knife’s edge. The cuts left some children so hungry that public health nurses reported lesions and soft bones that result from deep and sustained undernourishment – symptoms of rickets.

As the situation worsened, Duncan met with National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO) leaders Johnnie Tillmon, Beulah Sanders, and George Wiley (father of a current candidate for mayor in New York City, Maya Wiley). They advised Duncan to “hit them in the pocketbook.” Driving up the Strip afterwards, the idea of shutting it down with a march struck Duncan like a bolt of lightning: “This is the pocketbook,” she realized, “ This is the main vein.” Aided by Legal Services attorneys and former casino pit bosses, Jack Anderson and Mahlon Brown, the women also filed lawsuits against the state’s welfare authority.

The women’s bold direct-action tactics on the Strip won the public relations battle. The state’s Democratic governor, Michael O’Callaghan, urged the women to stop acting out, stop sitting in and, instead, begin working the system. So they did that too. The women ran voter registration drives, attended county and state Democratic conventions, and earned the right to attend the 1972 and ‘76 Democratic National Conventions. And with the help of Legal Services, in 1972 the women formed Operation Life Community Development Corporation.

They also won their lawsuits: federal judge Roger Foley ordered Nevada to reinstate the women’s benefits. In Goldberg v. Kelley (1970), the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that public assistance could not be terminated without a fair hearing because it was an entitlement of citizenship, “not a gratuity.”

But they didn’t take O’Callaghan’s advice to stop demonstrating. The mothers continued to mount public actions, even occupying O’Callaghan’s home at one point. They staged read-ins in the libraries of white neighborhoods to protest the fact that there was no library in the city’s largely African-American Westside. And they held an eat-in at the Stardust Hotel: 600 hungry children, accompanied by Duncan and Wesley, marched into the luxe dining room, ordered steak and salad, and refused to pay because “children shouldn’t go hungry.”

Equally as important, they sought control over the system that ruled their lives. Over the next twenty years, the mothers operated an array of anti-poverty programs under a slogan that bears reflection 50 years later: “We Can Do It and Do It Better.” By this, they meant better than credentialed government professionals, and better than the state welfare workers who were paid by taxpayers to run “midnight raids” at the women’s homes in the hopes of finding signs that a man who would render them ineligible for public assistance lived there.

Operation Life became a humming engine of change on Las Vegas’s Westside. With volunteer labor, they rehabbed the abandoned Cove Hotel, a hot spot from segregation days, where Black performers Sammy Davis Jr., Nat King Cole, Lena Horne, and Eartha Kitt spent nights jamming after working the Strip hotels, which hired them to perform but would not house them. The Cove reopened as the Operation Life Community Health Center in the 1970s. The women who ran it treated the highest percentage of eligible poor children of any federally-funded pediatric clinic in the nation. With federal anti-poverty dollars, Operation Life hired poor mothers to deliver social services to their community and, in so doing, supported them in escaping the welfare system. The mothers also lobbied and sued to bring food stamps and the WIC program to their state, as one legislator said, “dragging Nevada kicking and screaming into the 20 th Century.”

What Nevada mothers achieved was not unique. With the help of the Welfare Rights organization, poor mothers in 17 states sued and lobbied the federal government to release monies for food stamps, WIC, school lunch and children’s health programs. To the extent that the War on Poverty was successful, it was because of the work and protests run by poor, single mothers of color.

After Ronald Reagan became President in 1980, he promised deep cuts in social service and community development programs, promoting Nevada’s Miller and other conservative welfare bureaucrats to regional Health and Human Services directorships with a mandate to disempower activist groups like Operation Life. Across the country, community activists, especially women of color, were pushed out of positions running WIC programs, health clinics, and housing programs. As Wesley put it, “We were smart enough to bring the programs in, but too dumb to keep running them.”

Still, the programs remained because they became essential to tens of millions of Americans. When George W. Bush attempted to zero out funds for community development block grants after Hurricane Katrina, it was moderate Republicans who fought that and won. The low-income areas they represented could not function without them.

The American Rescue Plan Act restores and even expands funding to many crucial programs launched during the War on Poverty’s early years. But, unlike the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, it does not include a mandate for “maximum feasible participation by the poor themselves.” Nor does it include the living wage that low-wage workers have been fighting for in the streets, statehouses, and boardrooms since 2012.

The vast expansions the bill brings in child tax credit and Earned Income Tax Credits promise the biggest cuts in child poverty in fifty years. But to truly honor the women of Operation Life and the national welfare rights movement of the 1960s and ‘70s, community organizers, academics and radical policy experts will need to push for a renewed faith in the wisdom and lived experience of poor mothers as the true experts on poverty and what needs to be done to alleviate it.

We can do it and do it better, the women of Operation Life argued. Let’s empower them to try.

_____ Annelise Orleck is professor of history at Dartmouth College and the author of five books on the history of US women, politics, immigration, and activism, including  Storming Caesars Palace: How Black Mothers Fought Their Own War on Poverty. 

Annelise Orleck

Annelise Orleck is Professor of History at Dartmouth College

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Essay Samples on Welfare

Implementation of fire safety to protect vulnerable welfare.

Introduction This report has been created to outline methods which can increase community fire safety within the West Midlands (WMFS). They will be discussed in great depth, exploring all avenues and explaining how they would work not only theoretically but practically as well. Since it...

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Flaws and Fixes of Juvenile Justice System

Introduction While the juvenile justice system was originally created to be a social welfare agency to aid youth and their families through increasing availability of services, the practices do not always align with the ideals. For some, the juvenile system does act as an early...

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Disadvantaged Minority Groups in Social Welfare Reform

Welfare reform is the ‘collective name for changes to the benefit (social security) system’ (Anon, 2016). This benefits system is paid by the Government to help various social groups to have a fair amount of income so that they can attend to their own personal...

The Ethics of Animal Welfare in Agriculture Industry

Animal welfare has become a huge topic of discussion as of late. From an agricultural perspective in the Midwest, the fear of farms being viewed as harmful to animals drives advocacy and transparency forward in terms of showing the public why practices are safe for...

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The Cooperation of Democratic Pluralism and Social Welfare

Citizens always has a misunderstanding that the major role in provision of social welfare is generated by the government, which the public sector is only institution to decide and provide social welfare. However, there are other social sectors in welfare provision, including the private sector,...

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The Importance Of Collective Welfare For Organizations

The rapid and sustained development of the economy is leading businesses to operate in a more aggressive and competitive attitude. If organizations do not remain its competitiveness nor ready to change, the likelihood to over slip an opportunity to competitors, decrease in profitability and destined...

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Ngo Poverty Eradication Strategies In Developing Countries

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Developmental And Modernisation Goals Of The State

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The Analysis Of Canada's Welfare State

Canada’s current economic welfare state has proven to be beneficial through the years, due to its socio-economic class and social well-being of its citizens. Workers compensation has helped both employees and employers support one another in the case, where an accident occurs. For workers in...

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• Published: 29 December 2023

Animal welfare research is fascinating, ethical, and useful—but how can it be more rigorous?

• Georgia J. Mason 1  

BMC Biology volume  21 , Article number:  302 ( 2023 ) Cite this article

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The scientific study of animal welfare supports evidence-based good animal care, its research contributing to guidelines and policies, helping to solve practical problems caused by animal stress, and raising fascinating questions about animal sentience and affective states. However, as for many branches of science (e.g. all those with replicability problems), the research rigour of welfare science could be improved. So, hoping to inspire methodologies with greater internal, external, and construct validity, here I outline 10 relevant papers and provide potential “journal club” discussion topics.

Welfare science now: a thriving field with ethical, practical, and fundamental relevance

As noted by Marian Dawkins, a long-standing leader in this field, animals with good welfare are healthy and have what they want (in terms of, for example, space, shelter, and opportunities to perform highly motivated natural behaviours). This results in them having more positive “affective states”, i.e. moods, emotions, and similar. Identifying such states, and understanding how they could be achieved, is the remit of animal welfare research. Studying animal welfare was somewhat fringe when the field emerged in the 1970s and 1980s: a European eccentricity. But today, animal welfare publications number in the thousands annually; animal welfare conferences involve hundreds of researchers; welfare presentations are not uncommon at agricultural, ecology, animal cognition, and even human emotion meetings; welfare research happens in BRICS and developing nations, not just the developed world; and in many countries, welfare research informs policies on how to treat animals. In parallel, welfare research techniques have become more sophisticated, often inspired by studies of human well-being (e.g. mood-sensitive cognitive changes like “judgment bias”).

The growth of welfare science partly reflects its ethical importance, along with increased acceptance by other branches of biology. It also reflects the rewarding nature of working in this field. Intellectually, welfare research touches on fascinating scientific questions such as the evolutionary functions of emotions and moods and the distribution of sentience. Furthermore, despite some tensions between human interests and animal needs (especially in agriculture), understanding and improving welfare can also help solve some practical problems: reducing behavioural problems in pets, tackling poor reproduction in zoos and conservation breeding centres, and increasing job satisfaction for laboratory animal technicians, to name a few. Welfare science is truly an absorbing, satisfying field to be in.

Welfare science in the future: towards greater rigour and validity

BMC Biology’s twentieth anniversary collection comprises comment articles that provide an overview of different fields and projection of future trends, limited to referencing 10 papers. What to cover in my piece? The promise of new technologies for automated welfare assessment? How human research could reveal the functions of conscious affect? The need for wild animal welfare studies in a time of climate change? So many topics, yet underpinning all is a bedrock need for welfare science to be valid: to say something true and relevant about the animals it aims to understand. Validity is therefore my focus, especially given today’s understanding of the unintended consequences of academia’s “publish or perish” culture. I collate 10 papers and provide discussion topics (Table 1 ) for an imaginary journal club on internal, external, and construct validity. A perfect introduction is a seminar by Hanno Würbel, on the principles of good welfare science ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXJ1TDEUf3U&t=1666s ). Overall, I hope to provoke enjoyable debate, (perhaps uneasy) self-reflection, and ultimately more transparent, valid research.

Internal validity: are our studies bias-free and replicable?

Preclinical animal research (aiming to understand human disease) has been subject to devastating scrutiny especially around “spectacular cases of irreproducibility” [ 1 ]. Only half — at best — of biomedical studies are replicable, impeding biomedical progress with vast numbers of false leads. Causes include research designs that bias data (e.g. absence of blinding or randomisation), statistical misbehaviours like “P-hacking”, and selective reporting of results [ 1 ]. A survey of 271 biomedical publications thus identified “a number of issues” [ 2 ], randomisation being reported in just 12% for example. Practices like blinding are crucial in welfare research too, as Tuyttens and colleagues [ 3 ] demonstrated. Students, trained to extract data from ethological videos, produced skewed data if given false information about the subjects being scored (cattle believed to be hot being scored as panting more, for instance), leading the authors to lament, “can we believe what we score, if we score what we believe?”.

Adding further concerns, Kilkenny and colleagues found that only 62% of biomedical experiments that were amenable to factorial designs actually used them. Reassuringly, 87% did seem to use appropriate statistical methods [ 2 ]. However, P-hacking is often impossible to detect post-publication. Furthermore, other work (e.g. excellent publications by Stanley Lazic, including [ 4 ]) identifies pseudoreplication as a common statistical error. The Kilkenny paper also reported some lack of clarity in writing, inconsistent with a priori hypothesis testing, with 5% of studies not explaining their aims. (This issue resonated with me; in my lab, we recently screened the introductions of 71 papers on judgement bias and found it impossible to ascertain the research aims of 8 of these [11%]).

External validity: are our studies relevant to real-world situations?

Even when results are internally valid and replicable, they might be irrelevant to other populations or contexts. Thus, biomedical research results often do not translate to humans; and for animal welfare, data collected in a welfare research lab may not translate to commercial situations. Solutions to this could include “introducing systematic variation (heterogenization) of relevant variables (for example species/strains of animals, housing conditions, tests)” [ 1 ]. Dawkins [ 5 ] takes this further, arguing that, at least for poultry, controlled laboratory situations have limited value. “Working directly with the poultry industry on commercial farms … shows what works in practice, out there in the real world”: it is critically important because “what is true of 50 birds in a small pen is not necessarily true of 50,000 birds in a large poultry house”.

Construct validity: do our measures mean what we think they mean?

Welfare researchers have another challenge: making defensible inferences about something that cannot be measured directly — affective states. Doing this well requires knowing our measures have construct validity, and understanding a priori their strengths and weaknesses. Welfare studies thus largely fall into two types: those seeking to validate new indicators of affect (via manipulations known a priori to influence affective state) and those using well-validated indicators to discover new things about animal well-being. Both must be logical and transparent. Thus, validation studies must use defensible validation methods; and if a potential indicator fails, that measure must not be treated as if still valid. Likewise, welfare studies must select well-validated, appropriate indicators, such that increased/decreased values have meanings that are known a priori , not invoked post hoc once results are known.

If we do not work in this logical way, we risk “HARK-ing” (‘Hypothesising After the Results are Known’): a form of circular reasoning where aims and predictions are covertly tweaked after seeing patterns in the data, which looks (indeed is ) biased. Perhaps worse, we may draw mistaken conclusions about animals: ones which fail to improve their well-being. As Rosso et al. [ 6 ] argue in a preprint, “HARKing can invalidate study outcomes and hamper evidence synthesis by inflating effect sizes... lead researchers into blind alleys … and waste animals, time, and resources”.

So, how to ensure an indicator has construct validity? Jake Veasey and I [ 7 ] outlined three methods: (1) assessing whether a potential indicator changes alongside self-reported affect in humans (assuming homology between species), (2) assessing whether it changes in animals deliberately exposed to aversive treatments, and (3) assessing whether such changes can be reversed pharmacologically, by giving, e.g. analgesics or anxiolytics. Another two — as beautifully laid out by philosopher Heather Browning [ 8 ] — are as follows: (4) recording effects of exposing animals to factors important for fitness and (5) identifying correlates of existing, well-validated indicators. And to give one illustration of construct validation done well, Agnethe-Irén Sandem and colleagues investigated eye-white exposure as a potential indicator of negative affect in cattle (e.g. [ 9 ]); see Table 1 for details.

Underneath all these issues lies the problematic incentive structure of academia. As Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet , wrote in 2015, “No-one is incentivised to be right. Instead, scientists are incentivised to be productive”. Obsessions with publication rates and P -values under 0.05 affect animal welfare science just as they do other disciplines. One partial solution could involve “open science” practices [ 10 ], such as pre-registering planned studies (so that hypotheses and statistical analyses are spelled out a priori , and, for registered reports, manuscripts are peer-reviewed and accepted before results are generated) and providing open access to data (so that anyone can re-analyse them). But perhaps more radically, perhaps a more fundamental overhaul is needed: a transition to a slower, better science that could improve researchers’ welfare as well as animals'?

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

With thanks to many colleagues for past discussions (especially Melissa Bateson, Marian Dawkins, Joe Garner, Birte Nielsen, Mike Mendl, Christian Nawroth, Anna Olsson, Liz Paul, Clive Phillips, Jake Veasey, Hanno Würbel, and the members of the Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare); to Olga Burenkova, Shay Forget, Lindsey Kitchenham, Aileen Maclellan and Alex Podturkin for comments on this paper; and to the many graduate students who took my “Assessing affective states” class (2010–2020). I apologise for relevant studies not mentioned here due to the tight word and reference count restrictions. This work was conducted on the traditional territories of the Mississaugas of the Credit.

The Mason Lab is funded by NSERC.

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Mason, G.J. Animal welfare research is fascinating, ethical, and useful—but how can it be more rigorous?. BMC Biol 21 , 302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-023-01793-x

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Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents

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University College London; Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS); Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)

Rasmus Landersø

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This paper studies the effects of a large welfare benefit reduction on the children in the affected families. The welfare cut targeted adult refugees who received residency in Denmark, and it reduced their disposable income by 30 percent on average over the first five years. We show that children exposed to the welfare cut during preschool and school-age obtained lower GPAs, experienced reduced well-being and overall education levels, and suffered lower employment and earnings as adults. Children in their teens at exposure faced large increases in conviction probabilities for violent and property crimes.

Keywords: crime, welfare state, social assistance, education, inequality

JEL Classification: I24, I30, J10, K14

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The platform —which was approved by the party platform committee July 16, five days before Biden dropped out—is written as though Biden is still the presumptive nominee and details a continuation of his policies, mentioning the president nearly 300 times, compared to just over two dozen mentions of Harris.

Much of the document is dedicated to criticizing former President Donald Trump and drawing a contrast between him and Biden—Trump’s name appears 150 times in document, which states the former president “has a very different vision” from Democrats, “one focused . . . on revenge and retribution, not on the American people, but on himself.”

The platform reiterates Biden’s call for a two-state solution for Israelis and Palestinians and touts his push for an “immediate and lasting ceasefire deal” to end the war between Israel and Hamas, along with the delivery of humanitarian assistance to the Palestinian people and a $14 billion aid package for Israel that Biden signed into law, but it does not mention an arms embargo on Israel—a key demand for pro-Palestinian protesters and the “uncommitted” delegates who opposed Biden’s nomination in protest of his Israel-Hamas war policies.

The platform repeats Democrats’ push for a $15 minimum wage for all workers and highlights the increase in minimum wage under Biden to $17.20 an hour for federal contractors, along with his administration’s proposal for a $10,000 tax credit for first-time homebuyers—Harris on Friday proposed up to $25,000 in down payment assistance for first-time homebuyers.

It calls for a minimum 25% income tax rate for billionaires and promises to tamp down on life insurance “tax shelters” and various other tax loopholes used by wealthy Americans, while “reviving [IRS] enforcement against wealthy and corporate tax cheats.”

The platform vows to protect access to abortion by fighting restrictions in court, easing access to abortion medication and supporting abortion-related legal defense services, while attacking Trump for his role in Roe v. Wade’s reversal, alleging he “undermined access to contraception as president” and “opened the door to laws that rip away access” to in vitro fertilization.

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Biden’s daughter, Ashley Biden, is expected to introduce her father ahead of his speech at the DNC on Monday. Harris and First Lady Jill Biden are expected to join the president onstage. Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez , D-N.Y., will also speak on opening night.

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The convention convenes in Chicago less than a month after Biden dropped out of the race on July 21 and Harris became the party’s presumptive nominee. More than 99% of delegates formally voted to place her and vice presidential nominee Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz at the top of the ticket on Aug. 6 in a virtual roll call—a formality typically reserved for the convention, though Democrats will still hold a ceremonial roll call to recognize Harris and Walz’s nomination. The convention comes as Democrats have been reenergized by Harris’ entrance into the race following weeks of division and panic in the wake of Biden’s June 27 debate with Trump.

Further Reading

Here Are The Biggest DNC Speakers—Bidens, Obamas, AOC And These Republicans (Forbes)

What To Know About The Democratic National Convention Starting Tomorrow: Major Speeches, Protests And More (Forbes)

Trump Vs. Harris 2024 Polls: Harris Leads In 2 Major Surveys—Up 6 Points In 1 Poll (Forbes)

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Your personal statement’s introduction is the first impression you’ll make on the admissions committee. Here’s how to make it impactful.

Hook the Reader: Begin with a captivating opening that grabs the reader’s attention. Share a personal anecdote about your earliest encounter with animals, such as rescuing a stray cat, or highlight a moment that ignited your passion for animal science.

Express Your Enthusiasm: Immediately express your genuine love for animals and your fascination with the field of animal science. Let your passion shine through your words.

Example Introduction Paragraph: “As a child, I rescued a stray dog from a busy intersection, and that moment ignited my lifelong passion for helping animals.

My heart swelled with joy as I watched the scared, trembling pup transform into a confident, tail-wagging companion. This experience planted the seed that grew into my fervent desire to dedicate my life to the well-being of animals through the study of animal science.”

2. Highlight Your Passion for Animal Science

Your personal statement should be a testament to your unwavering passion for animal science. Use specific examples to illustrate your dedication and enthusiasm.

Show, Don’t Tell: Instead of simply stating your passion, recount experiences that demonstrate it. Discuss volunteering at animal shelters, participating in wildlife preservation projects, or conducting independent research on animal behavior.

Discuss Influences: Share what or who has influenced your passion for animal science. Was it a particular book, a mentor, or a personal experience?

Example Passion Highlight: “My passion for animal science isn’t just a passing interest; it’s a calling that has shaped my entire life. From my early days volunteering at the local animal shelter to my recent involvement with the World Wildlife Fund, my commitment to the welfare of animals has only deepened with time.”

3. Discuss Your Academic Background

Admissions committees want to see that you have a strong foundation in the sciences. Detail your academic achievements, relevant coursework, and any research experience.

Academic Achievements: Highlight any awards, honors, or scholarships you’ve received for your academic performance.

Relevant Coursework: Describe specific courses that have prepared you for a degree in animal science, such as biology, chemistry, or anatomy.

Research Experience: If you’ve conducted research related to animal science, discuss your findings and their implications. Mention any publications or presentations.

Example Academic Background Section: “My academic journey has been marked by excellence in the sciences. I’ve consistently earned top marks in challenging courses such as Biology and Chemistry, which have provided me with a solid foundation for advanced studies in animal science.

Additionally, my research on the behavior of domesticated animals has not only deepened my understanding of the field but also allowed me to contribute to the body of knowledge in this area.”

4. Emphasize Your Career Goals

Clearly state your career aspirations in animal science. Whether you dream of becoming a veterinarian, studying animal behavior, or working in animal husbandry, articulate your ambitions.

Be Specific: Describe your career goals in detail. Explain the specific roles or positions you aim to pursue in the future.

Connect to the Program: Demonstrate how the program you’re applying to aligns with your career goals. Mention specific faculty members, research opportunities, or resources that attracted you to their program.

Example Career Goals Section: “My ultimate goal is to become a veterinarian specializing in the care of exotic animals. I envision myself working in a sanctuary dedicated to the preservation and rehabilitation of endangered species.

The program at [University Name] stood out to me because of its strong emphasis on exotic animal care and its partnerships with renowned wildlife preservation organizations.”

5. Explain Why You’re a Strong Candidate

Admissions committees want to know why you’re an excellent fit for their program. Connect your qualifications and experiences to the program you’re applying to.

Research the Program: Thoroughly research the program and mention specific aspects that align with your interests and goals.

Highlight Unique Qualities: Share personal qualities or experiences that make you a unique and valuable addition to their program. Mention any relevant extracurricular activities or volunteer work.

Example Strong Candidate Section: “My extensive background in laboratory work, combined with my passion for animal behavior, makes me a strong candidate for the [University Name] animal science program.

The program’s cutting-edge research in animal cognition and its commitment to hands-on experiences closely align with my career aspirations. Furthermore, my involvement in [relevant extracurricular activity] has honed my leadership and teamwork skills, which I believe will contribute positively to the program’s community.”

6. Reflect on Your Unique Qualities

In this section, share personal qualities or experiences that make you a unique and valuable addition to their program. Highlight any relevant extracurricular activities or volunteer work.

Showcase Leadership: If you’ve held leadership positions in clubs or organizations related to animal science, discuss how these experiences have shaped you.

Demonstrate Adaptability: Share experiences that demonstrate your ability to adapt and excel in various situations, which is essential for success in animal science.

Example Unique Qualities Section: “Throughout my academic journey, I’ve not only excelled in the sciences but also demonstrated strong leadership skills as the president of our university’s Animal Welfare Club.

This role allowed me to lead initiatives that raised awareness about animal welfare issues and organized events to support local animal shelters.

It taught me the importance of teamwork and effective communication, skills I’m eager to bring to [University Name]’s animal science community.”

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• Animal Science Personal Statement Examples

Now that you have a clear understanding of how to structure your personal statement let’s explore some animal science personal statement examples to see these principles in action.

Example 1: Aspiring Veterinarian

“My journey in animal science began when I rescued a stray dog as a child. That moment ignited my passion for helping animals in need. Throughout my academic journey, I’ve excelled in biology and chemistry, which solidified my decision to pursue a career in veterinary medicine. I dream of working with exotic animals in a sanctuary and making a difference in their lives.”

Continue to the next section for more personal statement examples and insights.

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• Crafting a Standout Animal Science Personal Statement

In this section, we’ll provide additional personal statement examples to offer a broader perspective on crafting a standout application.

Example 2: Animal Behavior Enthusiast

“From observing the social dynamics of a city zoo to studying the behavior of my three brothers’ pets, my fascination with animal behavior has been a constant in my life.

I believe that understanding animal behavior is key to improving their welfare. I’m determined to contribute to this field by conducting research and educating people about animal needs.”

Each personal statement example illustrates the unique qualities and experiences that can make your application stand out. Continue reading for more insights and tips.

• Exploring the Path to a Degree in Animal Science

Your journey toward earning a degree in animal science is an exciting and rewarding one. Crafting a compelling personal statement is a crucial step in gaining admission to your desired program.

Remember to tailor your statement to each program you apply to, emphasizing how their offerings align with your goals. With dedication and a well-crafted personal statement, you can embark on a fulfilling career dedicated to the welfare of animals. Good luck with your application!

• FAQs: Your Burning Questions Answered

Q1: What should I include in my personal statement for animal science?

Your personal statement should include an engaging introduction, your passion for animal science, academic achievements, career goals, why you’re a strong candidate, and your unique qualities or experiences.

Q2: How long should my personal statement be?

Typically, personal statements are 500-800 words. However, always check the specific requirements of the program you’re applying to, as word count limits may vary.

Q3: Can I use examples from my extracurricular activities in my personal statement?

Absolutely! Sharing experiences from extracurricular activities that demonstrate your passion for animals and science can strengthen your personal statement. These experiences can showcase your dedication and skills.

Q4: Should I mention my favorite animal in my personal statement?

While it’s not necessary, mentioning your favorite animal can add a personal touch to your statement. Just ensure it relates to your overall narrative and serves a purpose in illustrating your passion or experiences.

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Table of Contents

• • Introduction
• • What Is a Personal Statement?
• • Animal Science Personal Statement Examples
• • Crafting a Standout Animal Science Personal Statement
• • Exploring the Path to a Degree in Animal Science
• • FAQs: Your Burning Questions Answered

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Animal Right Essay | Essay on Animal Right for Students and Children in English

April 16, 2023 by Prasanna

Animal Right Essay: We all know the term “Animal Rights” for people started urging for the rights of the innocent animals in the mid-1800s. They started thinking about animal welfare. After a long journey, besides bills, movements, protests, we are having a better world, where animals and humans are mostly treated the same.

People who believe in animal rights think that they should not be treated cruelly. They also say that people can’t use animals in experiments or for sport. Still, the animal rights activists are striving to be the animal’s identity, to be their voice.

You can also find more  Essay Writing  articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Long and Short Essays on Animal Rights for Students and Kids in English

We are providing students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay on 150 words on the topic of Animal Rights for reference.

Long Essay on Animal Rights 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Animal Rights is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Animal rights are the concept in which some, or all animals are entitled to the possession of their own existence and that their most basic interests. Like, those people want to keep away from suffering ought to be afforded the equal consideration as comparable pastimes of human beings.

It was a long journey to make the world like we know now. The established movement for animal protection started in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Bills against animal cruelty were passed in England and several American states. In the mid-1800s the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals formed, and anti-vivisection (animal research) movements appeared.

In the UK, the first legislation ‘Martin’s Act’ for the protection of animals which was mainly cattle and horses was passed in 1822. Two years later, in 1824, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established. The society focused especially on enforcement of the law, with prosecutions where appropriate. In 1835, the Act was amended to protect domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, against cruelty.

Now most popular organization for animal rights and welfare is PETA. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals is an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, PETA closed Taiwan’s drowning tanks, which were used to kill stray and unwanted dogs. The country also passed its first-ever law against cruelty to animals. All car-crash tests on animals stopped worldwide following PETA’s campaign. They are now trying to pass a bill for animals who are used for scientific research, and hopefully, they do those campaigns Worldwide.

You can now access more Essay Writing on this topic and many more.

India is home to several religious traditions advocating non-violence and compassion towards animals and has passed several animal welfare reforms since 1960. In India, animals are used for food, dairy products, clothes. So, Government passed the 1960 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act is the legal basis of animal protection in India. After that, you can’t harm or treat any animal for no reason. Afterwards, Ingrid Newkirk started PETA India. PETA India operates under the simple principle that animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on or use for entertainment.

Traditionally, charities have worked on decreasing the suffering of different animals that happens when they are thinking of as lesser beings who can and should be controlled. Recently, Gauri Maulekhi is a popular animal rights activist in India. She is a co-opted member of the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) and a trustee in Maneka Gandhi’s People for Animals.

There will constantly be suffering as long as any group is defined as reachable to be dominated and controlled. The nonhuman rights advocate does not disregard people’s concerns about suffering. Those worries are valid. But the concept of animal rights involved working at the root motive of the problem. Lastly, we need to aware; we need to know these rights. We need to be concerned about animals well being.

Short Essay on Animal Rights 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Animal Rights is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Animal rights activities are now popular wide over world. People now get that strong connection with animal’s identity. Those are the results of many protests and movements for animal rights.

At mid-1800s People started these movements and protests. The first legislation ‘Martin’s Act’ for the protection of animals which was mainly cattle and horses, was passed in 1822. Two years later, in 1824, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established.

Afterwards, many animal rights activist came and gave their best to achieve the best position for animals. Anna Kingsford, Dennis Kucinich, are some of the best activists among them. Even Our favourite hero of Titanic, Leonardo DiCaprio, is also an animal rights activist.

The most effective organization for animal rights and welfare is PETA. They work through public education, legislation, exceptional events, cruelty investigations, research, animal rescue, celeb involvement, and protest campaigns. And Many NGOs, groups are doing a great job for animal rights. But above all, we need to aware ourselves about animal rights. We need to be concerned about animal well being.

10 Lines on Animal Rights Essay in English

1. Animal rights is the legal basis of animal protection. 2. People started urging for animal’s well being in the mid-1800s. 3. Peter Singer and Tom Regan were the first animal rights activist. 4. The first legislation ‘Martin’s Act’ for the protection of animals which was mainly cattle and horses, was passed in 1822. 5. The full form of PETA is People for the Ethical Treatments for Animals. 6. PETA closed Taiwan’s drowning tanks, which were used to kill stray and unwanted dogs. 7. Gauri Maulekhi is now a popular animal rights activist in India. 8. By the animal protection act people can’t harm any animal for no reason. 9. Animal rights activist requests to adopt animals. 10. It’s been estimated that there are 900 to 2,000 new cases every year of animal hoarding in the US, with 250,000 animals falling victim.

FAQ’s on Animal Rights Essay

Question 1. What are Animal Rights?

Answer: When animal rights activists say that animals have rights, that means that they deserve to have their interests considered regardless of whether they are cute, useful to humans or endangered and regardless of whether any human cares about them at all.

Question 2. Who was the first animal rights activist?

Answer: Peter Singer and Tom Regan

Question 3. How many animals are killed each year?

Answer: 150 billion animals are killed each year.

Question 4. What is PETA?

Answer: The full form of PETA is People for the Ethical Treatments for Animals. PETA was founded in 1980 and is dedicated to establishing and defending the rights of all animals

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